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The Most Long-Lasting Schism in the History of the Jewish People”: in Leviticus 23:11 השבת a Fresh Look At
Andrews University Seminary Studies, Vol. 56, No. 1, 47–62. Copyright © 2018 Andrews University Seminary Studies. A PROPOSED SOLUTION TO “THE MOST LONG-LASTING SCHISM IN THE HISTORY OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE”: IN LEVITICUS 23:11 השבת A FRESH LOOK AT Bradford Maris Berrien Springs, Michigan Abstract The term “S/sabbath” in Lev 23:11 provides the temporal orientation in verses 9–22 for both the sheaf elevation ritual of verses 10–14, on the following day, and the new grain offering ritual (Festival of Weeks), seven weeks thereafter. However, identity of the S/sabbath itself is contextually indeterminable in chapter 23, and has been disputed throughout the centuries. The various theories, all based upon cessation of human labor, contend for either a weekly Sabbath linked to the festival, or one of the two festival days that prohibit all occupational work, or a “Sabbath week.” Yet, none can demon- strably establish its claim as the specified S/sabbath over against the other theories. The only antecedent with requisite specificity for the term S/sabbath in verse 11 is derived from Exod 12:15, where the mandates the “cessation of leaven,” specifically שבת hiphil of the verb on the first day of the festival (Abib 15). This proposal, versus either the weekly Sabbath theory or the Sabbath-week theory, is corrobo- -complete,” modify“ , ְּתִמיֹמת rated by the essentiality of the adjective seven Sabbaths,” in Lev 23:15, which is rendered“ , ֶׁשַבע ַׁשָּבתֹות ing superfluous in the weekly Sabbath-based theories. Keywords: Sabbath, shabbat, ceremonial Sabbath, Sabbath week, wave sheaf, elevated sheaf, Festival of Unleavened Bread, Shavuot, Festival of Weeks, Pentecost, omer, tamim, Leviticus 23:11, Leviticus 23:15, Exodus 12:15. -
Lisa Fredman RASHI's WOMEN: PROTOTYPES in PROVERBS
Lisa Fredman Dr. Lisa Fredman recently published A Critical Edition of Rashi’s Commentary to Proverbs. She was the founding Principal of the YTA Girls’ High School in Jerusalem and is currently a lecturer of Bible at Efrata College. RASHI’S WOMEN: PROTOTYPES IN PROVERBS he book of Proverbs is replete with text on the theme of women. It mentions many different types of women, and even abstract T concepts such as Madame Wisdom and Madame Folly (chap. 8). If we attempt to group these women, we can discern two general catego- ries: evil women and virtuous women.1 How are these two prototypical women, the evil and the virtuous, treated by Rashi in his commentary to Proverbs? Is each one considered individually, or can an overall order or pattern be detected regarding their treatment? Rashi’s commentary to Proverbs is a two-tiered one, similar to his commentary on the other biblical books. In his other scriptural commen- taries, however, Rashi generally uses the term midrasho to put forth the non-literal meaning and the word peshuto to introduce the literal explana- tion; here he presents new exegetical terms to explain the two levels of understanding.2 The word mashal denotes the allegorical meaning, and This article is an expansion of a lecture delivered at the Association for Jewish Studies Conference in San Diego, December 2019. I would like to thank Professor Jordan S. Penkower for reviewing this paper and offering valuable comments and suggestions. 1 In each category they are called by numerous names. For example, the evil woman is titled isha zara (Prov. -
Homosexuality Rabbi Joel Roth
EH 24.1992b HoMosEXUALITY Rabbi Joel Roth This paper wa.s approved by the CJLS on March 2.5, 1992, by a t:ote offourteen in ftwor, seven opposed, and three abstain inp.: (14-7-3). HJtint( in.flwor: Rabbis Stnnle_y Brnmnick, Jerome _ill. LjJstein, David _lli. 1<(:/dman, Samuel Fraint, Arnold i\1. Goodman, Reut'fTL Kimdman, Anron L. Jllaclrler, Herbert _Mandl, Lionf'l L". 1Hoses, At'ram lsr(Lel Rei,-;ner, Chaim A. Rogc~ft .Joel Roth, Jlorri,, Sh"piro, and Cemld Sirolnik tirting "gains!: Rabbis Ben Zion Bergman, £lliot N. Dorff: Rich"nl L. Fisenberg, Dov Peretz Flhins, Froward Ffandlet; Joel Rcmbaum, and Gordon Tucker. Abstaining: Rabbis Kassel Abelson, Jan Cwyl Kaufman, and _ilfrqer Rahi.nDwilz. 1he Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of' the Rabbinical 1sscmblyprovides guidance in matters of'halahhahfor the Conservative movement. The individual rabbi, however, is the (Wtlwri~yfor the interpretation nnd application r~f all mntters of'halairlwh. Part I Few topics evoke the type of visceral response that homosexuality does. Responses are often quick and definitive on both ends of the spectrum. I have been cornered by some who wonder how the question could even be on the agenda of the Law Committee. "~That is there to say about the subject from a halakhic point of view", they ask? "Putting it on the agenda validates a question which, in fact, has no validity," they claim. At the other end of the spectrum, I have been contacted by some homosexuals whose claim is equally definitive. "Halakhah has no option but to validate homosexuality as a lifestyle co-equal with heterosexuality. -
The Two Screens: on Mary Douglas S Proposal
The Two Screens: On Mary Douglass Proposal for a Literary Structure to the Book of Leviticus* Gary A. Rendsburg In memoriam – Mary Douglas (1921–2007) In the middle volume of her recent trio of monographs devoted to the priestly source in the Torah, Mary Douglas proposes that the book of Leviticus bears a literary structure that reflects the layout and config- uration of the Tabernacle.1 This short note is intended to supply further support to this proposal, though first I present a brief summary of the work, its major suppositions, and its principal finding. The springboard for Douglass assertion is the famous discovery of Ramban2 (brought to the attention of modern scholars by Nahum Sar- na3) that the tripartite division of the Tabernacle reflects the similar tripartite division of Mount Sinai. As laid out in Exodus 19 and 24, (a) the people as a whole occupied the lower slopes; (b) Aaron, his two sons, and the elders were permitted halfway up the mountain; and (c) only Moses was allowed on the summit. In like fashion, according to the priestly instructions in Exodus 25–40 and the book of Leviticus, (a) the people as a whole were allowed to enter the outer court of the Taberna- * It was my distinct pleasure to deliver an oral version of this article at the Mary Douglas Seminar Series organized by the University of London in May 2005, in the presence of Professor Douglas and other distinguished colleagues. I also take the op- portunity to thank my colleague Azzan Yadin for his helpful comments on an earlier version of this article. -
Solovyov's Metaphysics Between Gnosis and Theurgy
religions Article Solovyov’s Metaphysics between Gnosis and Theurgy Aleksandr Gaisin The Graduate School for Social Research, IFiS PAN, 00-330 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected]; Tel.: +7953-154-6247 Received: 29 September 2018; Accepted: 8 November 2018; Published: 13 November 2018 Abstract: This article provides a reading of Vladimir Solovyov’s philosophy as expressed in his ‘Lectures on Divine Humanity’ and ‘The Meaning of Love’. It seeks to unpack his eclectic thought in order to answer the question of whether there is a Jewish Kabbalistic influence on the Russian thinker amidst his usual platonic, gnostic, and Schellengian tropes. Interested as a young man in Jewish Mysticism, Solovyov fluctuates in his ‘Lectures on Divine Humanity’ between a platonic reading of Schellengian Gnosticism and some elements of Kabbalistic origin. In ‘The Meaning of Love’, he develops a notion of love that puts him very close to what Moshe Idel calls ‘theosophic-theurgical Kabbalah’. Showing how ‘The Meaning of Love’ completes the narrative of ‘Lectures’, we can affirm that there is a certain Christian Kabbalistic line in Solovyov’s thought that culminates in his theurgical understanding of love. In this sense, Solovyov might be called a philosophical Marrano as he is certainly a heterodox theosopher that fluctuates between Christian Gnosis and Christian Kabbalah, never assuming a solid identity. Keywords: philosophical theology; heterodoxy; Judeo-Christianity; Russian religious renaissance; Christian Kabbalah; Vladimir Solovyov The enigmatic and eclectic nature of Solovyov’s thought is unveiled if we simply look at the early readings of his philosophy. Already, the Silver Age’s thinker and poet Dmitry Merezhkovsky deemed Solovyov as a Gnostic writer, immersed in Christian heresy (Merezhkovsky 1991, p. -
CCAR Journal the Reform Jewish Quarterly
CCAR Journal The Reform Jewish Quarterly Halachah and Reform Judaism Contents FROM THE EDITOR At the Gates — ohrgJc: The Redemption of Halachah . 1 A. Brian Stoller, Guest Editor ARTICLES HALACHIC THEORY What Do We Mean When We Say, “We Are Not Halachic”? . 9 Leon A. Morris Halachah in Reform Theology from Leo Baeck to Eugene B . Borowitz: Authority, Autonomy, and Covenantal Commandments . 17 Rachel Sabath Beit-Halachmi The CCAR Responsa Committee: A History . 40 Joan S. Friedman Reform Halachah and the Claim of Authority: From Theory to Practice and Back Again . 54 Mark Washofsky Is a Reform Shulchan Aruch Possible? . 74 Alona Lisitsa An Evolving Israeli Reform Judaism: The Roles of Halachah and Civil Religion as Seen in the Writings of the Israel Movement for Progressive Judaism . 92 David Ellenson and Michael Rosen Aggadic Judaism . 113 Edwin Goldberg Spring 2020 i CONTENTS Talmudic Aggadah: Illustrations, Warnings, and Counterarguments to Halachah . 120 Amy Scheinerman Halachah for Hedgehogs: Legal Interpretivism and Reform Philosophy of Halachah . 140 Benjamin C. M. Gurin The Halachic Canon as Literature: Reading for Jewish Ideas and Values . 155 Alyssa M. Gray APPLIED HALACHAH Communal Halachic Decision-Making . 174 Erica Asch Growing More Than Vegetables: A Case Study in the Use of CCAR Responsa in Planting the Tri-Faith Community Garden . 186 Deana Sussman Berezin Yoga as a Jewish Worship Practice: Chukat Hagoyim or Spiritual Innovation? . 200 Liz P. G. Hirsch and Yael Rapport Nursing in Shul: A Halachically Informed Perspective . 208 Michal Loving Can We Say Mourner’s Kaddish in Cases of Miscarriage, Stillbirth, and Nefel? . 215 Jeremy R. -
Jacob Milgrom, June 7, 2010 1
Baruch J. Schwartz, Funeral of Jacob Milgrom, June 7, 2010 1 ל"ז JACOB MILGROM RABBI, PROFESSOR, TEACHER AND MENTOR My master and teacher, Jacob: After thirty years together, it’s time to say good-bye. Each year, on a Shabbat morning towards the end of the winter, the cycle of Torah reading arrives at the words, “The LORD called to Moses and spoke to him from the Tent of Meeting, saying” (Leviticus 1:1). Customarily, at this point the congregation begins to doze off and finally to fall asleep. You, however, came awake. In the sacrificial offerings, in the bodily impurities and the abhorrent acts, in the lesions on skin, garments and walls, in the minutiae of prohibited fowl and in the precise definitions of forbidden sexual acts, in Aaron’s annual ritual of atonement and in the unauthorized fire of Nadab and Abihu, in assessments, proscriptions and tithes, you discovered an intriguing and inspiring world. In the details, you found perfection. You found internal logic, you found a comprehensive and systematic Torah, and you found God Himself. Throughout the greater part of your life you applied yourself to the sacred task of revealing the hidden light in the priestly writings, meticulously building of its prescriptions and prohibitions a structure certain to withstand the test of time. No longer do the worshipers fall asleep when they arrive at the book of Leviticus, and this they – all of us – owe to you alone. Your work – your books, commentaries and essays – have not only paved a new way; they have shown the way for the rest of us, bequeathing a lasting legacy to future generations as well. -
The Religious Implications of an Historical Approach to Jewish Studies
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 482 214 SO 035 468 AUTHOR Furst, Rachel TITLE The Religious Implications of an Historical Approach to Jewish Studies. PUB DATE 2001-00-00 NOTE 59p.; Prepared by the Academy for Torah Initiatives and Directions (Jerusalem, Israel). AVAILABLE FROM Academy for Torah Initiatives and Directions,9 HaNassi Street, Jerusalem 92188, Israel. Tel: 972-2-567-1719; Fax: 972-2-567-1723; e-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http://www.atid.org/ . PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Curriculum Development; Discourse Communities; *Jews; *Judaism; *Religion Studies; *Religious Factors; Research Methodology; Scholarship IDENTIFIERS Historical Methods; *Jewish Studies; *Torah ABSTRACT This project examines the religious implications of an approach to "limmudei kodesh" (primarily the study of Talmud) and "halakhah" (an integration of academic scholarship with traditional Torah study and the evaluation of the educational pros and cons of a curriculum built on such a synthesis) .In the concerted effort over the past century to develop a program of "Torah U-Madda" that synthesizes Torah and worldly pursuits, Torah scholars have endorsed the value of secular knowledge as a complimentary accoutrement to the "Talmud Torah" endeavor, but few have validated the application of secular academic tools and methodologies to Torah study or developed a model for such integrated Torah learning. The Torah scholar committed to synthesis seeks to employ historical knowledge and methodological tools in the decoding of halakhic texts as a means of contributing to the halakhic discourse. Traditional "Talmud Torah" does not address the realm of pesak halakhah, but it is nonetheless considered the highest form of religious expression. -
Conservative Judaism 101: a Primer for New Members
CONSERVATIVE JUDAISM 101© A Primer for New Members (And Practically Everyone Else!) By Ed Rudofsky © 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Table of Contents Page Introduction & Acknowledgements ii About the Author iii Chapter One: The Early Days 1 Chapter Two: Solomon Schechter; the Founding of The United Synagogue of America and the Rabbinical Assembly; Reconstructionism; and the Golden Age of Conservative Judaism 2 Chapter Three: The Organization and Governance of the Conservative Movement 6 Chapter Four: The Revised Standards for Congregational Practice 9 Chapter Five: The ―Gay & Lesbian Teshuvot‖ of 2006 14 Introduction – The Halakhic Process 14 Section I – Recent Historical Context for the 2006 Teshuvot 16 Section II – The 2006 Teshuvot 18 Chapter Six: Intermarriage & The Keruv/Edud Initiative 20 Introduction - The Challenge of Intermarriage 20 Section I – Contemporary Halakhah of Intermarriage 22 Section II – The Keruv/Edud Initiative & Al HaDerekh 24 Section III – The LCCJ Position 26 Epilogue: Emet Ve’Emunah & The Sacred Cluster 31 Sources 34 i Addenda: The Statement of Principles of Conservative Judaism A-1 The Sacred Cluster: The Core Values of Conservative Judaism A-48 ii Introduction & Acknowledgements Conservative Judaism 101: A Primer For New Members (And Practically Everyone Else!) originally appeared in 2008 and 2009 as a series of articles in Ha- Hodesh, the monthly Bulletin of South Huntington Jewish Center, of Melville, New York, a United Synagogue-affiliated congregation to which I have proudly belonged for nearly twenty-five (25) years. It grew out of my perception that most new members of the congregation knew little, if anything, of the history and governance of the Conservative Movement, and had virtually no context or framework within which to understand the Movement‘s current positions on such sensitive issues as the role of gay and lesbian Jews and intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews. -
University of Southampton Research Repository Eprints Soton
University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF HUMANITIES English Department Hasidic Judaism in American Literature by Eva van Loenen Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2015 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF YOUR HUMANITIES English Department Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy HASIDIC JUDAISM IN AMERICAN LITERATURE Eva Maria van Loenen This thesis brings together literary texts that portray Hasidic Judaism in Jewish-American literature, predominantly of the 20th and 21st centuries. Although other scholars may have studied Rabbi Nachman, I.B. Singer, Chaim Potok and Pearl Abraham individually, no one has combined their works and examined the depiction of Hasidism through the codes and conventions of different literary genres. Additionally, my research on Judy Brown and Frieda Vizel raises urgent questions about the gendered foundations of Hasidism that are largely elided in the earlier texts. -
The Babylonian Talmud
The Babylonian Talmud translated by MICHAEL L. RODKINSON Book 10 (Vols. I and II) [1918] The History of the Talmud Volume I. Volume II. Volume I: History of the Talmud Title Page Preface Contents of Volume I. Introduction Chapter I: Origin of the Talmud Chapter II: Development of the Talmud in the First Century Chapter III: Persecution of the Talmud from the destruction of the Temple to the Third Century Chapter IV: Development of the Talmud in the Third Century Chapter V: The Two Talmuds Chapter IV: The Sixth Century: Persian and Byzantine Persecution of the Talmud Chapter VII: The Eight Century: the Persecution of the Talmud by the Karaites Chapter VIII: Islam and Its Influence on the Talmud Chapter IX: The Period of Greatest Diffusion of Talmudic Study Chapter X: The Spanish Writers on the Talmud Chapter XI: Talmudic Scholars of Germany and Northern France Chapter XII: The Doctors of France; Authors of the Tosphoth Chapter XIII: Religious Disputes of All Periods Chapter XIV: The Talmud in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries Chapter XV. Polemics with Muslims and Frankists Chapter XVI: Persecution during the Seventeenth Century Chapter XVII: Attacks on the Talmud in the Nineteenth Century Chapter XVIII. The Affair of Rohling-Bloch Chapter XIX: Exilarchs, Talmud at the Stake and Its Development at the Present Time Appendix A. Appendix B Volume II: Historical and Literary Introduction to the New Edition of the Talmud Contents of Volume II Part I: Chapter I: The Combination of the Gemara, The Sophrim and the Eshcalath Chapter II: The Generations of the Tanaim Chapter III: The Amoraim or Expounders of the Mishna Chapter IV: The Classification of Halakha and Hagada in the Contents of the Gemara. -
ZOHAR QUESTIONS – DANIEL MATT 1) How Did You First Become Drawn
ZOHAR QUESTIONS – DANIEL MATT 1) How did you first become drawn to the mystical side of Judaism? My father, Hershel Matt, was a rabbi—a genuinely spiritual rabbi. He rarely used the word “mystical,” but I imbibed spirituality from him, from praying, singing, and studying with him. Largely because of him, I felt drawn to exploring the mystical dimension of Judaism. At Brandeis University I took courses in Jewish mysticism with Professor Alexander Altmann. Arthur Green, who was then a graduate student, taught an informal course in Hasidic texts. These courses inspired me to begin studying the Zohar, which I first undertook in Jerusalem at the Hebrew University during my junior year abroad in 1970. 2) How has the Zohar informed your life and what meaning can it have in our contemporary world—for Jews and other spiritual seekers? I see the Zohar as a celebration of the imagination. It shows how to discover radically new meaning in an ancient text. The Zohar, after all, is a commentary on the Torah, not an independent book. It challenges you to delve deeply into Scripture. Though it builds on all the previous layers of Jewish tradition, it also demonstrates a holy dissatisfaction with traditional formulations. Typically we read: “This verse has already been discussed, but…” It is that pregnant “but” that provides an opening for new discovery, for new possibilities of meaning. The Zohar has taught me to never stop questioning, to build on the past and to soar higher. Through its imaginative power, it has helped me cultivate a sense of wonder.