Ronald Lötzsch

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Ronald Lötzsch Studia Slavica Oldenburgensia Studia Slavica Oldenburgensia 23 hrsg. von Rainer Grübel, Gerd Hentschel und Gun-Britt Kohler Mark Brüggemann Die weißrussische und die russische Sprache in ihrem Verhältnis zur weißrussischen Gesellschaft und Nation Ideologisch-programmatische Standpunkte politischer Akteure und Intellektueller 1994–2010 BIS-Verlag der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Dissertation an der Fakultät III – Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaften – der Universität Oldenburg Oldenburg, 2014 Verlag/Druck/Vertrieb BIS-Verlag der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Postfach 2541 26015 Oldenburg E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.bis-verlag.de ISBN 978-3-8142-2304-9 Inhalt 1. Konzeption und theoretische Grundlagen ............................................ 10 1.1 Idee und Anlage der Untersuchung .................................................... 10 1.2 Das Verhältnis von Sprache zu Ethnizität und nationaler Identität: Forschungstradition und wissenschaftliche Diskussion ...................... 20 1.3 Sprach(en)politik ................................................................................ 28 1.3.1 Sprachstatuspolitik ..................................................................... 32 1.3.2 Sprachkorpuspolitik ................................................................... 36 1.3.3 Spracherwerbspolitik ................................................................. 38 1.3.4 Exkurs: Sprachpolitik in der weißrussischen Forschung – Die Typologie von Nina Mjačkoŭskaja ..................................... 39 1.4 Diglossie und Bilingualismus: soziolinguistische Aspekte ................ 42 1.5 „It’s all just ideology“? Sprachideologie und die politische Ökonomie von Sprachen .................................................................... 49 2. Sprache(n), Nation und Staatlichkeit in Belarus’ ................................ 60 2.1 Staatlichkeit, Konfessionen und Ethnizität in Weißrussland bis zum Zerfall der Sowjetunion ...................................................................... 60 2.1.1 Frühphase und Kiever Rus’ ....................................................... 61 2.1.2 Die weißrussischen Gebiete im Großfürstentum Litauen .......... 61 2.1.3 Staatlichkeit, Konfession und Ethnizität nach der Union von Lublin (1569) und der Union von Brest (1596) ......................... 62 2.1.4 Weißrussland als Teil des Russischen Reiches (1795–1917) .... 63 2.1.5 Die Weißrussische Sowjetrepublik (BSSR) ............................... 64 2.2 Sprachen in Weißrussland .................................................................. 66 2.2.1 Die Sprachgeschichte auf weißrussischem Gebiet bis Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts ......................................................................... 67 2.2.2 Die Entwicklung der sprachlichen Situation in Weißrussland vom Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts bis in die Gegenwart ............... 71 2.2.3 Herausbildung und Entwicklung der modernen weißrussischen Literatursprache seit Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts ........................ 87 3. Sprache und Nation in Belarus’: Sprachideologische Äußerungen aus den Jahren 1994 bis 2010 ................................................................ 97 3.1 Der Präsident und die Sprachen ......................................................... 98 3.1.1 Biographie ................................................................................. 99 3.1.2 Exkurs: Charakteristika des allgemeinen politischen Diskurses der Staatsmacht ........................................................................ 107 3.1.3 Äußerungen von Aljaksandr Lukašėnka zur Rolle des Russischen und des Weißrussischen ....................................... 109 3.1.3.1 Armes Weißrussisch, arme Sprecher ........................... 109 3.1.3.2 Vom unbefangenen Sprechen ohne Zwang ................. 112 3.1.3.3 Die Hälfte des Staatshaushalts für die weißrussische Sprache? ...................................................................... 113 3.1.3.4 Mit dem Russischen in die Informationsgesellschaft? ..... 118 3.1.3.5 Der Präsident, die Schriftsteller und die Sprache......... 123 3.1.3.6 Das Russische der Weißrussen als sozialistische Aufbauleistung ............................................................ 135 3.1.3.7 Im Kampf für die sprachliche Einheit .......................... 138 3.1.3.8 Kleine Geschichte der Zweisprachigkeit ..................... 141 3.1.3.9 Und doch: Weißrussisch muss man können! ............... 144 3.1.4 Fazit: Von der „armen Sprache“ zum ideologischen Potenzial .... 146 3.2 Der „Anti-Lukašėnka“ in den 1990er Jahren: Zjanon Paznjak ......... 150 3.2.1 Kurzbiographie ........................................................................ 150 3.2.2 Mit dem Weißrussischen gegen das Imperium: Der Essay „Die weißrussische Sprache“ ................................................... 153 3.2.3 Fazit: Paznjak und das „Reich des Bösen“ .............................. 168 3.3 Der Verteidiger sprachlicher Rechte: Aleh Trusaŭ, Vorsitzender der Gesellschaft für die weißrussische Sprache ................................ 169 3.3.1 Die Gesellschaft für die weißrussische Sprache ...................... 169 3.3.2 Kurzbiographie Aleh Trusaǔs .................................................. 171 3.3.3 Sprache und Demokratie I: Die Rolle der weißrussischen Sprache .................................................................................... 173 3.3.4 Sprache und Demokratie II: Die Rolle der russischen Sprache .... 180 3.3.5 Fazit: Aleh Trusaŭ – Vorkämpfer einer fürsorgenden Sprachpolitik „von oben“ ........................................................ 188 3.4 Vasil’ Bykaŭ und Adam Mal’dzis zu Sprache und Nation in Belarus’ ........................................................................................... 189 3.5 Zwischen Lukašėnka und den „Nationalisten“: Russischsprachige Intellektuelle in Belarus’ ................................................................... 195 3.5.1 Kurzbiographien ...................................................................... 196 3.5.2 Zusammenfassende Betrachtung der Biographien ................... 205 3.5.3 Von der normativen Kraft sprachlicher Fakten: Die Position der russischsprachigen Intelligenz ........................................... 207 3.5.3.1 Zwei Staatssprachen: Den Status quo akzeptieren, Russland nicht reizen .................................................. 207 3.5.3.2 Völlige Wahlfreiheit oder „Handicap“ für das Weißrussische: Die Unterrichtssprachen ..................... 228 3.5.3.3 Herrscher oder Außenseiter: Die zukünftige Rolle des Weißrussischen ........................................................... 243 3.5.4 Sympathie für das Weißrussische, Skepsis gegenüber Weißrussifizierung ................................................................... 263 3.6 Das Weißrussische als „Nonsens“: Die russophil-imperiale Sichtweise Jury Barančyks ............................................................... 272 3.6.1 Jury Barančyk und das Internetportal <imperiya.by> .............. 273 3.6.2 Die Argumentation Jury Barančyks in zwei Streitgesprächen über Sprache ............................................................................ 274 3.6.2.1 Die Diskussion über das Referendum von 1995 .......... 274 3.6.2.2 Die Ergebnisse der Volkszählung von 2009 aus Barančyks Sicht ........................................................... 283 3.6.2.3 Zusammenfassung: Sprache als Marktfaktor und Privatsache .................................................................. 294 4. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick ......................................................... 295 Literatur ...................................................................................................... 323 Anhang ........................................................................................................ 350 Vorwort Die vorliegende Untersuchung wurde von der Fakultät III der Carl-von-Os- sietzky-Universität Oldenburg als Dissertation angenommen. Allen Personen, die mit ihrem fachlichen, oft auch persönlichen Beistand in der einen oder anderen Weise zum Entstehen der Dissertationsschrift beigetragen haben, möchte ich herzlich danken. Besonders hervorzuheben ist Prof. Dr. Gerd Hentschel als Betreuer der Arbeit. Er hat nicht nur mein Interesse an der Sprachendebatte in Weißrussland geweckt, sondern stand mir stets mit wertvollen Hinweisen und aktuellen Forschungsergebnissen zum realen Gebrauch der Sprachen und den Sprechereinstellungen im Land zur Seite. Dank gebührt auch den Korreferenten der Dissertation: Prof. Dr. Bernhard Kittel für die sozialwissenschaftliche Perspektive auf das Thema, Prof. Dr. Hermann Bieder für seine belarussistische Expertise, insbesondere zur Sprachgeschichte Weißrusslands. Verbleibende Unzulänglichkeiten der Publikation liegen in der Verantwortung des Autors. Prof. Dr. Rainer Grübel, Prof. Dr. Gerd Hentschel und Prof. Dr. Gun-Britt Kohler danke ich für die Aufnahme der vorliegenden Untersuchung in die Reihe "Studia Slavica Oldenburgensia", Sviatlana Tesch für die Erstellung der Druckvorlage. Die Arbeit an der Dissertation und die Recherche in Weißrussland wurden mir nicht zuletzt durch ein zweijähriges Stipendium der Robert-Bosch- Stiftung ermöglicht, das mit der Aufnahme in das interdisziplinäre Promoti- onskolleg "Mittel- und Osteuropa auf dem Weg ins 21. Jahrhundert" ver- bunden war. Meinen Mitkollegiaten und den Koordinatoren des Kollegs, das bei der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik (DGAP) angesiedelt war, danke ich für spannende
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