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SITE GUIDE

Caribbean National Forest,

James W. Wiley and Gerald P. Bauer

LOCATION: National (200 inches) per year at the highest slopes.These forestsare now largely Forest:Luquillo Mountainsof northeast- peaks,and is greatestduring spring and goneowing to their valuabletimber and ern Puerto Rico (18ø10'N, 65ø30'W) fall. Most showers are short but intense. the pastneed for agriculturalland. (Fig. 1). Much of the lower forest is timber The palo colorado,or uppermontane plantationsand reclaimed agricultural rain forest,ranges from 600 to 900 me- DESCRIPTION: The 11,500-hectare land, with a mixture of exotic and native ters (1970-2950 feet) in the valleysand (28,000-acre) Caribbean National Forest trees,ferns, and vines, and a widevariety gradualslopes, and is characterizedby (Fig. 2) is the only tropicalrain forestin of naturalizedflowering plants. Except Micropholischrysophylloides, M. gar- the UnitedStates National Forestsystem, for modifications around roads and rec- ciniaefolia,and racemifiora(palo and offers the traveler a convenientop- reation areas, the relict pre-Columbian colorado). The palo colorado, which portunityto visit a lush and exotic eco- forestof the uppermountains remains in dominatesthis zone, also grows as a short systemand observeits birdlife. the same state as when Europeansfirst tree or shrubin the titi swampsof the Extreme climate, steep topography, landedon PuertoRico nearly 500 years southeasternUnited States. However, m cascadingstreams, and luxuriantvegeta- ago. Four distinctforest types comprise the PuertoRican mountainsit growsas a tion characterizethe forest(Fig. 3). Ele- thevirgin forest:the tabonuco,palo colo- huge,canopy-forming tree with circum- vationranges from approximately100 to rado, palm, and dwarf forests. ferencesup to 6.3 meters(20.7 feet;F•g 1075 meters (330-3530 feet) above sea The tabonucotype, or lower montane 5). level, with threepeaks rising above 1000 rain forest, lies below 600 meters (2000 The palm forest, or brake, occurson meters(3281 feet). Daily temperatures feet) and is characterizedby Dacryodes steepslopes and arroyos above 600 me- average25.5øC (77.9øF) at the lowest excelsa(tabonuco), Sloanea berteriana, tersand is characterizedby a near-mono- elevation, and about 18.5øC (65.3øF) and Manilkara bidentata. The straight culture of sierra palm ( mon- above 1000 meters.Mean monthly tem- white trunks of the dominant tabonuco tana). The forest has few vines and a peraturevaries annually from 3 to 3.5øC are clear of branches for more than one- sparseunderstory, making it moreopen (5 4-6.3øF).Clouds often coverthe up- half the tree's height. This createsan than the other forest types. perforest, with solarradiation at El Yun- openmid-section in the forest (Fig. 4). The , or elfin woodland, que Peakaveraging only 60% of that for Originally, tabonuco towered to more occurson summitsand ridge tops above the coast,10 kilometersaway. Rain falls than 30 meters (100 feet) and covered 850 meters(2790 feet) and is character- nearly daily, averaging500 centimeters most of Puerto Rico's lower mountain izedby dense stands of stunted,contorted shrubsand small trees. Usually bathed in mistsand clouds(Fig. 6), this forestre- ceivesrain nearly 350 days each year The vegetation,as well as the forest floor, is festoonedwith bryophytesand ,and overburdenedwith vines, PuertoRico lianas, and bromeliads. The Caribbean National Forest has beendesignated as an ExperimentalFor- est and a Biosphere Reserve in the UNESCO Man and the BiospherePro- CARIBBEAN gram(MAB). To preservegenetic diver- NATIONAL sity and remnantvirgin tractsrepresent- FOREST ingthe four forest types indigenous to the Fig. 1. Map of PuertoRico and theCaribbean National Forest. The Commonwealth of Puerto area, an 850-hectare(2070-acre) "Bafio Rtcois the smallestand easternmostof the GreaterAntilles. It is locatedabout 1600 kilometers de Oro" Research Natural Area has been (1000 mi.) southeastof Miami, Florida. established. An additional area has been

12 American B•rds, Spring 1985 Fig. 2. North(Atlantic) slope of theCaribbean National Forest. El YunquePeak is in thebackground. Photos/Gerald P. Bauer.

proposedas the E1 CaciqueWilderness a recentlydiscovered twig-like species (A. but only four are common.Perhaps the Area occultus).Small litter-dwelling Sphaero- forestis bestknown as the lastrefuge of Vegetativediversity of the Caribbean dactyluslizards can often be seenon the the formerlyabundant Puerto Rican Par- NationalForest, although not as great as trails. Only one snakeoccurs commonly rot (Fig. 7). If one follows the sugges- a continentaltropical forest, is greaterper in the low and middle elevations of the tionsgiven below under the heading."B•g umt areathan in any otherUnited States forest--a spectacularboa (Epicrates in- Tree Trail", there is a good chancefor National Forest. Two hundred and twen- Ornatus)that attainsa maximumlength seeinga pair or small flock of theseex- ty-fivetree species are nativeto the for- of about4 meters(13 feet). Amphibians quisitegreen as they fly over the est, 23 endemic. An additional47 have are mostlyrepresented by 12 speciesof forestcanopy. been introduced. The Caribbean National smallfrogs of the genusEleutherodacty- Forestharbors 88 rare tree species,more lus.They are locally called coqu[because ACCESS: Puerto Rico's close associ- thanany othernational forest. The rain of their delightfulpiping of "co-qui, co~ ation with the United States makes travel forestcontains about 50 speciesof native qui" vocalizations.The coqu[sare abun- to andaround the islandeasy and without orchidsand 150 ferns, the largest of dant throughoutthe forest and are most the complicationsof currencyexchange which, the tree fern Cyathea arborea, vocalat nightduring rainy weather.They ratesor a needfor passportsand visasfor growsto 12 meters(40 feet) high. offer a bedtime concert for those who UnitedStates citizens. Spanish is the of- chooseto camp. ficial language, although English •s About 100 vertebratespecies inhabit Puerto Rico hosts 269 species widelyspoken and accepted. A smalllan- theCaribbean National Forest. Although throughoutthe year, of which 106 breed guageguide may prove useful for those a number of mammals once inhabited the and11 are endemic; 66 speciesrepresent- who planto travelthroughout the island •sland,including a largeground sloth, the ing 22 familiesoccur in the NationalFor- Major American and foreign airlines only nativemammals now inhabitingthe est(Table 1). Especiallyinteresting birds serve Puerto Rico several times daily forestare 11 speciesof bats. The forest includethe , oneof the The Isla Verde InternationalAirport •n fauna is dominated.by lizards and birds five membersof the Todidae, a family the San Juanmetropolitan area is about by day andfrogs by night. Eight species endemic to the Greater Antilles, and the 40 kilometers(25 miles) west of the Na- of Anolis lizard are found within the for- PuertoRican Tanager, sole member of an tionalForest. Tour and cruiseships also est, including the 36-centimeter (14- endemicgenus. Seventeen species of mi- make Puerto Rico one of their regular tach)giant tree anole (Anolis cuvieri) and grant warblersregularly use the forest, ports of call.

Volume 39, Number I 13 Fig. 2. North(Atlantk') slope of theCaribbean National Forest. El YunquePeak is in thebackground. Photos/Gerald P. Bauer.

proposedas the El CaciqueWilderness a recentlydiscovered twig-like species (A. but only four are common. Perhapsthe Area. occultus).Small htter-dwellingSphaero- forestis bestknown as the last refugeof Vegetativediversity of the Caribbean daco'luslizards can often be seenon the the formerly abundantPuerto Rican Par- National Forest, althoughnot as great as trails. Only one snakeoccurs commonly rot (Fig. 7). If one follows the sugges- a continentaltropical forest, is greaterper in the low and middle elevations of the tionsgiven below under the heading "Big unit areathan in any otherUnited States forest--a spectacularboa (Epicrates in- Tree Trail", there is a good chancefor National Forest. Two hundred and twen- ornatus)that attainsa maximum length seeinga pair or small flock of theseex- ty-fivetree species are nativeto the for- of about4 meters(l 3 feet). Amphibians quisite green birds as they fly over the est, 23 endemic. An additional 47 have are mostly representedby 12 speciesof forestcanopy. been introduced. The Caribbean National smallfrogs of the genusE!eutherodacty- Forestharbors 88 rare tree species,more !us.They arelocally called coqui because ACCESS: Puerto Rico's close associ- thanany othernational forest. The rain of their delightfulpiping of "co-qui, co- ation with the United States makes travel forestcontains about 50 speciesof native qui" vocalizations.The coquisare abun- to andaround the islandeasy and without orchids and 150 ferns, the largest of dant throughoutthe forest and are most the complicationsof currencyexchange which. the tree fern Cyathea arborea, vocalat nightduring rainy weather.They ratesor a needfor passportsand visas for growsto 12 meters(40 feet) high. offer a bedtime concert for those who UnitedStates citizens. Spanish is the of- chooseto camp. ficial language, although English is About 100 vertebratespecies inhabit Puerto Rico hosts 269 bird species widelyspoken and accepted. A small lan- the CaribbeanNational Forest.Although throughoutthe year, of which 106 breed guageguide may prove useful for those a number of mammals once inhabited the and I I areendemic; 66 speciesrepresent- who plan to travel throughoutthe island. island.including a largeground sloth. the ing 22 familiesoccur in the National For- Major American and foreign airlines only nativemammals now inhabitingthe est(Table 1). Especiallyinteresting birds serve Puerto Rico several times daily. forestare 11 speciesof bats. The forest includethe PuertoRican Tody, oneof the The Isla Verde InternationalAirport in fauna is dominatedby lizards and birds five membersof the Todidae, a family the San Juan metropolitanarea is about by day and frogsby night. Eight species endemic to the Greater Antilles, and the 40 kilometers (25 miles) west of the Na- of Anolis lizard are found within the for- PuertoRican Tanager, sole member of an tionalForest. Tour and cruiseships also est, including the 36-centimeter (14- endemicgenus. Seventeen species of mi- make Puerto Rico one of their regular inch)giant tree anole (Anolis cuvieri) and grant warblers regularly use the forest, portsof call.

Volume 39, Number I 13 LOCAL TRANSPORTATION: There CatalinaField Office (Km 4.4 on High- are severalways to reachthe rain forest. way 191), theInterpretative Services In- Grouptours can be arrangedthrough tour formationCenter (Km 12 on Highway agenciesand major hotels but thesetours 191),or by writingto theField Staff Offi- do not cater to the naturalist or his inter- cer, CaribbeanNational Forest, Catalina ests.A taxi or publiccar (publico)can be Field Office, P.O. Box B, Palmer, Puer- hiredfor all or part of a day, but this is to Rico 00721. expensive.A rentalcar affordsan oppor- tunityto seethe forestto bestadvantage. ACCOMMODATIONS: Many types Major rental agencies(i.e., Avis, Na- of accommodations are available within tional,Hertz, Budget)have offices at the 40 kilometers(25 miles) of the National airport and the major hotel area (Con- Forest, ranging from luxury hotels to dado). Ratesare somewhathigher than guesthouses to camping. thosein the Statesbut comparableto oth- Winter seasonrates (from mid-Decem- er cost-of-livingdifferences on the is- ber throughmid-April) for the nicer ho- land. telsin SanJuan run from about$65 per day andup for a singleand $70 per day HIKING: The United States Forest and up for double occupancy.Summer Service maintains a 52-kilometer (32- season rates are somewhat lower. mile) trail network throughthe National Closer to the National Forest there are Forest (Figs. 8 and 9). Most trails are guesthouses (paradores) in the townsof well cobbledand drained, although some Luquillo and Fajardo which run about remotetrails may requiredetours around $25per day for singleand $30 per day for washoutsand somebushwhacking. We double occupancy.The paradores pro- Fig. 4. Tabonucotrees ½) in recommendthat hikersstay on the trails, vide visitorswith morelocal atmosphere lower naturalforest. as it is-easyto becomedisoriented and than the usual hotels. lostin thedense forest. The trailsprovide For thosewho want to enjoy the rain Bullfinches,and Pearly-eyedThrashers the easiestwalking in the steep, muddy forestto the fullest, campingis permit- terrain.Rain showersoccur regularly, so may be seenor heard.The Red-legged ted. All campingis primitive; no devel- Thrash and endemic Puerto Rican Liz- one should dress accordingly. After- opedcamp sites are maintained.Because noonstend to be rainier than mornings. ard-Cuckooare commonin the overstory of the weather,we recommendcamping kadam, and Puerto Rican Woodpeckers Visitorsshould plan their days with this only to the hardy. A free use permit is fact in mind. foragefor insectsin the pines. Zenaida requiredand can be obtainedat the pre- Dovesand Ruddy Quail-Doves (Fig. 10) Mapsof the Forestand other informa- viously mentionedForest Service ad- tionmay be obtainedat the ForestService arebest seen in theearly morning close to dress. the forestfloor. A tree nursery,located a Information on few hundredmeters west of the parking is available through the Tourism Com- area, createsa large clearing and pro- panyof PuertoRico, Box 4435, Old San videsperimeter forest where birds may Juan Station, San Juan, Puerto Rico be spottedeasily. This is a goodplace to 00905. Also, by request,they will senda look for Puerto Rican boas, which often copy of "Que Pasa [What's Happen- haul themselvesout on exposedground ing]•fficial Visitor's Guide to Puerto to sun on warm days. Rico USA." Yokaht•Tower (Kin 9, Highway 191). RECOMMENDED BIRDING SITES YokahfiTower providesan overviewof theMameyes River Valley with itsexten- Catalina Area (Kin 4.4, Highway sive tabonucoand palo coloradoforests. 191). This site is acrossfrom the Forest The Bafio de Oro Research Natural Area ServiceCatalina Field Office just inside in the upperMarneyes Valley is visible the NationalForest. A map in a parking from this vantagepoint. Puerto Rican areawest of the highwayhelps orient Ca- Sharp-shinnedHawks (Accipiter striatus ribbean National Forest visitors. Lower venator)and parrots can be spottedfrom forestvegetation grows less densely than thetower in the early morningas they fly upper forestsand consequentlyprovides from their overnightroosts or nesting morebird-watching opportunities. Mixed areasto foragingareas. At about 8:30 kadam (Anthocephalus chinensis) and a.m., endemic Broad-winged Hawks mahogany(Swietenia macr ophy!la) plan- (Buteo platypterusbrunnescens) begin tations west of the highway, and pine circlingin the warmingair overtheir ter- (Pinuscaribaea) on the east, offer good ritories. Looking down on the nearby habitatdiversity for birds and are rela- canopy, one can see Scaly- Fig. 3. Waterfalland pool along one of the tively open areas for observations. napedPigeons, Black-whiskered Vireos, manyrivers in theforest. Black-cowled Orioles, Puerto Rican PuertoRican Bullfinches,Stripe-headed

14 AmericanBirds, Spring 1985 Tanagers,raucous-calling Puerto Rican Lizard Cuckoos,and many migrantspe- cies. Anti!lean Euphoniasfeed on the mistletoe in the tree tops.

Big Tree Trail/La Mina Trail (Km 10.3. Highway 191). The trail leads throughgroves of huge tabonuco,with scattered Sloanea and Guarea, to the La Mina Falls, then parallelsthe La Mina River up to a picnicand recreationarea. One can see severalvarieties of shrimp andthe remarkablegoby, Sicydiumplu- mieri. in the clear poolsof the river. The gobyis theonly fish found in theforest. It spendsits juvenile life in marineestuaries andthen battles its way up the cascading rivers to the headwaters where it com- pletesadult life. Puerto Rican Todies along the trail. Their nesting burrows, about an inch in diameter, can be found in banks Fig. 6. Cloud-enshroudedelfin woodland at theupper limits of CaribbeanNational Forest. and trail cuts. The recreation areas at the topof thistrail are perhapsthe bestsites for observingthe Puerto Rican Parrot. anaquit.An openpatio behind the restau- in woodedridge for muchof its lengthto Althoughthey may appearthere at any rant offers an excellent view of the La E! Toro Peakwhere hikers may view the time, the parrotsare most likely to be Mina River, the surroundingforest, and forest's Caribbean and Atlantic slopes. seenaround the restaurant and Interpreta- the birdlife. The upper trail head is an This makesa fine all-daytrip with a pic- tive ServicesCenter in the early morning excellentarea, too, for seeingthe Puerto nic on El Toro Peak. and late afternoonas they noisily move RicanBroad-winged Hawk, as a pair reg- The manyforest openings allow views betweenforaging and roosting sites deep ularly nestswithin 100 metersnortheast of the canopy-dwellers.The most excit- in the forest. The flowering shrubs of the restaurant. ing bird to watchfor is the recentlydis- around the restaurant attract the Puerto coveredElfin Woods Warbler. It is very Rican Emeraldand the ubiquitousBan- E! Toro Trail/Trade Winds Trail (Km elusive and normally remains in the 13.3, Highway 191). This relativelylit- denserparts of the forest canopy. The tle-used route takes the hiker into Puerto Elfin Woods Warbler joins in mixed Rico's remotestarea and passesthrough feedingflocks of ,Puerto Ri- all foresttypes. The trail straddlesan elf- can Bullfinches, Puerto Rican Todies,

.o

Fig. 5. Red-barkedpalo colorado(Cynlla ra- cemifiora),the treespecies used most often by nestingPuerto Rican Parrots. Fig. 7. Male PuertoRican Parrot near its nestin a palo colorado.

Volume 39, Number I 15 TO P•,LME• •,

'"22 I : - - • ..-/•LYUHQUEpy:•F, -0 ,•,'œ• _.•-•

f•z ) ELYUNOUE RECREATION AREA • œ•.ZI •'•

;[•..qrxv •, \___-A'•rSlERI:IAp•I.M ta•,.a.-._• ---/"'- I nco zoneof theNational Forest.

%_•'"•.nI,,'IT.•RITTON L,•"---5---'•-.•..-':•"-•,'F-•./YUNC•UI;.RESTAORAHT _ L":--- I makewillsharpen bird-watching one's skills difficul,.at identifyingbut this • ...... ! ,--xt•-•" /-' / birdvocalizations. Black-whiskered Vir- I•_____•-.e•O•lF•? A -- (• v -Z'I•J .../ EI.¾•Qr,•• OERECR•,'r•OI•$CAI. E 500METEI•$^Rr•!I eos,mostBananaquits, commonly andheard bullfinchesspecies. areOcca- the %"r. •a•'•,X • .•/ I ..... ' sionalopenings in the densefoliage offer vistas of the surrounding mountain i • /•" •,•L i•• : •LEGEND"?"57Z::d•øi d i paks-About 50 meters upriver fromthe end I _ ' I• • • "•-.'•, I -..... • ...... •...... I ofpollothe Bisley(Pterocarpus Trailis aofficinalis). grove ofpalo Oldde I .•..ø•r•., .•,•, c.a•e• I •_ _•e9'e•t,ons•, I growthPterocarpus, with theirenormous ' '• 7 .... " ...... I nrrowplanlike buttresses extenin TO high up the trunk, form a uniqueCcosys- '•' tcm in the National Forest and are well Fig. •. TheEl ¾unqueRecreation Area in thecenter of theCaribbean National Forests. Hiking worth visiting. With its flat terrain and trai•s•picnicing and parking areas• and an •nterpretive Services Center are pr•vided by the U. S. the crystalclear water of the Marneyes ForestService. River.this is an ideal area for camping.

Table 1. Checklist of birds in the Caribbean National Forest.

Occur- Status renee CommonEnglish Name I CommonSpani.•h Name ScientificName in CNF• in CNF3 preference4 Cattle Egret Garza del Ganado Bubulcusibis T R E Green-backed Heron Martinete Butorides striatus T C T,C,[R] Yellow-crownedNight-Heron Yaboa Comfin Nvcticorar violaceus T U T,[R] *Shmp-shinnedHawk Halc6n de Sierra Accipiter.•triatus R U T,C *Broad-wingedHawk Guaraguaode Bosque Buteoplat)pterus R C T,C Red-tailedHawk GuaraguaoColirrojo Buteojamaicensis R C T,C,P,(D) Merlin Halc6n Migratorio Falco columbarius T U T,C.(P) PeregrineFalcon Halc6n Peregrinus Falco peregrinus I U T,C,(P) SpottedSandpiper PlayeroColeador Act#is macularia T C T.C,P,[RI White-crownedPigeon PalomaCabeciblanca Columbaleucocephala T U T,C Scaly-napedPigeon PalomaTurca Columbasquamosa R C T,C,P,D RuddyQuail-Dove PalomaPerdiz Rojiza Geotr3'gonmontana R C T,C,P.Plant. Zenaida Dove T6rtola Cardosantera Zenaida aurita R C E,Plant. fPuerto Rican Parrot Cotorra de Puerto Rico Amazona vittata R R T,C.P MangroveCuckoo P•ijaroBobo Menor Coccyzusminor R U E,T,Plant. tPuertoRican Lizard-Cuckoo P•ijaroBobo Mayor Saurotheravieilloti R C' E,Plant.,T,C.P,D Smooth-billedAni Judio Crotophagaani R C E,Plant. 'tPuertoRican Screech-Owl Mficarode PuertoRico Otusnudipes R C T.C,P,Plant. Chuck-will's-widow Guabairo Mayor Caprimulguscarolinesis T R T,C,P Black Swift VencejoNegro CypseloMesniger T C T,C.P,D AntilleanMango ZumbadorDorado Anthracothoraxdomimcus R R E,Plant. 'tGreenMango Zumbador Verde Anthracothoraxviridis R C T,(C) tPuertoRican Emerald Zumbadorcitode PuertoRico Chlorostilbonmaugaeus R C (T),C,P,D 1'PuertoRican Tody San Pedrito Todusmerit anus R C T,C,P,D BeltedKingfisher Martin Pescador Cervle aleyon T R T,[RI fPuertoRican Woodpecker Ca•pinterode PuertoRico Melanerpesportoricensis R C Plant.,T,C,P.(D) Yellow-belliedSapsucker CmpinteroPechiamarillo Sphyrapicusvarius T R Plant.,T,(C),(P),(D) tPuertoRican Flycatcher Jul de PuertoRico Myiarchusantillarum R R (Plant.),E Gray Kingbird Pitirre Tyrannusdominicensis R U E,Plant. LoggerheadKingbird CI6rigo Tyrannuscaudifasciatus R R E,Plant. Cave Swallow Golondnnade Cuevas Hirundofuh,a T U E

Volume 39, Number I 17 Table I (Continued)

Occur- Status rence Habitat CommonEnglish Name • CommonSpanish Name ScientificName in CNF2 in CNF3 preference4 Red-leggedThrush Zorzalde Patas Coloradas Turdusplumbeus R C E,Plant.,T,(C) NorthernMockingbird Ruiserior Mimuspolyglottos R U E,(Plant.) Pearly-eyedThrasher ZorzalPardo Margaropsfuscatus R C Plant.,T,C,P,D CedarWaxwing Picotera Bombycillacedroram T R Plant.,T Black-whiskeredVireo JulifinChivl Vireoaltiloquus R C E,Plant.,T,(C) Golden-wingedWarbler ReiniraAlidorada Vermivorachrysoptera T R T,(C) NorthernParula ReiniraPechidorada ParMa americana T C E,Plant.,T,C,P,D Chestnut-sidedWarbler ReiniraCostadicastafia Dendroicapensylvanica T R Plant.,T,C MagnoliaWarbler ReinitaManchada Dendroicamagnolia T U Plant.,•C CapeMay Warbler ReinitaTigre Dendroicatigrina T U Plant.,T,C Black-throatedBlue Warbler ReiniraAzul Dendroicacaerulescens T C Plant.,•C,P.D Yellow-rumpedWarbler ReiniraCoronada Dendroicacoronata T R Plant.,T Black-throatedGreen Warbler ReiniraVerdosa Dendroicavirens T R Plant.,T BlackburnianWarbler Reinirade Fuego Dendroicafusca T R Plant.,T Bay-breastedWarbler ReiniraCastaria Dendroicacastanea T R T BlackpollWarbler ReinitaRayada Dendroicastriata T U Plant.,T,C tEifinWoods Warbler Reinirade BosqueEnano Dendroicaangelae R U C,P,D Black-and-whiteWarbler ReiniraTrepadora Mniotiltavaria T U Plant.,T,C,P,D AmericanRedstart Candelita Setophagaruticilla T C Plant.,T,C,P,D Worm-eatingWarbler ReiniraGusanera Helmitherosvermivorus T R T,C,P Ovenbird PizpitaDorada Seiurusaurocapillus T U Plant.,T,C LouisianaWaterthrush Pizpitade Rio Seiurusmotacilla T C T.C,P,[R] KentuckyWarbler Reinitade Kentucky Oporornisformosus T R Plant.,T ReiniraCornfin Coerebafiaveola R C Plant.,T,C,P,D AntilleanEuphonia Canariodel Pals Euphoniamusica R C T,C,P,D Stripe-headedTanager ReinaMora Spindaliszena R C Plant.,T,C,P,D •PuertoRican Tanager Llorosa Nesospingusspeculiferus R C (T),C,P,D Rose-breastedGrosbeak PiquigruesoRosado Pheucticusludovicianus T R Plant. Yellow-facedGrassquit GorrirnBarba Amarilla Tiarisolivacea R U (Plant.),E Black-facedGrassquit GorrirnNegro Tiarisbicolor R U (Plant.),E tPuertoRican Bullfinch Comel{lame de PuertoRico Loxigillaportoricensis R C Plant.,T,C,P,D GreaterAntillean Grackle Mozambique,Chango Quiscalusniger R R E,(Plant.) ShinyCowbird TordoLustroso Molothrusbonariensis T U (Plant.hE Black-cowledOriole Calandria lcterusdominicensis R U (Plant.LE BronzeMannikin Diablito Lonchuracucullata R U E •'• = EndemicSpecies, * = EndemicSubspecies; 2Status: R = Resident,T = TransientorMigratory; 3Occurrence in National Forest: C = Common;U = Uncommon;R = Rare;4Habitat Preference: Plant. = Plantation;E = Edgeof forest at interface with pastures, crop land or fallow land;T = TabonucoForest; C = PaloColorado Forest; P = PalmForest; D = DwarfForest (Elfin Woodland); R = RiverEdge; brackets [] denote specifichabitat used within aforest zone; parentheses 0 denote habitat where species ismuch less common than other areas given; underlined habitat typeis areain whichspecies is mostoften found.

The Green-backedHeron regularlywan- RAFFAELE,H.A. 1983.A guideto thebirds ders into the forest along the river. of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Screech-owlsare especiallycommon in Fondo Educativo Interamericano, San thePterocarpus and surroundingarea. Juan, Puerto Rico. RIVERO, J.A. 1978. The amphibiansand reptilesof PuertoRico. Universidadde Puerto Rico Editorial Universitaria, Rio USEFUL GUIDES Piedras,Puerto Rico.

BOND, J. 1974. Birds of the West Indies. Collins, London. LITTLE, E.L., Jr. and R.O. WOODBURY. 1976. Trees of the Caribbean National Forest, Puerto Rico. U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Paper ITF-20. [Available from: Li- brarian, Institute of Tropical Forestry, P.O. Box AQ, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Field Station, 009281. PatuxentWildlife ResearchCenter, PHILIBOSIAN, R. and J.A. YNTEMA. U.S. Fish and WiM!ife Service, 1977. Annotated checklist of the birds, P.O. Box 21, Palmer, PR 00721 mammals,reptiles, and amphibians of the (Wiley). and CatalinaField Office, Virgin Islandsand PuertoRico. Informa- Caribbean National Forest, tion Services [P.O. Box 305, Frederik- U.S. Forest Service, P.O. Box B, Fig. 11. FemalePuerto Rican Sharp-shtnned sted, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands Hawk (Accipiterstriatus venator). 008401. Palmer, PR 00721 (Bauer).

18 AmericanBirds, Spring 1985