Generating Varieties for Affine Grassmannians 1

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Generating Varieties for Affine Grassmannians 1 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 363, Number 7, July 2011, Pages 3717–3731 S 0002-9947(2011)05257-8 Article electronically published on January 11, 2011 GENERATING VARIETIES FOR AFFINE GRASSMANNIANS PETER J. LITTIG AND STEPHEN A. MITCHELL Abstract. We study Schubert varieties that generate the affine Grassman- nian under the loop group product, and in particular generate the homology ring. There is a canonical such Schubert generating variety in each Lie type. The canonical generating varieties are not smooth, and in fact smooth Schu- bert generating varieties exist only if the group is not of type E8, F4 or G2. 1. Introduction Let G be a simply connected compact Lie group with simple Lie algebra, and let GC be its complexification. The affine Grassmannian associated to G is the homogeneous space LG = G˜C/P ,whereG˜C is the affine ind-group of regular × maps C −→ GC and P is the subgroup of maps C−→ GC. From the algebraic- geometric point of view, LG is a projective ind-variety which, despite being infinite- dimensional, behaves much like an ordinary Grassmannian. In particular, LG con- tains a family of finite-dimensional, complex projective varieties, called affine Schu- bert varieties.1 These varieties are indexed by the elements of Q∨, the coroot lattice ∨ associated to G.WewriteXλ for the variety corresponding to λ ∈Q . There are, however, two striking differences between LG and its finite-dimensional cousins: (1) LG is a topological group; and (2) the principal bundle defining LG as a homogeneous space is topologically trivial. No finite-dimensional flag variety GC/Q has these properties. These two properties of LG give rise to interesting new phenomena that have no analogue in the classical setting. The most obvious is that there is a Schubert calculus not only for the cup product in cohomology, but also for the Pontrjagin product in homology (see [21], [16], [17], and [18]). In the present paper we consider the Pontrjagin product on the point-set, geo- metric level. A finite-dimensional projective subvariety X ⊂LG is a generating variety if the image of H∗X−→ H∗LG generates H∗LG as a ring. A Schubert va- riety Xλ with dim Xλ > 0isageometric generating variety if (1) for all n ≥ 1, n−→ L the image of the n-fold multiplication Xλ G is a Schubert variety Xλn with · n−→ dim Xλn = n dim Xλ;and(2)H∗Xλ H∗Xλn is surjective. Let α0 denote the highest root of G. ∨ Theorem 1.1. X− ∨ is a geometric generating variety, with λ = −nα . α0 n 0 Received by the editors November 18, 2008 and, in revised form, November 20, 2009. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 14M15; Secondary 57T99, 55P35. 1These varieties, along with several other objects discussed in the introduction—e.g., the coroot ∨ lattice Q and the highest root α0, depend upon the choice of a maximal torus in G and a Borel subgroup of GC. See section 2 for details. c 2011 American Mathematical Society Reverts to public domain 28 years from publication 3717 License or copyright restrictions may apply to redistribution; see https://www.ams.org/journal-terms-of-use 3718 P. J. LITTIG AND S. A. MITCHELL A classical theorem of Bott [3] can be reinterpreted to say that every LG admits a smooth generating variety (Theorem 6.2). In contrast, the generating varieties of the theorem above are all singular. Their advantage is that they are Schubert varieties and give one canonical generating variety in each Lie type. It turns out that LG admits a smooth Schubert generating variety if and only if G is not of type E , F ,orG (Theorem 6.3). In type C , it turns out that X− ∨ is essentially the 8 4 2 n α0 generating complex for ΩSp(n) considered by Hopkins [10]. The proof of Theorem 1.1 makes use of the balanced product G˜C ×P LG.We construct an ind-variety structure on the balanced product whose filtration consists of topologically trivial algebraic fiber bundles Eσ,λ with base Xσ and fiber Xλ (λ an antidominant element of the coroot lattice). Then we relate the group multiplication LG ×LG−→ L G to the action map G˜C ×P LG−→ L G. Along the way we consider the surprising topological properties (1) and (2) and how they fail in the category of ind-varieties. In particular, we show that there is no topological group structure on LG whose multiplication map is a morphism of ind- varieties (Corollary 3.4). Regarding property (2), although the principal P -bundle G˜C−→ G˜C/P is not trivial in the category of ind-varieties (see §4.1), we show that the balanced product bundle is isomorphic to LG ×LG as an ind-variety (§4.2). 2. Notation and conventions Throughout this paper, G is a simple, simply connected, compact Lie group with fixed maximal torus T ,WeylgroupW = W (G, T ), and complexification GC.We − fix a Borel group B containing the Cartan subgroup H = TC and let B denote the opposite Borel group. Let U be the unipotent radical of B so that B = HU.Let Φ=Φ(G, T ) denote the root system associated to (G, T ). We denote by S ⊂ W the set of simple reflections determined by B and write αs for the simple root ∨ corresponding to s ∈ S.Wewriteα0 for the highest root in Φ. Let Q denote the coroot lattice and let C denote the dominant Weyl chamber determined by B. Topologies on ind-varieties. By definition, an ind-variety X over C is an ascend- ing union X0 ⊂ X1 ⊂··· of varieties Xn, with each Xn a closed subvariety of Xn+1. Each Xn has two natural topologies: The Zariski topology and the usual Hausdorff topology. Following [25], we call the latter the complex topology. Passing to the respective direct limit topologies, we obtain Zariski and complex topologies on X. (By direct limit topology we mean that a subset of X is closed if and only if its intersection with each Xn is closed.) Loop groups. The primary references for this section are [24] and [15]; see also [22]. A loop in G is simply a continuous map λ : S1−→ G.Ifλ sends the identity element of S1 to the identity element of G,thenwesaythatλ is based.Wedenote by ΩG the set of all based loops in G and give it the subspace topology inherited 1 from LG = GS . × An algebraic loop in GC is a regular map C −→ GC. The set of all such loops, which we denote by G˜C, is a topological group with respect to pointwise multiplica- ˜ ˜ tion. We are interested in several subgroups of GC.LetLalgG = {f ∈ GC : f|S1 ∈ ˜ LG} and ΩalgG = {f ∈ GC : f|S1 ∈ ΩG}. Elements of this latter group are called based algebraic loops in G.LetP be the subgroup of G˜C of algebraic loops C−→ GC (i.e., algebraic loops that may be extended over the origin). As an example, we −1 note that in type An−1 we have G = SU(n),GC = SLnC, G˜C = SLn(C[z,z ]), License or copyright restrictions may apply to redistribution; see https://www.ams.org/journal-terms-of-use GENERATING VARIETIES 3719 and P = SLn(C[z]). In general Lie type, G˜C can be shown to be a complex affine ind-group and P a closed sub-ind-group. The following decomposition theorem is a fundamental part of the structure theory of loop groups (see for example [14], [24]). Theorem 2.1 (Iwasawa decomposition). The multiplication map ΩalgG×P −→ G˜C is a homeomorphism. We call this the Iwasawa decomposition because it is a modified analogue of Iwasawa’s KAN decomposition for real Lie groups. The unmodified analogue takes ∼ = the form LalgG × A × U˜ −→ G˜C,whereA comes from the KAN decomposition of − GC (here thought of as the group of constant loops) and U˜ = {f ∈ P : f(0) ∈ U }. Two corollaries of Theorem 2.1 are particularly important for our purposes. First, the homogeneous space LG is homeomorphic to ΩalgG and hence carries the structure of a topological group. As we shall observe later, such a group structure is wholly absent in the classical setting of homogeneous spaces of complex alge- braic groups. Second, the principal bundle P −→ G˜C−→ L G is trivial in the complex topology. The following theorem, due, independently, to Quillen and Garland-Raghunathan, establishes the connection between ΩalgG and the ordinary loop group ΩG. Theorem 2.2 (Quillen and Garland-Raghunathan). The inclusion ΩalgG−→ ΩG is a homotopy equivalence. The affine Weyl group.LetB˜ = {f ∈ P : f(0) ∈ B−}. The group B˜ is called the Iwahori subgroup of G˜C and may be thought of as an “affine” analogue of a Borel subgroup of GC.LetN˜C denote the group of algebraic loops in GC that ˜ ∩ ˜ ˜ take their image in NC = NGC (TC). The intersection B NC is normal in NC, and the quotient group W˜ = N˜C/(B˜ ∩ N˜C) is canonically identified with the affine Weyl group associated to G.ThusW˜ has a semi-direct product decomposition W˜ = ∨ ∨ Q W . HerewenotethatsinceG is simply connected, the lattice Q ⊂ tC can be 1 × identified with the subgroup Hom(S ,T)=Hom(C ,TC) ⊂ ΩalgG.Consequently, we alternate frequently between additive notation and multiplicative notation; the meaning will be clear from the context. As a Coxeter system, the affine Weyl group has generating set S˜ = S ∪{s0}, where s0 is a reflection across the hyperplane α0 = 1. The length of an element w ∈ W˜ , written (w), is defined to be the smallest r for which there exists an expression w = s1s2 ···sr.
Recommended publications
  • Affine Springer Fibers and Affine Deligne-Lusztig Varieties
    Affine Springer Fibers and Affine Deligne-Lusztig Varieties Ulrich G¨ortz Abstract. We give a survey on the notion of affine Grassmannian, on affine Springer fibers and the purity conjecture of Goresky, Kottwitz, and MacPher- son, and on affine Deligne-Lusztig varieties and results about their dimensions in the hyperspecial and Iwahori cases. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000). 22E67; 20G25; 14G35. Keywords. Affine Grassmannian; affine Springer fibers; affine Deligne-Lusztig varieties. 1. Introduction These notes are based on the lectures I gave at the Workshop on Affine Flag Man- ifolds and Principal Bundles which took place in Berlin in September 2008. There are three chapters, corresponding to the main topics of the course. The first one is the construction of the affine Grassmannian and the affine flag variety, which are the ambient spaces of the varieties considered afterwards. In the following chapter we look at affine Springer fibers. They were first investigated in 1988 by Kazhdan and Lusztig [41], and played a prominent role in the recent work about the “fun- damental lemma”, culminating in the proof of the latter by Ngˆo. See Section 3.8. Finally, we study affine Deligne-Lusztig varieties, a “σ-linear variant” of affine Springer fibers over fields of positive characteristic, σ denoting the Frobenius au- tomorphism. The term “affine Deligne-Lusztig variety” was coined by Rapoport who first considered the variety structure on these sets. The sets themselves appear implicitly already much earlier in the study of twisted orbital integrals. We remark that the term “affine” in both cases is not related to the varieties in question being affine, but rather refers to the fact that these are notions defined in the context of an affine root system.
    [Show full text]
  • Combinatorial Results on (1, 2, 1, 2)-Avoiding $ GL (P,\Mathbb {C
    COMBINATORIAL RESULTS ON (1, 2, 1, 2)-AVOIDING GL(p, C) × GL(q, C)-ORBIT CLOSURES ON GL(p + q, C)/B ALEXANDER WOO AND BENJAMIN J. WYSER Abstract. Using recent results of the second author which explicitly identify the “(1, 2, 1, 2)- avoiding” GL(p, C)×GL(q, C)-orbit closures on the flag manifold GL(p+q, C)/B as certain Richardson varieties, we give combinatorial criteria for determining smoothness, lci-ness, and Gorensteinness of such orbit closures. (In the case of smoothness, this gives a new proof of a theorem of W.M. McGovern.) Going a step further, we also describe a straightforward way to compute the singular locus, the non-lci locus, and the non-Gorenstein locus of any such orbit closure. We then describe a manifestly positive combinatorial formula for the Kazhdan-Lusztig- Vogan polynomial Pτ,γ (q) in the case where γ corresponds to the trivial local system on a (1, 2, 1, 2)-avoiding orbit closure Q and τ corresponds to the trivial local system on any orbit ′ Q contained in Q. This combines the aforementioned result of the second author, results of A. Knutson, the first author, and A. Yong, and a formula of Lascoux and Sch¨utzenberger which computes the ordinary (type A) Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomial Px,w(q) whenever w ∈ Sn is cograssmannian. 1. Introduction Let G be a complex semisimple reductive group and B a Borel subgroup of G. The opposite Borel subgroup B− (as well as B itself) acts on the flag variety G/B with finitely many orbits.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Schubert Varieties Lms Summer School, Glasgow 2018
    INTRODUCTION TO SCHUBERT VARIETIES LMS SUMMER SCHOOL, GLASGOW 2018 MARTINA LANINI 1. The birth: Schubert's enumerative geometry Schubert varieties owe their name to Hermann Schubert, who in 1879 pub- lished his book on enumerative geometry [Schu]. At that time, several people, such as Grassmann, Giambelli, Pieri, Severi, and of course Schubert, were inter- ested in this sort of questions. For instance, in [Schu, Example 1 of x4] Schubert asks 3 1 How many lines in PC do intersect 4 given lines? Schubert's answer is two, provided that the lines are in general position: How did he get it? And what does general position mean? Assume that we can divide the four lines `1; `2; `3; `4 into two pairs, say f`1; `2g and f`3; `4g such that the lines in each pair intersect in exactly one point and do not touch the other two. Then each pair generates a plane, and we assume that these two planes, say π1 and π2, are not parallel (i.e. the lines are in general position). Then, the planes intersect in a line. If this happens, there are exactly two lines intersecting `1; `2; `3; `4: the one lying in the intersection of the two planes and the one passing through the two intersection points `1 \`2 and `3 \ `4. Schubert was using the principle of special position, or conservation of num- ber. This principle says that the number of solutions to an intersection problem is the same for any configuration which admits a finite number of solutions (if this is the case, the objects forming the configuration are said to be in general position).
    [Show full text]
  • The Algebraic Geometry of Kazhdan-Lusztig-Stanley Polynomials
    The algebraic geometry of Kazhdan-Lusztig-Stanley polynomials Nicholas Proudfoot Department of Mathematics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 [email protected] Abstract. Kazhdan-Lusztig-Stanley polynomials are combinatorial generalizations of Kazhdan- Lusztig polynomials of Coxeter groups that include g-polynomials of polytopes and Kazhdan- Lusztig polynomials of matroids. In the cases of Weyl groups, rational polytopes, and realizable matroids, one can count points over finite fields on flag varieties, toric varieties, or reciprocal planes to obtain cohomological interpretations of these polynomials. We survey these results and unite them under a single geometric framework. 1 Introduction Given a Coxeter group W along with a pair of elements x; y 2 W , Kazhdan and Lusztig [KL79] defined a polynomial Px;y(t) 2 Z[t], which is non-zero if and only if x ≤ y in the Bruhat order. This polynomial has a number of different interpretations in terms of different areas of mathematics: • Combinatorics: There is a purely combinatorial recursive definition of Px;y(t) in terms of more elementary polynomials, called R-polynomials. See [Lus83a, Proposition 2], as well as [BB05, x5.5] for a more recent account. • Algebra: The Hecke algebra of W is a q-deformation of the group algebra C[W ], and the polynomials Px;y(t) are the entries of the matrix relating the Kazhdan-Lusztig basis to the standard basis of the Hecke algebra [KL79, Theorem 1.1]. • Geometry: If W is the Weyl group of a semisimple Lie algebra, then Px;y(t) may be interpreted as the Poincar´epolynomial of a stalk of the intersection cohomology sheaf on a Schubert variety in the associated flag variety [KL80, Theorem 4.3].
    [Show full text]
  • Contents 1 Root Systems
    Stefan Dawydiak February 19, 2021 Marginalia about roots These notes are an attempt to maintain a overview collection of facts about and relationships between some situations in which root systems and root data appear. They also serve to track some common identifications and choices. The references include some helpful lecture notes with more examples. The author of these notes learned this material from courses taught by Zinovy Reichstein, Joel Kam- nitzer, James Arthur, and Florian Herzig, as well as many student talks, and lecture notes by Ivan Loseu. These notes are simply collected marginalia for those references. Any errors introduced, especially of viewpoint, are the author's own. The author of these notes would be grateful for their communication to [email protected]. Contents 1 Root systems 1 1.1 Root space decomposition . .2 1.2 Roots, coroots, and reflections . .3 1.2.1 Abstract root systems . .7 1.2.2 Coroots, fundamental weights and Cartan matrices . .7 1.2.3 Roots vs weights . .9 1.2.4 Roots at the group level . .9 1.3 The Weyl group . 10 1.3.1 Weyl Chambers . 11 1.3.2 The Weyl group as a subquotient for compact Lie groups . 13 1.3.3 The Weyl group as a subquotient for noncompact Lie groups . 13 2 Root data 16 2.1 Root data . 16 2.2 The Langlands dual group . 17 2.3 The flag variety . 18 2.3.1 Bruhat decomposition revisited . 18 2.3.2 Schubert cells . 19 3 Adelic groups 20 3.1 Weyl sets . 20 References 21 1 Root systems The following examples are taken mostly from [8] where they are stated without most of the calculations.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Affine Grassmannians
    Introduction to Affine Grassmannians Sara Billey University of Washington http://www.math.washington.edu/∼billey Connections for Women: Algebraic Geometry and Related Fields January 23, 2009 0-0 Philosophy “Combinatorics is the equivalent of nanotechnology in mathematics.” 0-1 Outline 1. Background and history of Grassmannians 2. Schur functions 3. Background and history of Affine Grassmannians 4. Strong Schur functions and k-Schur functions 5. The Big Picture New results based on joint work with • Steve Mitchell (University of Washington) arXiv:0712.2871, 0803.3647 • Sami Assaf (MIT), preprint coming soon! 0-2 Enumerative Geometry Approximately 150 years ago. Grassmann, Schubert, Pieri, Giambelli, Severi, and others began the study of enumerative geometry. Early questions: • What is the dimension of the intersection between two general lines in R2? • How many lines intersect two given lines and a given point in R3? • How many lines intersect four given lines in R3 ? Modern questions: • How many points are in the intersection of 2,3,4,. Schubert varieties in general position? 0-3 Schubert Varieties A Schubert variety is a member of a family of projective varieties which is defined as the closure of some orbit under a group action in a homogeneous space G/H. Typical properties: • They are all Cohen-Macaulay, some are “mildly” singular. • They have a nice torus action with isolated fixed points. • This family of varieties and their fixed points are indexed by combinatorial objects; e.g. partitions, permutations, or Weyl group elements. 0-4 Schubert Varieties “Honey, Where are my Schubert varieties?” Typical contexts: • The Grassmannian Manifold, G(n, d) = GLn/P .
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Affine Algebraic Geometry
    Chapter 2 Affine Algebraic Geometry 2.1 The Algebraic-Geometric Dictionary The correspondence between algebra and geometry is closest in affine algebraic geom- etry, where the basic objects are solutions to systems of polynomial equations. For many applications, it suffices to work over the real R, or the complex numbers C. Since important applications such as coding theory or symbolic computation require finite fields, Fq , or the rational numbers, Q, we shall develop algebraic geometry over an arbitrary field, F, and keep in mind the important cases of R and C. For algebraically closed fields, there is an exact and easily motivated correspondence be- tween algebraic and geometric concepts. When the field is not algebraically closed, this correspondence weakens considerably. When that occurs, we will use the case of algebraically closed fields as our guide and base our definitions on algebra. Similarly, the strongest and most elegant results in algebraic geometry hold only for algebraically closed fields. We will invoke the hypothesis that F is algebraically closed to obtain these results, and then discuss what holds for arbitrary fields, par- ticularly the real numbers. Since many important varieties have structures which are independent of the field of definition, we feel this approach is justified—and it keeps our presentation elementary and motivated. Lastly, for the most part it will suffice to let F be R or C; not only are these the most important cases, but they are also the sources of our geometric intuitions. n Let A denote affine n-space over F. This is the set of all n-tuples (t1,...,tn) of elements of F.
    [Show full text]
  • Math 632: Algebraic Geometry Ii Cohomology on Algebraic Varieties
    MATH 632: ALGEBRAIC GEOMETRY II COHOMOLOGY ON ALGEBRAIC VARIETIES LECTURES BY PROF. MIRCEA MUSTA¸TA;˘ NOTES BY ALEKSANDER HORAWA These are notes from Math 632: Algebraic geometry II taught by Professor Mircea Musta¸t˘a in Winter 2018, LATEX'ed by Aleksander Horawa (who is the only person responsible for any mistakes that may be found in them). This version is from May 24, 2018. Check for the latest version of these notes at http://www-personal.umich.edu/~ahorawa/index.html If you find any typos or mistakes, please let me know at [email protected]. The problem sets, homeworks, and official notes can be found on the course website: http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mmustata/632-2018.html This course is a continuation of Math 631: Algebraic Geometry I. We will assume the material of that course and use the results without specific references. For notes from the classes (similar to these), see: http://www-personal.umich.edu/~ahorawa/math_631.pdf and for the official lecture notes, see: http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mmustata/ag-1213-2017.pdf The focus of the previous part of the course was on algebraic varieties and it will continue this course. Algebraic varieties are closer to geometric intuition than schemes and understanding them well should make learning schemes later easy. The focus will be placed on sheaves, technical tools such as cohomology, and their applications. Date: May 24, 2018. 1 2 MIRCEA MUSTA¸TA˘ Contents 1. Sheaves3 1.1. Quasicoherent and coherent sheaves on algebraic varieties3 1.2. Locally free sheaves8 1.3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Concept of a Simple Point of an Abstract Algebraic Variety
    THE CONCEPT OF A SIMPLE POINT OF AN ABSTRACT ALGEBRAIC VARIETY BY OSCAR ZARISKI Contents Introduction. 2 Part I. The local theory 1. Notation and terminology. 5 2. The local vector space?á{W/V). 6 2.1. The mapping m—»m/tri2. 6 2.2. Reduction to dimension zero. 7 2.3. The linear transformation 'M(W/V)->'M(W/V'). 8 3. Simple points. 9 3.1. Definition of simple loci. 9 3.2. Geometric aspects of the definition. 10 3.3. Local ideal bases at a simple point. 12 3.4. Simple zeros of ideals. 14 4. Simple subvarieties. 15 4.1. Generalization of the preceding results. 15 4.2. Singular subvarieties and singular points. 16 4.3. Proof of Theorem 3. 17 4.4. Continuation of the proof. 17 4.5. The case of a reducible variety. 19 5. Simple loci and regular rings. 19 5.1. The identity of the two concepts. 19 5.2. Unique local factorization at simple loci. 22 5.3. The abstract analogue of Theorem 3 and an example of F. K. Schmidt.... 23 Part II. Jacobian criteria for simple loci 6. The vector spaceD(W0 of local differentials. 25 6.1. The local ^-differentials in S„. 25 6.2. The linear transformationM(W/S„)-+<D(W). 25 7. Jacobian criterion for simple points: the separable case. 26 7.1. Criterion for uniformizing parameters. 26 7.2. Criterion for simple points. 28 8. Continuation of the separable case: generalization to higher varieties in Sn. 28 8.1. Extension of the preceding results.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Unitary Group - Wikipedia
    Special unitary group - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_unitary_group Special unitary group In mathematics, the special unitary group of degree n, denoted SU( n), is the Lie group of n×n unitary matrices with determinant 1. (More general unitary matrices may have complex determinants with absolute value 1, rather than real 1 in the special case.) The group operation is matrix multiplication. The special unitary group is a subgroup of the unitary group U( n), consisting of all n×n unitary matrices. As a compact classical group, U( n) is the group that preserves the standard inner product on Cn.[nb 1] It is itself a subgroup of the general linear group, SU( n) ⊂ U( n) ⊂ GL( n, C). The SU( n) groups find wide application in the Standard Model of particle physics, especially SU(2) in the electroweak interaction and SU(3) in quantum chromodynamics.[1] The simplest case, SU(1) , is the trivial group, having only a single element. The group SU(2) is isomorphic to the group of quaternions of norm 1, and is thus diffeomorphic to the 3-sphere. Since unit quaternions can be used to represent rotations in 3-dimensional space (up to sign), there is a surjective homomorphism from SU(2) to the rotation group SO(3) whose kernel is {+ I, − I}. [nb 2] SU(2) is also identical to one of the symmetry groups of spinors, Spin(3), that enables a spinor presentation of rotations. Contents Properties Lie algebra Fundamental representation Adjoint representation The group SU(2) Diffeomorphism with S 3 Isomorphism with unit quaternions Lie Algebra The group SU(3) Topology Representation theory Lie algebra Lie algebra structure Generalized special unitary group Example Important subgroups See also 1 of 10 2/22/2018, 8:54 PM Special unitary group - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_unitary_group Remarks Notes References Properties The special unitary group SU( n) is a real Lie group (though not a complex Lie group).
    [Show full text]
  • Conjugacy Classes in the Weyl Group Compositio Mathematica, Tome 25, No 1 (1972), P
    COMPOSITIO MATHEMATICA R. W. CARTER Conjugacy classes in the weyl group Compositio Mathematica, tome 25, no 1 (1972), p. 1-59 <http://www.numdam.org/item?id=CM_1972__25_1_1_0> © Foundation Compositio Mathematica, 1972, tous droits réservés. L’accès aux archives de la revue « Compositio Mathematica » (http: //http://www.compositio.nl/) implique l’accord avec les conditions géné- rales d’utilisation (http://www.numdam.org/conditions). Toute utilisation commerciale ou impression systématique est constitutive d’une infrac- tion pénale. Toute copie ou impression de ce fichier doit contenir la présente mention de copyright. Article numérisé dans le cadre du programme Numérisation de documents anciens mathématiques http://www.numdam.org/ COMPOSITIO MATHEMATICA, Vol. 25, Fasc. 1, 1972, pag. 1-59 Wolters-Noordhoff Publishing Printed in the Netherlands CONJUGACY CLASSES IN THE WEYL GROUP by R. W. Carter 1. Introduction The object of this paper is to describe the decomposition of the Weyl group of a simple Lie algebra into its classes of conjugate elements. By the Cartan-Killing classification of simple Lie algebras over the complex field [7] the Weyl groups to be considered are: Now the conjugacy classes of all these groups have been determined individually, in fact it is also known how to find the irreducible complex characters of all these groups. W(AI) is isomorphic to the symmetric group 8z+ l’ Its conjugacy classes are parametrised by partitions of 1+ 1 and its irreducible representations are obtained by the classical theory of Frobenius [6], Schur [9] and Young [14]. W(B,) and W (Cl) are both isomorphic to the ’hyperoctahedral group’ of order 2’.l! Its conjugacy classes can be parametrised by pairs of partitions (À, Il) with JÂJ + Lui = 1, and its irreducible representations have been described by Specht [10] and Young [15].
    [Show full text]
  • Weyl Group Representations and Unitarity of Spherical Representations
    Weyl Group Representations and Unitarity of Spherical Representations. Alessandra Pantano, University of California, Irvine Windsor, October 23, 2008 ν1 = ν2 β S S ν α β Sβν Sαν ν SO(3,2) 0 α SαSβSαSβν = SβSαSβν SβSαSβSαν S S SαSβSαν β αν 0 1 2 ν = 0 [type B2] 2 1 0: Introduction Spherical unitary dual of real split semisimple Lie groups spherical equivalence classes of unitary-dual = irreducible unitary = ? of G spherical repr.s of G aim of the talk Show how to compute this set using the Weyl group 2 0: Introduction Plan of the talk ² Preliminary notions: root system of a split real Lie group ² De¯ne the unitary dual ² Examples (¯nite and compact groups) ² Spherical unitary dual of non-compact groups ² Petite K-types ² Real and p-adic groups: a comparison of unitary duals ² The example of Sp(4) ² Conclusions 3 1: Preliminary Notions Lie groups Lie Groups A Lie group G is a group with a smooth manifold structure, such that the product and the inversion are smooth maps Examples: ² the symmetryc group Sn=fbijections on f1; 2; : : : ; ngg à finite ² the unit circle S1 = fz 2 C: kzk = 1g à compact ² SL(2; R)=fA 2 M(2; R): det A = 1g à non-compact 4 1: Preliminary Notions Root systems Root Systems Let V ' Rn and let h; i be an inner product on V . If v 2 V -f0g, let hv;wi σv : w 7! w ¡ 2 hv;vi v be the reflection through the plane perpendicular to v. A root system for V is a ¯nite subset R of V such that ² R spans V , and 0 2= R ² if ® 2 R, then §® are the only multiples of ® in R h®;¯i ² if ®; ¯ 2 R, then 2 h®;®i 2 Z ² if ®; ¯ 2 R, then σ®(¯) 2 R A1xA1 A2 B2 C2 G2 5 1: Preliminary Notions Root systems Simple roots Let V be an n-dim.l vector space and let R be a root system for V .
    [Show full text]