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DBFZ Report No. 40: Basics of Anaerobic Digestion

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DBFZ Report No. 40: Basics of Anaerobic Digestion Basics of Anaerobic Digestion - Biochemical Conversion and Process Modelling Authors: Sören Weinrich, Michael Nelles DBFZ REPORTDBFZ 40 NO. IMPRINT DIRECTIONS Publisher: By train: Arrival Leipzig main station; streetcar line 3/3E (di- DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum rection Taucha/Sommerfeld) to stop Bautzner Straße; cross gemeinnützige GmbH the street, leave the parking lot on the right and use the main Torgauer Straße 116 entrance of the DBFZ (house 1, Torgauer Str. 116). Please 04347 Leipzig register at the reception Phone: +49 (0)341 2434-112 Fax: +49 (0)341 2434-133 By car: on the A 14 motorway. Exit at Leipzig Nord-Ost; follow [email protected] signs for Taucha; then follow signs for Leipzig; then follow si- gns for Zentrum, Innenstadt. Turn off left after the “bft” filling Funding: station (see “By train” for further directions). DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützi- ge GmbH, Leipzig, an enterprise of the German Government By tram: line 3/3 E towards Taucha/Sommerfeld; Bautzner with funding from the Federal Ministry of Food and Agricul- Strasse stop (see “By train” for further directions) ture pursuant to a resolution by the German Bundestag. Schkeuditzer Kreuz 15 A 14 A14 Leipzig- Messegelände 6 23 16 Leipzig-Mitte 24 2 Leipzig- Nordost A 9 25 General Management: 26 Prof. Dr. mont. Michael Nelles 17 181 Hauptbahnhof 6 Leipzig- (Scientific Managing Director) Leipzig-West Ost Daniel Mayer LEIPZIG 186 (Administrative Managing Director) DBFZ Report No. 40 2 Basics of Anaerobic Digestion - Biochemical 87 Conversion and Process Modelling Leipzig-Südwest Leipzig: DBFZ, 2021 29 32 ISSN: 2197-4632 (Online) Leipzig-Süd ISBN: 978-3-946629-72-6 31 Leipzig- A 38 Südost Authors: Dr. Sören Weinrich, Prof. Dr. Michael Nelles The German National Library lists these publications in the Pictures: German National Bibliography; detailed bibliographic data If not indicated on the image: DBFZ, Jan Gutzeit, Stefanie are available on the Internet at the address www.dnb.de. Bader (Map) Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this brochure may be re-pro- duced or published without the written consent of the publishers. This prohibition also and in particular covers commercial reproduction by means of physical copying, import into electronic databases and copying to CD-ROM. Date of Publication: 15 March 2021 Basics of Anaerobic Digestion Biochemical Conversion and Process Modelling Sören Weinrich and Michael Nelles DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH Torgauer Straße 116 04347 Leipzig Phone: +49 (0)341 2434-112 Fax: +49 (0)341 2434-133 www.dbfz.de [email protected] Date: 15.03.2021 Basics of Anaerobic Digestion Authors: Sören Weinrich DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH Torgauer Straße 116 04347 Leipzig Phone: +49 (0)341 2434-341 E-Mail: [email protected] Michael Nelles University of Rostock Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Waste and Resource Management Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6 18059 Rostock Phone: +49 (0)381 498-3400 E-Mail: [email protected] Cite as follows: Weinrich, S.; Nelles, M. (2021). Basics of Anaerobic Digestion: Biochemical Conversion and Process Modelling. (DBFZ-Report, 40). Leipzig: DBFZ. VIII, 9-76 S. ISBN: 978-3-946629-72-6. Original source: This DBFZ is a compilation of introductory and methodological chapters of the original manuscript of the German doctoral thesis: Weinrich, S: Praxisnahe Modellierung von Biogasanlagen: Systematische Vereinfachung des Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1). University of Rostock, 2017. This work was partly supported by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agri- culture with the funding of the junior research group on Model based monitoring and control of biogas plants (2219NR333). III Table of content Table of content List of abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................................ V List of symbols ................................................................................................................................................................. VI List of indices ................................................................................................................................................................ VIII 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 10 2 Biochemical conversion .................................................................................................................................. 19 2.1 Characteristic process phases ............................................................................................................................... 19 2.1.1 Hydrolysis ................................................................................................................................................ 19 2.1.2 Acidogenesis ........................................................................................................................................... 21 2.1.3 Acetogenesis .......................................................................................................................................... 25 2.1.4 Methanogenese ...................................................................................................................................... 26 2.2 Microbial influencing variables .............................................................................................................................. 27 2.2.1 Nutrient supply ....................................................................................................................................... 29 2.2.2 Temperature ........................................................................................................................................... 33 2.2.3 pH value and organic acids .................................................................................................................. 36 2.2.4 Inhibitors.................................................................................................................................................. 40 3 Process modelling ............................................................................................................................................ 48 3.1 Fundamentals of process modelling .................................................................................................................... 48 3.1.1 Reaction equations ................................................................................................................................ 49 3.1.2 Reaction kinetics and growth inhibition ............................................................................................. 51 3.1.3 Physicochemical reactions ................................................................................................................... 56 3.2 Model structures ...................................................................................................................................................... 58 3.2.1 Literature survey .................................................................................................................................... 59 3.2.2 Model simplification .............................................................................................................................. 65 3.3 Substrate characterisation ..................................................................................................................................... 66 3.3.1 Chemical substrate analyses ............................................................................................................... 68 3.4 Parameter estimation ............................................................................................................................................. 74 3.4.1 Parameter selection .............................................................................................................................. 75 3.4.2 Objective function .................................................................................................................................. 77 3.4.3 Optimisation procedure ........................................................................................................................ 78 List of figures .................................................................................................................................................................. 82 List of tables ................................................................................................................................................................... 84 References ...................................................................................................................................................................... 85 IV List of abbreviations List of abbreviations Abbreviations Explanation AAS Atomic absorption spectrometry Acyl Acyl group ADM1 Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 ADP Adenosine diphosphate AMP Adenosine monophosphate ASM Activate Sludge Model ATP Adenosine triphosphate CHP Combined heat and power (cogeneration) unit CoA Coenzyme A CSTR Continuously stirred tank reactor DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum DLG Deutsche Landwirtschaftsgesellschaft DLV Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag EEG Gesetz für den Ausbau erneuerbarer Energie FAD
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