BC MOE AND ALBERNI AIR QUALITY SOCIETY (AAQS)
PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS INVENTORY FOR THE ALBERNI AIRSHED (2017 BASE YEAR)
PREPARED FOR THE BC MOE AND THE PORT ALBERNI AIR QUALITY SOCIETY
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PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS INVENTORY FOR THE ALBERNI AIRSHED (2017 BASE YEAR)
BC MOE AND ALBERNI AIR QUALITY SOCIETY (AAQS) PROJECT NO. 181-16776-00 MARCH 2019
SIGNATURES PREPARED BY
28. March.2019 Date Hong Zhang, M.A.Sc., P.Eng Senior Environmental Engineer
2j8 . March.2019 Jason Assam, M.Sc. Date Environmental Specialist
APPROVED1 BY
28. March.2019 Anthony Dickinson, M.A.Sc., P.Eng Date Senior Environmental Engineer
WSP Canada Inc. prepared this report solely for the use of the intended recipient, BC MOE and Alberni Air Quality Society (AAQS), in accordance with the professional services agreement. The intended recipient is solely responsible for the disclosure of any information contained in this report. The content and opinions contained in the present report are based on the observations and/or information available to WSP Canada Inc. at the time of preparation. If a third party makes use of, relies on, or makes decisions in accordance with this report, said third party is solely responsible for such use, reliance or decisions. WSP Canada Inc. does not accept responsibility for damages, if any, suffered by any third party as a result of decisions made or actions taken by said third party based on this report. This limitations statement is considered an integral part of this report. The original of this digital file will be conserved by WSP Canada Inc. for a period of not less than 10 years. As the digital file transmitted to the intended recipient is no longer under the control of WSP Canada Inc., its integrity cannot be assured. As such, WSP Canada Inc. does not guarantee any modifications made to this digital file subsequent to its transmission to the intended recipient.
1 Approval of this document is an administrative function indicating readiness for release and does not impart legal liability on to the Approver for any technical content contained herein. Technical accuracy and fit-for-purpose of this content is obtained through the review process. The Approver shall ensure the applicable review process has occurred prior to signing the document.
PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS INVENTORY FOR THE ALBERNI AIRSHED (2017 BASE YEAR) WSP Project No. 181-16776-00 March 2019 BC MOE and Alberni Air Quality Society (AAQS) Page iii
March 28, 2019
BC MOE and Alberni Air Quality Society (AAQS) Environmental Protection Coast Region 2080-A Labieux Road Nanaimo, BC V9T 6J9
Attention: Mr. Earle Plain, Senior Air Quality Meteorologist Subject: Particular Matter (PM) Emissions Inventory for the Alberni Airshed - 2017 Base year WSP Canada Inc. (WSP) is pleased to submit the attached report to the British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy (BCMOE) and the Alberni Air Quality Society (AAQS) to provide an emissions inventory of Particulate Matter (PM) for the Alberni Airshed on Vancouver Island. The report provides detailed quantification approaches, summarizes assumptions used, and provides inventory results. We thank you for the opportunity to work on the project.
Yours sincerely,
Anthony Dickinson, M.A.Sc., P.Eng Senior Environmental Engineer
WSP ref.: 181-16776-00
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WSP Canada Inc.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
WSP Canada Inc. acknowledges, and expresses its appreciation to, the following organizations and individuals for providing information and assistance during this study:
Alberni Clayoquot Regional District Alex Dyer, Planner
BC Ministry of Environment Earle Plain, Air Quality Meteorologist Guo Lin Li, Inventory Specialist
Catalyst Paper Larry Cross, Manger Environment, Alberni Paper
City of Port Alberni Timothy Pley, Chief Administrative Officer Davina Hartwell, City Clerk
Emergency Management BC Liz England, Fire Reporting Officer, Office of the Fire Commissioner
Environment Canada Navin Sundar, Project Engineer, Integrated Transportation Policy / Cross Sectoral Energy Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada
Hupacasath First Nation Brandy Lauder, GIS, Councillor
WSP staff who contributed to this project include:
Hong Zhang, P.Eng Jason Assam, M.Sc., Ana Booth, PhD, and Anthony Dickinson, P.Eng.
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WSP Canada Inc.
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AA Alberni Airshed BC British Columbia BRN Burning Reference Number CEEI Community Energy and Emission Inventory CmVRD Comox Valley Regional District CwVRD Cowichan Valley Regional District ECCC Environment and Climate Change Canada ECx Pollutant-specific Emission Control Factor EF Emission Factor EIIP Emission Inventory Improvement Program EPA Environmental Protection Agency FLNRO Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resources GIS Geographic Information System GJ Gigajoule hr Hour ha Hectare hp Horsepower km Kilometre LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gases LTO Landing and takeoff MoE Ministry of Environment mg Milligram MMBTU One Million British Thermal Unit MV Metro Vancouver NG Natural Gas NPRI National Pollutant Release Inventory OFTS Open Fire Tracking System PEMs Predictive and Parametric Emissions Monitoring PM Particulate Matter
PM2.5 Particulate Matter Less than 2.5 microns in Equivalent Diameter
PM10 Particulate Matter Less than 10 microns in Equivalent Diameter t Metric tonne TPM Total Particulate Matter VKT Vehicle Kilometres Travelled yr Year
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WSP Canada Inc.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
WSP Canada Inc. (WSP) was retained by British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy (BCMOE) and the Alberni Air Quality Society (AAQS) to compile a particulate matter (PM) emissions inventory for the Alberni Airshed (AA) on Vancouver Island. The PM inventory is to support BCMOE and the AAQS in identifying the major contributing sources and prioritizing control and management actions. The AA emissions inventory was compiled for the following pollutants of interest:
• Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in equivalent diameter (PM2.5);
• Particulate matter less than 10 microns in equivalent diameter (PM10);
• Total particulate matter (TPM); The source categories included point sources (large industrial facilities), area sources (space heating, agricultural activities, open burning, and miscellaneous sources), mobile sources (on-road motor vehicles and off-road sources (including aircraft, marine vessels, construction equipment, plus lawn and garden equipment)), and fugitive dust. A summary of the emission inventory and emission trends for point, area, mobile, and fugitive dust sources are summarized in Table ES-1 below.
Table ES-1 Particulate Matter Emissions by Source Sector at AA Emissions (tonnes per year) Emission sources TPM PM10 PM2.5 Point Subtotal - Industrial Sources 80.44 10.42 5.84 Natural Gas - Residential 0.45 0.45 0.45 Natural Gas - Commercial/Industrial 0.73 0.73 0.73 Propane 0.098 0.098 0.098 Space Heating Heating Oil 0.21 0.21 0.21 Wood 109.46 103.81 103.58 Subtotal - Space Heating 110.95 105.30 105.07 Livestock 0.48 0.14 0.021 Synthetic Fertilizer 0.00013 0.00006 0.00002 Pesticide Application 0.022 0.011 0.0030 Tilling 7.30 1.53 0.31 Agricultural Harvesting 0.53 0.24 0.08 Area Wind Erosion 7.14 3.57 1.07 Agricultural Crop Residue Burning 0.18 0.18 0.18 Subtotal - Agricultural 15.66 5.68 1.66 Open Burning Class A Piles 565.90 401.27 349.83 Open Burning Class B Piles 12.32 9.13 7.76 Open Burning Class C Piles 9.59 7.46 6.34 Open Burning - Area 188.89 146.28 133.50 Open Burning Municipally Regulated - Pile N/A N/A N/A Backyard burns 11.0 11.0 11.0 Wildfire 8.39 6.35 5.98 Recreational fires N/A N/A N/A Subtotal - Open burning 796.07 581.48 514.39
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Emissions (tonnes per year) Emission sources TPM PM10 PM2.5 Meat cooking 1.39 1.39 1.39 Cigarettes 1.10 1.10 1.10 Crematorium 0.027 0.018 0.012 Miscellaneous Structure and other Fires 0.16 0.16 0.15 Vehicle Fires 0.01 0.01 0.01 Subtotal - Miscellaneous 2.70 2.69 2.66 Subtotal - Area 925.38 695.14 623.79 Light-duty 9.10 9.10 2.86 On-road Heavy-duty vehicles 2.15 2.15 1.05 Off-road vehicles 9.76 9.63 9.31 Mobile Marine Vessels 4.78 4.59 4.22 Aircraft 5.42 5.42 4.97 Subtotal - Mobile 31.22 30.90 22.41 Construction 1.80 1.80 0.36 Fugitive Dust Landfills 3.61 1.30 0.36 Subtotal - Fugitive Dust 5.41 3.10 0.72 Total (no Road Dust) 1042.45 739.56 652.76 Fugitive Dust – Paved and Unpaved Roads 2,498.4 621.7 118.3 Total (with Road Dust) 3,540.8 1,361.3 771.1
Among all PM emission sources, fugitive road dust accounts for 71%, 46%, and 15% of regional TPM, PM10, and
PM2.5, respectively. When road dust emissions are excluded from the emission inventory, the largest contributor to particulate emissions is open burning (~76%), followed by space heating with wood (>10%). The AA emissions were also compared with two other emission inventories at a regional level, namely Comox Valley Regional District (CmVRD) and Cowichan Valley Regional District (CwVRD). Results indicate that area sources are the largest contributor for all three regional level emission inventories when road dust emissions are excluded. A further breakdown of area sources indicates that open burning is the largest source of particulate matter emissions.
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Signatures ...... iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... I
1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 TABLE OF 1.1 Project Background ...... 1 CONTENTS 1.2 Study Area ...... 1 1.3 Substances Included ...... 2 1.4 Sources of Emissions ...... 2
2 QUANTIFICATION METHODOLOGY ...... 3 2.1 Point Sources ...... 3 2.2 Area Sources ...... 4 2.2.1 Space Heating ...... 5 2.2.1.1 Natural Gas ...... 5 2.2.1.2 Propane ...... 5 2.2.1.3 Heating Oil...... 6 2.2.1.4 Wood Burning ...... 6 2.2.2 Agricultural Sources ...... 9 2.2.2.1 Livestock ...... 9 2.2.2.2 Fertilizer and Pesticide Application ...... 10 2.2.2.3 Soil Tilling ...... 11 2.2.2.4 Harvesting ...... 13 2.2.2.5 Wind Erosion ...... 14 2.2.2.6 Agricultural Burning ...... 14 2.2.3 Open Burning ...... 15 2.2.3.1 Regulated Open Burning ...... 15 2.2.3.1.1 Regulated Burns – Area Burn ...... 17 2.2.3.1.2 Regulated Burns - Pile Burn ...... 18 2.2.3.2 Backyard Burning ...... 19 2.2.3.3 Forest Fires ...... 19 2.2.4 Miscellaneous Sources ...... 20 2.2.4.1 Meat Cooking ...... 20 2.2.4.2 Cigarette Smoking ...... 21 2.2.4.3 Vehicle Fires ...... 21 2.2.4.4 Structure and Other Fires ...... 22 2.2.4.4.1 Crematoria ...... 22 2.3 Mobile Sources ...... 23 2.3.1 On-road Emissions...... 24 2.3.2 Off-road Emissions ...... 25 2.3.3 Marine ...... 26 2.3.4 Aircraft ...... 26 2.3.5 Locomotives and Rail Cars ...... 27
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2.4 Fugitive Dust ...... 27 2.4.1 Construction and Demolition Operations ...... 27 2.4.2 LandFills...... 28 2.5 Road Dust ...... 28
3 RESULTS...... 30 3.1 Emission Summary ...... 30 3.2 Industrial Sources ...... 34 3.3 Area Sources ...... 35 3.3.1 Space Heating ...... 39 3.3.2 Agricultural Sources ...... 41 3.3.3 Open Burning ...... 42 3.3.4 Miscellaneous Sources ...... 45 3.4 Mobile ...... 46 3.5 Fugitive Dust ...... 46 3.6 Road Dust ...... 46
4 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION ...... 47
TABLES Table ES-1 Particulate Matter Emissions by Source Sector at AA ...... i Table 1-1 AA Emission Sources ...... 2 Table 2-1 Industrial Facilities in the AA ...... 4 Table 2-2 Natural Gas Consumption and Emission Factors for Space Heating ...... 5 Table 2-3 Propane Consumption and Emission Factors for Space Heating ...... 6 Table 2-4 Heating Oil Consumption and Emission Factors for Space Heating ...... 6 Table 2-5 Woodstove Appliance Distribution Profile ...... 8 Table 2-6 Wood Consumption and PM Emission Factors by Woodstove Appliance Type ...... 8 Table 2-7 Parameters Used for PM Emissions from Poultry Broilers (non-layers) ...... 10 Table 2-8 Livestock Types, Quantity, and PM Emission Factors .... 10 Table 2-9 Fertilizer and Pesticides Application Activity Data and PM Emission Factors ...... 11 Table 2-10 Number of Tilling Practices per Month and Crop Area at AA ...... 12
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Table 2-11 Moisture Reduction Factor ...... 13 Table 2-12 Crop Area and PM Emission Factors for Harvesting by Crop Types ...... 13 Table 2-13 Crop Area and PM Emission Factors for Wind Erosion . 14 Table 2-14 Crop Area and PM Emission Factors for Crop Residue Burning ...... 15 Table 2-15 BC Wildfire Regulation Open Fire Categorization ...... 16 Table 2-16 Activity Data and PM Emission Factors for Regulated Area Burning ...... 18 Table 2-17 Activity Data and PM Emission Factors for Regulated Pile Burning ...... 18 Table 2-18 Activity Data and PM Emission Factors for Backyard Burning ...... 19 Table 2-19 Activity Data and PM Emission Factors for Wild Fire in 2017 ...... 20 Table 2-20 Base Quantities and Emission Factors for Meat Cooking 20 Table 2-21 Activity Data and Emission Factors for Cigarette Smoking 21 Table 2-22 Activity Data and Emission Factors for Vehicle Fires ...... 21 Table 2-23 Activity Data and Emission Factors for Structure Fires ... 22 Table 2-24 Activity Data and Emission Factors for Crematorium ...... 23 Table 2-25 AA Mobile Emission Scaling Parameters ...... 23 Table 2-26 Activity Data and Emission Factors for On-road Gasoline Vehicles ...... 24 Table 2-27 Activity Data and Emission Factors for On-road Diesel Vehicles ...... 25 Table 2-28 Total Aircraft Landings and Take-offs (LTOs) ...... 27 Table 2-29 Activity Data and Emission Factors for Construction and Demolition Operations ...... 28 Table 2-30 Activity Data and Emission Factors for Landfills ...... 28 Table 2-31 Scaling Parameters used for Prorating Road Dust in AA 29 Table 3-1 AA Emission Inventory by Source Sector (Tonne) ...... 30 Table 3-2 AA Emission Inventory by Source Sector (Percent) ...... 31 Table 3-3 PM Emissions from Industrial Sources ...... 34 Table 3-4 Summary of Area Source Emission Inventory by Sector (metric tonnes) ...... 35 Table 3-5 Distribution of Area Source Emission Inventory by Sector (Percent) ...... 36 Table 3-6 Emission Summary for Space Heating (metric tonnes) ... 40 Table 3-7 Emission Summary from Wood Burning Equipment (metric tonnes) ...... 41 Table 3-8 Emission Summary from Agricultural Sources ...... 41 Table 3-9 Emission Summary from Open Burning Sources ...... 42 Table 3-10 Emission Summary from Miscellaneous Sources ...... 45 Table 3-11 Emission Summary from Mobile Sources ...... 46 Table 3-12 Emission Summary from Fugitive Sources ...... 46 Table 3-13 Emission Summary from Road Dust ...... 46
WSP March 2019 PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS INVENTORY FOR THE ALBERNI AIRSHED (2017 BASE YEAR) Page v Project No. 181-16776-00 BC MOE and Alberni Air Quality Society (AAQS)
FIGURES Figure 1-1 AA Emissions Inventory Study Area ...... 1 Figure 2-1 Location of OFTS BRN Permits Issued in 2018 ...... 17 Figure 2-2 MEIT 2015 Marine Data Extraction Boundary ...... 26 Figure 3-1 AA TPM Emissions (tonnes, excluding Road Dust) ...... 32 Figure 3-2 AA PM10 Emissions (tonnes, excluding Road Dust) ...... 33 Figure 3-3 AA PM2.5 Emissions (tonnes, excluding Road Dust) ...... 34 Figure 3-4 AA Area Source TPM Emission Distribution by Sub-sector (Excluding Road Dust) ...... 37 Figure 3-5 AA Area Source PM10 Emission Distribution by Sub-sector (Excluding Road Dust) ...... 38 Figure 3-6 AA Area Source PM2.5 Emission Distribution by Sub-sector (Excluding Road Dust) ...... 39 Figure 3-7 TPM Emission Distribution by Space Heating ...... 40 Figure 3-8 Percentage Composition of Each Emission Source from Open Burning in the AA (TPM) ...... 43 Figure 3-9 Percentage Composition of Each Emission Source from Open Burning in the AA (PM10) ...... 44 Figure 3-10 Percentage Composition of Each Emission Source from Open Burning in the AA (PM2.5) ...... 45 Figure 4-1 TPM Emissions Inventory at Three Regional District Levels ...... 47 Figure 4-2 PM10 Emissions Inventory at Three Regional District Levels ...... 48 Figure 4-3 PM2.5 Emissions Inventory at Three Regional District Levels ...... 48 Figure 4-4 Breakdown of Area Sources at Three Regional District Levels – TPM Emissions ...... 49 Figure 4-5 Breakdown of Area Sources at Three Regional District Levels –PM10 Emissions ...... 49 Figure 4-6 Breakdown of Area Sources at Three Regional District Levels –PM2.5 Emissions...... 50
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
WSP Canada Inc. (WSP) was retained by the BC Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy (BCMOE) and the Alberni Air Quality Society (AAQS) to compile a particulate matter (PM) emissions inventory for the Alberni Airshed (AA) on Vancouver Island for 2017 base Year. The AA inventory encompasses emission estimates for industrial point sources, diverse area sources, as well as on-road and off-road mobile sources. The emission inventory provides supportive information in identifying which pollutants and/or industrial sectors/sub-sectors are most likely to require management actions. The report presents the methodology and results of the AA emission inventory for each emission source category and identifies the largest sector and sub-sector emission contributors in the AA emissions inventory.
1.2 STUDY AREA
The Alberni Airshed emission inventory comprises the following regions as shown in Figure 1-1:
• Area B (Beaufort); • Area D (Sproat Lake); • Area E (Beaver Creek); • Area F (Cherry Creek); • The City of Port Alberni, and • The First Nations Lands within the region. The various sources of the emission inventory include point, mobile, and area sources. The road dust emissions are presented in a separate section of the report.
Figure 1-1 AA Emissions Inventory Study Area
WSP PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS INVENTORY FOR THE ALBERNI AIRSHED (2017 BASE YEAR) March 2019 Project No. 181-16776-00 BC MOE and Alberni Air Quality Society (AAQS) Page 1
1.3 SUBSTANCES INCLUDED
This inventory focuses solely on one substance group, particulate matter, which consists of the following sub-groups:
— PM less than 2.5 microns in equivalent diameter (PM2.5);
— PM less than 10 microns in equivalent diameter (PM10); and — Total PM (TPM)
1.4 SOURCES OF EMISSIONS
This AA emission inventory consists of five major categories of emissions: point, area, mobile sources, fugitive dust and road dust. The breakdown for each source category is illustrated below:
Table 1-1 AA Emission Sources
Point Sources
Point sources are large stationary, identifiable industrial facilities that are required to report their emissions to regulatory programs or are authorized to release emissions under the Environmental Management Act.
Area Sources
Area sources include smaller, broadly-distributed light industrial, commercial, institutional, residential, agricultural or naturally occurring emission sources. Area sources include: space heating, agricultural activities, open burning, as well as miscellaneous sources. Agricultural sources include: livestock, fertilizer and pesticide application, soil tilling, harvesting, wind erosion, and crop residue burning. Open burning emissions include: regulated open burning, backyard burning, and wild fires. Miscellaneous sources include meat cooking, cigarette smoking, structure and vehicle fires, as well as crematoriums.
Mobile Sources
Mobile sources include both on-road and off-road or off-road vehicles and engines; marine vessels; and aircraft. Emissions from on-road sources include small passenger cars, large passenger cars, light trucks, vans, SUVs, commercial vehicles, tractor trailer trucks, motorhomes, motorcycles, mopeds, and buses. The off-road emissions include off-road vehicles, machinery, and equipment.
Fugitive Dust
Fugitive dust includes emissions from construction and demolition, and landfill activity.
Road Dust
Road dust from paved and unpaved surfaces.
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2 QUANTIFICATION METHODOLOGY
Generally, several commonly accepted emission quantification methods, with varying degrees of accuracy, can be used to estimate air emissions from a given source. Depending on the source, one or a combination of these different methods may be needed for the emissions estimation. The data required and the level of effort needed for the gathering of data and performing the analysis are different for each estimation method. These recognized quantification methods, in order from highest to lowest accuracy, are listed below.
• Continuous Emission Monitors (CEMS);
• Predictive & Parametric Emissions Monitoring (PEMs);
• Stack Sampling;
• Mass Balance Estimates;
• Industrial Process Emission Models;
• Vendor Supplied Emission Factors;
• Industry Specific Emission Factors;
• Generic Emission Factors;
• Engineering Estimates. The AA emissions quantification approach focused on the use of data of the highest accuracy available whenever possible. If no monitoring/sampling data are available, the emissions estimation method follows a generic formula shown by the equation below.
퐸푥 = 퐴퐹 ∗ 퐸퐹푥 Equation (a) where:
Ex = PM Emissions (TPM, PM10, PM2.5) AF = Activity data (e.g. fuel consumption, material processed, etc.)
EFx = PM emission factors (TPM, PM10, PM2.5) The following sections describe the methodologies for quantifying the PM emissions for the point, area, and mobile sources in the AA study area.
2.1 POINT SOURCES
Point sources are defined as large stationary, identifiable industrial facilities or utilities typically operating under an air discharge permit, rule or regulation. Four industrial sites were identified as point sources for this study (see Table 2-1). Emission information for compiling point sources was compiled mainly from the following major files:
— Facility sampling or monitoring reports; — 2017 NPRI program; and — BCMOE Authorization Management System (AMS) The NPRI is a publicly accessible annual inventory of pollutant releases, disposals and transfers. However, only facilities that meet certain emission thresholds are required to report under the NPRI program. When both NPRI and
WSP PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS INVENTORY FOR THE ALBERNI AIRSHED (2017 BASE YEAR) March 2019 Project No. 181-16776-00 BC MOE and Alberni Air Quality Society (AAQS) Page 3
AMS data were available, NPRI data was preferentially selected since it represents the facility’s normal operational conditions, while AMS data represents maximum emission discharge rates. BCMOE’s AMS is a database that includes industrial facilities that are permitted to discharge air contaminants under the Environmental Management Act. Only large sources that are identifiable or have a significant impact on the surrounding environment are required to obtain an air permit. The air emission permits can be used to estimate emissions from a facility. In reality, the actual emissions could release more or less than the maximum allowable limits stipulated in the air permits depending on the actual operation conditions in most recent years. Stack testing reports and chip cyclone emission estimates for 2017 were included for Catalyst Paper Corporation and Catalyst Pulp Operations Ltd. based on the facility provided data2. This data was used for the emission estimates for the Catalyst facilities with a modification to the estimates for PM10 and PM2.5 from the electrostatic precipitators (ESP). Modification were based on the results of particulate measurements from the Cariboo Pulp air emissions study3, where PM10 was 95.6% of TPM and PM2.5 was 85.5%.
Western Forest Products Inc.- Alberni Pacific Sawmill emission estimates for TPM, PM10 and PM2.5 emissions were based on their reported 2017 NPRI data. Two facilities, namely Coulson manufacturing and Alberni Foundry Limited were not in the NPRI database but have PM emission limits specified in their air permits. TPM emissions provided in the AMS database, were assumed to be
50% of the maximum permitted limits. Emissions of PM10 and PM2.5 from Coulson were estimated at 30% and 5% of TPM respectively as a first approximation based on a particulate emission study for wood product sector4.
Emissions of PM10 and PM2.5 emissions from Alberni Foundry were estimated to be the same as TPM since the PM emissions are from combustion sources. Table 2-1 summarizes the list of industrial facilities that are included in the point sources emission group.
Table 2-1 Industrial Facilities in the AA
Facility Name NPRI ID Permit Number Emission Data Source
Catalyst Paper Corporation and Catalyst Pulp NPRI data (including 1593 1863 Operations Ltd. stack testing data)
Western Forest Products Inc. 7922 3051 NPRI data
Coulson Manufacturing N/A 14452 AMS data
Alberni Foundry Limited N/A 5701 AMS data
2.2 AREA SOURCES
Area sources include smaller, broadly-distributed light industrial, commercial, institutional, residential, agricultural or naturally occurring emission sources. Area sources are typically too small to require individual air permits but may
2 Catalyst Paper, Larry Cross, Personal Communication in February 2019 3 MWLAP, Summary of Air Emissions from Cariboo Pulp 1994-2001 4 AMEC Americas Limited, Final Report – Wood Product Sector Particulate Emission Study, prepared for Forest Products Association of Canada, Environment Canada, National Council for Air and Stream Improvement
WSP PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS INVENTORY FOR THE ALBERNI AIRSHED (2017 BASE YEAR) March 2019 Project No. 181-16776-00 BC MOE and Alberni Air Quality Society (AAQS) Page 4
be addressed under more broad-based regulations. They are normally inventoried as an aggregate category. Area source categories include the following key sectors:
— Space and water heating sources - includes residential and industrial/commercial/institutional use of natural gas, fuel oil, propane, and wood. — Agricultural sources – includes livestock, application of fertilizers and pesticides, soil tilling, harvesting, wind erosion, and agricultural crop residue burning. — Open Burning – includes regulated open burning, backyard burning, and forest fires. –Miscellaneous area sources - include meat cooking, cigarette smoking, vehicle fires, structure fires and crematorium. The emission inventory applied the most up-to-date information available. A more detailed methodology description for each area source is illustrated below.
2.2.1 SPACE HEATING
Space heating emissions include commercial, institutional, and residential sources. Emissions from space heating arise from the combustion of light and heavy grades of fuel oil and/or natural gas, as well as wood stoves, and wood furnaces, boilers and fireplaces. Energy consumption from the combustion of fossil fuels, such as natural gas, propane and oil, were obtained from the latest Community Energy and Emissions Inventory (CEEI)5. The CEEI provides an indicative inventory of energy use from residential, commercial and industrial buildings at the community level. The latest published CEEI report was for the 2012 reporting year.
2.2.1.1 NATURAL GAS Natural gas consumption in the AA was taken directly from the 2012 CEEI report since the CEEI report obtained the natural gas consumption directly from natural gas suppliers. PM emission factors for natural gas are taken from the US AP42 Chapter 1.4: Natural Gas Combustion6. Table 2-2 summarizes the activity data and emission factors used for natural gas combustion emission estimates.
Table 2-2 Natural Gas Consumption and Emission Factors for Space Heating
Natural Gas Consumption (GJ) Emission Factor1 (kg/GJ) Building Type City of Port Alberni Outside the City TPM PM10 PM2.5
Residential NG 126,673 14,442 0.0032 0.0032 0.0032
Commercial / Industrial NG 227,610 N/A 0.0032 0.0032 0.0032
Note 1: To be consistent with NPRI reporting and other emission studies only filterable particulates are included.
2.2.1.2 PROPANE Propane consumption in the AA was taken directly from the 2012 CEEI report. PM emission factors were taken from US EPA AP42, Chapter 1.5 “Liquified Petroleum Gas Combustion”7. A propane heating value of 91.5 MMBTU/103
5 Community Energy & Emissions Inventory, https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/climate-change/data/ceei, accessed in December 2018 6 US EPA AP42, Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 1.4: Natural Gas Combustion, https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch01/final/c01s04.pdf (accessed in December 2018) 7 US EPA AP42, Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 1.5: Liquefied Petroleum Gas Combustion, https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch01/final/c01s05.pdf, (accessed in December 2018)
WSP PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS INVENTORY FOR THE ALBERNI AIRSHED (2017 BASE YEAR) March 2019 Project No. 181-16776-00 BC MOE and Alberni Air Quality Society (AAQS) Page 5
US gallon (25.5 GJ/m3) was used to obtain total energy combusted from the use of propane. For the propane combustion emissions, it was assumed that TPM emissions were equal to PM10 and PM2.5 since all PM are less than 1.0 µm. Table 2-3 summarizes the activity data and emission factors used for propane combustion.
Table 2-3 Propane Consumption and Emission Factors for Space Heating
Propane Consumption (GJ) Emission Factor1 (kg/GJ) Building Type City of Port Alberni Outside the City TPM PM10 PM2.5
Residential 25,295 4,394 0.0033 0.0033 0.0033
Note 1: To be consistent with NPRI reporting and other emission studies only filterable particulates are included.
2.2.1.3 HEATING OIL Heat oil consumption in the AA was taken directly from the 2012 CEEI report. PM emission factors were taken from US EPA AP42, Chapter 1.3 “Fuel Oil Combustion”8. A distillate oil heating value of 140 MMBTU/103 US gallon (39.02 GJ/m3)8 was used to obtain total energy combusted from the use of heating oil. Heating oil emissions assumed that TPM emissions equal to PM10 and PM2.5 since all PM are submicron in size. Table 2-4 summarizes the activity data and emission factors used for propane combustion. Note 1: To be consistent with NPRI reporting and other studies, only filterable particulates were included
Table 2-4 Heating Oil Consumption and Emission Factors for Space Heating
Heating Oil Consumption (GJ) Emission Factor1 (kg/GJ) Building Type City of Port Alberni Outside the City TPM PM10 PM2.5
Residential 146,691 25,504 0.0012 0.0012 0.0012
Note 1: To be consistent with NPRI reporting and other emission studies only filterable particulates are included.
2.2.1.4 WOOD BURNING Wood burning is expected to be a significant source of PM in the AA. Several studies have documented wood burning surveys in BC, which include:
— Inventory of Wood-burning Appliance Use in British Columbia (Mustel Group Market Research, March 2012)9 — Wood Stove Inventory and Behaviour Analysis10 (Envirochem Services Inc., December 2012) — Residential Wood-Burning Emissions in British Columbia (BC Ministry of Water, Land, and Air Protection (WLAP), May 2005)11
8 US EPA AP42, Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 1.3: Fuel Oil Combustion, https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch01/final/c01s03.pdf, (accessed in February 2019) 9 Inventory of Wood-burning Appliance Use in British Columbia (Mustel Group Market Research, March 2012), https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/air/reports-pub/wood_burning_appliances_report.pdf, accessed in November 2018 10 Wood Stove Inventory and Behaviour Analysis, December 2012, https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land- water/air/reports-pub/woodstove_inventory_final_report.pdf, accessed in November 2018 11 Residential Wood-Burning Emissions in British Columbia, https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land- water/air/reports-pub/wood_emissions.pdf, BC Ministry of Water, Land, and Air Protection (WLAP), May 2005, accessed in November 2018
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— Understanding Woodstove Usage: Maximizing the Environmental Benefit of Public Education (July 2017) 12 The first three studies were conducted prior to 2012 at various regional levels. The latest study was conducted in 2017 with focus on the woodstove survey targeted at the City of Port Alberni. The annual amount of wood burnt in the AA was obtained from two data sources, one is from the 2012 CEEI report and one is from the 2017 City of Port Alberni woodstove survey12. In the 2012 CEEI report, the amount of wood consumed within the AA was 206,363 GJ. To convert GJ to tonne, the following equation was used13: GJ/tonne = 19.2 -0.2164 * Moisture Content (MC) The moisture content was obtained from the study “Residential Wood-Burning Emissions in British Columbia”11 at 18%. Using the conversion factor of 19.16 GJ/tonne, the estimated wood consumption using the 2012 CEEI report was estimated at 10,770 tonnes. In addition to the 2012 CEEI data, the 2017 City of Port Alberni woodstove report12 was reviewed to obtain wood consumption information. The annual wood burnt per household was collected in Question 5 of the woodstove report. Returned questionnaires were used to determine the average wood consumed in the City of Port Alberni. For each category reporting the quantity of cords consumed, WSP selected the high estimate for conservative analysis estimation. For example, 6 returned surveys indicated that the household consumes 3-5 cords wood per year, WSP assumed that 5 cords wood were consumed for this wood consumption category. For wood consumption above 5 cords, 8 cords were assigned to this category. To convert the volume of wood consumed to mass based data, the volume of a cord (80 ft3/cord or 2.27 m3/cord - based on the US EPA residential wood combustion tool14) and an average wood density (530 kg/m3 - from the Wood Stove Inventory and Behaviour Analysis10) were multiplied. Based on the above assumptions, the average household wood consumption in the City of Port Alberni is estimated at 2.27 cords, which is very similar to the data reported in the Wood Stove Survey10 for the West Coast Region at 2.2 cords per household per year. Total wood burnt in the AA was estimated using the following equation: Amount of wood burnt (tonne) = number of households * percent of households using a wood burning appliance * Average wood burnt per household (tonne/household) The number of households in the AA was obtained from Statistics Canada15. In 2016, there were 8,567 households in the City of Port Alberni and 4,242 households outside the City within the AA. The percentage of households using a wood burning appliance in the City was taken from Figure 3 of the Port Alberni woodstove survey12 at 19.1%. The percentage of households using a wood burning appliance outside the City was obtained from Wood-burning Appliance Study9 at 49%. Using the above equation, the total amount of wood consumed in 2016 was estimated at 10,141 tonnes, which is equivalent to 194,306 GJ. The estimated wood consumption using the City of Port Alberni woodstove survey and Wood-burning Appliance Study9 was close to the 2012 CEEI reported data (194,306 GJ vs. 206,363 GJ). For this study, the wood consumption data derived from the survey reports9,12 was used for emission estimation since it is more recent data and representative of the local residential operational behavior.
12 Alberni Air Quality Society and the Port Alberni Air Quality Council, BC Ministry of Environment, Understanding Woodstove Usage: Maximizing the Environmental Benefit of Public Education, July 2017, https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/air/reports-pub/av_woodstove_report_2017.pdf, accessed in December 2018 13 Kofman, Units, conversion factors and formulae for wood for energy, 2010, http://woodenergy.ie/media/coford/content/publications/projectreports/cofordconnects/ht21.pdf, accessed in January 2019 14 US EPA Residential Wood Combustion: Documentation for EPA’s Nonpoint Emissions Estimation Tool, Residential Wood Combustion Tool Version 3.0, April 2016 15 Statistics Canada, Populations and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2016 Census, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census- recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=304&SR=16&S=10&O=A&RPP=5&PR=59&CMA=0#, accessed in January 2019
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For estimates of emissions from wood stoves, the proportion of each type of woodstove appliance used in the community were obtained from the City of Port Alberni woodstove survey12 as shown in Table 2-5 below.
Table 2-5 Woodstove Appliance Distribution Profile Central Appliance Type South Port Northwest Northeast Total Percent Port Wood stove 9 12 1 12 34 34.0% Wood fireplace 15 18 19 52 52.0% Wood furnace 1 1 1.0% Pellet stove 2 2 2.0% Wood Fireplace Insert 4 7 11 11.0% Total 25 36 1 38 100 100%
Numbers of each type of woodstove appliance (except wood furnaces and pellet stoves) were further broken down by advanced or conventional technology depending on appliance age. For a conservative estimate, it was assumed that 42% of woodstoves were over 22 years old and could be non-emissions certified as reported in the 2017 City of Port Alberni woodstove survey12. The remaining woodstoves were assumed to have advanced technology that are emissions certified. For the conventional fireplace, it was assumed that 50% are without glass doors and 50% are with glass doors. The profile of woodstove appliance types in the City of Port Alberni was also applied to the rural area of AA since it is more representative of local residence practice for wood stove burning. Emission factors for each appliance type were obtained from the Residential Wood Burning in BC11. Wood consumption and PM emission factors by woodstove appliance type in the AA are summarized in Table 2-6.
Table 2-6 Wood Consumption and PM Emission Factors by Woodstove Appliance Type
Wood PM Emission Factors (kg/tonne) Appliance Type Consumption
(tonne/year) TPM PM10 PM2.5
Wood stove – Conventional Technology 1,448 24.6 23.2 23.2
Wood stove – Advanced Technology 2,000 5.1 4.8 4.8
Wood fireplace – Conventional without glass door 1,108 19.3 18.5 18.4
Wood fireplace – Conventional with glass door 1,108 13.5 13 12.9
Wood fireplace – Advanced Technology 3,058 5.1 4.8 4.8
Wood Fireplace Insert– Conventional Technology 468 14.4 13.6 13.6
Wood Fireplace Insert – Advanced Technology 647 5.1 4.8 4.8
Wood furnace 101 14.1 13.3 13.3
Pellet stove 203 1.2 1.1 1.1
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2.2.2 AGRICULTURAL SOURCES
Agricultural emissions from livestock, fertilizer and pesticide use, soil tilling and wind erosion sources were included in the scope of this inventory study. The activity data, such as the number of animals and area of farm land crops, were collected at the census division (CD) level from the 2016 Agricultural Census (Statistics Canada, 2016)16. The 2016 Agricultural Census data only included activity data from the City of Port Alberni, and Electoral Areas B, D, F. No data were available from Electoral Area E. The methodology for this source of emissions is described in the following sections.
2.2.2.1 LIVESTOCK Animal husbandry operations associated with livestock generate particulate matter. The primary mechanism for releases of PM is the entrainment of feeds, dry manure, soil, and other material caused by movement of animals in both indoor and outdoor confinement. The livestock data was obtained from the 2016 Census of Agriculture, Farm Data and Farm Operator Data, catalogue no. 95-640-X (Statistics Canada, 2016)17. No swine were raised in the AA. The methodology for estimating PM from livestock movements followed approaches stated in an agricultural study for the Lower Fraser Valley (LFV) of British Columbia18 based on the assumption that practice for agricultural livestock operation are similar between the LFV and AA. For PM emissions from cattle, only steers in beef feedlots were included in the inventory based on the assumption that only cattle in beef feedlots generate significant PM19. The published PM10 emission factor is 11 kg/1000 head/day for beef steers. A climate correction factor of 0.572, which is equal to fraction of days with less than 2.0 mm of rain in the region was used. The PM10 was speciated using particle size multipliers of 3.0 for TPM and 0.15 for PM2.5. TPM emissions from poultry were calculated separately by bird type using the following equations: - TPM Emissions from Poultry Layers:
푇푃푀 (푝표푢푙푡푟푦 푙푎푦푒푟푠) 푘푔 푚푔 = 푁푢푚푏푒푟 표푓 푙푎푦푒푟푠 ∗ 푀푎푠푠 푝푒푟 푙푎푦푒푟 ( ) ∗ 푇푃푀 퐸퐹 ( ) ℎ푒푎푑 ℎ푟 푘푔 ℎ푟 ∗ ℎ표푢푟푠 표푓 푎푛푛푢푎푙 푝푟표푑푢푐푡𝑖표푛 (8760 ) 푦푟 The published TPM EF for poultry layers is 1.266 mg/hr/kg, the mass per type of layer is estimated at 0.75 kg per pullet and 1.8 kg per hen. The TPM was speciated to PM10 and PM2.5 using a ratio of 0.2 for PM10 and 0.02 for PM2.5. - TPM Emissions from Poultry Broilers (non-Layers):
푇푃푀 (푛표푛 푙푎푦푒푟푠) 푘푔 푚푔 = 푁푢푚푏푒푟 표푓 푏푟표𝑖푙푒푟푠 ∗ 푀푎푠푠 푝푒푟 푏푟표𝑖푙푒푟 ( ) ∗ 푇푃푀 퐸퐹 ( ) ℎ푒푎푑 ℎ푟 푘푔 ∗ ℎ표푢푟푠 표푓 푎푛푛푢푎푙 푝푟표푑푢푐푡𝑖표푛 ∗ (푑푎푦푠 표푓 푝푟표푑푢푐푡𝑖표푛 + 푑푎푦푠 표푓 푐푙푒푎푛표푢푡) ∗ 푐푦푐푙푒푠 푝푒푟 푦푒푎푟
16 Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Agriculture, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/95-640-x/95-640-x2016001-eng.htm, accessed in December 2018 17 Statistics Canada, Farm and Farm Operator Data, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/95-640-X, accessed in November 2018 18 BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, David Poon & Mark Robbins, A Review of Agricultural Air Emission Estimates for the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia, August 2006
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The published TPM EF for poultry broilers is 5.61 mg/hr/kg. The mass per type of broiler along with production days, cleanout days and cycles are shown in Table 2-7. The TPM was speciated to PM10 and PM2.5 using a ratio of 0.1 for
PM10 and 0.01 for PM2.5.
Table 2-7 Parameters Used for PM Emissions from Poultry Broilers (non-layers)
Emission Equation EF for Mass per Hours per Cleanout Cycles per Factors for Poultry Producing Production head production days year Broilers (non- cycle days (day) (kg/head) (hr/day) (days) (cycles/yr) layers) (mg/hr/kg) Broilers, roasters 1 5.61 24 40 2 6.5 and Cornish Turkeys 4.9 5.61 24 75 2 3.5 Other poultry 1.8 5.61 24 75 2 3.5
The PM emission factors for horses were classified as riding rings and paddocks. For this study, it is assumed that 22% of horses were in paddocks and the remaining (78%) were in riding rings (based on the 2005 Metro Vancouver inventory report19). A summary of livestock types, quantities, and emission factors used to quantify PM emissions from livestock in the AA is shown in Table 2-8.
Table 2-8 Livestock Types, Quantity17, and PM Emission Factors
Quantity Emission factors (kg/head/year) Livestock Head TPM PM10 PM2.5 Cattle Steers 39 6.89 2.30 0.34 Poultry Pullets under 19 weeks 330 8.32E-03 1.66E-03 1.66E-04 Laying hens, 19 weeks and over 1,218 2.00E-02 3.99E-03 3.99E-04
Layer and broiler breeders (pullets and hens) 104 2.00E-02 3.99E-03 3.99E-04
Broilers, roasters and Cornish 448 3.68E-02 3.68E-03 3.68E-04 Turkeys 184 1.78E-01 1.78E-02 1.78E-03 Other poultry 229 6.53E-02 6.53E-03 6.53E-04 Horses Paddocks 16 2.15 0.72 0.11 Rings 55 1.61 0.54 0.08
2.2.2.2 FERTILIZER AND PESTICIDE APPLICATION Fertilizers provide essential plant nutrients in the soil to improve crop production and pesticides are used to kill or control undesired insects, fungi and weeds (insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides). The PM emission factors for fertilizers and pesticides were obtained from the 2005 Metro Vancouver inventory report19. The size in hectares of the land area to which pesticides (herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides) were applied was taken from 2016 Statistics Canada data at the regional level20. The amount of fertilizers consumed in the AA were prorated based on the amount
19 Metro Vancouver, 2005 Lower Fraser Valley Air Emissions Inventory & Forecast and Backcast, Detailed Listing of Results and Methodology 20 Statistics Canada, Land Input, Table 32-10-0409-01
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of fertilizer used in BC obtained from Statistics Canada21 and the ratio of farm land area in the AA to the whole of BC farm area. Table 2-9 lists the emission factors and activity data for the application of fertilizers and pesticides in the AA study area.
Table 2-9 Fertilizer and Pesticides Application Activity Data and PM Emission Factors Emission factor Activity Quantity Unit PM PM10 PM2.5 Unit Fertilizer 0.057 tonne 2.23 1.09 0.31 kg/tonne fertilizer Pesticide 13 ha 1.67 0.82 0.23 kg/ha pesticide
2.2.2.3 SOIL TILLING The soil tilling source category includes the airborne soil particulate generated during the preparation of agricultural lands for planting and after harvest activities. Operations included in this methodology were discing, shaping, chiselling, levelling, and other mechanical disturbances of the soil by the implement used and the tractor pulling it. PM emissions from soil tilling are dependent on the number of tilling events per year per crop and crop area. PM emissions for soil tilling operations were quantified based on the following equation22:
PM = 퐴퐹 ∗ 퐸퐹푥 ∗ 푁 ∗ 푇푓
where:
PM = TPM, PM10, PM2.5 emissions ((tonne)
EFx = TPM, PM10, PM2.5 emission factors (kg/ha) AF = Activity data (total tilling area in hectares) N = Numbers of tilling events per year per crop
Tf = Tillage Factor (unitless) The number of tills per month by each type of crop were obtained from the BC Agricultural Air Emissions Inventory25 with no tills done in January and December. The crop area in the AA was obtained from the 2016 Census of Agriculture, Farm Data and Farm Operator Data for crops23, fruits, berries, nuts as well as vegetables. The number of tills per crop along with its associated crop area are shown in Table 2-10. The tillage factor is determined to be 76% using 100% agricultural land and subtracting the no-till or zero-till practices agricultural land, obtained from 2016 Statistics Canada data24.
21 Statistics Canada, Fertilizer Shipments to Canadian agriculture and export markets, by product type and fertilizer year, cumulative data, Table 32-10-0038-01 22 RWDI Inc., Particulate Matter Emissions Inventory for the Comox Valley 2015 Base Year, Final Report, March 2017. 23 Statistics Canada, Table 32-10-0416-01 Hay and Field Crops 24 Statistics Canada, Table 32-10-0408-01 Tillage Practices Used to Prepare Land for Seeding
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Table 2-10 Number of Tilling Practices per Month and Crop Area at AA
Area Crop Type February March April May June July August September October November (ha) Alfalfa and alfalfa 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.13 0.13 45.32 Mixture Apples 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.81 Blueberries 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.43 Strawberry 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1 1 1 0 0 0 0.81 Cucumber 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.67 0.67 0.67 3.24 Green peas 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.62 Lettuce 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.40 Other vegetables 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.67 0.67 0.67 5.26 Potatoes 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.97 Pumpkins 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.81 Squash and 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.81 zucchini Tomatoes 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.40 All other tame hay 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0 0 0 0.13 0.13 0.13 895.17 and fodder crops
PM emission factors were determined using the following equation from BC Agricultural Air Emission Inventory Report25:
0.6 EF푥 = 5.38 ∗ MR ∗ MP ∗ 푆퐶 where:
EFx = TPM, PM10, PM2.5 emission factors (kg/ha) 5.38 = An empirically derived constant MR = Moisture reduction factor per month (unitless)
MP = Particle size multiplier (TPM, PM10, PM2.5) SC = Silt content by region (%) The moisture reduction factors developed for Vancouver Island – Coast22 by the Ministry of Agriculture were used 19 for the AA as shown in Table 2-11. The particle size multiplier was assumed to be 0.21 for PM10 and 0.042 for PM2.5 . The silt content was estimated at 20% using data from the Soil Landscapes of Canada (SLC) version 3.226.
25 RWDI 2014, BC Agricultural Air Emission Inventory, British Columbia 26 Soil Landscapes of Canada version 3.2, http://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/nsdb/slc/v3.2/index.html, accessed in February 2019
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Table 2-11 Moisture Reduction Factor
Month Moisture Reduction Factor
January 0 February 0 March 0 April 0.2 May 0.5 June 0.5 July 0.75 August 0.5 September 0.5 October 0 November 0 December 0
2.2.2.4 HARVESTING PM emissions are released into air during the harvest of agricultural commodities. The amount of PM emissions from harvesting depends on the crop area and types, cultivation method and number of harvest events, etc. PM emissions from harvesting followed the approach from the BC Agricultural Air Emissions Inventory25 as shown in the following equation: PM (kg) = Crop Area (ha) * Number of harvests * PM EF (kg/ha)
25 PM10 emission factors were taken from BC Agricultural Air Emission Inventory . The ratio of PM10 to TPM and 27 ratio of PM2.5 to TPM were taken from the California Air Resources Board (ARB) at 0.4543 and 0.15, respectively. The crop area in the AA were obtained from the 2016 Census of Agriculture, Farm Data and Farm Operator Data, catalogue. It was assumed that each crop was harvested once annually. Table 2-12 summarizes PM emission factors and crop areas that are relevant to AA.
Table 2-12 Crop Area and PM Emission Factors for Harvesting by Crop Types
Emission Factor (kg/ha) Crop Type Crop Area (ha) TPM PM10 PM2.5 Grass/hay/alfalfa 940.49 0.550 0.25 0.082 Peas/beans/early potatoes 16.59 0.682 0.31 0.102 All other vegetables 10.93 0.066 0.03 0.0099 Tree fruits vines and berries 4.05 0.022 0.01 0.0033
27 California Air Resource Board, Miscellaneous Process Methodology 7.5 Agricultural Harvest Operations, March 2017, https://www.arb.ca.gov/ei/areasrc/fullpdf/full7-5_2017.pdf, accessed in December 2018
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2.2.2.5 WIND EROSION The wind erosion process involves the detaching, transporting, sorting, abrading, avalanching, and depositing of soil particles. Turbulent winds blowing over erodible soils can cause wind erosion. Particulate matter emissions due to wind erosion of agricultural soils depend on five broad factors: a soil erodibility factor I, a surface roughness factor K (dimensionless), a climate factor C (dimensionless), an unsheltered field width factor L′ (dimensionless) and a vegetative cover factor V′ (dimensionless). The particulate matter emission factors can be calculated by the following formula where A is the measured particulate portion (A = 0.025 for TPM). EF = A * I * K * C * L′ * V′
TPM was speciated to PM10 and PM2.5 by assuming fractions of 0.5 and 0.15, respectively based upon the WRAP Fugitive Dust Handbook28. The erodibility factor was determined using the data from the Soil Landscapes of Canada (SLC) version 3.226. Soil textural data does not indicate the areal extent of the soil types. As there are only two soil types identified within the AA a simple arithmetic mean of the erodibility was used. Surface roughness and climate factor were obtained from the BC Agricultural Air Emission Inventory25. The unsheltered field width factor (L’) and vegetative cover factor (V') were calculated following the approach described in the US EPA fugitive dust from wind erosion29. Land area by each type of crop were obtained from the 2016 Census of Agriculture at regional level. The land area and emission factors for each type of crop are presented in Table 2-13.
Table 2-13 Crop Area and PM Emission Factors for Wind Erosion Emission Factor (kg/ha) Crop Type Crop Area (ha) TPM PM10 PM2.5 Alfalfa and Alfalfa mixture 45.32 0.000 0.000 0.000 All other tame hay and fodder crops 895.17 0.000 0.000 0.000 Potatoes 14.97 0.3593 0.180 0.054 Beans 1.62 0.228 0.114 0.034 Vegetables 5.26 0.2656 0.133 0.0398
2.2.2.6 AGRICULTURAL BURNING Agricultural burning consists of open burning of organic refuse from field crops and leaves after harvesting. Burning of agricultural residues is practiced as an inexpensive and rapid means for clearing land to allow tillage practices to proceed. PM emissions depend on various factors, such as available oxygen, combustion temperature, residue moisture content, and the amount of organic refuse per land area. The amount of PM emissions was estimated based on crop area (ha), crop residue loadings by crop types (tonne crop residue/ha), percentage of dry crop residue burned, as well as emission factors (kg/tonnes of crop residue). The percentage of dry crop residue burned was assumed to be 0.5% following the BC Agricultural Air Emission Inventory25 approach. The crop residue loading and PM emission factors were taken from California Air Resources Board for managed Burning30 as shown in Table 2-14 below. TPM was 31 assumed to be same as PM10 since the PMs are in the sub-micrometer size range. The crop area by crop type were taken from 2016 Census of Agriculture for the AA region.
28 Countess Environmental, WRAP Fugitive Dust Handbook, September 2006 29 US EPA, Development of Emission Factors for Fugitive Dust Sources, EPA-450/3-74-037, June 1974 30 California Air Resources Board. (2014). Managed Burning Emission Factor Table. Retrieved 2014, from http://www.arb.ca.gov/ei/see/mngdburnemissionfactors.pdf, accessed in December 2018 31 US EPA AP42 Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 2.5 Open Burning, https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch02/final/c02s05.pdf, accessed in January 2019
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Table 2-14 Crop Area and PM Emission Factors for Crop Residue Burning
Emission Factors (kg/tonne) Crop Area Crop Type (ha) TPM PM10 PM2.5
Alfalfa and alfalfa mixtures 45.32 14.3 14.3 13.6
All other tame hay and fodder crops 895.17 8.0 8.0 7.6
Apples total area 0.81 2.0 2.0 1.9
Green peas 1.62 6.9 6.9 6.5
Other Vegetable crops 25.90 8.0 8.0 7.6
Other Fruits 3.24 3.9 3.9 3.7
2.2.3 OPEN BURNING
Open burning includes controlled and uncontrolled combustion activities that occur outdoors. Emission sources for this category include regulated area and pile open burning for abatement of wildfire hazard and land clearing, residential backyard burning, as well as forest fires. The following sections describe the methodologies employed for quantifying the pollutants of interest for open burning sources in the AA study area.
2.2.3.1 REGULATED OPEN BURNING Regulated open burning is the planned and controlled application of fire to a specific land area. It is used as one of the common practices for abatement of wildfire hazard following forest harvesting activities and for disposal of debris from land clearing for pastures and prior to building or road construction. Regulated open burns are grouped into 4 categories by their dimensions and nature under the BC Wildfire Regulation32, as illustrated in Table 2-15.
32 BC Reg. 38/2005 O.C. 94/2005 Wildfire Act, Wildfire Regulation (including amendments up to B.C. Reg. 157/2012, June 25, 2012), http://www.bclaws.ca/civix/document/id/loo92/loo92/11_38_2005#part4, accessed in March 2019
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Table 2-15 BC Wildfire Regulation Open Fire Categorization32
Open Fire Type Description An open fire that meets both of the following requirements: Category 1 (a) the open fire burns material in one pile no larger than 0.5 m in height and 0.5 m in width; (Camp Fires and (b) the open fire is lit, fuelled or used Backyard Burns) (i) by any person for a recreational purpose, or (ii) by a first nation for a ceremonial purpose; An open fire, other than a campfire, that: (a) burns material in one pile not exceeding 2 m in height and 3 m in width, Category 2 (b) burns material concurrently in 2 piles each not exceeding 2 m in height and 3 m in width, or (c) burns stubble or grass over an area that does not exceed 0.2 ha An open fire that burns (a) material concurrently in 3 or more piles each not exceeding 2 m in height and 3 m in width, Category 3 (b) material in one or more piles each exceeding 2 m in height or 3 m in width, (c) one or more windrows, or (d) stubble or grass over an area exceeding 0.2 ha. An open fire that: Category 4 a) burns unpiled slash over an area of any size, or (Resource Management Open b) is not a campfire or a category 2 or 3 open fire and is lit, fuelled or used for silviculture treatment, Fire) forest health management, wildlife habitat enhancement, fire hazard abatement, ecological restoration or range improvement.
The BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations (FLNRO) tracks open burning areas via the Reporting Silviculture Updates and Land Status Tracking System (RESULTS)33. The FLNRO tracks open burning information through the Open Fire Tracking System (OFTS) for category 3 and category 4 burning (Resource Management Open Fire). Category 2 as well as backyard burning and camp fires are not required to obtain a Burning Reference Number (BRN) from the FLNRO system. For this project, the burning emission estimates were based on 2018 activity data provided by the BC MOE staff since the 2018 data was believed to be more representative of normal practice for open burning activity in the AA. Due to a very wet year in 2016, the normal open burning (pile and area burns) hazard abatement practice by forest companies was deferred until 2017. This resulted in a higher than average number and area of open burning activities in 2017. The location of OFTS BRN permits issued in 2018 is presented in Figure 2-1. All OFTS BRN permits were issued outside the City of Port Alberni.
33 BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, Results Application, http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/forestry/managing-our-forest-resources/silviculture/silviculture-reporting- results, accessed in November 2018
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Figure 2-1 Location of OFTS BRN Permits Issued in 2018
2.2.3.1.1 REGULATED BURNS – AREA BURN The OFTS BRN data were provided in either area (in hectares) or pile (number of windrows). Emissions from area burns were quantified using the following equation: Area Burn Emission (kg) = Burn Area (ha)* Fuel Loading Factor (tonne/ha) * Emission factor (kg/tonne) Burn areas were filtered from OFTS BRN data to include regulated burns that fall inside the AA. In 2018, a total of 105.2 ha of regulated burning area was identified. An estimated fuel loading factor of 135 tonne/hectare in the Pacific Northwest region (based on US EPA AP42, Chapter 13.134) was used to convert area to mass basis following the 2005 Metro Vancouver inventory report19 methodology. Emission factors for burning area were taken from Table 13.1-4 of the US EPA AP 42, Chapter 13.1- Wild Fire and Prescribed Burning (average for Pacific Northwest region)34. The activity data and emission factors for the regulated area burns are summarized in Table 2-16.
34 US EPA AP42, Chapter 13.1 Wildfires and Prescribed Burning, US EPA AP42, https://www3.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/ch13/final/c13s01.pdf, accessed in September 2017.
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Table 2-16 Activity Data and PM Emission Factors for Regulated Area Burning
Burning Area Burning Mass PM Emission Factor (kg/tonne) Open (ha) (tonne) TPM PM PM Burning 10 2.5 105.2 14,202 13.3 10.3 9.4
2.2.3.1.2 REGULATED BURNS - PILE BURN Emission estimates for the piled burning followed the methodology documented in the BC MOE’s Open Burning CAC Emission Inventory Report35. The database was first filtered to remove duplicate entries and burning activities that occurred outside the AA. Then the regulated pile burning was grouped into the following three categorizes based on pile amounts for each BRN:
— Class A: Clean, >19.5 piles — Class B: Dirty, > 9.5 and <19.5 piles — Class C: Very dirty, < 9.5 piles Emissions from windrow burns were quantified using the following equation: Windrow Burn Emissions (kg) = Number of Piles * Average Pile Volume (m3/pile) * Average Wood Density (kg/m3) * Consumption Factor * Packing Ratio * Emission factor (kg/tonne) * Conversion Factor (tonne/kg) For BRN data provided in windrows, an average volume of 190.5 m3/pile and wood density of 443.7 kg/m3 was applied based on the BCMOE Open Burning CAC Emission Inventory Report35. A consumption factor of 0.90 and packing ratio of 0.25 for the Class A BRNs, 0.15 for the Class B BRNs, and 0.1 for the Class C BRNs were also used to account for packing ratios in different types of piles35. PM emission factors were taken from the BCMOE’s Open Burning CAC Emission Inventory Report35. Emission factors and activity data for regulated open burning using windrows are presented in Table 2-17 below. The location of the different classes of pile burning within the AA are shown in Figure 2-1.
Table 2-17 Activity Data and PM Emission Factors for Regulated Pile Burning
PM Emission Factors Burning Pile Description Packing Number (kg/tonne) Pile Type Quantity Class (# Piles per BRN) Ratio of Piles (tonne) TPM PM10 PM2.5
Clean A >19.5 0.25 2,705 51,445 11 7.8 6.8
Dirty B >9.5 & < 19.5 0.15 80 913 13.5 10 8.5
Very Dirty C <9.5 0.10 70 533 18 14 11.9
35 BC MoE, Warren McCormick, Open Burning CAC Emission Inventory for 2015, https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/air/reports- pub/2015_open_burning_of_vegetative_debris_in_bc.pdf, accessed in February 2019.
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2.2.3.2 BACKYARD BURNING Residential burning refers to the burning of yard residues, brush and vegetation, or other organic materials on residential property. For this study, backyard burning includes camp fires, recreational fires, and backyard burning. WSP contacted several local officers within the AA region to inquire about municipality and community level bylaws for burning permits and requirements36. Backyard burning is restricted in the City of Port Alberni37 due to City open burning bylaws. For this study, no backyard burning emissions were allocated for the City of Port Alberni. For backyard burning without permits, the amount of yard residues burned was estimated based on the amount of waste generated per person in the region using municipal solid waste data from the “Alberni Valley Landfill 2017 Operations and Monitoring Report”38 and population data from Statistics Canada15. In 2016, the total population outside the City of Port Alberni but within the AA was estimated at 8,734. The estimated waste generated in AA was 708 kg/person in 2017, which is the 3rd highest waste generation rate in BC according to the published data39. Among the total waste generated, approximately 37% of the waste is compostable, based on the waste stream profile for the Alberni Valley Landfill40. For conservative estimation, it was assumed that 60% of the compostable waste was yard waste and the remaining was food waste. The yard waste amount per person was estimated at 157 kg per person. The yard waste generation rate was then applied to populations who live in the area without backyard restriction bylaws. PM emission factors were obtained from US EPA AP-42, Chapter 2.5 Open Burning41. The TPM was assumed to be equal to PM10 and PM2.5 since the majority of the PM is submicron in size. The amount of yard waste burnt and the associated PM emission factors used for emission quantification are presented in Table 2-18.
Table 2-18 Activity Data and PM Emission Factors for Backyard Burning
Population Outside the Yard Waste Yard Waste PM Emission Factor (kg/tonne)
City but within the AA (tonne/person) (tonne) TPM PM10 PM2.5 8,734 0.157 1,373.3 8 8 8
2.2.3.3 FOREST FIRES Forest fires are naturally or man-induced burning of vegetation that occurs in a geographical area. Emissions from forest fires depend on the following three main factors42:
— The duration and intensity of the fire; — The total area burnt by the fire; — The type and amount of vegetation that is burnt.
36 Contacts include Alex Dyer from Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District, Timothy Pley and Davina Hartwell from City of Port Alberni, Brady Lauder from Hupacasath First Nation, and Cynthia Dick from the Tseshaht First Nation. No response from Tseshaht First Nation was received through several attempts. 37 City of Port Alberni bylaw No. 4906, A bylaw to Amend Fire Control Bylaw, 2015, bylaw No. 4876, https://www.portalberni.ca/sites/default/files/bylaws/4906_FireControlBylaw2015Amend1_OutdoorBurning_tf.pdf, accessed in January 2019 38 McGill & Associates Engineering Ltd., Alberni Valley Landfill 2017 Operations and Monitoring Report, https://www.acrd.bc.ca/cms/wpattachments/wpID495atID2774.pdf, accessed in January 2019 39 British Columbia Sustainability Municipal Solid Waste Disposal in B.C. (1990-2016), http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/soe/indicators/sustainability/municipal-solid-waste.html, accessed in January 2019 40 Gartner Lee Limited, Solid Waste Management Plan, November 2007 41 US EPA AP42, Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 2.5 Open Burning, https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch02/final/c02s05.pdf, accessed in January 2019 42 EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2016, Chapter 11.B Forest Fires
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Forest fire activity data was obtained from the BCMOE website43 for the occurrence, location, size, and date of forest fires in the AA. The locations of the wildfires were reviewed to identify events that only occurred within the AA. The BC wildfire data was reported as the area (hectare) impacted. The PM emission factors were taken from a report 44 entitled “Wildfire CAC Emission Inventory for 2015” . TPM, PM10 and PM2.5 emissions in the Coastal Region were prorated based on the wildfire area in the AA divided by the wildfire area in the Coastal Region. The total wildfire area in the AA and PM emission factors used for emission quantification are presented in Table 2-19.
Table 2-19 Activity Data and PM Emission Factors for Wild Fire in 2017 PM Emission Factor (tonne/ha) Wild Fire Area (ha) TPM PM10 PM2.5 5.0 1.68 1.27 1.20
2.2.4 MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES
2.2.4.1 MEAT COOKING PM emission factors for meat cooking were taken from the 2005 Metro Vancouver inventory report19. The average meat consumption (beef, pork, mutton, lamb, veal, chicken and fish) was extracted from the Food Statistics report45. For all the meat consumed, the assumptions for the percent of meat fried and charbroiled was based on the 2005 Metro Vancouver inventory report19. Emission factors for meat cooking are presented in the following table. The average meat consumption (beef, port, mutton, lamb, veal, chicken and fish) was taken from the Statistics Canada Table 32-10-0054-0146 for 2017 and total meat consumption was 44.77 kg per capita (sum of 23.2 for red meat, 16.27 for poultry and 5.3 for fish). Population data in the AA were obtained from 2016 Census data47. For all the meat consumed, 46% was assumed to be fried and 4% was charbroiled. The remaining 50% of the meat was assumed to be prepared with negligible emissions19.
Table 2-20 Base Quantities and Emission Factors for Meat Cooking
Meat Cooked Emission Factor (kg/tonne of meat) Cooking Method tonne TPM PM10 PM2.5 Charbroiled 47.30 27 27 27
Fried 543.93 2.4 2.4 2.4
43 British Columbia Wildfire Statistics, https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/safety/wildfire-status/about-bcws/wildfire-statistics, accessed in January 2019 44 Warren McCormick, BC MoE, 2018, Wildfire CAC Emission Inventory for 2015, https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/air/reports- pub/2015_wildfire_cac_emission_inventory.pdf, accessed in January 2019 45 Statistics Canada, 2010, Food Statistics, 2009, Catalogue no. 21-020-X, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/21-020-x/21- 020-x2009001-eng.pdf?st=hsUBFU-8, accessed in January 2019 46 Statistics Canada, Food available in Canada, Table 32-10-0054-01, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3210005401, accessed in January 2019 47 Statistics Canada, Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2016 Census, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census- recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/comprehensive.cfm, accessed in January 2019
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2.2.4.2 CIGARETTE SMOKING The estimate of PM emissions from cigarette smoking followed the same method as the 2005 Metro Vancouver inventory report19. The population of smokers in BC was obtained from Table 13-10-0096-10 of the Statistics Canada48 report and prorated to the regional level using population data47. Daily tobacco consumption of 13.8 cigarettes per capita were assumed for this study based on the Canadian Tobacco Alcohol and Drugs: 2015 Census data 49 conducted by Health Canada. As the PM emissions associated with smoking are submicron in size, the TPM is the same as PM10 and PM2.5. The activity data and emission factors used for estimating PM emissions from cigarette smoking are presented in Table 2-21.
Table 2-21 Activity Data and Emission Factors for Cigarette Smoking
Tobacco Consumption Emission Factor (kg/1000 cigarettes) (cigarettes) TPM PM10 PM2.5 15,447,365 0.0715 0.0715 0.0715
2.2.4.3 VEHICLE FIRES Vehicle fires include accidental fires caused by transportation vehicles that are authorized for use on roadways. Data on the number and location of these fires were collected from the BC Office of the Fire Commissioner50. It was assumed that an average of 226.8 kg of automobile components are burned per vehicle fire based on a California ARB report51. The vehicle fire emission factors for PM were obtained from Table 2.5-1 of US EPA AP-42, Chapter 2.5 Open Burning 52 (US EPA, 10/92 – Reformatted 1/95) . Speciation factors of 0.9825 and 0.9316 for PM10 and PM2.5 were used following the methodology in the 2005 Metro Vancouver inventory report19. The activity data and emission factors used for estimating PM emissions from vehicle fires are presented in Table 2-22.
Table 2-22 Activity Data and Emission Factors for Vehicle Fires
Quantity Emission Factors (kg/Mg) Burning Source
tonne TPM PM10 PM2.5
Vehicle 0.23 50.0 49.13 46.58
48 Statistics Canada, Smokers, by age group, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1310009610, accessed in November 2018. 49 Health Canada, Canadian Tabaco Alcohol and Drugs (CTADS): 2015 supplementary tables, https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey/2015-supplementary- tables.html, accessed in January 2019 50 Elizabeth England, Fire Reporting Officer, Office of the Fire Commissioner, Emergency Management BC, Personal Communication, January 2019 51 California Air Resources Board (ARB), Source Inventory Category #753 Miscellaneous Emission Sources Accidental Fires – Automobiles, 1999, https://www.arb.ca.gov/ei/areasrc/districtmeth/BayArea/C753.pdf, accessed in November 2018. 52 US EPA AP42, Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 2.5 Open Burning, https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch02/final/c02s05.pdf, accessed in February 2019
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2.2.4.4 STRUCTURE AND OTHER FIRES
BUILDING STRUCTURE FIRES Structure fires refer to unintentional actions, arson, or natural events that cause accidental fires in residential and commercial structures. Emissions from structure fires are determined by the incidence of fires and the amount of material burned per fire. Emission estimates for structure fires were estimated using the methodology described in the EIIP report “Structure Fires”53. The base quantity is the mass burned per fire. Data for structure fires was obtained from the BC Office of the Fire Commissioner50. The amount of material burned per fire was estimated at 1.77 tonnes based on the California ARB approach to account for structure and content losses during a typical residential fire54. Emission factors of TPM will be obtained from Table 18.4-1 of the EIIP Volume III, Chapter 18 – Structure Fires55.
PM10 is assumed to be the same as TPM. A speciation factor of 0.91 was applied to PM2.5 following the approach identified in EIIP Particulate Emissions: Combustion – Structure Fires56. In some cases, structure fires spread to areas outdoors. If fire damages a detached structure, a separate Structure Fire Report is completed by the BC Office of the Fire Commissioner. These outdoor fires may include brush, grass, trees, playground equipment, barbecues, dumpsters, and other items outside structures. Emission estimation followed the same approach as presented for structure fires. The activity data and emission factors used for estimating PM emissions from structure and other fires are presented in Table 2-23.
Table 2-23 Activity Data and Emission Factors for Structure Fires
Quantity Emission Factors (kg/Mg) Burning Source
tonne TPM PM10 PM2.5
Structure and Other Fires 30.07 5.4 5.4 4.9
2.2.4.4.1 CREMATORIA PM emissions from crematoria account for a very small amount of PM. In 2017, the province wide TPM emissions generated approximately one metric tonne57. The amount of PM from crematoria in the AA were quantified using human crematoria data from the B.C. Statistics58 and PM emission factors from the 2005 Metro Vancouver inventory report19. The number of cremations in the AA was 180 based on the average death data during the five-year period (2013 to 2017). It was estimated that the average body weight incinerated was 65.5 kg/person based on the 2005 Metro Vancouver inventory report19. The activity data and emission factors used for estimating PM emissions from crematoria are presented in Table 2-24.
53 EIIP Particulate Emissions, Combustion – Structure Fires, 2001, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015- 08/documents/strctr3.pdf, accessed in November 2018 54 California Air Resources Board (ARB), Source Inventory Category #750 Miscellaneous Emission Sources Accidental Fires – Structure Fires, 1999, (https://www.arb.ca.gov/ei/areasrc/districtmeth/BayArea/C750.pdf, accessed in November 2018 55 US EIIP Volume III: Chapter 18, Structure Fires, Revised Final, January 2001, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/iii18_apr2001.pdf, accessed in November 2018 56 US EIIP Particulate Emissions: Combustion – Structure Fires, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015- 08/documents/strctr3.pdf, accessed in November 2018 57 Environment and Climate Change Canada, Air Pollutants Emissions Inventory Online Search, https://pollution- waste.canada.ca/air-emission-inventory/, accessed in March 2019 58 BCStats, Sub-Provincial Life Expectancy, http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/apps/VitalStatistics.aspx, accessed in January 2019
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Table 2-24 Activity Data and Emission Factors for Crematorium
Emissions (kg/tonne) Crematorium (tonne) TPM PM10 PM2.5 11.8 2.33 1.51 1.01
2.3 MOBILE SOURCES
Mobile sources include both on-road and off-road (including aircraft, rail, marine and other) vehicles and engines. Similar to the area sources, mobile source emissions are generally determined as the product of a base/fuel quantity and an emission factor. The on-road mobile sources include diesel and gasoline emissions from light and heavy- duty motor vehicles, buses, motorhomes and motorcycles. Off-road mobile sources included in the study were marine vessels, aircraft and off-road vehicles. Emissions from on-road vehicles were estimated using a bottom up approach, while emissions from off-road and aircraft used a scale down approach. The data sources used to estimate emissions from mobile sources include: Provincial emissions inventory for 201757 and the National Marine Emissions Inventory Tool (MEIT 2015)59. Provincial emissions57, the 2010 CEEI report (the 2010 report was used as the more recent 2012 CEEI report does not contain data outside the lower mainland), the 2016 Census of Agriculture60, Statistics Canada61 and Government of BC62 data were scaled down to estimate emissions in the AA. This information is shown in Table 2-25.
Table 2-25 AA Mobile Emission Scaling Parameters
Information Used for Scaling DATA Emission source BC 2017 Category BC Value AA VALUE BC Values to AA Values SOURCE Small passenger Light-duty gasoline Average N/A 103,093,600 cars, large vehicles VKT passenger cars Light Trucks, Vans, Light-duty gasoline Average N/A 157,534,700 SUVs, Commercial trucks VKT vehicles On- Light- Average Motorcycles, Motorcycles N/A 1,808,800 CEEI, 2010 road duty VKT Mopeds Small passenger Light-duty diesel Average N/A 3,964,400 cars, large vehicles VKT passenger cars Light Trucks, Vans, Light-duty diesel Average N/A 25,660,200 SUVs, Commercial trucks VKT vehicles
59 Environment and Climate Change Canada. National Marine Emission Inventory Tool (MEIT 2015). Personal Communication in January 2019 60 Statistics Canada, 2016 Census of Agriculture, Table 32-10-0437-01 Farm capital (farm machinery and equipment, livestock and poultry, land and buildings) 61 Statistics Canada Table 34-10-0066-01 Building permits, by type of structure and type of work (x 1,000) 62 Government of BC, https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/data/statistics/economy/building-permits-housing-starts-sales, Total ($) (CSV)
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Tractor trailer Heavy-duty Average N/A 3,316,200 trucks, gasoline trucks VKT Heavy- Motorhomes, Buses duty Tractor trailer vehicles Heavy-duty diesel Average N/A 11,026,300 trucks, trucks VKT Motorhomes, Buses Off-road diesel use Number Census of & off-road Total Farm 86,286 399 Owned and Agriculture, gasoline/LPG/CNG Machinery Leased 2016 use Off-road vehicles Off-road diesel use BC Statistics & off-road Dollar Value Total Building 15,710,782,000 22,857,000 for Year gasoline/LPG/CNG ($) Permits 2017 use Statistics Aircraft Total, itinerant and Aircraft Air Transportation 321,879 7,108 Canada for movements local movements Year 2017
2.3.1 ON-ROAD EMISSIONS
On-road sources include all vehicles that are licensed for use on public roadways. To estimate PM emissions from on- road motor vehicles, WSP followed a bottom-up approach whereby, regional activity data, including vehicle type and vehicle kilometers travelled (VKT) for each type of vehicle were obtained from the 2010 CEEI report5. Although a more recent version of the CEEI report is available, it does not contain information outside of the lower mainland, and accordingly, the 2010 report was used for emission calculations. Emission factors (EF) were obtained from a Fraser Valley specific version of the 2015 version of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) MOVES63 model for a reference vehicle speed of 60 km/hr. Total vehicle kilometers travelled (VKT) by hybrid cars were included in the gasoline vehicle category, while other types of fuels are included in the diesel vehicles category as first approximations due to the relatively small number of these types of vehicles and the lack of EF information. EFs for buses were based on a weighted average EF for intercity, transit and school buses. PM emissions were calculated as the product of the activity and the emissions factors. The activity data and emission factors for each type of vehicle class and fuel type are summarized in Table 2-26 and Table 2-27.
Table 2-26 Activity Data and Emission Factors for On-road Gasoline Vehicles
Emission Factor (g/km) Vehicle Type Total VKT TPM PM10 PM2.5 Small Passenger Cars 68,928,600 0.028 0.028 0.008 Large Passenger Cars 34,165,000 0.030 0.030 0.009 Light Trucks, Vans, SUVs 140,640,300 0.029 0.029 0.007 Commercial Vehicles 16,894,400 0.029 0.029 0.007 Tractor Trailer Trucks 79,000 0.089 0.089 0.031
63 US EPA MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES), https://www.epa.gov/moves, accessed in March 2019
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Motorhomes 2,581,200 0.108 0.108 0.044 Motorcycles, Mopeds 1,808,800 0.022 0.022 0.012 Bus 656,000 0.122 0.122 0.030
Table 2-27 Activity Data and Emission Factors for On-road Diesel Vehicles
Emission Factor (g/km) Vehicle Type Total VKT TPM PM10 PM2.5 Small Passenger Cars 3,692,700 0.026 0.026 0.006 Large Passenger Cars 271,700 0.057 0.057 0.034 Light Trucks, Vans, SUVs 5,151,300 0.055 0.055 0.032 Commercial Vehicles 20,508,900 0.055 0.055 0.032 Tractor Trailer Trucks 8,946,600 0.144 0.144 0.063 Motorhomes 1,658,100 0.239 0.239 0.175 Bus 421,600 0.241 0.241 0.146
2.3.2 OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS
The off-road vehicles and equipment category includes a variety of engine and equipment used in different sectors, such as:
— Lawn and garden equipment; — Agricultural equipment; — Construction and mining equipment; — Industrial equipment; — Logging equipment; and — Light commercial equipment.
Due to this diversity of machinery and the deficiency in current equipment specific data, preparation of a region-wide inventory presents considerable challenges using a bottom up approach. PM emissions from off-road sources were estimated from Provincial emissions for 201757, by considering agricultural and construction activities as the main contributors to PM emissions from this source. The 2017 Provincial emissions inventory was scaled down for the AA using scaling factors derived from data for agricultural equipment and construction permits as presented in Table 2-25. The number of farm machines and equipment owned and leased as reported in the 2016 Census of Agriculture60 by census consolidated subdivision (CCS) for AA electoral districts B, D and F were used to scale down the provincial level to regional agricultural emissions. The 2017 BC annual dollar value in building permits for the Alberni- Clayoquot rural regional district, and City of Port Alberni61 were used to scale down the off-road construction equipment emissions.
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2.3.3 MARINE
PM emissions from marine related activities for the AA were obtained from Environment and Climate Change Canada’s (ECCC) 2015 Marine Emissions Inventory Tool (MEIT)59. The data included PM emissions for activity classifications of berthed, underway and anchored for vessel types that included; Coast Guard, Fishing, Landing type, Merchant, Special Purpose, Trawlers, Tugs and Warships. Emissions from MEIT were requested for the boundary shown in Figure 2-2, and were further refined using GIS mapping to include data that were located within boundary of the AA that excluded areas for Bamfield (Electoral district A) and Long Beach (Electoral district C).
Figure 2-2 MEIT 2015 Marine Data Extraction Boundary
2.3.4 AIRCRAFT
The AA is served by the Alberni Valley Regional Airport (AVRA). Aircraft activity at the airport include, regional charter flights, helicopter flights, recreation flight club activity, and seasonal fire fighting activity. Aircraft activity data, such as records of Landings and Take-offs (LTOs) are not maintained. Due to the lack of activity data, PM emissions from aircraft activity were estimated by scaling down the 2017 Provincial57 and local level LTOs from Statistics Canada64. However, the most recently published aircraft movement from Statistics Canada64 for the AVRA were unavailable. The estimated 5,000 aircraft movements at AVRA published in the Vancouver Island and Sunshine
64 Statistics Canada. Table 23-10-0032-01 Aircraft movements, by class of operation and type of operation, airports without air traffic control towers, annual
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Coast Region Air Transportation Outlook Report65 was used. The estimated aircraft movement for the AVRA was published in 2008. To represent 2017 activity data, the estimated movements at AVRA were adjusted using nearby Statistics Canada64 movement data from the Comox Valley Airport. The data was used to scale the Provincial inventory emissions57 presented in Table 2-28.
Table 2-28 Total Aircraft Landings and Take-offs (LTOs)
REGION 2017 LTOS 2008 LTOS
BC Province 321,87964 Not Required AA 7,108* 5,00065 Comox Regional District 18,48164 13,00065
* AA value scaled using data from Comox Valley Airport.
2.3.5 LOCOMOTIVES AND RAIL CARS
Rail activity in the ARCD consists of the Alberni Pacific Railway which is a heritage railway that operates in the summer on an approximately 10 km track between the historic train station in the City of Port Alberni to the McLean Mill NHS. Due to the short length of track, and seasonally limited tourist service, PM emissions from rail cars were not considered in this study.
2.4 FUGITIVE DUST
2.4.1 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION OPERATIONS
Fugitive dust emissions from construction and demolition activity were estimated following the emission factors provided in the 2005 Metro Vancouver inventory report19. The construction and demolition activity data in the AA 66 were obtained from 2017 BC Building Permits . The PM2.5 emission factor was assumed to be 20% of PM10 based on the 2005 Metro Vancouver inventory report. The construction activity data and emission factors used in this study are presented in Table 2-29. Fugitive dust emissions were quantified by multiplying the number of buildings, a conversion factor, construction duration, and adjusted EF factors for TPM, PM10 and PM2.5 for each type of building.
65 InterVISTAS Consulting Inc., Vancouver Island and Sunshine Coast Region Air Transportation Outlook, 2008 66 BCStats, Building Permits, Housing Starts & Sales, https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/data/statistics/economy/building- permits-housing-starts-sales, accessed in November 2018
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Table 2-29 Activity Data and Emission Factors for Construction and Demolition Operations
Conversion Adjusted EF Adjusted EF Duration Building Type Number Unit Factor (tonnes TPM and (tonnes PM2.5/ha- (months) (ha/unit) PM10/ha-month) month)
Single-detached 47 dwellings 0.067 4.2 0.014 0.0028
Duplex/Row 0 dwellings 0.067 4.2 0.014 0.0028 Apartment 16 dwellings 0.02 12 0.049 0.0098 Commercial 2.165 $ million 0.55 11 0.085 0.017 Industrial 0.581 $ million 0.55 11 0.085 0.017 Institutional 0.059 $ million 0.27 11 0.085 0.017
2.4.2 LANDFILLS
TPM emissions from landfills were quantified using the 2017 numbers for landfilled waste of 18,707 tonne obtained from “Alberni Valley Landfill 2017 Operations and Monitoring Report”38 and the TPM emission factor from the 2005 19 Metro Vancouver inventory report . PM10 and PM2.5 were estimated to be 36% and 10% of TPM, respectively. The activity data and emission factors used for estimating PM emissions from landfills are presented in Table 2-30.
Table 2-30 Activity Data and Emission Factors for Landfills
Emission Factor (kg/tonne) Amount of Material Landfilled (tonne) TPM PM10 PM2.5 18,707 0.193 0.069 0.0193
2.5 ROAD DUST
Road dust is typically generated by the pulverization and abrasion of the surface material when a force, such as that generated by the wheels of a moving vehicle, is applied to the surface. This emission source is usually divided between paved and unpaved road dust. Current estimates of emissions from road dust have a high degree of uncertainty due to the inclusion of a large number of site-specific variables, such as silt content, volume of local traffic, and vehicle weight. A recent study67 indicates that quantification of emission factors from road dust is very difficult since there are still no standardized testing protocols and/or measurement methods. Particularly uncertain is the on-road testing and measurement of emitted dust particles during real driving conditions which are affected by variable flow conditions, driving dynamics, and fine dust particles from other sources. There is also uncertainty associated with the extrapolation to actual conditions of estimates based on laboratory testing and measurements performed under controlled conditions. Therefore, road dust emissions are typically conservatively estimated, especially for fine PMs. Due to high uncertainties involved in road dust estimation, road dust emissions in this study are presented separately from other types of source categories.
67 De-Angelis et al., Uncertainty estimation of road-dust emissions via interval statistics, IO Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1065 (2018) 212023, https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1065/21/212023/pdf, accessed March 2019
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Fugitive dust emissions generated from publicly assessed roads in the AA were quantified by determining the percent of total vehicle kilometres traveled (VKT) in the region versus the total VKT in the province using the information from the CEEI report5. The road dust was broken into three emission source categories: tire wear & brake lining; paved; and unpaved roads. Table 2-31 summarizes the parameters used for prorating road dust emissions in the AA.
Table 2-31 Scaling Parameters used for Prorating Road Dust in AA
2017 Provincial Emissions (Tonnes) Scaling Parameters (VKT) Road Dust TPM PM10 PM2.5 Total BC AA Dust from Paved Roads 456,297 87,781 21,215 Dust from Unpaved Roads 295,069 100,365 14,386 93,883,005,200 313,641,200 Tire Wear and Brake Lining 1,166 1,166 152 Total 8.02 2.02 0.38
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3 RESULTS
3.1 EMISSION SUMMARY
The results of AA emissions inventory for point, area, and mobile sources by mass and by percent are summarized in Table 3-1 and Table 3-2, respectively.
Table 3-1 AA Emission Inventory by Source Sector (Tonne) Emissions (tonnes per year) Emission sources TPM PM10 PM2.5 Point Subtotal - Industrial Sources 80.44 10.42 5.84 Natural Gas - Residential 0.45 0.45 0.45 Natural Gas - Commercial/Industrial 0.73 0.73 0.73 Propane 0.098 0.098 0.098 Space Heating Heating Oil 0.21 0.21 0.21 Wood 109.46 103.81 103.58 Subtotal - Space Heating 110.95 105.30 105.07 Livestock 0.48 0.14 0.021 Synthetic Fertilizer 0.00013 0.00006 0.00002 Pesticide Application 0.022 0.011 0.0030 Tilling 7.30 1.53 0.31 Agricultural Harvesting 0.53 0.24 0.08 Wind Erosion 7.14 3.57 1.07 Agricultural Crop Residue Burning 0.18 0.18 0.18 Subtotal - Agricultural 15.66 5.68 1.66 Open Burning Class A Piles 565.90 401.27 349.83 Area Open Burning Class B Piles 12.32 9.13 7.76 Open Burning Class C Piles 9.59 7.46 6.34 Open Burning - Area 188.89 146.28 133.50 Open Burning Municipally Regulated - Pile N/A N/A N/A Backyard burns 11.0 11.0 11.0 Wildfire 8.39 6.35 5.98 Recreational fires N/A N/A N/A Subtotal - Open burning 796.07 581.48 514.39 Meat cooking 1.39 1.39 1.39 Cigarettes 1.10 1.10 1.10 Crematorium 0.027 0.018 0.012 Miscellaneous Structure and other Fires 0.16 0.16 0.15 Vehicle Fires 0.01 0.01 0.01 Subtotal - Miscellaneous 2.70 2.69 2.66 Subtotal - Area 925.38 695.14 623.79
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Emissions (tonnes per year) Emission sources TPM PM10 PM2.5 Light-duty 9.10 9.10 2.86 On-road Heavy-duty vehicles 2.15 2.15 1.05 Off-road vehicles 9.76 9.63 9.31 Mobile Marine Vessels 4.78 4.59 4.22 Aircraft 5.42 5.42 4.97 Subtotal - Mobile 31.22 30.90 22.41 Construction 1.80 1.80 0.36 Fugitive Dust Landfills 3.61 1.30 0.36 Subtotal - Fugitive Dust 5.41 3.10 0.72 Total (no Road Dust) 1042.45 739.56 652.76 Fugitive Dust – Paved and Unpaved Roads 2,498.4 621.7 118.3 Total (with Road Dust) 3,540.8 1,361.3 771.1
Table 3-2 AA Emission Inventory by Source Sector (Percent) Emissions (Percent of total) Emission source TPM PM10 PM2.5 Point Subtotal - Industrial Sources 7.7% 1.4% 0.9% Natural Gas - Residential 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% Natural Gas - Commercial/Industrial 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% Propane 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Space Heating Heating Oil 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Wood 10.5% 14.0% 15.9% Subtotal - Space Heating 10.6% 14.2% 16.1% Livestock 0.05% 0.02% 0.00% Synthetic Fertilizer 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Pesticide Application 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Tilling 0.70% 0.21% 0.05% Agricultural Harvesting 0.05% 0.03% 0.01% Area Wind Erosion 0.69% 0.48% 0.16% Agricultural Crop Residue Burning 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% Subtotal - Agricultural 1.5% 0.8% 0.3% Open Burning Class A Piles 54.3% 54.3% 53.6% Open Burning Class B Piles 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% Open Burning Class C Piles 0.9% 1.0% 1.0% Open Burning Open Burning - Area 18.1% 19.8% 20.5% Backyard burns 1.1% 1.5% 1.7% Wildfire 0.8% 0.9% 0.9% Subtotal - Open burning 76.4% 78.6% 78.8% Meat cooking 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% Miscellaneous Cigarettes 0.1% 0.1% 0.2%
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Emissions (Percent of total) Emission source TPM PM10 PM2.5 Crematorium 0.003% 0.002% 0.002% Structure and other Fires 0.016% 0.022% 0.023% Vehicle Fires 0.001% 0.002% 0.002% Subtotal - Miscellaneous 0.3% 0.4% 0.4% Subtotal - Area 88.8% 94.0% 95.6% Light-duty 0.9% 1.2% 0.4% On-road Heavy-duty vehicles 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% Off-road vehicles 0.9% 1.3% 1.4% Mobile Marine Vessels 0.46% 0.62% 0.65% Aircraft 0.52% 0.73% 0.76% Subtotal - Mobile 3.0% 4.2% 3.4% Construction 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% Fugitive Landfills 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% Dust Subtotal - Fugitive Dust 0.5% 0.4% 0.1%
The distribution of TPM, PM10, and PM2.5 emissions from each source category sectors are presented in the following figures:
TPM Distribution Pie Chart Miscellaneous Mobile Fugitive Industrial 0.3% 3.0% Dust Sources Wildfire 0.5% 7.7% 0.8% Space Backyard burns Heating 1.1% 10.6% Open Class C Burning - Agricultural 0.9% Area 18.1% 1.5%
Class A Class B 54.3% 1.2%
Industrial Sources Space Heating Agricultural Class A Class B Class C Open Burning - Area Backyard burns Figure 3-1 AA TPM Emissions (tonnes, excluding Road Dust)
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PM10 Distribution Pie Chart
Miscellaneous Fugitive Dust 0.4% 0.4% Industrial Mobile Sources Wildfire 1.4% 4.2% Space Heating 0.9% 14.2% Backyard burns 1.5% Agricultural 0.8% Open Burning - Area 19.8% Class C 1.0% Class B Class A 1.2% 54.3%
Industrial Sources Space Heating Agricultural Class A Class B Class C Open Burning - Area Backyard burns Wildfire
Miscellaneous Mobile Fugitive Dust
Figure 3-2 AA PM10 Emissions (tonnes, excluding Road Dust)
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PM2.5 Distribution Pie Chart
Miscellaneous Mobile Fugitive 0.4% 3.4% Dust Industrial 0.1% Sources Wildfire 0.9% Space 0.9% Heating 16.1% Backyard burns 1.7% Open Agricultural Burning - 0.3% Area 20.5% Class C 1.0% Class A Class B 53.6% 1.2%
Industrial Sources Space Heating Agricultural Class A Class B Class C Open Burning - Area Backyard burns
Figure 3-3 AA PM2.5 Emissions (tonnes, excluding Road Dust)
3.2 INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
Results of PM emissions from industrial facilities within the AA are presented in Table 3-3.
Table 3-3 PM Emissions from Industrial Sources
Emissions (tonne) Facility Name PM PM10 PM2.5
Catalyst Paper Corporation and Catalyst Pulp Operations Ltd. 4.90 4.68 4.19
Western Forest Products Inc. 65.9 2.5 0.7
Coulson Manufacturing 9.15 2.74 0.46
Alberni Foundry Limited 0.50 0.50 0.50
Total 80.44 10.42 5.84
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3.3 AREA SOURCES
Results of the AA emission inventory for area sources emissions by source sector are summarized in Table 3-4. The distribution percentage for each area source sector is presented in Table 3-5.
Table 3-4 Summary of Area Source Emission Inventory by Sector (metric tonnes)
Emissions (tonnes per year) Emission Source TPM PM10 PM2.5 Natural Gas - Residential 0.45 0.45 0.45 Natural Gas - Commercial/Industrial 0.73 0.73 0.73 Propane 0.098 0.098 0.098 Space Heating Heating Oil 0.21 0.21 0.21 Wood 109.46 103.81 103.58 Subtotal - Space Heating 110.95 105.30 105.07 Livestock 0.48 0.14 0.021 Synthetic Fertilizer 0.00013 0.00006 0.00002 Pesticide Application 0.022 0.011 0.0030 Tilling 7.30 1.53 0.31 Agricultural Harvesting 0.53 0.24 0.08 Wind Erosion 7.14 3.57 1.07 Agricultural Crop Residue Burning 0.18 0.18 0.18 Subtotal - Agricultural 15.66 5.68 1.66 Open Burning Class A Piles 565.90 401.27 349.83 Area Open Burning Class B Piles 12.32 9.13 7.76 Open Burning Class C Piles 9.59 7.46 6.34 Open Burning - Area 188.89 146.28 133.50 Open Burning Municipally Regulated - Pile N/A N/A N/A Backyard burns 11.0 11.0 11.0 Wildfire 8.39 6.35 5.98 Recreational fires N/A N/A N/A Subtotal - Open burning 796.07 581.48 514.39 Meat cooking 1.39 1.39 1.39 Cigarettes 1.10 1.10 1.10 Dry cleaning N/A N/A N/A Miscellaneous Crematorium 0.027 0.018 0.012 Structure and other Fires 0.16 0.16 0.15 Vehicle Fires 0.01 0.01 0.01 Subtotal - Miscellaneous 2.70 2.69 2.66 Subtotal - Area 925.38 695.14 623.79
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Table 3-5 Distribution of Area Source Emission Inventory by Sector (Percent) Emissions (Percent of total) Emission Source TPM PM10 PM2.5 Natural Gas - Residential 0.05% 0.1% 0.1% Natural Gas - Commercial/Industrial 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% Propane 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Space Heating Heating Oil 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Wood 11.8% 14.9% 16.6% Subtotal - Space Heating 12.0% 15.1% 16.8% Livestock 0.1% 0.021% 0.003% Synthetic Fertilizer 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Pesticide Application 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Tilling 0.79% 0.22% 0.05% Agricultural Harvesting 0.06% 0.03% 0.01% Wind Erosion 0.77% 0.51% 0.17% Agricultural Crop Residue Burning 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% Area Subtotal - Agricultural 1.7% 0.8% 0.3% Open Burning Class A Piles 61.2% 57.7% 56.1% Open Burning Class B Piles 1.3% 1.3% 1.2% Open Burning Class C Piles 1.0% 1.1% 1.0% Open Burning Open Burning - Area 20.4% 21.0% 21.4% Backyard burns 1.2% 1.6% 1.8% Wildfire 0.9% 0.9% 1.0% Subtotal - Open burning 86.0% 83.6% 82.5% Meat cooking 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% Cigarettes 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% Crematorium 0.003% 0.003% 0.002% Miscellaneous Structure and other Fires 0.018% 0.023% 0.024% Vehicle Fires 0.001% 0.002% 0.002% Subtotal - Miscellaneous 0.3% 0.4% 0.4%
The distribution of emissions for each area source sub-sector are presented in the figures below.
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TPM Distribution Chart - Area Sources
Wildfire Miscellaneous 0.9% 0.3% Space Heating Backyard 12.0% burns… Agricultural 1.7% Open Burning - Area Class C 20.4% 1.0% Class B 1.3%
Class A 61.2%
Space Heating Agricultural Class A Class B Class C Open Burning - Area Backyard burns Wildfire Miscellaneous
Figure 3-4 AA Area Source TPM Emission Distribution by Sub-sector (Excluding Road Dust)
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PM10 Distribution Pie Chart - Area Sources
Wildfire Miscellaneous Backyard burns 0.9% 0.4% Space Heating 1.6% 15.1%
Agricultural 0.8% Open Burning - Class C Area 1.1% 21.0%
Class B 1.3%
Class A 57.7%
Space Heating Agricultural Class A Class B Class C Open Burning - Area Backyard burns Wildfire Miscellaneous
Figure 3-5 AA Area Source PM10 Emission Distribution by Sub-sector (Excluding Road Dust)
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PM2.5 Distribution Chart - Area Sources
Backyard Miscellaneous burns Wildfire 0.4% 1.8% 1.0% Space Heating 16.8%
Agricultural Open Burning 0.3% - Area Class C 21.4% 1.0% Class B 1.2% Class A 56.1%
Space Heating Agricultural Class A Class B Class C Open Burning - Area Backyard burns Wildfire Miscellaneous
Figure 3-6 AA Area Source PM2.5 Emission Distribution by Sub-sector (Excluding Road Dust) The breakdown of area sources by each source category are detailed in the following sections.
3.3.1 SPACE HEATING
Results of space heating emissions by fuel types are presented in Table 3-6. The TPM emission distribution between the City and outside the City is shown in Figure 3-7. The pie charts for PM2.5 and PM10 exhibit similar distribution pattern as TPM. Breakdown of emissions by wood burning equipment are shown in Table 3-7.
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Table 3-6 Emission Summary for Space Heating (metric tonnes)
Emission Emissions (tonnes/year) Emission Source Location TPM PM10 PM2.5 Inside the City 0.41 0.41 0.41 Natural Gas - Residential Outside the City 0.05 0.05 0.05 Natural Gas - Inside the City 0.73 0.73 0.73 Commercial/Industrial Outside the City 0.00 0.00 0.00 Inside the City 0.08 0.08 0.08 Propane Space Heating Outside the City 0.01 0.01 0.01 Inside the City 0.18 0.18 0.18 Heating Oil Outside the City 0.03 0.03 0.03 Inside the City 48.21 45.72 45.62 Wood Outside the City 61.25 58.09 57.97 Total Space Heating Emissions 110.95 105.30 105.07
TPM Emission Distribution - Space Heating Propane - Inside NG- Residential (Outside the City, 0.1% Oil - Outside the the City), 0.04% City, 0.03% NG- Residential (Inside Propane - Outside the the City), 0.4% City, 0.01% NG -Comm/Ind (Inside Oil - Inside the the City), 0.7% City, 0.2%
Wood - Inside Wood - the City, Outside the 43.4% City, 55.2%
NG- Residential (Inside the City) NG- Residential (Outside the City) NG -Comm/Ind (Inside the City) Propane - Inside the City Propane - Outside the City Oil - Inside the City Oil - Outside the City Wood - Inside the City
Figure 3-7 TPM Emission Distribution by Space Heating
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Table 3-7 Emission Summary from Wood Burning Equipment (metric tonnes)
Emissions (tonne) Appliance Type TPM PM10 PM2.5
Fireplace - Advanced 15.60 14.68 14.68
Fireplace — Conventional without glass doors 21.4 20.5 20.4
Fireplace — Conventional glass doors 14.95 14.40 14.28
Central Furnace/Boiler (inside & outside) 1.43 1.35 1.35
Fireplace Insert - Advanced Technology & Catalytic 3.30 3.11 3.11
Fireplace Insert — Conventional 6.75 6.37 6.37
Wood Stove - Advanced Technology & Catalytic 10.20 9.60 9.60
Wood Stove - Conventional 35.62 33.60 33.60
Pellet 0.24 0.22 0.22
Total Wood Burning Appliance Emissions 109.46 103.81 103.58
3.3.2 AGRICULTURAL SOURCES
Emissions from agricultural sources are shown in Table 3-8. All the agricultural emissions occurred outside the City.
Table 3-8 Emission Summary from Agricultural Sources
Emissions (tonnes/year) Emission Source TPM PM10 PM2.5
Livestock 0.48 0.14 0.021
Synthetic Fertilizer 0.00013 0.00006 0.00002
Pesticide Application 0.022 0.011 0.0030
Tilling 7.30 1.53 0.31 Agricultural Harvesting 0.53 0.24 0.08
Wind Erosion 7.14 3.57 1.07
Agricultural Crop Residue Burning 0.18 0.18 0.18
Total Agricultural Emissions 15.66 5.68 1.66
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3.3.3 OPEN BURNING
Emissions from open burning sources are summarized in Table 3-9. All open burning occurred outside the City. The percentage composition of each source from open burning is illustrated in Figure 3-8.
Table 3-9 Emission Summary from Open Burning Sources
Emissions (tonne) Emission Sources TPM PM10 PM2.5
Open Burning Class A Piles 565.90 401.27 349.83
Open Burning Class B Piles 12.32 9.13 7.76
Open Burning Class C Piles 9.59 7.46 6.34
Open Burning Open Burning - Area 188.89 146.28 133.50
Backyard burns 10.99 10.99 10.99
Wildfire 8.39 6.35 5.98
Total Open Burning Emissions 796.07 581.48 514.39
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Open Burning TPM Emission Contribution by Sources (%) Backyard burns, 1.4% Wildfire, 1.1%
Regulated Burning - Area, 23.7% Class C - Pile …
Class B - Pile , 1.5% Class A - Pile , 71.1%
Class A - Pile Class B - Pile Class C - Pile Regulated Burning - Area Backyard burns Wildfire
Figure 3-8 Percentage Composition of Each Emission Source from Open Burning in the AA (TPM)
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Open Burning PM10 Emission Contribution by Sources (%) Backyard Wildfire, 1.1% burns, 1.9%
Regulated Burning - Area, 25.2% Class C - Pile , 1.3% Class A - Pile , 69.0% Class B - Pile , 1.6%
Class A - Pile Class B - Pile Class C - Pile Regulated Burning - Area Backyard burns Wildfire
Figure 3-9 Percentage Composition of Each Emission Source from Open Burning in the AA (PM10)
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Open Burning PM2.5 Emission Contribution by Backyard Sources (%)Wildfire, 1.2% burns, 2.1%
Regulated Burning - Area, 26.0%
Class C - Pile , Class A - Pile , 1.2% 68.0%
Class B - Pile , 1.5%
Class A - Pile Class B - Pile Class C - Pile Regulated Burning - Area Backyard burns Wildfire
Figure 3-10 Percentage Composition of Each Emission Source from Open Burning in the AA (PM2.5)
3.3.4 MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES
Emissions from miscellaneous sources are presented in Table 3-10.
Table 3-10 Emission Summary from Miscellaneous Sources
Emissions (tonnes/year) Emission Sources TPM PM10 PM2.5
Meat cooking 1.39 1.39 1.39
Cigarettes 1.10 1.10 1.10
Crematorium 0.027 0.018 0.012 Miscellaneous Structure and other Fires 0.16 0.16 0.15
Vehicle Fires 0.01 0.01 0.01
Total Miscellaneous Emissions 2.70 2.69 2.66
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3.4 MOBILE
Results of emissions from miscellaneous sources are presented in Table 3-11.
Table 3-11 Emission Summary from Mobile Sources
Emissions (tonnes/year) Emission Source TPM PM10 PM2.5
Light-duty 9.10 9.10 2.86 On-road Heavy-duty vehicles 2.15 2.15 1.05
Off-road vehicles 9.76 9.63 9.31 Mobile Marine Vessels 4.78 4.59 4.22
Aircraft 5.42 5.42 4.97
Total Mobile Emissions 31.22 30.90 22.41
3.5 FUGITIVE DUST
The breakdown of emissions from fugitive sources are shown in Table 3-12.
Table 3-12 Emission Summary from Fugitive Sources
Emissions (tonnes/year) Emission Sources TPM PM10 PM2.5
Construction 1.80 1.80 0.36
Fugitive Sources Landfills 3.61 1.30 0.36
Total Fugitive Emissions 5.41 3.10 0.72
3.6 ROAD DUST
Emissions from road dust are shown in Table 3-13.
Table 3-13 Emission Summary from Road Dust
Emissions (tonnes/year) Emission Source TPM PM10 PM2.5
Fugitive Dust Paved and unpaved roads 2,498.4 621.7 118.3
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4 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
The AA emission inventory focused on using the bottom-up approach whenever activity data are available. The largest sources for PM were from area sources, which accounts for more than 80% of the total emission inventory. For point sources, emissions from a total of 4 industrial facilities were inventoried. PM emissions from industrial sources account for less than 2 percent of total regional emission inventory. Emissions from area sources were quantified using the most up-to-date activity information. Among all area sources, regulated open burning was the largest contributor of TPM, PM10 and PM2.5. Space heating is the second largest area source. Among the space heating sources, the majority of PM emissions are from wood burning. Mobile emissions account for less than 5% of total regional emission inventory. The AA emissions were compared with two other emission inventories at the regional level, namely Comox Valley Regional District (CmVRD)22 and Cowichan Valley Regional District (CwVRD)68. Results of the PM emission comparison are presented in Figure 4-1 to Figure 4-3.
TPM Emissions at Different Regional District Level AA CmVRD CwVRD 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600
TPM Emissions Emissions TPM(tonne) 400 200 0
Point Area Mobile Fugitive Dust Figure 4-1 TPM Emissions Inventory at Three Regional District Levels
68 WSP Canada Inc. (formally Levelton Consultants Ltd.), Emission Inventory Compilation and Forecast for the Cowichan Valley Regional District, 2014
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PM10 Emissions at Different Regional District Level AA CmVRD CwVRD 1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600 Emissions (tonne) Emissions
10 400
PM 200
0
Point Area Mobile Fugitive Dust
Figure 4-2 PM10 Emissions Inventory at Three Regional District Levels
PM2.5 Emissions at Different Regional District Level
AA CmVRD CwVRD 1,400
1,200
1,000
800
Emissions (tonne)Emissions 600 2.5
400 PM 200
0 Point Area Mobile Fugitive Dust
Figure 4-3 PM2.5 Emissions Inventory at Three Regional District Levels As indicated in the Figures above, the area sources are the largest contributors to particulate emissions in all three Vancouver Island regions reviewed. Emissions from industrial sources in the Cowichan Valley region were the second largest emitter, due to the large number and type of industrial facilities operating within the CwVRD. The breakdown of area sources by sub-category for the three regional levels are summarized in Figure 4-4 to Figure 4-6. The largest PM contributor is from open burning, followed by space heating. This pattern is consistent in all three regional districts reviewed.
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Regional Area Sources - TPM Emisions 1,400 AA CmVRD CwVRD 1,200
1,000
800
600
TPM Emissions Emissions TPM (tonnes) -
400
200 Area Sources Sources Area 0 Space Heating Agricultural Open Burning Miscellaneous
Figure 4-4 Breakdown of Area Sources at Three Regional District Levels – TPM Emissions
Regional Area Sources - PM10 Emisions 1,000 AA CmVRD CwVRD 900
800
700
600
Emissions (tonnes) Emissions 10
500
PM - 400
300
200 Area SourcesArea 100
0 Space Heating Agricultural Open Burning Miscellaneous
Figure 4-5 Breakdown of Area Sources at Three Regional District Levels –PM10 Emissions
WSP PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS INVENTORY FOR THE ALBERNI AIRSHED (2017 BASE YEAR) March 2019 Project No. 181-16776-00 BC MOE and Alberni Air Quality Society (AAQS) Page 49
Regional Area Sources - PM2.5 Emisions 900 AA CmVRD CwVRD 800
700
600
Emissions (tonnes) Emissions 500 2.5
400
PM - 300
200
100 Area Sources Sources Area 0 Space Heating Agricultural Open Burning Miscellaneous
Figure 4-6 Breakdown of Area Sources at Three Regional District Levels –PM2.5 Emissions
WSP PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS INVENTORY FOR THE ALBERNI AIRSHED (2017 BASE YEAR) March 2019 Project No. 181-16776-00 BC MOE and Alberni Air Quality Society (AAQS) Page 50