DOCSLIB.ORG

Supplementary File 1 Figure Captions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Supplementary File 1 Figure Captions Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Molecular BioSystems. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Supplementary file 1 Figure captions Figure S1 Schematic representation of elementary modes (EMs) involved in Group 1 (acidogenesis), Group 2 (solventogenesis) and Group 3 (acidogenesis and solventogenesis) in metabolic network of C. acetobutylicum. Arrows in red show activated reactions in respective elementary mode. Dotted black arrows show inactive reactions. Dotted box indicates cell membrane. “ ”and “ ” denotes reversible and irreversible reactions. For abbreviation and net reaction representation of elementary modes can be seen in Table S1 and Table S2 respectively. Figure S2 Feasible solution spaces for ethanol synthesis with respect to acetic acid and butyric acid consumption in C. acetobutylicum. Consumption rate of glucose was fixed (100 mM h-1), and consumption rate of acetic acid and butyric acid were varied within the determined feasible range of 0-400 mM h-1 and 0-100 nM h-1 respectively. Ethanol was considered as objective function to find its optimized solution spaces. Figure S3 Feasible solution spaces for hydrogen synthesis with respect to acetic acid and butyric acid consumption in C. acetobutylicum. Consumption rate of glucose was fixed (100 mM h-1), and consumption rate of acetic acid and butyric acid were varied within the determined feasible range of 0-400 mM h-1 and 0-100 nM h-1 respectively. Hydrogen was considered as objective function to find its optimized solution spaces. Figure S4 Flux variability analysis. Figure shows flux variation range (maximum - minimum) of all 67 EMs because of alternate solution spaces. Maximum and minimum values of all fluxes were calculated using methodology described in Mahadevan and Schilling (2003) for all growth conditions. Description of all growth conditions can be seen in Results and Discussion section of paper. Table captions Table S1 Metabolite abbreviation Table S2 Biochemical reactions involved in metabolic network of C. acetobutylicum Table S3 Net reaction representation of all elementary modes. Path length denotes number of enzymes/reactions involved in elementary mode. Elementary modes of Group 3 have been sub- categorized with respect to substrate(s). Table S4 Distribution of elementary modes in acidogenesis (Group 1) on the basis of products. Glucose was the only substrate for the production of five products (biomass, acetic acid, butyric acid, hydrogen and carbon dioxide) in this phase. Table S5 Distribution of elementary modes in solventogenesis (Group 2) (A) on the basis of substrates (B) on the basis of products. Three substrates (Glucose, acetic acid, and butyric acid) were available for the production of four main products (acetone, butanol, ethanol, and hydrogen). Table S6 Distribution elementary modes, which are involved in acidogenesis and solventogenesis simultaneously (Group 3). EMs under this category includes total three substrates (glucose, acetic acid, and butyric acid) and main six products (biomass, acetic acid, butyric acid, acetone, butanol, and ethanol). Table S7 Accumulation rates (mM h-1) of external metabolites during acidogenesis and solventogenesis in C. acetobutylicum’s metabolic network under unstressed and unstressed conditions. Figure S1 EMs involved in acidogenesis (Group 1) EMs involved in solventogenesis (Group 2) EMs involved in acidogenesis and solventogenesis (Group 3) 40 Figure S2 200 100 120 250 100 80 150 ) 200 ) M 80 n M ( 150 60 n ( n l e 60 o g 100 100 n o r a t d u y 40 40 50 B H 0 50 20 0 20 0 0 -50 0 0 -200 -50 0 -200 0 Butyrate (nM) -100 -400 -100 -400 Acetate (nM) Butyrate (nM) Acetate (nM) 200 300 250 180 250 250 200 160 140 ) ) 200 200 M M 150 n n 120 ( ( l e 150 o n 150 100 n o a t 100 e h t c 80 100 E A 100 50 60 50 40 50 0 0 20 0 0 -50 0 -50 0 -200 0 -200 -100 -400 -100 -400 Butyrate (nM) Acetate (nM) Butyrate (nM) Acetate (nM) Figure S3 200 100 120 250 100 80 150 ) 200 ) M 80 n M ( 150 60 n ( n l e 60 o g 100 100 n o r a t d u y 40 40 50 B H 0 50 20 0 20 0 0 -50 0 0 -200 -50 0 -200 0 Butyrate (nM) -100 -400 -100 -400 Acetate (nM) Butyrate (nM) Acetate (nM) 200 300 250 180 250 250 200 160 140 ) ) 200 200 M M 150 n n 120 ( ( l e 150 o n 150 100 n o a t 100 e h t c 80 100 E A 100 50 60 50 40 50 0 0 20 0 0 -50 0 -50 0 -200 0 -200 -100 -400 -100 -400 Butyrate (nM) Acetate (nM) Butyrate (nM) Acetate (nM) G Flux Variability (Max-Min) G Flux Variability (Max-Min) 1 1 2 2 3 1 r r o 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 2 4 6 8 o w w t t h h c EM2 c EM2 o o n n EM4 EM4 d d i i t t i i EM6 EM6 o o n n EM8 EM8 a a - EM10 - EM10 I I n n EM12 EM12 t t i i a a l l EM14 EM14 p p H EM16 H EM16 6 5 . EM18 . EM18 8 9 EM20 9 EM20 EM22 EM22 EM24 EM24 EM26 EM26 Figure E E l l e EM28 e EM28 m m e EM30 e EM30 n n t EM32 t EM32 a a S4 r r y EM34 y EM34 M EM36 M EM36 o o d d e EM38 e EM38 s EM40 s EM40 EM42 EM42 EM44 EM44 EM46 EM46 EM48 EM48 EM50 EM50 EM52 EM52 EM54 EM54 EM56 EM56 EM58 EM58 EM60 EM60 EM62 EM62 EM64 EM64 EM66 EM66 G Flux Variability (Max-Min) Flux Variability (Max-Min) G 1 1 r r o 0 0 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 o w w t t h h c EM2 EM2 c o o n n EM4 d EM4 d i i t t i i EM6 o EM6 o n n EM8 EM8 b a EM10 EM10 - I EM12 EM12 n t i a EM14 EM14 l p EM16 EM16 H EM18 EM18 4 . EM20 EM20 5 EM22 EM22 EM24 EM24 EM26 EM26 E E l l e EM28 e EM28 m m e EM30 e EM30 n n t EM32 t EM32 a a r r y EM34 y EM34 M EM36 M EM36 o o d d e EM38 e EM38 s EM40 s EM40 EM42 EM42 EM44 EM44 EM46 EM46 EM48 EM48 EM50 EM50 EM52 EM52 EM54 EM54 EM56 EM56 EM58 EM58 EM60 EM60 EM62 EM62 EM64 EM64 EM66 EM66 G Flux Variability (Max-Min) Flux Variability (Max-Min) G 1 1 r r o 0 0 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 o w w t t h h c EM2 EM2 c o o n n EM4 d EM4 d i i t t i i EM6 o EM6 o n n EM8 EM8 d c EM10 - EM10 A EM12 d EM12 d i EM14 t EM14 i o EM16 n EM16 o EM18 f EM18 a EM20 c EM20 e t i EM22 c EM22 EM24 a EM24 c i EM26 d EM26 E E l l e EM28 e EM28 m m e EM30 e EM30 n n t EM32 t EM32 a a r r y EM34 y EM34 M EM36 M EM36 o o d d e EM38 e EM38 s EM40 s EM40 EM42 EM42 EM44 EM44 EM46 EM46 EM48 EM48 EM50 EM50 EM52 EM52 EM54 EM54 EM56 EM56 EM58 EM58 EM60 EM60 EM62 EM62 EM64 EM64 EM66 EM66 Flux Variability (Max-Min) Flux Variability (Max-Min) G G 1 1 r 0 0 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 r o o w w t t h h EM2 EM2 c c o o n EM4 n EM4 d d i i t EM6 t EM6 i i o o n EM8 n EM8 d e EM10 EM10 - EM12 EM12 A d EM14 EM14 d i t i EM16 EM16 o n EM18 EM18 o f EM20 EM20 b u t EM22 EM22 y r i c EM24 EM24 a EM26 EM26 c i E E d l l e EM28 e EM28 m m e EM30 e EM30 n n t EM32 t EM32 a a r r y EM34 y EM34 M EM36 M EM36 o o d d e EM38 e EM38 s EM40 s EM40 EM42 EM42 EM44 EM44 EM46 EM46 EM48 EM48 EM50 EM50 EM52 EM52 EM54 EM54 EM56 EM56 EM58 EM58 EM60 EM60 EM62 EM62 EM64 EM64 EM66 EM66 Table S1 Abbreviation Full name (EX)AC External acetate (EX)ACT External acetone (EX)BIOMASS External biomass (EX)BUT External butanol (EX)BUTY External butyrate (EX)CO2 External carbon dioxide (EX)ET External ethanol (EX)GLC External glucose (EX)H2 External hydrogen (EX)H2O External water AACOA Acetoacetyl-CoA AC Acetate ACAC Acetoacetate ACCOA Acetyl-CoA AC-P Acetyl phosphate ACT Acetone ACTAL Acetaldehyde ADP Adenosine-5-diphosphate ATP Adenosine-5-triphosphate BETA-HBCOA β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA BIOMASS Biomass BULCOA Butyryl-CoA; Butanoyl-CoA BUL-P Butyryl phosphate; Butanoyl phosphate BUT Butanol BUTAL Butyraldehyde BUTY Butyrate CO2 Carbon dioxide COA Coenzyme-A CRLCOA Crotonyl-CoA E4P Erythrose-4-phosphate ET Ethanol F16DP Fructose-1,6-diphosphate F6P Fructose-6-phosphate G13DP Glycerate-1,3-diphosphate G6P Glucose-6-phosphate GA3P Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate H2 Hydrogen molecule H2O Water NAD Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized) NADH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced) NADP Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidized) NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) OX-FD Ferredoxin (oxidized) P Inorganic orthophosphate PEP Phosphoenolpyruvate PYR Pyruvate RD-FD Ferredoxin (reduced) RIB5P Ribose-5-phosphate RIBU5P Ribulose-5-phosphate SED7P Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate X5P Xylulose-5-phosphate Table S2 Reaction Name Enzyme Name Reversible (R) Reaction References or Irrevesible (I) EMP PATHWAY EMP1 Phosphotransferase I (EX)GLC + PEP = G6P + PYR Lee et al., 2008; Senger and Papoutsakis, system 2008a, 2008b; Gheshlaghi et al., 2009; Milne et al., 2011 EMP2 Glucose-6-phosphate R G6P = F6P Lee et al., 2008; Senger and Papoutsakis, isomerase 2008a, 2008b; Gheshlaghi et al., 2009; Milne et al., 2012 EMP3 6-Phosphofructokinase I ATP + F6P = ADP + F16DP Lee et al., 2008; Senger and Papoutsakis, 2008a, 2008b; Gheshlaghi et al., 2009; Milne et al., 2013 EMP4 Aldose R F16DP = 2 GA3P Lee et al., 2008; Senger and Papoutsakis, 2008a, 2008b; Gheshlaghi et al., 2009; Milne et al., 2014 EMP5 Glyceraldehyde-3- R GA3P + NAD = G13DP + NADH Lee et al., 2008; Senger and Papoutsakis, phosphate dehydrogenase 2008a, 2008b; Gheshlaghi et al., 2009; Milne et al., 2015 EMP6 Phosphoglycerate kinase R ADP + G13DP = ATP + H2O + PEP Lee et al., 2008; Senger and Papoutsakis, + Phosphoglycerate 2008a, 2008b; Gheshlaghi et al., 2009; mutase + Enalose Milne et al., 2016 EMP7 Pyruvate kinase I ADP + PEP = ATP + PYR Lee et al., 2008; Senger and Papoutsakis, 2008a, 2008b; Gheshlaghi et al., 2009; Milne et al., 2017 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PATHWAY HPP1 Pyruvate-ferredoxin I COA + OX-FD + PYR = ACCOA + CO2 + Lee et al., 2008; Senger and Papoutsakis, oxidoreductase RD-FD 2008a, 2008b; Gheshlaghi et al., 2009; Milne et al., 2011 HPP2 Ferredoxin-NADPH I NADP + RD-FD = NADPH + OX-FD Lee et al., 2008; Senger and Papoutsakis, oxidoreductase 2008a, 2008b;
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Acidogenic Properties of Carbohydrate-Rich Wasted Potato and Microbial Community Analysis: Effect of Ph
    Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering VOL. 128 No. 1, 50e55, 2019 www.elsevier.com/locate/jbiosc Acidogenic properties of carbohydrate-rich wasted potato and microbial community analysis: Effect of pH Yan Li,* Xiaodong Zhang, Haipeng Xu, Hui Mu, Dongliang Hua, Fuqiang Jin, and Guangfan Meng Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), China Key Laboratory for Biomass Gasification Technology of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, China Received 28 August 2018; accepted 18 December 2018 Available online 14 January 2019 Vegetable waste is one of the major organic solid residues available for sustainable biogas production. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility and optimal controlling strategy for acidogenic fermentation of wasted potato (WP). Three leaching bed reactors (LBRs) were operated at various pH values (6.0, 7.0 and 8.0) with an organic loading rate (OLR) of 6.7 g volatile solid/(L$d) and hydraulic retention time of 6 d. Butyric acid-type fermentation with butyric acid as predominant volatile fatty acid (VFA) was observed with a concentration and proportion (of total VFAs) of butyric acid, which were 7.8 g/L, 49.7 % and 9.6 g/L and 52.2 % at pH 6.0 and 7.0, respectively. Conversely, at pH 8.0, mixed acid- type fermentation was observed with acetic and butyric acid as the major VFAs. Control experiment without pH manipulation didn’t perform well in VFAs production at first 6 days and then VFAs concentration increased as pH value was adjusted to 8. It was indicated that the inhibition was caused by high undissociated VFAs concentration due to low pH and the VFAs production could be improved through pH control strategy to regulate the undissociated VFAs con- centration.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhanced Acidogenesis by the Degenerated Clostridium Sp. Strain on a Continuous Membrane Cell Recycle Reactor
    Research Article Adv Biotech & Micro - Volume 7 Issue 4 November 2017 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Annamma AO DOI: 10.19080/AIBM.2017.07.555716 Enhanced Acidogenesis by the Degenerated Clostridium Sp. Strain on a Continuous Membrane Cell Recycle Reactor Hiral S, Abhishek M, Aruna GA, Annamma AO* and Arvind Lali DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology (Formerly UDCT), India Submission: July 13, 2017; Published: November 28, 2017 *Corresponding author: Annamma AO, DBT-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences Institute of Chemical Technology (Formerly UDCT), Nathalal Parekh Marg, Mumbai-400019, India, Tel: 02233612310; Fax: 02233611020; Email: Abstract Microbial organic acids production is being extensively studied to achieve success at industrial scale. Commercial organic acid production employs homofermentative microbes while the use of heterofermentative organisms has been restricted due to expensive downstream processes. ClostridiumWith development acetobutylicum on appropriate inexpensive separation technology for separation of a mixture of organic acids, heterofermentative-1 and total organic acid fermentation may soon-1 become.h-1 feasible at large scale. Present work aims-1.h at-1 enhancing organic acid production by the degenerated strain of ATCC4259. At batch mode, pH 6 resulted in the highest total organic acid concentration of 10.22g.L acid productivity of 0.58g.L . The constant specific productivity of 1.1g.g obtained-1 for total organic acid at different pH values proved that total organic acid productivity is not governed by pH of the medium but is dependent on cell growth. However, the metabolic shifts in the cell were proved to be subject to external pH values.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Production by Anaerobic Fermentation Using Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes Utilizing a Two-Stage Digestion System
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 12-2008 Hydrogen Production By Anaerobic Fermentation Using Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes Utilizing a Two-Stage Digestion System Reese S. Thompson Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Thompson, Reese S., "Hydrogen Production By Anaerobic Fermentation Using Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes Utilizing a Two-Stage Digestion System" (2008). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 208. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/208 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION USING AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD PROCESSING WASTES UTILIZING A TWO-STAGE DIGESTION SYSTEM by Reese S. Thompson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Biological Engineering Approved: _______________________ _______________________ Dr. Conly L. Hansen Dr. Carl S. Hansen Major Professor Committee Member _______________________ _______________________ Dr. Sridhar Viamajala Dr. Byron Burnhan Committee Member Dean of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2008 ii Copyright © Reese S. Thompson 2008 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Hydrogen Production by Anaerobic Fermentation Using Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes Utilizing a Two-Stage Digestion System by Reese S. Thompson, Master of Science Utah State University, 2008 Major Professor: Dr. Conly L. Hansen Department: Biological and Irrigation Engineering Hydrogen production by means of anaerobic fermentation was researched utilizing three different substrates.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimization of Hydrolysis-Acidogenesis Phase of Swine Manure for Biogas Production Using Two-Stage Anaerobic Fermentation
    processes Article Optimization of Hydrolysis-Acidogenesis Phase of Swine Manure for Biogas Production Using Two-Stage Anaerobic Fermentation Chiu-Yue Lin 1,2,3,†, Wai Siong Chai 4,†, Chyi-How Lay 1,2,5,* , Chin-Chao Chen 6, Chun-Yi Lee 2 and Pau Loke Show 4,* 1 Green Energy and Biotechnology Industry Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung City 40724, Taiwan; [email protected] 2 Master’s Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taichung City 40724, Taiwan; [email protected] 3 Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung City 40724, Taiwan 4 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] 5 Professional Master’s Program for Intelligent Manufacturing and Engineering Management, Feng Chia University, Taichung City 40724, Taiwan 6 Department of Landscape Architecture, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhwa 51000, Taiwan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.-H.L.); [email protected] (P.L.S.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: The traditional pig manure wastewater treatment in Taiwan has been low in methane production efficiency due to unstable influent concentration, wastewater volume, and quality. Two- Citation: Lin, C.-Y.; Chai, W.S.; Lay, stage anaerobic systems, in contrast, have the advantage of buffering the organic loading rate C.-H.; Chen, C.-C.; Lee, C.-Y.; Show, in the first stage (hydrolysis-acidogenesis phase), allowing a more constant feeding rate to the P.L. Optimization of second stage (methanogenesis phase).
    [Show full text]
  • ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESSES Functional Definition Of
    ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESSES Functional definition of “Anaerobic” = absence of oxygen or nitrate. Role of anaerobic processes in wastewater treatment 1. Enhanced biological phosphate removal (EBPR) 2. Sludge stabilization = reduction in volatile (bioreactive) solids from primary, biofilm, and waste activated sludge 3. Reduction in pathogens in sludge 4. Energy recovery as biofuels production, primarily methane (CH4) For 2-4, the unit process is the anaerobic digester. General characteristics: mixed suspended solids, complex microorganism communities, long hydraulic and solids residence time (30-60 days), mesophilic temperature (~35 C) Dominant Microbial populations: Bacteria and Archaea Rate and extent of stabilization and methane production depend strongly on population interactions. Three groups of anaerobic microorganisms in digester populations: • Group I: hydrolytic fermentative bacteria • Group II: Syntrophic acetogenic bacteria (SAB) • Group III: Archaea (methanogens) Populations, substrates, products and reaction stoichiometries are shown in Figure 1 and Table 1, following. 1 Fig 1. PARTICULATE HYDROLYSIS: HYDROLYTIC FERMENTATIVE BACTERIA (Xf) Complex Biodegradable Particulates, XS Proteins and carbohydrates, SP Lipids, SP Amino acids and simple Long Chain Fatty Acids, SP sugars, SP FERMENTATION, Xf AND ACIDOGENESIS: SYNTROPIC ACIDOGENIC BACTERIA, XSAB Volatile (Fatty) Acids: propionate, butyrate, etc. (R-COOH), SVA Acetic Acid Hydrogen (H2) (CH3COOH) SA METHANOGENESIS: ARCHAEA, XM Methane (CH4), SCH 2 Table 1. MICROBIAL REACTIONS (MOLAR STOICHIOMETRIES) I. Fermentation reaction examples (glucose substrate, various VA products) Product Reaction ΔG (kJ/mole glucose) - + Lactate C6H12O6 à 2CH3CH(OH)COO + 2H -198.1 - - + Butyrate C6H12O6 + 2H2O à CH32(CH2)COO + 2HCO3 +2H2 + 3H -254.4 - - - + Propionate + acetate 1.5C6H12O6 à 2CH3CH2COO + CH3COO + HCO3 + 3H -109.9 Genera: Bacteroides, Clostridium, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Production of Butyric Acid and Hydrogen by Metabolically Engineered Mutants of Clostridium Tyrobutyricum
    PRODUCTION OF BUTYRIC ACID AND HYDROGEN BY METABOLICALLY ENGINEERED MUTANTS OF CLOSTRIDIUM TYROBUTYRICUM DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Xiaoguang Liu, M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation committee: Approved by Professor Shang-Tian Yang, Adviser Professor Barbara E Wyslouzil Adviser Professor Hua Wang Department of Chemical Engineering ABSTRACT Butyric acid has many applications in chemical, food and pharmaceutical industries. The production of butyric acid by fermentation has become an increasingly attractive alternative to current petroleum-based chemical synthesis. Clostridium tyrobutyricum is an anaerobic bacterium producing butyric acid, acetic acid, hydrogen and carbon dioxide as its main products. Hydrogen, as an energy byproduct, can add value to the fermentation process. The goal of this project was to develop novel bioprocess to produce butyric acid and hydrogen economically by Clostridial mutants. Conventional fermentation technologies for butyric acid and hydrogen production are limited by low reactor productivity, product concentration and yield. In this project, novel engineered mutants of C. tyrobutyricum were created by gene manipulation and cell adaptation. Fermentation process was also optimized using immobilizing cells in the fibrous-bed bioreactor (FBB) to enhance butyric acid and hydrogen production. First, metabolic engineered mutants with knocked-out acetate formation pathway were created and characterized. Gene inactivation technology was used to delete the genes of phosphotransacetylase (PTA) and acetate kinase (AK), two key enzymes in the acetate-producing pathway of C. tyrobutyricum, through homologous recombination. The metabolic engineered mutants were characterized by Southern hybridization, enzyme assay, protein expression and metabolites production.
    [Show full text]
  • Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Technology for Energy Recovery: a Review on State-Of-The-Art and Recent Technological Advances
    bioengineering Review Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Technology for Energy Recovery: A Review on State-of-the-Art and Recent Technological Advances Matia Mainardis * , Marco Buttazzoni and Daniele Goi Department Polytechnic of Engineering and Architecture (DPIA), University of Udine, Via del Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy; [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (D.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 23 March 2020; Accepted: 8 May 2020; Published: 10 May 2020 Abstract: Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor belongs to high-rate systems, able to perform anaerobic reaction at reduced hydraulic retention time, if compared to traditional digesters. In this review, the most recent advances in UASB reactor applications are critically summarized and discussed, with outline on the most critical aspects for further possible future developments. Beside traditional anaerobic treatment of soluble and biodegradable substrates, research is actually focusing on the treatment of refractory and slowly degradable matrices, thanks to an improved understanding of microbial community composition and reactor hydrodynamics, together with utilization of powerful modeling tools. Innovative approaches include the use of UASB reactor for nitrogen removal, as well as for hydrogen and volatile fatty acid production. Co-digestion of complementary substrates available in the same territory is being extensively studied to increase biogas yield and provide smooth continuous operations in a circular economy perspective. Particular importance is being given to decentralized treatment, able to provide electricity and heat to local users with possible integration with other renewable energies. Proper pre-treatment application increases biogas yield, while a successive post-treatment is needed to meet required effluent standards, also from a toxicological perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • A Repeated State of Acidification Enhances the Anticariogenic
    antibiotics Article A Repeated State of Acidification Enhances the Anticariogenic Biofilm Activity of Glass Ionomer Cement Containing Fluoro-Zinc-Silicate Fillers Traithawit Naksagoon 1,2 , Shoji Takenaka 1,*, Ryoko Nagata 1 , Maki Sotozono 1, Tatsuya Ohsumi 1 , Takako Ida 1, Naoki Edanami 1, Takeyasu Maeda 2 and Yuichiro Noiri 1 1 Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; [email protected] (T.N.); [email protected] (R.N.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (T.O.); [email protected] (T.I.); [email protected] (N.E.); [email protected] (Y.N.) 2 Research Centre for Advanced Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-25-227-2865; Fax: +81-25-227-2864 Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the anticariogenic biofilm activity of a novel zinc-containing glass ionomer cement, Caredyne Restore (CR), using a flow-cell system that reproduces Stephan responses. Streptococcus mutans biofilms were cultured on either CR or hydroxyapatite (HA) discs mounted on a modified Robbins device. The media were allowed to flow at a speed of 2 mL/min Citation: Naksagoon, T.; Takenaka, for 24 h while exposed to an acidic buffer twice for 30 min to mimic dietary uptake. Acid exposure S.; Nagata, R.; Sotozono, M.; Ohsumi, enhanced biofilm inhibition in the CR group, which showed 2.6 log CFU/mm2 in viable cells and a T.; Ida, T.; Edanami, N.; Maeda, T.; 2 log copies/mL reduction in total cells compared to the untreated group after 24 h of incubation, Noiri, Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor: Modelling
    KUNGLIGA TEKNISKA HÖGSKOLAN (KTH) KTH Chemical Science and Engineering UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET REACTOR: MODELLING RAÚL RODRÍGUEZ GÓMEZ LICENTIATE THESIS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2011 UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET REACTOR: MODELLING Raúl Rodríguez Gómez Licentiate Thesis in Chemical Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology School of Chemical Science and Engineering Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden TRITA-CHE Report 2011:4 ISSN 1654-1081 ISBN 978-91-7415-849-6 Copyright © 2011 by Raúl Rodríguez Gómez ii ABSTRACT Anaerobic treatment is widely used around the world as a biological stage in both domestic and industrial wastewater-treatment plants. The two principal advantages of anaerobic over aerobic treatment are the production of biogas, which can be used as fuel, and the lower rate of biomass production, which results in lower maintenance costs for the plant. The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor is an attractive alternative for regions in hot climates since it works better under mesophilic conditions and it does not need any supporting structure for the development of microorganisms, which grow in the form of granules. In this thesis, a model describing the UASB reactor behaviour with respect to substrate degradation, microorganism growth and granule formation was developed. The model is transient and is based on mass balances for the substrate and microorganisms in the reactor. For the substrate, the processes included in the model are dispersion, advection and degradation of the organic matter in the substrate. The reaction rate for the microorganisms includes the growth and decay of the microorganisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Acidogenesis Products' Effect on Biogas Production
    Detman et al. Biotechnol Biofuels (2021) 14:125 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-021-01968-0 Biotechnology for Biofuels RESEARCH Open Access Evaluation of acidogenesis products’ efect on biogas production performed with metagenomics and isotopic approaches Anna Detman1, Michał Bucha1,2, Laura Treu3, Aleksandra Chojnacka1,4, Łukasz Pleśniak1,5, Agnieszka Salamon6, Ewa Łupikasza2, Robert Gromadka1, Jan Gawor1, Agnieszka Gromadka1, Wojciech Drzewicki5, Marta Jakubiak5, Marek Janiga7, Irena Matyasik7, Mieczysław K. Błaszczyk4, Mariusz Orion Jędrysek5, Stefano Campanaro3* and Anna Sikora1* Abstract Background: During the acetogenic step of anaerobic digestion, the products of acidogenesis are oxidized to substrates for methanogenesis: hydrogen, carbon dioxide and acetate. Acetogenesis and methanogenesis are highly interconnected processes due to the syntrophic associations between acetogenic bacteria and hydrogenotrophic methanogens, allowing the whole process to become thermodynamically favorable. The aim of this study is to deter- mine the infuence of the dominant acidic products on the metabolic pathways of methane formation and to fnd a core microbiome and substrate-specifc species in a mixed biogas-producing system. Results: Four methane-producing microbial communities were fed with artifcial media having one dominant component, respectively, lactate, butyrate, propionate and acetate, for 896 days in 3.5-L Up-fow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) bioreactors. All the microbial communities showed moderately diferent methane production and utilization of the substrates. Analyses of stable carbon isotope composition of the fermentation gas and the substrates 13 13 showed diferences in average values of δ C(CH4) and δ C(CO2) revealing that acetate and lactate strongly favored the acetotrophic pathway, while butyrate and propionate favored the hydrogenotrophic pathway of methane forma- tion.
    [Show full text]
  • Inoculum Source Determines Acetate and Lactate Production During Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge and Food Waste
    bioengineering Article Inoculum Source Determines Acetate and Lactate Production during Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge and Food Waste Jan Moestedt 1,2, Maria Westerholm 3, Simon Isaksson 3 and Anna Schnürer 1,3,* 1 Department of Thematic Studies–Environmental Change, Linköping University, SE 581 83 Linköping, Sweden; [email protected] 2 Department R&D, Tekniska verken i Linköping AB, SE 581 15 Linköping, Sweden 3 Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BioCenter, SE 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; [email protected] (M.W.); [email protected] (S.I.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 15 November 2019; Accepted: 18 December 2019; Published: 23 December 2019 Abstract: Acetate production from food waste or sewage sludge was evaluated in four semi-continuous anaerobic digestion processes. To examine the importance of inoculum and substrate for acid production, two different inoculum sources (a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and a co-digestion plant treating food and industry waste) and two common substrates (sewage sludge and food waste) were used in process operations. The processes were evaluated with regard to the efficiency of hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis and the microbial community structure was determined. Feeding sewage sludge led to mixed acid fermentation and low total acid yield, whereas feeding food waste resulted in the production of high acetate and lactate yields. Inoculum from WWTP with sewage sludge substrate resulted in maintained methane production, despite a low hydraulic retention time. For food waste, the process using inoculum from WWTP produced high levels of lactate (30 g/L) and acetate (10 g/L), while the process initiated with inoculum from the co-digestion plant had higher acetate (25 g/L) and lower lactate (15 g/L) levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Anaerobic Digestion Basics
    CIS 1215 Anaerobic Digestion Basics Lide Chen and Howard Neibling pathogens and weed seeds associated with manure, Introduction improve manure nutrient availability to plants, and Dairy, potatoes, and sugar beets—all important sometimes generate new revenues. agricultural commodities in Idaho—also generate a huge amount of wastes. Two big waste-related What Is Anaerobic Digestion? challenges facing the dairy and food processing industries are emissions of odors and gases and Anaerobic digestion is a series of biological processes manure management. Gas emissions include that use a diverse population of bacteria to break down organic materials into biogas, primarily methane, and a greenhouse gases; ammonia (NH 3), a colorless gas with combination of solid and liquid effluents, the digestate a pungent smell; and hydrogen sulfide (H 2S), a colorless gas with the foul odor of rotten eggs. (figure 1). It occurs in the absence of free oxygen. Rising energy prices, more restrictive regulatory Organic materials are composed of organic compounds requirements, and increasing concern over greenhouse resulting from the remains or decomposition of previously gas emissions are causing many people in Idaho’s dairy living organisms such as plants and animals and their and food-processing industries to consider anaerobic waste products. Sources of organic material for anaerobic digestion (AD) of wastes from their operations. digestion include dairy manure, food processing waste, Anaerobic digestion technology is being viewed as a plant residues, and other organic wastes such as municipal way to address environmental concerns, generate wastewater, food waste, and fats, oils, and grease. renewable energy, cut bedding-material costs, reduce Other organic wastes Heat Electricity H2S removal Animal waste s ga io b ne ha et Electricity Biogas M generator Pu re m et ha Cow bedding Digester reactor ne CO and 2 Natural gas pipeline impurities High-quality, low-odor fertilizer Figure 1.
    [Show full text]