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Putative Ichthyophthirius Identified in the Amphibian Bufo Calamita

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Putative Ichthyophthirius Identified in the Amphibian Bufo Calamita ŘŚǰȱǯȱǯȱǯȱȱǯǰȱřřǻŗǼȱŘŖŗř NOTE Putative Ichthyophthiriusȱęȱ in the amphibian Bufo calamita through molecular screening. D. J. Harris1,2*, J. Seabra-BaboŚ, J. TavaresŚ and J. P. M. C. Maia1,2,3 1CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; 2Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱŚǰȱŚŗŜşȬŖŖŝȱǰȱDzȱ3Institut de Biologia ȱǻ ȬǼǰȱȱÇȱȱȱǰȱřŝȬŚşǰȱŖŞŖŖřȱǰȱDzȱ4Departamento ȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ¤ȱȱǰȱřŞŗŖȬŗşřȱǰȱǯ Abstract The protozoan parasite ¢ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱŗŞȱȱǰȱ ȱęȱȱȱIchthyopthirius from the amphibian Bufo calamitaǰȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ This has important implications for parasite control approaches in aquaculture. Protistans are one of the most important groups One important, unanswered question is how ȱȱȱęȱǻ£ǰȱŗşşşǼǯȱȱǰȱ does an obligate parasite survive between out- one of the most pathogenic protozoan parasites breaks? It has been hypothesized that it is most ȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱIchthyopthirius likely that the parasite is maintained through ę, which causes Ichthyopthiriasis, or low level infections (Dickerson, 2006). “white spot disease” (Dickerson, 2006). This is a major problem in aquaculture, compounded ȱęȱȱȱ ȱ- by its cosmopolitan distribution, having been ditionally based on morphological characters, ȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱ- molecular techniques are a powerful tool to ǯȱǰȱȱěȱȱ ȱȱȱ identify various parasite groups in freshwater ęȱȱǰȱǰȱǰȱęȱȱ- environments. Not only can larger numbers ȱęȱǻ£ǰȱŗşşşǼǯȱȱȱ of samples be screened quickly, but molecular appears to be critical for disease outbreaks, data can also give information regarding the ȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱ diversity of parasites and their phylogenetic and water temperature rises (Dickerson, 2006). relationships. * Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol., 33(1) 2013, 25 During routine screening of the amphibian Bufo using the most closely related sequences avail- calamita from the Iberian Peninsula a standard able on GenBank. Maximum Likelihood (ML) protocol was followed. DNA was extracted analysis included random sequence addition from toe-clips using standard high-salt methods (100 replicate heuristic searches), and support (Sambrook et al., 1989). Primers used were for nodes was estimated using the bootstrap řŖŖȱȱ şŖŖȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǰȱ technique (Felsenstein, 1985) with 500 replicates, that target a part of the 18S rRNA gene. The using PhyML 3.0 (Guindon et al., 2010). The AIC are known to amplify Apicomplexan parasites criteria carried out in jModeltest 0.1.1 (Posada, (Harris et al., 2012) as well as various other 2008) were used to choose the model of evolu- groups including Stramenopiles (Maia et al., tion employed (TrN+G). Bayesian analysis was 2012) and some fungi (Tomé et al., 2012). PCR implemented using Mr. Bayes 3.1 (Huelsenbeck ȱȱȱřśȱ¢ȱȱşŚķȱǻřŖȱ and Ronquist, 2001) with parameters estimated ǼǰȱŜŖķȱǻřŖȱǼȱȱŝŘķȱǻŗȱǼȱ as part of the analysis. The analysis was run for – see Harris et al. (2011) for more details. Nega- 5x106 generations, saving one tree each 1000 tive and positive controls were run with each generations. The log-likelihood values of the reaction. All positive PCRs were sequenced by ȱȱ ȱĴȱȱȱ- a commercial service (Macrogen Inc.). Resulting eration time and all the trees prior to reaching chromatograms were checked manually and stationary were discarded. Remaining trees assembled in BioEdit (Hall, 1999). BLAST was were combined in a 50% majority consensus used to identify closest matches in GenBank. tree. Following Wright and Lynn (1995), Para- mecium tetraureliaȱǻŖřŝŝŘǼȱ ȱȱȱ Out of the 56 samples of B. calamita screened an outgroup (Figure 1). (10 from Castelo Branco, 5 from Mindelo and 19 from Aveiro in Portugal, and 22 from Tra- ȱ¡ǰȱȱȱęȱȱB. ca- bazos in Spain), two positives (DB16921 and lamita was sister taxa to ǯȱęȱwith high DB16925 from Trabazos) matched ciliates in the support. Sister taxa to this was Ophryoglena BLAST search (GenBank Accession numbers catenulaȱǻŗŝřśśǰȱȱȱ¢ǰȱŗşşśǼǰȱȱ śŗŘŝŜŝȱȱ śŗŘŝŜŞȱ¢Ǽǯȱȱ two uncultured clones (EF586162 and EF586110, ęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱHausmann- Dopheide et al., 2008), and then Tetrahymena iella discoidea (Accession number EU039900, paravoraxȱǻŖŝŖŘśřǰȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǰȱ Dunthorne et al., 2008). The match was 98% relationships similar to those previously pro- ȱŝȱęȱěȱȱśřŗǯȱHaus- posed (Wright and Lynn, 1995). manniellaȱȱ ȱ£ǰȱĞȱ ęȱȱȱȱǻȱ This result is important for several reasons. åȱȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ ǰȱȱ First, ǯȱęȱis currently considered to ex- second ciliate gave a closest match with I. mul- ¢ȱȱ ȱęǰȱȱ ęȱǻȱȱŗŝřśŚǰȱȱȱ tadpole stages of the marsh frog Limnodynastes ¢ǰȱŗşşśǼǯȱȱęȱȱǰȱ ȱ peronii were successfully infected experimen- ěȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ tally (Gleeson, 1999). Our results indicate that (Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference) the parasite DNA could be detected from the 26, Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol., 33(1) 2013 X03772 - Paramecium tetrawelia EF070253 - Tetrahymena paravorax EF586162 - uncultured clone 99 100 EF586110 - uncultured clone 70 72 U17355 - Ophryoglena catenula 0.01 subs/site 79 57 U17354 - Ichthyophthirius multifiliis 88 79 DB16925 - ex. Bufo calamita Figure 1. ML tree of the apparent Ichthyophthirius from a Bufo calamita, and closest available comparative sequences from GenBank. Support for the Bayesian and for ML analysis are given above and below the nodes, respectively. The branch of Paramecium tetraweliaȱ ȱȱŝśƖǯ clipped toe of a wild amphibian. This does not ascertain if other amphibian species can also per se demonstrate infection - during the tomont host similar parasites, and whether these can stage of the life cycle of ǯȱęȱit produces ȱȱ ȱȱȱęǯȱ ȱ- ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ- phibians are acting as sinks for these parasites, strates. From this capsule theronts are released it will be important to take this into account ȱȱȱȱŘȬŚȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱ when trying to control disease outbreaks. searching for a host. Whether detection indicates ȱȱȱȱȱęȱ an infection or not, clearly needs further inves- and amphibian species, either using general tigation. Secondly the sequence shows limited ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱęȱ ěȱȱȱȱ ǯȱęȱ for Ichthyopthirius, will be essential to provide ǰȱ ȱŗŘȱěȱȱśŚŚȱǯȱ ȱ further information on this possibility. has previously been proposed that multiple strains or even cryptic species may occur within ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ³¨ȱȱȱ ǯȱęȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŗşŝŜǼǰȱȱȱȱ ¹ȱȱȱȱǻǼȱȱȱǻ Ȧ seem to be further evidence for this with the ȦŝŚřŖśȦŘŖŗŖǼȱȱȬęȱ¢ȱȱȱ two sequences showing some divergence whilst POPH and EU. Thanks to the anonymous re- clearly belonging to the same clade. viewer for their useful comments on an earlier version. Given the importance of ǯȱęȱas a parasite ȱ ȱęǰȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱǯȱǯȱȱǯǰȱřřǻŗǼȱŘŖŗřǰȱŘŝ Podarcis Wall Lizards Detects Hepatozoon, References Sarcocystis and Eimeria species. Journal of åȱȱȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ¢ȱ Parasitology 98ǰȱśşŘȬśşŝǯ and ecology of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) living in the bark and decaying Huelsenbeck JP and Ronquist F (2001). wood mass in Slovakia. Acta protozoologica MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of 47ǰȱŗŝřȬŗŞŝǯ phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17ǰȱŝśŚȮ ŝśśǯ Chantangsi C, Lynn DH, Brandl MT, Cole JC, ȱȱȱ ȱȱǻŘŖŖŝǼǯȱȱ Maia JPMC, Gomez-Diaz E and Harris DJ DZȱȱȱ¢ȱȱŝśȱȱ (2012). Apicomplexa primers amplify of the genus Tetrahymena. International Proteromonas (Stramenopiles, Slopalinida, Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Proteromonadidae) in tissue and blood Microbiology 57ǰȱŘŚŗŘȬŘŚŘśǯ samples from lizards. Acta Parasitologica 57ǰȱřřŝȬřŚŗǯ Dickerson HW (2006). ¢ȱęȱ and Cryptocaryon irritans (Phylum ȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǻŗşŝŜǼǯȱ Ciliophora). In “Fish Disease and Notes on ¢ȱę, a ciliate Disorders” Volume 1, 2nd Edition. (P.T.K. ȱȱ ȱęǰȱ ȱȱ Woo, Ed), CAB International, UK. remarks on possible physiological races and species. Transactions of the American ȱǰȱȱ ǰȱĴȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ Microscopical Society 95ǰȱŜŖŝȬŜŗřǯ (2008). Molecular characterization of ciliate ¢ȱȱȱęǯȱApplied and Posada D (2008). jModelTest: Phylogenetic Environmental Microbiology 74ǰȱŗŝŚŖȬŗŝŚŝǯ model averaging. Molecular Biology and Evolution 25, 1253-1256. Dunthorn M, Foissner W and Katz LA (2008). Molecular phylogenetic analysis of class Sambrook JEF and Maniatis T (1989). Colpodea (phylum Ciliophora) using broad “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory taxon sampling. Molecular. Phylogenetics and Manual”. Cold Spring Harbour Press, New Evolution. 46ǰȱřŗŜȬřŘŝǯ ǰȱśŚśǯ ȱ ȱ ǻŗşŞśǼǯȱ ęȱ ȱ Scholz T (1999). Parasites in cultured and feral on phylogenies: an approach using the ęǯȱVeterinary Parasitology 84ǰȱřŗŝȬřřśǯ bootstrap. Evolution 39ǰȱŝŞřȬŝşŗǯ Tomé B, Maia JPMC and Harris DJ (2012). Gleeson DJ (1999). Experimental infection of Hepatozoon infection prevalence in four striped marshfrog tadpoles (Limnodynastes snake genera: influence of diet, prey peronii) by ¢ȱę. Journal parasitaemia levels or parasite type? Journal of Parasitology 85ǰȱśŜŞȬśŝŖǯ of Parasitology 98ǰȱşŗřȬşŗŝǯ Guindon S, Dufayard JF, Lefort V, Anisimova Ujvari B, Madsen T and Olsson M (ŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ ǰȱ ħȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ High prevalence of Hepatozoon spp. New algorithms and methods to estimate (Apicomplexa, Hepatozoidae) infection in maximum-likelihood phylogenies: water pythons (Liasis fuscus) from tropical assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Australia. Journal of Parasitology 90ǰȱŜŝŖȬŜŝŘǯ Systematic Biology 59ǰȱřŖŝȬŘŗǯ Wright AD and Lynn DH (1995). Phylogeny Harris DJ, Maia JPMC, and Perera A (2011). ȱȱęȱȱIchthyophthirius and Molecular characterization of Hepatozoon its relatives Ophryoglena and Tetrahymena species in reptiles from the Seychelles. (Ciliophora, Hymenostomatia) inferred Journal of Parasitology 97, 106-110. from 18S ribosomal RNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 12, 285-290. Harris DJ, Maia JPMC, and Perera A (2012). Molecular Survey of Apicomplexa in .
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