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"TASMANIA'S PALAEO- ABORIGINAL POPULATION PRIOR TO 1772 CE" Barry H. Brimfield 2014 (C/- 17 Mowbray Street, Mowbray 7248, Email: [email protected] Fax: 03 6326 3778 "CONTENTS" 1. Introduction 3 - 4 2. Maps 5 3. Figures 6 4. Abbreviations 7 - 8 5. Glossary 9 - 11 6. Explanations 12 7. Area Conversions 13 8. Calculations & Measurements 14 - 20 9. The Late Pleistocene 21 - 22 10. Holocene Occupied Area 23 11. Environments 24 - 29 12. Occupied Area (recent) 30 - 34 Area occupied to population (Jones (299). 33 - 34 13. Productivity 35 - 56 Dry sclerophyll & Coastal Heath (high productivity). 35 - 36 Within the "Homelands". 36 - 40 Re: Map 3. 40 - 43 Explaining Figure 9. 43 - 47 Should we say eleven not nine "Tribes"? 48 Assets & Liabilities. 48 - 52 Final Comparisons. 52 - 55 Period of Stress. 55 - 56 14. Carrying Capacity 57 - 68 Exploitable Land Area. 59 - 60 Jones (299). 60 - 61 Occupied Area. 61 - 63 Productive Area (Terrestrial). 64 - 66 Inland or Coastal People. 66 - 68 15. Comparisons with Mainland Australia 69 - 73 Victoria. 70 - 73 16. Doubtful Data 74 - 75 17. A Chronological Guide. 76 - 77 18. Reported Numbers 78 - 88 Maritime Explorers (1772 - 1802). 78 - 80 The First Twenty Years (1803 - 1823). 80 - 83 The Last Years (1824 - 1834) 83 - 84 Summary. 85 - 86 Killings. 86 - 88 19. Distant Fires 89 20. Hut Evidence 90 21. Social Structure. 91 - 94 22. Tribal/People Population 95 - 97 Map Comparisons of Jones and Ryan. 96 - 97 23. Complications. 98 - 99 24. Site Density. 100 25. Opinions & Estimates 101 - 103 1 26. Anthropological Suggestions 104 - 109 Total Population. 104 - 105 Band Numbers & their Populations. 105 - 108 Conclusions. 108 "The Nine People". 108 - 109 A Perplexity! 109 27. Genetic Considerations 110 28. Today's Tasmanian Aborigines Opinions. 111 - 113 29. Conclusions 114 - 121 But What if Over 4,500? 117 - 118 With a "Final Conclusion". 119 - 122 The Analysis of Individual People 120 Carrying Capacity 121 References 122 - 124 2 1. "Introduction" The purpose of this study is to try to establish what the pre-European Aboriginal population was numerically. Pre-European is before physical contact, that is before the French Explorer Captain Nicholas Marion du Fresne made landfall on the 7th March, 1772 in North Bay (the far north east corner of the Greater Tasman Peninsula). It is here that this first encounter between "blacks" and "whites", because of a misunderstanding, resulted regretfully in the first Tasmanian Aborigine being fatally wounded. The Question of how many Aborigines were living prior to the British Invasion in 1803 is like so many other subjects connected to today's Tasmanian Aborigines a very heated one. However it is not how many were living in 1803 but as said how many before European contact in 1772, because evidence exists of a devastating epidemic of respiratory disease prior to 1803, at least in the south. Although I had made a preliminary research it was a letter by Michael Mansell (Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre) to the Launceston "Examiner Newspaper" on the 26th January, 2013 that ignited my desire to prepare this research paper, why? Well because Michael believes at least 10,000 was the population (see section 28 in this work). My preliminary study based on Rhys Jones and N.J.B. Plomley's research seemed to suggest about 4,000 was possibly nearer the mark but it could be up to 5,500, even 6,000, a figure sometimes contemplated it needed more than a cursory thought to try and clarify the question, if it was at all possible. Actually it is impossible to be exact, we can only surmise, without a census we must rely on circumstantial evidence, even opinions, as long as they are based on reasonable supposition. Such thoughts can have a foundation in material such as; Considering their environment - vegetation, altitude, coasts, etc. Trying to establish the economic resources, (fresh water was not a significant consideration because of the season time tables), with area occupied. From the above we have a basis to look at the carrying capacity of the land, a crucial indicator to population. The social structure that we believe existed contributes additional data, and comparisons with other foraging people studied, e.g. Australian mainland, by Anthropologists. Tasmania being an island has limits both in area and what food resources were available to a foraging people, the two crucial elements of population size. The utilisation of the suggested "nine tribes", originating in its present form by Rhys Jones and echoed by practically everyone else who has any contribution to the history of the Palaeo-Tasmanians, complicates the discussion but allows for a more analystic approach to the investigation. 3 The complication is that each of "The Nine" lived in distinct and quite unique environments but the single culture they all enjoyed was one of considerable amount of sophisticated annual sharing of resources, some having a large supply of seasonal assets while others had within their territories certain liabilities. The need in this study is to try and establish the impact on each "tribe" and how this effected their individual population, subsequently - hopefully - allowing thoughts to establish a total Tasmanian population. The research of Jones, Plomley and Ryan, especially Jones, are the foundations of this work. My use of numerical quantities and percentages is considerable as seen in the list of 3. "Figures". As well we may find clues in the ethnological records such as George Augustus Robinson (12). A specifically valuable source of data in many ways but in this case very limited, because although we find a considerable amount about the peoples numbers within areas, what we are actually looking at is nothing more than the remnants in the last days of their Palaeo-culture. If 4,000 is used for their population then more than 90% of the Aborigines were already dead! Lesser volume of material exists prior to GAR of 1829, actually it extends back to 1772 and up to 1802, the period of Maritime Exploration by the French and English, mainly the former. Even this has its limitations being confined to the south east and within short periods, but at least it does give an idea of possible numbers and social structure. The next, 1803 to 1828 is from British Settlement to the start of GAR's involvement. It is limited in little contact for the first approximate twenty years due to lack of interest by the invaders and a general avoidance by the Aborigines of them, as well as a very limited area of operation, mainly the two midlands, Central East Coast and smaller adjoining areas. By the time of about 1820 the British were "unofficially" more interested in eradicating the Aboriginal people than counting their numbers, any data must be said to be questionable on reported large numbers. However although we can complain about the limits of our information it is all we have, but the need for caution is obvious and any statement of fact on populations is pure nonsense. Even so this should not stop attempts to try and arrive at a possible population number. It is this that Anthropologists like Jones and Plomley have led the way for serious thought. The task is obvious a difficult one and no doubt whatever the conclusion it will be disagreed with, especially as it is a part of a "political football", but it needs attention, hopefully those that will disagree will not only say, "that's wrong"!, but will be gracious enough to put forward a reasonable argument with evidence - not just an opinion - to prove their case. If that happens I will be more than satisfied it has been worthwhile. 4 2. "Maps" Page 1. Vegetation - Late Holocene (125:31) Mainly). 25 2. Combination Maps of Map 1. And 5. 29 3. Suggestive Economic Value Areas. 42 4. Tasmanian "Bands". 93 5. Supposed "Tribal" boundaries, Mainly (90). 97 6. Jones' Map (299:327) in comparison to (90) 97 and for study purposes as Copyright exists. 5 3. "Figures" Page 1. Total area occupied. 17 2. Percentage area occupied. 17 3. Coastal areas. 18 4. The Nine Areas (inland). 19 5. The Nine Areas (coastal). 20 6. Percentage of vegetation areas. 26 7. Square kilometres of vegetation areas. 28 8. Dry sclerophyll and coastal heath (so-called "good land"). 37 9. Productive land percentages. 44 10. Terrestrial production to population. 46 11. Population - combination of "good land" and coast. 53 11A. Coast, inland percentage utilisation. 55 12. Carrying capacity (total land area) (Rhys Jones). 62 13. Carry capacity (coastal) (Rhys Jones). 63 14. Comparable carrying capacities, K2 per person. 64 15. Carrying capability examples (productive area only). 64 16. People counted. 85 17. Number of bands. 109 18. Considering Jones' figures. 117 19. Final comparison. 119 6 4. "Abbreviations Used" The following list applies to all my works and are abbreviations used. A.S.L. Above sea level (the present). B.C.E. Before the Christian era (formerly just B.C.). B.P. Before the present (1950) B.S.L. Below sea level (the present). C. Circa = about E.g. c. 8,120 BP = About 8,120 before the present. Cal. Calibrated. CR Protected by “Copyright” and not to be reproduced etc for my publications. C.14 Radio Carbon Dating E.g. c.14 9,120 + 200 B.P. G.A.R. George Augustus Robinson. Is. Island. K2. Square kilometres. KM Kilometres. Kyg Thousands of years ago. E.g. 10 kyg = ten thousand years ago. L.G.M. Last Glacial Maximum (C. 20 - 18,000 B.P.). M Metres e.g. 100 M. P.G.M.
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