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Le Genre Vicia L. En Algérie Caractérisation De 11 Taxa Naturels : Approches Éco-Géographique, Morphologique, Biochimique Et Moléculaire

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Le Genre Vicia L. En Algérie Caractérisation De 11 Taxa Naturels : Approches Éco-Géographique, Morphologique, Biochimique Et Moléculaire République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Université Frères MENTOURI Constantine Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétale N° d’ordre : 79 / DS / 2017 Série : 10 / Eco / 2017 Thèse Présentée, en vue de l’obtention du Diplôme de Doctorat en Sciences Filière : Biotechnologies végétales Option : Biotechnologies végétales Thème Le genre Vicia L. en Algérie Caractérisation de 11 taxa naturels : Approches éco-géographique, morphologique, biochimique et moléculaire Présentée par : Sakina BECHKRI Soutenu le : 15 / 05 / 2017 Devant le jury : Présidente : Dalila SATTA ………………....................... Professeur. Université Frères MENTOURI Constantine Rapporteur : Douadi KHELIFI ………………................ Professeur. Université Frères MENTOURI Constantine Examinateur : Mohammed Abdelhafid HAMIDECHI… Professeur. Université Frères MENTOURI Constantine Examinateur : Miloud HAFSI …………………………. Professeur. Université Sétif 1 Examinateur : Abdelkrim MEBARKIA ……………….. Maître de Conférences. Université Sétif 1 Examinateur : Ammar MEBARKIA …………………... Maître de Conférences. Université Sétif 1 Année universitaire 2016 / 2017 Remerciements Au moment de commencer, la rédaction d'une thèse semble être une tâche longue et difficile. Heureusement, elle semblera moins intimidante après un ou deux chapitres. Vers la fin, nous y trouverons même du plaisir ; un plaisir fondé sur la satisfaction dans l'accomplissement et l'amélioration de notre rédaction scientifique. Arrivée au terme de cette thèse, je tiens à remercier toutes les personnes sans qui ce travail n’aurait pas été possible : Mes vifs remerciements s’adressent à mon Directeur de thèse et Directeur du laboratoire de Génétique Biochimie et Biotechnologies Végétales, Professeur Douadi KHELIFI. Il est bien difficile de mettre des mots pour qualifier l’ampleur de ma reconnaissance pour sa confiance et sa compréhension. Le niveau d’exigence élevé qu’il a eu envers mon travail a été un moteur dans mes avancées. Son enthousiasme et le bouillonnement d’idées qui le caractérise ne peuvent que donner envie de travailler et de donner le meilleur de soi ; c’est ainsi avec un grand plaisir et une réelle motivation que je me suis investie dans ce projet qu’il a rendu si vivant et si riche. Je lui serais toujours reconnaissante de m’avoir manifesté son entière disponibilité, d’avoir toujours répondu favorablement à mes nombreuses sollicitations malgré les lourdes et innombrables charges qui pèsent sur lui. Je souhaite vivement qu’il soit satisfait du résultat tout en espérant continuer à bénéficier de son expérience pour une recherche de haut niveau. Je voudrais enfin lui dire que j’ai eu grand plaisir de travailler sous sa direction. Qu’il trouve ici l’expression de mon profond respect, de ma grande estime et de mes remerciements les plus sincères. Mes remerciements s’adressent à Mme. SATTA Dalila, pour ses encouragements et son soutien moral et pour m’avoir fait l’honneur de présider mon jury de thèse. Je tiens aussi à remercier Messieurs HAMIDECHI Mohammed Abdelhafid, HAFSI Miloud, MEBARKIA Abdelkrim et MEBARKIA Ammar pour avoir pris le temps de lire, corriger et commenter ce travail Un grand merci à mes chères amies Meriem BENAMARA, Hania BENMEBAREK, Soumeya BETINA, Rym MAOUGAL, Sandra KACEM et Maya KECHID. Cette thèse n’aurait sans doute pas la même saveur sans leur présence, leur soutien et l’entraide et la solidarité qui existent entre nous. Je les remercie pour tous les bons moments passés ensemble et pour leur soutien pendant les périodes de doute Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit de thèse n’aurait jamais abouti sans le support constant et infaillible de Imane MEDOUKALI et Asma MEDOURI. Elles ont su, chacune à leur manière, m’aider à terminer ce travail. Je les en remercie chaleureusement et les admire pour leurs extrêmes disponibilité et patience. Je remercie Mohammed CHEKARA BOUZIANI pour son aide dans la partie biologie moléculaire et lui souhaite bon courage pour sa thèse de doctorat Je souhaite bon courage aux doctorantes Lylia HAMEL, Souheir BENSARI, Rayan OUALBANI, Wahiba FALEK et les remercie pour leur gentillesse et leur bonne humeur. Merci à Inès BELLIL pour son amabilité. Merci à Nardjess MOUAS pour sa gentillesse et ses bons conseils Un grand merci à Monsieur Nadir BELBEKRI, pour son aide précieuse et sa disponibilité. Qu’il trouve ici le témoignage de ma gratitude. Merci à Radhia DJAGHAR, Rima BOULDJEDJ et Chafika ZAHRAOUI pour leur aide et leur sourire constant. Je remercie chaleureusement Mme. KHALFALLAH Nadra ainsi que Messieurs ABDELGUERFI Aissa, MEBARKIA Ammar, KAABACHE Mohammed et BAAZIZ Karim pour leur aide dans les débuts difficiles de l’identification des espèces. Un grand merci à Messieurs KERROUCHE et BENLEHZIL de l’Office National de Météorologie (Alger et Constantine) pour avoir mis à ma disposition les données climatologiques nécessaires à mon étude. Je remercie également tout le personnel des services agricoles de la wilaya de Constantine et à leur tête Monsieur GHEDIRI pour m’avoir fourni les statistiques relatives aux fourrages. Mes remerciements s’adressent également à Mohammed GAGAOUA pour sa disponibilité et son précieux soutien. Merci à Kahina HAFID pour son aide. Merci à toute ma famille qui a su gérer sans repos l’alternance de ces moments d’euphorie et de dépression que l’exercice d’une thèse peut provoquer, en particulier ma chère tante Abla. Enfin, j’ai une pensée particulière pour mes parents et mes défunts grands-parents. Leur soutien et leur amour sont les piliers de mon équilibre. Ils ont toujours accepté mes choix et ont toujours été présents pour me soutenir. Je tiens à saluer leur endurance et profite de cette occasion pour leur témoigner mon amour et ma reconnaissance. Un grand merci à mon cher papa pour son assistance dans la collecte des accessions utilisées dans le présent travail. A mes parents A mes défunts grands parents A la prunelle de mes yeux, ma joie de vivre, ma fille Nada Djazia A mon défunt mari Nasreddine A mes frères Abdeldjalil et Mohammed Hamza A ma belle-sœur Ihsène et mon adorable neveu Mohammed Adib A mes tantes et leurs époux A mes oncles et leurs épouses A mes cousins et cousines A ma belle famille Table des matières Liste des tableaux Liste des figures Liste des abréviations Introduction …………………………………………………..………...……………. 1 Première partie : Revue de littérature Premier chapitre : Ressources phytogénétiques, profil fourrager et climat de l’Algérie ………………………………………………………... 5 I- Situation du germoplasme fourrager au niveau du Bassin Méditerranéen ………… 5 II- Ressources phytogénétiques de l’Algérie ………………………………………….. 6 II-1- La flore d’Algérie …………………………………………………………..... 6 II-2- Diversité floristique …………………………………………………..…...…. 7 II-3 Erosion génétique …………………………………………………………...... 7 II-4- Prospections et collectes des ressources phytogénétiques …………………… 7 II-5- L’état de la gestion in situ et ex situ …………………………………...…...... 7 III- Situation de l’élevage et des fourrages en Algérie ……………………………….. 8 III-1- Les ressources pastorales en Algérie ..……………………………………... 8 III-2- Les contraintes sur les ressources pastorales …………..…….…………… 10 IV- Le climat de l’Algérie …..………………………………………............................ 10 IV-1- Sources de données …………………………………….………………….. 11 IV-2- Quotient pluviométrique et étages bioclimatiques d’Emberger …………… 11 IV-3- Corrections des données climatologiques …………..……………………... 12 Deuxième chapitre : Les légumineuses ………………………...…………………… 13 I- Présentation …………………...……………………………………………………. 13 II- Ecosystèmes naturels et fixation biologique de l’azote ………………………….. 13 III- Contenu en protéines …………………...……..………………………………….. 13 IV- Les légumineuses fourragères ………………….…………………………………. 14 V- Rôles des légumineuses sur la jachère ……..………………………………...…... 14 Troisième chapitre : La vesce (Vicia L.) …………………………………………..... 16 I- Présentation ……………………...…………………………………………………. 16 II- Revue historique ……………………………………..…………..…………………. 17 III- Monographies du genre Vicia …………………………………………………….. 18 III-1- Monographie du genre Vicia Linné Sp. Pl. 734 (1753) …………………… 18 III-2- Description de Quézel et Santa (1962) ……………………………….…….. 19 Table des matières III-3- Description de Kupicha (1976) ………………………….…………………. 19 IV- Taxonomie ………………………………………………………….…………….. 20 IV-1- Histoire de la classification taxonomique …………………………………. 20 IV-2- Classification taxonomique …………………...…………………………... 20 IV-2-1- Le sous-genre Cracca (Vicilla sensu Kupicha) ……….…………. 22 IV-2-2- Le sous-genre Vicia ………………………………………….…… 22 IV-3- Les débats de la taxonomie ………………………………………………... 23 IV-3-1- Le complexe Vicia sativa …………………………………………. 23 IV-3-2- La vesce commune (V. sativa subsp. sativa) …………………….. 24 IV-3-3- Situation de la vesce en Algérie ……………………………….….. 26 IV-3-4- Le complexe Vicia narbonensis …………………………………... 26 V- Cytogénétique …………………………………………………………………….. 27 VI- Evolution et hybridation des espèces ……………………………………………... 28 VII- Les ressources génétiques des espèces de Vicia L. en Méditerranée ……………. 28 VIII-Ecologie du genre ……………………………………...………………………… 29 IX- Reproduction .……………………………………………………………………... 30 X- Centre de diversité …………………………………………………………………. 30 XI- Statut de conservation des ressources ………………………………….……....…. 31 Quatrième chapitre : Collecte et données écogéographiques ................................... 33 I- Prospection et collecte……………………………….……………………………… 33 I-1- Présentation et consignes ……………………………………………….…….. 33 I-2- Traitement
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