Genetic Analysis of Uniparental and Autosomal Markers in Human Populations

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Genetic Analysis of Uniparental and Autosomal Markers in Human Populations UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA FACULTADE DE MEDICINA E ODONTOLOXÍA INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS FORENSES “LUÍS CONCHEIRO” Genetic analysis of uniparental and autosomal markers in human populations Memoria que presenta, para optar al grado de doctor, Francesca Brisighelli Santiago de Compostela, 2012 El Doctor D. Ángel Carracedo Álvarez, Catedrático de Medicina Legal de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, y el Doctor D. Antonio Salas Ellacuriaga, Profesor Titular en la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, CERTIFICAN: Que la presente memoria que lleva por título “Genetic analysis of uniparental and autosomal markers in human populations”, de la licenciada en Sciencias Naturales por la Universidad de Roma “La Sapienza” Francesca Brisighelli, ha sido realizada bajo nuestra dirección, considerándola en condiciones para optar al Grado de Doctor y autorizándola para su presentación ante el Tribunal correspondiente. Y para que así conste, firmamos la presente en Santiago de Compostela, . Prof. Dr. Ángel Carracedo Álvarez Dr. Antonio Salas Ellacuriaga Francesca Brisighelli ai miei genitori Ringraziamenti ….e’ proprio vero, solo adesso che mi ritrovo di fronte questo foglio bianco, mi rendo conto che scrivere questa parte non è affatto facile! Spero di non dimenticare nessuna delle persone che mi hanno accompagnato in questo meraviglioso percorso, non solo dal punto di vista lavorativo, ma anche, e soprattutto, di crescita personale. Iniziamo…. Grazie, a Ángel, per aver creduto in me, dandomi la possibilità di unirmi al tuo gruppo di lavoro e poter così anche sperimentare ciò che significa vivere fuori dal proprio paese a Vincenzo, per avermi, in quel momento, “lasciato andare” dal laboratorio di Roma, incitandomi ad iniziare questa impegnativa ma incredibile esperienza a Maviky, per l’appoggio incondizionato, per le chiacchiere e per i consigli, per ciò che riguarda il lavoro ma anche il resto a Toño, “el Xefiño”: mi risulta difficile riassumere in 2 righe la gratitudine che ti devo. La tua dedizione alla ricerca mi è stata d’esempio in tutti questi anni. Grazie per l’aiuto, per il sostegno e per la molta pazienza dimostrata con una studentessa italiana un po’ irriverente. Senza di te gran parte di questo lavoro non sarebbe stato possibile a Cristian, per aver sempre riposto in me estrema fiducia, per la disponibilità dimostrata e per i consigli dati nei momenti in cui dovevo prendere decisioni importanti. Anche nel tuo caso, la passione incondizionata che nutri per la ricerca e lo studio mi hanno sempre spronato a dare il meglio. Grazie per l’esperienza nel laboratorio di Oxford: sono stati due anni “tosti”, ma allo stesso tempo formativi. Naturalmente senza di te, “l’altra” parte di questo lavoro non avrebbe modo di esistere a Giovanni, per avermi fatto appassionare al lavoro di laboratorio, per la fiducia, per gli scambi di idee, a volte un po’ accesi, ma sempre produttivi, per l’onestà ed equità dimostrata in tutte le situazioni. al laboratorio di Santiago: a quelli che c’erano quando sono arrivata: Chris, Maria B, Bea S., Gloria, Alex, Nuria, Eva (come ci manchi qui su). a tutti quelli arrivati con me e successivamente: Manuel, Hannah, Cata, Alberto, Alejandro, Yari, LuisMa, Ana F., Olalla, Jens, Miguel, Ceres (la Fantastish) Montse (grazie per avermi accolto in casa quando non sapevo dove sbattere la testa), Rocío, María D., Angela (last but not least). …e adesso in ordine sparso: a Paula, che dire, per la “fratellanza”, per le mille avventure, chiacchiere, risate, consigli, per l’aiuto, per la musica, per tutto. La mia esperienza santiaghesa non sarebbe stata la stessa senza di te a Raquel, mi Raqui, non ho parole per ringraziarti e per esprimere tutto l’affetto che nutro nei tuoi confronti: sei una delle persone più dolci e sensibili che conosca, e per questo avrai sempre un posto importante nel mio cuore a Meluccia, per essere così come sei: simply special!! a María C., per l’appoggio, per aver da subito capito il mio “itagnolo”, per le mille conversazioni, per le partite di football, per l’esperienza ad Oxford, per le caramelle verdi, ma più semplicemente per l’affetto reciproco incondizionato a Vane e Anita, per l’aiuto, per la pazienza, per l’amicizia sincera, per apprezzare la mia “bruschetta”, e, soprattutto, per la sopportazione: comunque per il “por” e “para” non c’è soluzione, lo siento a Fonde, perché alla fine siamo 2 frikis. Grazie per tutte le conversazioni assurde durante i nostri pranzi da Rudy…per la scienza e la fantascienza, e per la scrivania che mi hai permesso occupare negli ultimi mesi ai miei due “figliocci”, Carla e Danel, per le risate, i pranzi in biblioteca, le conversazioni iperboliche e molto,molto di più. Vi auguro possiate realizzare tutto ciò che più desiderate, siete 2 cracks a Ulises e Iva, e al “trio dei granchietti”, perché anche se lontani geograficamente, un filo ci unirà sempre agli amici di Santiago: a Pablo e Elena, grazie per tutta l’allegria e l’energia positiva nei momenti di “decompressione” tra il lavoro e casa. Siete unici! a Claudia e Cristian, a Ingrid, a Thor e al mitico “Padrino”, a Isabel, alle “tossiche” Ana e Marta un grazie speciale per avermi accolto nelle vostre case, a Paco, a Tere al laboratorio dell’Università Cattolica di Roma, soprattutto a Ilaria, Francesca, Laura e Federica al laboratorio della Sapienza di Roma: a Valentina, Chiara Paolo e Cinzia al laboratorio di Oxford: a George e a Sarah, per la reciproca pazienza agli amici di Oxford, o meglio alla mia famiglia di Oxford, in particolare a Estrella e Israel, a Juan, a Ana e Vito: grazie per avermi fatto sentire a casa alle mie amiche-sorelle di Roma: Francesca, Lisa (e le altre Relle), Tiziana, Laura, Maria Laura, Giorgia, Donatella, Antonella, Marina, Raffaella, Valeria per sopportare le mie apparizioni e sparizioni, le mie presenze e assenze, naturalmente solo fisiche a Franca, a tutti i tuoi consigli ma soprattutto alle mille risate a Elita, per l’aiuto e per esserci sempre nei momenti complicati a mio fratello Paolo, per essere sempre il mio specchio fedele a mio padre e a mia madre, per avermi sempre dato la possibilità e la libertà di scegliere ciò che più avrei voluto fare nella vita, per non avermi mai condizionato e per esservi rassegnati ad avere una figlia nomade: per tutto questo mi considero una privilegiata. Non sarei la stessa persona senza i vostri insegnamenti al rispetto, all’ onestà e alla lealtà. Table of contents Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... v 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Population genetics and forensic genetics .............................................. 2 1.1.1 Aims .................................................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Common aspects and tools of investigation .............................................. 3 1.2 Mitochondrial DNA ..................................................................................... 7 1.2.1 Inheritance ......................................................................................................... 8 1.2.2 Mutation rate ..................................................................................................... 9 1.2.3 mtDNA applications in forensic genetics ................................................ 12 1.2.3.1 General aspects ........................................................................................ 12 1.2.3.2 mtDNA disadvantages in forensic analysis ....................................... 14 1.2.4 mtDNA variability in human populations studies ................................. 14 1.3 Y Chromosome ............................................................................................ 19 1.3.1 Inheritance ...................................................................................................... 21 1.3.2 Mutation rate .................................................................................................. 22 1.3.3 Y chromosome applications in forensic genetics ................................... 26 1.3.3.1 Y chromosome in forensic applications .............................................. 27 1.3.3.2 Y chromosome disadvantages in forensic analysis .......................... 28 1.3.4 Y chromosome variability in human populations studies .................... 29 1.4 Autosomes .................................................................................................... 40 1.4.1 Autosomes variability .................................................................................... 41 1.4.1.1 STRs ........................................................................................................... 41 1.4.1.2 Autosomal SNPs ...................................................................................... 42 1.4.2 Autosomes applications in forensic genetics ........................................... 42 1.4.2.1 STRs in forensic genetics ...................................................................... 42 1.4.2.2 Autosomal SNPs ...................................................................................... 44 1.5 The peopling of Africa ............................................................................... 47 1.5.1 mtDNA variation in Africa ........................................................................... 48 1.5.2 Y-chromosome
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