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Pisa Armata INPN Prete Aenvoyer 1 La pise armée Pisa armata (Latreille, 1803) Citation de cette fiche : Noël P., 2016. La pise armée Pisa armata (Latreille, 1803). in Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [Ed.], 5 décembre 2016. Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel, pp. 1-10, site web http://inpn.mnhn.fr Contact de l'auteur : Pierre Noël, SPN et DMPA, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 43 rue Buffon (CP 48), 75005 Paris ; e-mail [email protected] Résumé Chez la pise armée, le rostre est long et les "cornes" divergent à leur extrémité ; la carapace est triangulaire et sa largeur dépasse la moitié de sa longueur. Les pinces sont fines, aussi longues ou un peu plus courtes que le second péréiopode et plus fortes chez les mâles que chez les femelles. Les dactyles des péréiopodes 2 à 5 sont courbés en forme de crochet. L'ensemble de l'animal est couvert de poils courts et denses formant une sorte de feutrage continu. Les femelles sont un peu plus petites que les mâles ; ces derniers peuvent atteindre 62 x 39 mm. La couleur est brun rouge. Cette araignée porte souvent en épibiose divers organismes contribuant à son camouflage. Les femelles peuvent être ovigères entre mars et octobre. Le développement larvaire comporte deux stades zoé. L'espèce est parasitée par des grégarines, des vers et des crustacés. Elle vit sur des fonds variés en Atlantique, depuis les îles britanniques jusqu'à l'Afrique tropicale et dans toute la Méditerranée, jusqu'à -162 m de profondeur. Figure 2. Distribution en métropole. Figure 1. Aspect général vue dorsale. Dessin © P. Roux 1829. © P. Noël INPN-MNHN 2016. Classification (WoRMS 2016) : Phylum Arthropoda Latreille, 1829 > Sub-phylum Crustacea Brünnich, 1772 > Super-classe Multicrustacea Regier, Shultz, Zwick, Hussey, Ball, Wetzer, Martin & Cunningham, 2010 > Classe Malacostraca Latreille, 1802 > Sous-classe Eumalacostraca Grobben, 1892 > Super- ordre Eucarida Calman, 1904 > Ordre Decapoda Latreille, 1802 > Sous-ordre Pleocyemata Burkenroad, 1963 > Infra-ordre Brachyura Latreille, 1802 > Section Eubrachyura de Saint Laurent, 1980 > Sous-section Heterotremata Guinot, 1977 > Super-famille Majoidea Samouelle, 1819 > Famille Epialtidae MacLeay, 1838 > Sous-famille Pisinae Dana, 1851 > Genre Pisa Leach, 1814. Synonymes (Ingle 1980 ; Ng & al. 2008 ; GBIF 2016 ; INPN Noms vernaculaires: 2016 ; WoRMS 2016): L'araignée à rostre pointu (Luther & Fiedler 1965 ; Maia armata Latreille, 1803 Adema 1991 ; Mora Canet 2016), la pise armée (Roux Cancer biaculeata Montagu, 1813 1828), la pisa de Gibbs (Desmarest 1823) ; l'araignée Cancer biaculatus Montagu, 1813 de mer à rostre pointu (Noël 1992). Cancer biaculeatus Montagu, 1813 Pisa biaculeata Montagu, 1813 Principaux noms étrangers. Pisa gibbsii Leach, 1815 Anglais : Spiny triangle crab, Gibbs’s sea spider (Ingle 1980 Inachus musivus Otto, 1828 ; Adema 1991 ; Mora Canet 2016) ; Gibbs’s spider Blastia tridens Leach, in White, 1847 crab (Ingle 1980). Néerlandais : De gebochelde spinkrab (Adema 1991). Allemand : Kampfgrabbe (Pesta 1918). Espagnol : Cámbara nariguda (Mora N° des bases de données : EOL : 1022450; GBIF ID : Canet 2016) ; Cranca de nas llarg (Mora Canet 2226758; INPN Cd_Nom : 350392 ; ITIS : 98571 ; WoRMS 2016). Italien : Rancio de scoglio (Costa 1829 ; AphiaID : 107353. Pesta 1918) ; scarpion de grotta (Pesta 1918). Albanais Merimangë deti e Gibit (Dhora 2008). 2 Description. La carapace est triangulaire et sa largeur dépasse la moitié de sa longueur. Pour discerner ses épines et ses élévations, il convient d'enlever les épibiontes qui la recouvrent. De la base du rostre à la marge postérieure de la carapace et sur sa ligne médiane on trouve une crète ondulante avec une élévation plus forte au niveau de la région gastrique moyenne, une autre sur la région cardiaque et une épine forte sur la région intestinale. Sur la région gastrique, en avant de l'élévation moyenne antérieure il y a quatre petits tubercules disposés en rangée transversale, deux de chaque côté de la crète ondulante. Il y a une épine pointue sur la région branchiale. Les marges latérales de la région hépatique ont une épine en arrière de l'orbite, celle là étant plus ou moins visible selon les spécimens. En plus, il y a quelques petits tubercules et élévations sur les régions gastrique et branchiale. Le rostre est long, plus court chez les femelles que les mâles, avec les "cornes" divergeant à leur extrémité. L'orbite possède une épine pré-orbitaire pointue, et entre la saillie supraorbitale et le processus postorbitaire il y a une petite épine intercalaire à l'extrémité arrondie. La région suborbitaire possède une épine à l'extérieur de l'article urinaire. Les antennules sont pliées longitudinalement. Les fossettes antennulaires sont connectées et le processus antérieur médian de l'épistome n'atteint pas la base de l'épine interantennulaire. L'article basal de l'antenne plus long que large, fusionné avec le front, antéroexterne angle projeté en avant comme une dent ; le flagelle est poilu et atteint à peu près l'extrémité du rostre. La région ptérygostomienne a deux petites épines. Les troisièmes maxillipèdes couvrent l'ensemble des pièces buccales ; leur ischium déborde à l'angle interne antérieur et le palpe est articulé sur la marge interne du mérus. Les pinces sont fines, aussi longues ou un peu plus courtes que le second péréiopode, et plus fortes chez les mâles que les femelles. Le chélipède a le propode très dilaté et les doigts des pinces sont légèrement dentés. Les pattes ambulatoires ont des nodules et des soies abondantes. Les dactyles des péréiopodes 2 à 5 sont courbés en forme de crochet. L'abdomen possède sept segments chez les deux sexes. L'animal (sauf le carpe et les pinces) est couvert de poils droits et de poils brun-jaune courts et courbés ; ces poils très denses forment une sorte de feutrage continu à la surface de l'animal (Christiansen 1969 ; Ingle 1980). Les femelles sont un peu plus petites que les mâles ; ces derniers peuvent atteindre 62x39 mm. Les femelles peuvent être ovigères à partir de 21,8 mm. La coloration générale de cette espèce est plus ou moins rousse, brun rougeâtre ou jaunâtre ou orangée, voire rouge carmin (Roux 1829 ; Bell 1844 ; Christiansen 1969 ; Ingle 1980 ; Noël 1992 ; González Pérez 1995 ; photos sur le web). Risques de confusion, espèces voisines. Le genre Pisa est essentiellement représenté dans l'Atlantique oriental. Il existe dans ce genre neuf espèces au niveau mondial, (Ng & al. 2008 ; GBIF 2016 ; WoRMS 2016) et six en Europe (d'Udekem d'Acoz 1999). En France, les confusions sont surtout possibles avec Pisa nodipes (Leach, 1815) et aussi dans une moindre mesure avec Pisa hirticornis (Herbst, 1804), Pisa muscosa (Linnaeus, 1758) et Pisa tetraodon (Pennant, 1777) (voir d'Udekem d'Acoz 1999 pp. 192-194). Les identifications sur photo sont quasi impossibles dans la mesure où il faut dégager les poils de la carapace pour voir la présence et la forme des différentes épines de la carapace, en particulier celle de l'épine intestinale. Les spécimens de Pisa armata de l'ouest africain tropical ont un rostre et les pointes de la carapace beaucoup plus longs que les méditerranéens et européens ; selon d'Udekem d'Acoz (1999), il y aurait lieu de vérifier si la forme africaine n'est pas spécifiquement distincte. Chez P. nodipes, espèce très proche de Pisa armata (Bouvier 1940), les bords latéraux de la carapace n'ont ni épines branchiales, ni épine hépatique. L'épine intestinale est petite, large et tronquée. Le sillon précardiaque est bien marqué. Il y a deux fossettes profondes sur le sternite des troisièmes maxillipèdes. La couleur est très variable : rouge-orangé (juvéniles), beige, brun, gris. L'espèce est présente dans l'Atlantique européen et Méditerranée. Chez P. tetraodon les épines rostrales sont courtes et divergentes dans leur moitié distale ; il y a 5 épines dirigées vers l'avant de chaque côté de la carapace dont 3 épines branchiales. L'épine hépatique est à peu près aussi grande ou plus grande que l'épine orbitale externe. Les tubercules de la carapace sont sétifères. Les pattes sont courtes et robustes. La couleur générale est brun-rouge. L'espèce est présente dans l'Atlantique européen et en Méditerranée. Chez P. muscosa la carapace est peu velue et ses bords latéraux ont 3 épines branchiales. L'épine hépatique est petite ou nulle, en tout cas toujours plus petite que l'épine orbitale externe. L'épine intestinale est faible ou réduite à un petit tubercule. L'espèce est présente en Méditerranée uniquement. Chez P. hirticornis la carapace est peu velue et ses bords latéraux ont 3 épines branchiales. L'épine hépatique est à peu près aussi grande ou plus grande que l'épine orbitale externe. L'épine intestinale est faible ou réduite à un petit tubercule. L'espèce est présente en Méditerranée uniquement. 3 Figure 3. Vue dorsale de "Pisa gibbsii" © P. Roux 1829. Figure 4. Vue dorsale de "Pisa gibsi" © G. D. Nardo 1869. Biologie. Cette araignée de mer mimétique qui vit en solitaire parmi les rochers et les plantes marines se distingue par ses mouvements très lents. Pour se camoufler, elle porte souvent sur son dos des éponges et d'autres organismes, assurant ainsi une protection (Roux 1828 ; Christiansen 1969 ; Noël 1992). L'espèce est gonochorique. Les œufs ont un diamètre de 0,68 x 0,72 mm (Monod 1956). Les femelles peuvent être ovigères de mars à septembre en Europe (Lebour 1928, 1931 ; Bourdon 1965 ; Zariquiey Álvarez 1968) et jusqu'en octobre en Afrique (Monod 1956). Larves s'observent de juillet à septembre (Hartnoll 1963). Le développement larvaire comporte deux stades zoé ; la carapace de ces larves n'a pas d'épine latérale mais possède une épine dorsale et une épine rostrale rudumentaire (Lebour 1931). Au niveau du régime alimentaire, l'espèce est sans doute omnivore opportuniste à l'instar des espèces voisines.
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