For del Toro, fiction and reality, like all dualities, are interrelated, not binary opposites.

The Pale Man, Pans

ZUMA Press, Inc. / Alamy Stock Photo Stock Inc. / Alamy Press, ZUMA Labyrinth (2006)

Abbreviations: Pan (Pan’s Labyrinth), Cultural Contexts Elaine Scarratt Devil (The Devil’s Backbone) Spain and Mexico’s close relationship discusses the was established in the 16thCentury historical, social and t may seem strange to study Pan’s when Spain conquered the South political context of Labyrinth, a Spanish/Mexican film American country and imposed its Guillermo del Toro’s by a Mexican, under ‘European culture, language and Catholic religion. 2006 masterpiece Film’. Its cultural and institutional Del Toro, a lapsed Catholic, laces his in the light of Icontexts as a product give clues to films with spirituality and Catholic Eduqas’ Global the nature of its cross cultural mix, imagery to which he ascribes his own Film component. as do the narrative’s historical and meanings. Ofelia eating the forbidden political contexts of the bloody Spanish fruit (of knowledge) is a positive Civil War and fascist government action. Making mistakes stems from that still haunt Spain today. her freedom of spirit and is inherent Some knowledge of that era is in learning, in her case to become essential and will help you find different an independent adult. Fairy tales, ways to interpret this multi-layered like religious myths, are constructed film’s highly symbolic elements; some around moral themes, which in Pan are ideas in the opening sequence are disobedience, choice and memory. suggested in this article’s final section. 25,000 refugees from the Spanish Historical facts will also add to the Civil War, including many artists, fled compelling effectiveness of Pan’s dual to Mexico prompting another cultural narrative and del Toro’s characteristic impact and del Toro’s interest in the trait of juxtaposing violence in a fantasy period. He befriended his filmmaker world with brutal reality to augment, hero, Surrealist Luis Buñuel, who used by comparison, the real world horror. horror and fantasy to convey political

22 Public domain Public Public domain Public

The Japanese Demon, Tenome

Industrial Contexts Del Toro divides his filmmaking The post-war period between Hollywood hits like Blade II (2002), Hellboy (2004)), and the Spanish when Pan is set films above. Devil and Pan were were ‘The Peace intended as part of a Civil War trilogy with the final one, 3993 to be about Years’ but actually the 1993 exhumation of mass graves a programme of Resistance fighters slaughtered in1939. However it was sidelined for Goya’s ‘Saturn of terror and Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008). Devouring his Sons’ annihilation in Del Toro made Pan in Spain because, despite big budget offers, he refused which his policy Hollywood producers’ demands for messages. Del Toro’s upbringing in less horrific gore and more light- Guadalajara, Mexico’s international of silence about heartedness in the fantasy. His cultural centre, is reflected in Pan’s the Resistance determination to retain creative control wide-ranging references. The Pale came from drastic interference on Man devouring fairies recalls Goya’s concealed Mimic (1997) by Weinstein’s Miramax ‘Saturn Devouring his Sons’, his 400,000 deaths Dimension Films. In addition to his hands and eyes Christ’s stigmata, the production roles del Toro wrote the blinded martyr St Lucy and Tenome, from continued English subtitles himself so his ideas a ghostly Japanese demon. fighting, forced wouldn’t be lost in translation. Guadalajara was also violent. Vidal Pan has an R/15 (graphic violence) callously beating the rabbit hunter hard labour and rating, and del Toro was accused of with a bottle comes from an attack mass executions. gratuitous violence at Academy Award on a friend witnessed by del Toro. He screenings. However all his films left Mexico in1997 after his father was have a ‘walk-out scene’ like the rabbit kidnapped, and lived in Spain when Del Toro feels Devil’s focus on ghosts hunter one, in which he challenges he made Devil (2001) and Pan (2006), is predominantly European, but Pan’s audiences to follow him to deeper, which with Cronos (Mexico, 1993) are storytelling is fully Mexican with its truer engagement. Vidal’s unfeeling known as his ‘Spanish language trilogy’. ‘Holy Trinity’ of fantasy, religion and methodical viciousness sets up His Spanish subject, the Civil War, was violence plus big melodrama, all narrative tension early as an increasing treated with his typical horror and suffused with the magical realism threat to the vulnerable Ofelia, so her fantasy conventions metaphorically characteristic of Latin America. death at his hands becomes even more as a vampire myth draining Spain’s ‘That’s the way I look at the disturbingly tragic and, thereby, those lifeblood in Cronos, a ghost story in world, the way I accept magic of real war victims. The ghastly violence the orphanage in Devil and a dark in a completely natural way… enhances the explosion of beauty in fairy tale in Pan. All have isolated more than anything, the the Underground Realm and del Toro’s vulnerable children who act as acceptance of how permeable typical thematic resolution of rebirth, ‘powerful filters through which the membrane is between salvation and hope through children. the audience can understand reality and fantasy, that comes We’re used to safe versions of fairy the inhumane and destructive entirely from my culture’ (2). tales mediated by the Grimm Brothers nature of the adult world’ (1). and Disney, but del Toro recaptured

23 their original purpose of frightening Franco’s ‘New Nation’ demanded children to teach them about life’s unquestioning obedience and dangers. The fantasy world is not conformity symbolised by The Pale escapist; it is a place to learn from Man’s blind featureless face and Vidal. facing adversity. By overcoming the His obsessive grooming represents terrifying tasks Ofelia learns to trust her state control that extended even to instinct when making choices, evolves personal cleanliness and smartness. The her moral values and so is armed to mechanical mise-en-scène of Vidal’s cope with her life’s real horrors. room with its hard textures, linearity Pan’s small $19 million budget, and harsh blades of light slicing through assembled from several production dark shadows conveys fascism’s brutal enforcement of its narrow ideology.

companies, roughly 78% Spanish to Gage by Skidmore Toro Guillermo del 22% Mexican, caused production Vidal’s idolisation of his father and focus on his son as his legacy Guillermo del Toro speaking at difficulties. CGI was curtailed but WonderCon 2013 del Toro’s design strengths and VFX demonstrates the regime’s macho and make-up training prevailed. patriarchy. Del Toro’s typical The opening’s Underground Realm focus on gender accentuates His Spanish subject, is a miniature model. It enabled its misogyny, which stated more realistic movement through ‘the woman’s mission is to the Civil War, was space than CGI and established serve…God’s first idea was treated with his the flowing camerawork of the ‘the man’. He thought of the fantasy world cinematography. woman afterwards.’ (3). typical horror and Doug Jones as an actor in a monster fantasy conventions costume and make-up could more The ideal woman was a powerless subtly convey the Faun’s unsettling breeder and carer, like pregnant Carmen metaphorically as a ambiguity with nuanced shifts from unnecessarily confined to a wheelchair. vampire myth draining trustworthy charm to deadly threat. This era is so vivid today because the buried stories only started appearing Spain’s lifeblood in Historical and Political around Franco’s death and are still Cronos, a ghost story Contexts emerging. Del Toro’s pre-production research uncovered accounts of in the orphanage 1930s Spain saw clashes between Resistance fighters and female activists leftist government supporters like Mercedes in Galicia, NW Spain, the in Devil and a dark (Republicans) and rightist (Nationalists) film’s setting. Looking is a key theme, fairy tale in Pan. supporting the privileged landowners, symbolised by Ofelia restoring the industrialists, military and Catholic standing stone’s eye, and stated in the Church, all represented at Vidal’s dinner. final words about Moanna/Ofelia who, Vidal’s aristocratic family name and Ofelia, sacrificing herself for like the Spanish had forgotten her her baby brother the kitchen maids’ epithet of ‘señorito’ identify him as a bullying rich ‘kid’. General Franco’s ruthless campaign to rule Spain began in Spanish Morocco, where Vidal’s father died. His intention to rid Spain of all leftists led to The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and his fascist military government until1975. Franco illustrates the dictum that history is written by the victors. His campaigns were religious ‘crusades’ to clean up Spain, and he likened himself to El Cid, Spain’s medieval warrior hero. The post-war period when Pan is set were ‘The Peace Years’ but actually a programme of terror and annihilation in which his policy of silence about the Resistance concealed 400,000 deaths from continued fighting, forced hard labour and mass executions. Entertainment Pictures / Alamy Stock Photo Stock / Alamy Entertainment Pictures

24 Ofelia eats the forbidden fruit in Pans Labyrinth Del Toro made Pan in Spain because, despite big budget offers, he refused Hollywood producers’ demands for less horrific gore and more light-heartedness in the fantasy. Moviestore collection Ltd / Alamy Stock Photo Stock / Alamy collection Ltd Moviestore

true identity and like their suppressed symbolised by Vidal’s watch. Similarly for by Mercedes, represents hope for history ‘left behind small traces…visible historical events in ‘Spain, 1944’ fixed a future with benign masculinity. only to those who know where to look.’ in intertitles are juxtaposed with the For del Toro fiction and reality, like pre-writing oral tradition of storytelling, all dualities, are interrelated, not binary The Opening Sequence which is the film’s final voice. opposites. Institutionalised creeds The editing combines an intrusive like those of fascism, patriarchy and Setting-Place: Juxtaposition of sound bridge of exaggeratedly the Catholic Church are as mythical the voice over and images implies loud ticking and a hard cut to a as fairy tales, but myths also speak the ruined buildings are of Moanna’s close-up of the cracked watch-face universal truths about humanity. time; but shadows and blackout also symbolising fascism’s distortion suggest Civil War destruction, perhaps of humanity, and foreshadowing Elaine Scarratt is a freelance media referencing Guernica, one of Franco’s Vidal’s disfigurement by Mercedes. educator, writer, examiner and former worst atrocities captured in Picasso’s Ofelia’s governing time is the Moon’s Head of Media Studies iconic painting. The skeletons appear cycles by which she has to perform ancient but could equally represent her tasks and which symbolises the ongoing mass grave exhumations. her forthcoming womanhood. Galicia’s forest shelters the Resistance References but is also, with its labyrinth and pollen Characters (1) Tanya Jones, Studying Pan’s and feathers floating like fairy dust Labyrinth (2010), Auteur in the sunlight, the magical middle The Moon has ancient feminine ground between the Underground associations and it is the trinity of (2) del Toro in Mar Diestro-Dopída, Realm and real world. The green and women as Nature’s uncontrollable Pan’s Labyrinth (2013), BFI Classics force that destroys Vidal. Their brown colour code that connects (3) Mar Diestro-Dopída, ibid Ofelia and Mercedes are camouflage symbolic names indicate their fairy for the Resistance, but also connotes tale status as archetypes: Carmen that they and the women belong to creativity, Mercedes reward (from Nature’s natural order and freedom. María de las Mercedes, the Spanish from the MM vaults Virgin Mary), Ofelia help. Carmen Setting-Time: The forest also Pan’s Labyrinth – Analysis, and Mercedes model two futures harbours Spain’s Celtic culture lost Jerome Monaghan, MM21 in the undergrowth and is indicated for Ofelia: resigned compliance or by its characteristic curved designs rebellious challenge. Ofelia is linked Subtext and historical context in 3 on the standing stone. This image with Mercedes throughout the third Spanish Films – Nick Lacey, MM26 scene from the disobedient moment of pagan times signifies del Toro’s Understanding Fantasy – an she offers the wrong hand to Vidal, reminder of who we are. He juxtaposes examiner’s perspective – Chris but ultimately she chooses her own expansive universal time since pre- Bruce, MoreMediaMag history and pagan folklore with the path of death and rebirth into her true restrictive mechanical time of fascism individual self. Carmen’s baby, cared

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