The Contribution of Tororo Rock Towards Tourism Development in Tororo Municipality, Tororo District

THE CONTRIBUTION OF TORORO ROCK TOWARDS TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN TORORO MUNICIPALITY, TORORO DISTRICT

MUKADE BENA

STUDENT NUMBER: 215006188

REGISTRATION NUMBER: 15/U/8088/PS

SUPERVISOR

PROFESSOR A .Y. BANANA

RESEARCH DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, BIODIVERSITY AND TOURISM, SCHOOL OF FORESTRY, ENVIRONMENTAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILEMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELORS OF TOURISM OF MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

JUNE 2018

DECLARATION

I, MUKADE BENA, hereby declare that the work in this report is original and has never been published or submitted to any Institution of learning for any academic award. - - nJ / •- I Signature Date !.0^«&1P..Q/.X

Mukade Bena APPROVAL

This is to acknowledge that MUKADE BENA conducted a study on the contribution of Tororo rock towards tourism development in Tororo Municipality, Tororo District under my supervision. The dissertation is ready for submission and examination, with my approval.

PROFESSOR A .Y. BANANA DEDICATION

This piece of work is dedicated to my mother Agnes Ekiring, relatives and friends for their support and effort towards my academic success. May the Almighty God reward each of them abundantly.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to thank the Almighty God for the wisdom, knowledge, courage, and strength He gave me to enable me complete my case study report. I would like to express my gratitude and thanks to my supervisor Professor A .Y. Banana for the directions, guidance and frequent corrections of my work and without you, my research study would not have been accomplished.

To the local government officials, tour guides, and hotel managers of Tororo, I convey lots of appreciation for giving me your valuable time to provide data and the high levels of cooperation that were exhibited while I was carrying out my case study.

Special thanks go to Mr. Oloka the Senior Assistant Town Clerk of Tororo Municipality for permitting me to carry out my research about the rock.

To Benard Kayemo, I am extremely grateful for the financial support you provided to me while I was at University; you have been my ladder to success and completion of my studies.

I thank all my friends and colleagues at campus who have supported me in different ways to see that I succeed academically and in life. Thank you very much and God bless you all!

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ...... i APPROVAL ...... ii DEDICATION ...... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... v LIST OF TABLES ...... viii LIST OF PHOTOS ...... x ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...... xi ABSRACT ...... xii CHAPTER ONE ...... 1 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1 Background of the study ...... 1 1.1.2 Description of the study area ...... 2 1.2 Statement of the problem ...... 2 1.3 Objectives of the study...... 3 1.3.1 Overall objective ...... 3 1.3.2 Specific objectives ...... 3 1.4 Research questions ...... 3 1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ...... 3 1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY ...... 4 CHAPTER TWO ...... 5 LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 5 2.0 Introduction ...... 5 2.1 Tourism development ...... 5 2.2 The contribution of tourism towards development ...... 6 2.3 The tourism facilities and services ...... 10 2.4 Challenges to development of Tourism ...... 12 CHAPTER THREE ...... 15 STUDY AREA AND METHODS...... 15 3.0 Introduction ...... 15

3.1 Research design ...... 15 3.2 Area of study ...... 15 3.3 Population of study and sample size ...... 16 3.4.1 Sample size ...... 17 3.4.2 Sampling strategy...... 17 3.5 Data collection methods and tools ...... 17 3.5.1 Collection tools ...... 17 3.6 Data quality control...... 18 3.7 Data Analysis ...... 18 3.8 Ethical consideration ...... 18 3.9 Limitations of the Study...... 19 CHAPTER FOUR ...... 20 RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION ...... 20 4.1 Introduction ...... 20 4.2 Demographic characteristics of the respondents...... 20 4.2.1 Sex of the respondents ...... 20 4.2.2 Age structure of the respondents...... 21 4.2.3 Education levels of the respondents ...... 22 4.2.4 Nationality of the respondent ...... 22 4.3 Contribution of tourism towards development in Tororo District ...... 25 4.4 Tourism facilities and services around Tororo rock ...... 32 4.5 Challenges to development of tourisms in Tororo District ...... 36 CHAPTER FIVE ...... 38 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 38 5.1 Contribution of tourism towards development in Tororo District ...... 38 5.2 Tourism facilities and services around Tororo rock ...... 41 5.3 Challenges to development of tourism in Tororo District ...... 44 5.4 Conclusion ...... 45 5.5 Recommendations of the findings ...... 45 References ...... 47 APPENDIX 1: QUESTIONNAIRES FOR TOURISTS ...... 50

APPENDIX II: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LOCAL PEOPLE ...... 53 APPENDIX III: INTERVIEW GUIDE TO DISTRICT OFFICIALS ...... 57 APPENDIX 1V: ONE DAY ITINERARY TO TORORO...... 58

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Showing the Sex of Respondents ...... 20 Table 2: Age of the respondents ...... 21 Table 3: Education levels of respondents ...... 22 Table 4: Nationality of the respondents ...... 23 Table 5: How the rock contributes to development of tourism ...... 25 Table 6: Contributions of tourism to development of Tororo District...... 27 Table 7: Tourism attractions available in Tororo ...... 28 Table 8: How do the different tourism attractions contribute to development of tourism in Tororo District?...... 28 Table 9: How do people of Tororo benefit from the rock ...... 30 Table 10: Tourism facilities observed by tourists ...... 32 Table 11: Are Tourism facilities adequate for tourism development ...... 33 Table 12: What can be done to improve Tororo as a tourism destination? ...... 34 Table 13: Advice to stakeholders to improve the roads ...... 35 Table 14: Improved hotels in the area ...... 36 Table 15: Challenges to development of tourism ...... 36

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Map showing the location and coverage of Tororo municipal council….…………….16 Figure 2: Tourists who have ever visited Tororo District before ...... 23 Figure 3: Are the infrastructure in Tororo improving ...... 24 Figure 4: Do people of Tororo benefit from the rock ...... 30 Figure 5: Does the area have good roads ...... 35

LIST OF PHOTOS

Photo 1: Tororo golf course ...... 38 Photo 2: The cave below the rock ...... 39 Photo 3: View of osukuru hills from green meadows ...... 41 Photo 4: View of golf course from the rock trail ...... 42 Photo 5; The trail that leads to the top of the rock ...... 43

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

UBOS - Uganda Bureau of Statistics

SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Sciences

GDP - Gross Domestic Product

BOP - Balance of Payment

UNWTO - United Nation World Tourism Organization

ABSRACT This study aimed at assessing the extent to which Tororo Rock has contributed towards tourism development in Tororo municipality, Tororo District. The specific objectives of the study were: To examine the contribution of tourism towards development in Tororo District; to find out challenges to development of Tourism in Tororo District and to identify the tourism facilities and services around Tororo rock. This study used a sample of 50 participants from Tororo District including 15 tourists, 25 local people and 10 administrators. The study adopted a descriptive research design involving both qualitative and quantitative methods. Using two data collection techniques of questionnaires and interviews, the researcher collected data about the contribution of Tororo Rock towards tourism development in Tororo municipality, Tororo District using questionnaires as the main research instruments.

The study revealed that the rock contributes a lot to tourism development in Tororo District. It helps in the development of infrastructure, provides market to products in the community; it provides employment opportunities to the community, helps to open new business in the area, impacts on Balance of Payment, reduction of poverty, it leads to development of tourism destinations.

The researcher concluded by establishing recommendations to the government and local people which included tourism diversification, using good marketing techniques to market the rocks, organizing tour packages for the local population at affordable prices, local population should be sensitized about conservation of resources to achieve sustainable tourism, Investment and financing should be emphasized to develop and promote quality, Tourism businesses should carry out competitor analysis, the government should set up strict laws on local people quarrying in the rocks, Tourism destinations should be given financial assistance from the Ministry of Tourism, wildlife and antiquities and NGOs and more training in form of seminars and workshops is needed.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Tourism has become a phenomenon in both developed and developing economies across the globe, owing partly to bizarre of income generation, employment creation and poverty elimination potentials; and exploring development variables associated with the intangible products (Meng et al., 2008).Tourism as a displacement activity, involves being away from home on a temporary short-term visit to and stay at places of interest outside one’s domicile and work. United Nation World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) however put a time limit of within a year of stay outside the environment other than your home either for business, leisure or other purposes to the definition of tourism. But strictly speaking, tourism encompasses the industry that package, facilitate, promote and delivered such travel and care for those on the move as well as the impact the visitors and host communities have on each other before, during and after the experience.

Tourism has no doubt wage enormous economic impact on all sphere of the society to become one of the fastest growing industries globally (Aliyu, Abdul Kadir, & Aliyu, 2013). The strength of tourism performance is obvious in poverty reduction, employment generation and income redistribution effect on rural communities (Kurian, Varadharajan, & Rajasekar, 2010). With the revolution in the tourism industry, both the government and private entrepreneurs have started to optimize the opportunities of attracting tourists to their countries. In other words, to explore these numerous potentials that are inherent in the tourism industry, many countries have started to design their regions, cities and states in a manner that will attract tourists and tourism investors (Gil & Ritchie, 2008). The development of tourism as an alternative revenue sources is the new strategy in most countries because of its multiplier effect on other sectors of the economy, creating large volume of job for both skilled and unskilled labor (Ayeni & Eboho, 2012).

1.1.2 Description of the study area Also known for being one of the world’s most thunderous places, Tororo is a home of volcanic protrubent features with the most enormous being the Tororo rock among other small hills, and inselburgs. The most notable claim to fame of this town is the Tororo rock which is as the Eiffel towers in Paris. The rock stands at 1483M over sea level and this commands a view of Tororo town as far surrounding areas of Kwapa, Mukuju, and Rubongi. The rock is located 5Km south east from Tororo’s central business area. On the top of the rock are various ancestral caves, and rock paintings with many different types of bushes. The rock also offers a panorama of the splendid golf course and the airstrip. Formerly known as Bukedi, Tororo district is one of the districts that already existed at independence in 1962. Tororo district is a district in the eastern region of Uganda. The town of Tororo hosts the district headquarters. Tororo district is bordered by Mbale to the north, Manafwa district to the north east, Kenya to the east, Busia district to the south, Bugiri district to the south west and Butaleja district to the northwest. The town is approximately 230km east of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda. The district covers a total area of 2597Metric of land which is 64768 hectares. The moderate temperature of climate is 28°c.

In 2002, the national census put the population of the town of Tororo at about 34,800. In 2010, the Uganda bureau of standards (UBOS) estimated the population at 42,500. In 2011, UBOS estimated the midyear population at 43,700. The 2014 national population census put the population at 41,906.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Crouch and Ritchie (2000) interestingly gave the various factors that together make a tourist destination experience attractive. They highlighted the importance of the service infrastructure layer, which includes transport services, in the tourist destination experience. Infrastructure development has been related with the society and nature. It exploits the environmental situation giving great benefit for society activities.

Despite the wide availability of rocks with unique properties and formation processes little tourists are received in Tororo District. This is due to lack of tourism related infrastructure, lack of tourism investment, poor marketing of the tourism destination and lack of knowledge and

2 awareness that rocks are suitable tourism destination that attracts potential tourists from different parts of the world (Ray, 2008). It’s on the foundation of the above problems that the researcher picked interest in studying about the contribution of Tororo rock towards tourism development in Tororo District.

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.3.1 Overall objective To contribute towards tourism development in Tororo municipality, Tororo District.

1.3.2Specific objectives

1 To examine the potential of Tororo rock to contribute to tourism development in Tororo municipality in particular and Tororo District in general. 2 To find out challenges to development of Tourism around Tororo rock in particular and in Tororo District in general. 3 To identify the tourism facilities and services around Tororo rock in particular and in Tororo District in general.

1.4 Research questions

i. What is the contribution of tourism towards development in Tororo District? ii. What are the challenges to development of Tourism in Tororo District? iii. What are the tourism facilities and services around Tororo rock?

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This part explains the limits of the study in respect to geographical scope, contents scope and the time scope.

1.6.1 Content scope

The study was limited to assessing the contribution of Tororo rock towards tourism development in Tororo District.

1.6.2 Geographical scope

The study was carried out at in Tororo District in Eastern Uganda.

1.6.3 Time scope

The study was carried out between January to June 2018.

1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

• This research will be important to the government and donors as it will outline the importance of tourism towards economic development in Tororo. • To researchers and academicians, the research will provide a base upon the understanding of the impacts of rocks and it will be used for future research. • The study will be of paramount importance to the policy makers especially on matters concerning discovering new tourism destinations for example the rock and factories in Tororo.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter surveys scholarly articles, books, journals, dissertations, conference proceedings and any other sources relevant to the issues, areas of research or theory, providing a description, summary and critical evaluation of each work. The purpose of this chapter is to offer an overview of significant literature published on the topic. The review is arranged according to the research objectives and questions.

2.1 Tourism development

A number of the social and economic changes that had been occurring before the second half of the century continued and accelerated after the Second World War. Salaries and wages steadily increased and this meant more disposable income to spend on leisure pursuits. The amount of leisure time also went up as the working week decreased in terms of Social change and the growth of tourism numbers of hours required at work, and the length of the annual holiday increased (Bramwell, and Lane, 2000). This greater access to recreation activities was accompanied by a rapid rise in car ownership, particularly in North America in the 1950s and Western Europe during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Roads and motorway systems in Europe and North America were greatly improved during this period. For the first time, large numbers of potential tourists could plan their own trips without having to rely on either publicly or privately owned transport organizations. Aircraft also became more comfortable and sophisticated and an increasing number and range of passengers were flying; in this period flying to a distant overseas destination became a real alternative in financial terms to a journey by ship (Doorne, 2000). During this period, public transport, in particular trains and coaches, improved in terms of comfort and comparative costs, hence allowing a wider range of users.

A variety of important factors contributed to the development of tourism during the nineteenth and early part of the twentieth century. Mason (1990) suggested five major reasons for the growth of tourism.

These are as follows:-

 A rise in industrial output associated with the Industrial Revolution that in turn led to an increase in the standard of living.  Improvements in transport technology, which led to cheaper and more accessible travel. Railways and ocean liners appeared in the nineteenth century and cars and aircraft in the first half of the twentieth century.  The introduction of annual holidays towards the end of the nineteenth century.  Changing perceptions of the environment. Locations that were once viewed as hostile were now seen as attractive.  An increasing desire to travel. This was related partly to improvements in education and also to greater overseas travel, which was mainly the result of war. This created interest in foreign locations and also overseas business travel. 2.2 The contribution of tourism towards development

Tourism is not limited only to activities in the accommodation and hospitality sector, transportation sector and entertainment sector with visitor attractions, such as, theme parks, amusement parks, sports facilities, museums etc., but tourism and its management are closely connected to all major functions, processes and procedures that are practiced in various areas related to tourism as a system. Also, tourism industry involves the functions of planning, organizing, coordinating, training and monitoring-evaluating at all levels (international, national, regional, local). Therefore, tourism integrated into the functional unit of the economy (Simoni & Mihai, 2012). Although people had always travelled not only for leisure purposes or for relaxation, there had also been those who had travelled for entertainment and business purposes, either to a meeting, conference, workshop, event and etc., and these people or tourists had contributed to the growth of the destinations they had visited directly or indirectly, and at large developed the event tourism industry as a whole.

The major benefit of tourism for a region or country is economic as it provides an opportunity for job creation and generation of revenue at international, national, regional and local levels. Tourism can also benefit economies at regional and local levels, as money comes into urban and

6 rural areas which in turn stimulates new business enterprises and promotes a more positive image in an area (Cooper et al, 1993).

Another major direct economic effect of tourism relates to employment (Inskeep, 1991). The unemployment impact of tourism is diffused widely over the economy affecting almost all parts of the services and other sectors. The tourism industry is highly labor intensive service industry and hence, it is a valuable source of employment. It provides employment several times more than normal manufacturing industries. Several type of business firms such as hotels, motels, restaurants, transport agencies, travel agents, tour operators, gift shops, car and rickshaw drivers, guide etc flourish from tourism.

It employs large number of people and provides a wide range of jobs, which are intended from unskilled to highly specialized one. Then, there are other supporting industries, small and large, which in turn, cater to the needs of tourism industries directly, or indirectly providing and supplying the requirement of the tourists. The following list ranks various businesses, with the highest employer at the top: Food service, Entertainment, Accommodation, Automobile transportations, Public transportations and Travel arrangers

Tourism Impact on Balance of Payment. It is not only developing countries but also some developed countries that need to improve their balance of payments through tourism. Tourism is one of the most important export industries of Europe and America. It can make a vital contribution to narrow any trade deficits of any country.

Developing countries having a deficit balance of payments find it to their advantage to receive foreign tourists to compensate for negative trade balance (Mill, 1990). So tourism industry can play an important role in economic development for a developing country like India. It helps in improving the countries adverse balance of payment position because the tourism industry is the second largest export earner industry in the word.

Infrastructure Development and Tourism. Tourism necessities help in creation of infrastructure utilities and amenities, which are not only used by the visitors but become valuable to the local population as well. The economic importance of tourism in national economy can be

7 appreciated with reference to its contribution in infrastructure development (Mathieson & Wall, 1982).

Tourist arrivals in a country increase effective demand for the infrastructure facilities. The government must encourage the private sector to put up tourist infrastructure. An attempt must be made to develop infrastructure in a planned manner so as to avoid congestion, overcrowding and damage to the environment. That is where the role of the government is important.

Contribution of Tourism to National Income Tourism gives impetus to national income. International tourism and domestic tourism both have the same effect on the national income (Mill, 1990). Tourism has to pay for different types of services and goods in the host country. So tourism constitutes a demand for services and that of consumer goods.

The construction of accommodation, urbanization for tourist purpose, infrastructure installation, increased tourist transport and equipment etc. are the examples of how tourist transport encourages investment opportunities within the state. When tourists pay for goods and services in another country, these amounts are reflected as national travel receipts for such country.

Helpful in Reduction of Poverty

Almost all the developing countries are trapped in vicious circles of poverty with low per capital income and low national incomes. Tourism activities can reduce the poverty through the increase in national income, employment generation; foreign currency earnings, regional development, promotion of local handicrafts and many more (Mill & Morrison, 1992).

Tourism and Tax Earnings

Tourism activities increase the tax-revenue of the centre and the state governments (Gee et al., 1989). Many types of taxes are included in tourist-related goods and services. All tourist earnings increase many economic activities in the countries and these economic activities are a big source of taxable earnings for the governments.

Tourism has no doubt wage enormous economic impact on all sphere of the society to become one of the fattest growing industries globally (Aliyu, Abdul Kadir, & Aliyu, 2013). The strength

8 of tourism performance is obvious in poverty reduction, employment generation and income redistribution effect on rural communities (Kurian, Varadharajan, & Rajasekar, 2010). With the revolution in tourism industry, both the government and private entrepreneurs have started to optimize the opportunities of attracting tourists to their countries. In other to explore these numerous potentials that are inherent in tourism industry, many countries have started to design their regions, cities and states in a manner that will attract tourist and tourist investors (Gil & Ritchie, 2008). The development of tourism as an alternative revenue sources is the new strategy in most countries because of its multiplier effect on other sectors of the economy, creating large volume of job for both skilled and unskilled labor (Ayeni & Eboho, 2012).

Basically, the impacts of tourism are felt in a nation socially, environmentally and economically. At the society’s level, the benefits cut across peasants, artisans and even professionals irrespective of gender, race or age bracket. Environmentally, tourism has the potentials to conserve the natural environment, preserve antiquities, historical monuments and traditional behaviors such as culture, food, language, heritage, arts and crafts. And, economically, tourism creates wealth capable of stimulating both domestic and foreign earnings of any nation from direct activities or associated businesses (NTDMP, 2006).

The global picture naturally hides important heterogeneities among countries. The sector’s direct contribution to GDP, employment, income and foreign exchange earnings is greatest in developing countries that are largely dependent on tourism, such as many small islands developing States. In absolute terms, however, the economic impact of tourism is most significant in large and diversified economies such as the United States of America, China, Japan, France, Brazil, Spain and Italy. UNWTO estimates that “in advanced, diversified economies, the contribution of tourism to GDP ranges from approximately 2 per cent for countries where tourism is a comparatively small sector, to over 10 per cent where tourism is an important pillar of the economy”.

2.3 The tourism facilities and services

Hotel industry is one of the largest industries in the tourism sector which has played a vital role in the hospitality industry especially in providing tourist with the needed comfort in any tourist destination (Eja’Oto, Yaro, & Iyang, 2011). The history of success or otherwise of any tourism destination will be incomplete without the role of hospitality which is regard as vital ingredient of tourism facility. However, the standard and cost of this important tourism support services is still below international best practices in Nigeria (Eja et al., 2011).

Tourism infrastructure can be regarded as the physical elements that are designed and erected to cater for visitors. The strong relationship between tourism development and infrastructure has been theoretically established by a number of authors (Adebayo, Iweka, 2014).

In addition to this classification, literature often points to the classification of tourism infrastructure into four categories, namely: 1. Physical (Hotels, Motels, Restaurants, Transportation, Communication, Water, and Electricity); 2. Cultural (Culture, heritage, fairs and festivals, Local art and music, dress and dance, Language and food); 3. Service (Banking facilities, Travel agencies, Insurance agencies, Tourist guides); 4.Governance (Law and order machinery, Customs and immigration).

Kaul (1985) also recognizes the importance of infrastructure, more specifically transport as an essential component of successful tourism development in that it induces the creation of new attractions and the growth of existing ones. The Tourism Task Force (2003) of Australia asserts that infrastructure is a big part of the tourist equation. For instance it is posited that the transport system is responsible for connecting tourism-generating regions to tourism-destination regions as well as providing transport within the tourism destination. It should be easy to get to and around in tourism destinations. (Prideaux, 2000).

Transport infrastructure in this chain provides destination access to tourists from the international and domestic markets, and includes roads, airports, and railways. Social infrastructure relates to accommodation facilities in the form of rooms to accommodate tourists and other supporting physical structures for various kinds of activities and services that attract tourists. This infrastructure includes hotels, convention centers, stadiums, galleries, and other

10 necessary facilities. Environmental infrastructure is a natural value, and refers to national parks, marine parks, and reserves which visitors can tour. In addition to these three types of infrastructure, tourism infrastructure includes the shared infrastructure, made of a network of regional, state, and national tourism organizations on the market where there is a tourist destination, and is engaged in the distribution of tourism products (Tourism & Transport Forum, 2012).

Hotels the need for accommodation in different classes of hotels suiting the varying requirements of tourists is no less an important part of tourism infrastructure (Prideaux, 2000). An accommodation facility in the host country has become such an important part of tourist industry that it is now known as hotel industry by itself. Best possible room and restaurant services are in great demand for allure the tourists. Chair stores supplying fast food for locally prized items of art and craft work also exist either within hotel complexes or in collaboration with outside selling outlets.

Tourism resorts have also often been cited as an important attractor of tourism, especially for the high-class segment. Prideaux (2000) posited that a critical mass of public infrastructure (including transport) is essential for enabling the establishment of high-quality resorts in a country. If this critical mass is not available, the operators would have to incur these infrastructure costs, thereby adding to the capital and operating costs of tourism development and thus reducing competitiveness.

Prideaux (2000) says that beside the usual provision of high level facilities and comforts, the big international hotels have large conference halls, communication linkage with internet facilities, cooking and recreational environment and even health clubs. They have shopping marts and trading outlets. Rather there are hotels within a larger complex of hotels for exclusive use of their business inmates from rich countries like the USA or Japan. Yet they suit such tourists more because their tariff rate is lower as compared to the rates in New York, Paris, London or Tokyo in hotels of similar nature. At the other end, there are hotels located close to major airports offering short term accommodation and facilities to outgoing and incoming tourists.

Motel is a kind of hotel meant to serve especially the motor car tourists. We find them on the peripheries of cities and along busy highways (Prideaux, 2000).The greater use of car travelers in

11 recent decades has been responsible for growth in the number of motels and roadside kiosks providing readymade fast food. These are very common in the USA. The idea to open them along a highway is picking up swiftly in our country depending upon the number of passing vehicles and flow of tourist traffic. Motels are less expensive in proportion to the facilities they provide, for instance, they may provide cooking gas connections and facilities for self cooking.

Telecommunication infrastructure. Zhan-Wei Qiang and Pitt (2009) and Chakraborty and Nandi (2011), more recently, survey this literature. But it continues to grow. Most studies find a positive impact of telecommunication infrastructure on GDP, on growth—and also on labor productivity. As with other infrastructures, there is a debate on the precise magnitude of its contribution. But this is quite normal, the interdependency between fixed and mobile telephony for instance still requires a significant amount of regulation

2.4 Challenges to development of Tourism

Both the Government and private investors (domestic and foreign) are constraint in their investment drive due to some or all of the following predicaments (Aniah, 2006).

Current Markets

Industry representatives indicated that almost 99% of international tourism is business or conference related. The main generating markets are Great Britain, Europe, Africa/ India, and neighboring States (Eja, et al., 2012). Business tourism is also a mainstay of domestic tourism and “holiday taking culture” has yet to be developed (Bola, 2010). In view of the above visitors, the supporting infrastructural development is far below average for their comfort and taste both at the attraction sites and the intangible services such as; accommodation, transportation, food & beverages etc (Zeithaml et al, 1985). Therefore, they will rather prefer to stay put on their business concerns and or conference venue thus, drastically reducing the economy of scale that comes with these visits.

Tourism Development Components

The need for a strategic approach to tourism is identified as the most important factor in facilitating the development of sustainable tourism. Investment in tourism and particularly the

12 supporting infrastructure is considered to be a priority. The need for professional ground handling arrangements is also acknowledged (Gbadel, 2007). Tourism development is as old as history, but is a sector fondly remembers in theory rather than practice. There is no clear cut evolution of the sector and these greatly scarred away potential investors.

Lack of knowledge and awareness. In some countries there still is a fundamental lack of basic cognizance of the economic importance of tourism as an industry and its positive impact as a potential source of foreign exchange and employment (Mowforth and Munt, 1998).

Lack of technical knowhow and weak promotional activity. Even when that fundamental awareness is there in many cases there is generally a lack of tourism knowledge and professionals. Tourism as a modern industry is recent in the world. It is also a new and unfamiliar activity in many countries. Another related problem is the absent or weak publicity promotion and mass media exposure due, in many cases to the limited technological services available (Peters, 1999).

Lack of tourism related infrastructures. Many lack sufficient infrastructures necessary for the development of a successful tourism sector. Primary amongst these are hotels and lodging services, transportation and communication, safety and security and tourism information services. This makes it difficult to provide the standards of facilities and services which tourists require (Ray, 2008).

Lack of tourism investment. While investment in services is a well-established economic activity in the developed countries, it is still lagging behind in developing ones. Investment in service orientated projects particularly tourism in developing countries is often regarded as a high risk task. Accordingly, though they may have a natural tourism potential, it is very difficult for many poor and least developed countries to gain access to reasonable financing for their touristic projects even when they manage to tackle the problems of projects identification and planning (Sharpley. and Telfer, 2000).

Lack of consistent tourism strategies and policies. In many countries there are still difficulties in getting integrated tourism policy making due, in general to policy conflicts between the government departments and the tourism policy making due in general, to policy conflicts

13 between the government departments and the tourism private agencies. This is coupled in many cases with lack of effective administration regulations and institutional frameworks of touristic activity (Shaw and Williams, 1994)

Lack of tourism diversification. For many years international tourisms has been characterized by its concentration in coastal or water course areas, and in summer for rest, relaxation and leisure. However, modern touristic activity has shown a growing tendency towards diversification and change. This makes it difficult for many countries, including those which a relatively developed tourism sector, to keep pace with the rapidly changing and complex requirements of tourists. In a highly competitive international tourism market and considering the emergence of new tourists’ destinations, improvement of the conditions that foster modern tourism development is not an easy process (Wall and Mathieson, 2006).

CHAPTER THREE

STUDY AREA AND METHODS

3.0 Introduction In this part of research, the researcher has given an account of how the research study was carried out. It comprises of the research design, area of study, study population, sampling strategies and sample size, data quality control, data collection, limitations to the study and ethical considerations.

3.1 Research design

The study adopted a descriptive research design involving both qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative method was used for data collection mainly in order to meet the research objectives because it’s simple to use and can cover a wide range of people thus getting enough information and the quantitative was applied in data analysis. The descriptive design also facilitated reviewing of secondary data, and the key informants to effectively obtain the required information.

Questionnaires contained both open ended and closed ended questions. Respondents who were able to read and write and preferred to take the questionnaires took them and the researcher went around collecting them.

3.2 Area of study The study was conducted in Tororo near the rock in the Eastern Part of Uganda. Tororo District is occupied by various stake tribes such as Basoga, Iteso, Bagwere, Basamia, Bagisu and Japadhola (the original in habitants), making the biggest population. From the above proceeding composition, it should be noted that the study area is multicultural in nature and densely populated supporting a number of businesses and trade activities. The researcher picked interest in studying about the contribution of Tororo rock towards tourism development in Tororo District because the area receives few tourists yet it has a number of tourism features.

Figure 1: Map showing location and coverage of Tororo municipal council.

3.3 Population of study and sample size The study population comprised of tour guides, hotel managers, local government officials and tourists in Tororo. The researcher used this population because they are reliable to give correct information on the topic of study.

3.4.1 Sample size

The researcher derived a sample of 50 respondents. The study employed purposive sampling design to identify potential respondents in Tororo municipality, Tororo District. Questionnaires were the main research instrument. A total of 50 questionnaires were administered to potential respondents.

3.4.2 Sampling strategy The researcher used simple random and purposive sampling in selecting the respondents in order to understand more about the area of study. Using these methods, all respondents with in Tororo District were considered to have prior knowledge to the subject of study. With simple random and purposive sampling, there existed an equal opportunity of selecting respondents that had great knowledge about the contribution of Tororo rock to development in Tororo District. The hotel managers and tour guides at Tororo rock acted as key respondents in the study because they were considered to have prior information about tourism in the area.

3.5 Data collection methods and tools The research employed both quantitative and qualitative methods which were used to obtain data on the objectives and scope of the study.

3.5.1 Collection tools

Interviews

Through face to face interactions and purposive conversations between the researcher and the respondents, the researcher obtained the necessary information which was required from the respondents. Structured interviews were used and each respondent was asked similar questions. There was use of key informants and thus interview guides were used. This method was used to the respondents who could not read or write.

Secondary data sources

The researcher also used written literature about the study topic for instance books, magazines, reports and newspapers which helped in the generation of the information that was needed for the research topic.

Questionnaires

Self-administered questionnaires were used whereby the researcher distributed them to the respondents on an informed consent. The main purpose of the questionnaires was to extract the respondents’ experience to which they were exposed. These were used to capture opinions of the respondents about the study and this worked with those who were literate. Questionnaires were mainly provided to quantitative data. The researcher distributed questionnaires to the respondents and requested them to complete them accordingly. This gave them adequate time to respond at their own convenience.

3.6 Data quality control The researcher prepared pre-test tools such as questionnaires and interview guides which were given to a sample of five respondents to check for credibility, and then final questionnaires were distributed to all the respondents after ensuring that they had understood the quality of data required from them.

3.7 Data Analysis The findings were processed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The finding from the field were then edited, tabulated and then described in line with the research objectives and literature reviewed to attach meaning to figures in the table, and then explored to obtain systematic explanations and logical conclusions. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used to enter and analyze data and presentation of findings was simplified in a tabular form, Pie Charts and bar graphs.

3.8 Ethical consideration The respondents were assured of privacy, maximum confidentiality, and questions that compromised of privacy to the respondents were avoided. The researcher gave privacy the first

18 priority and in order to avoid suspicion and the low response rates, the researcher first got permission from the respondents.

3.9 Limitations of the Study

There were some hardship in funding the research requirements throughout the research period, for example, transport costs, secretarial services and other costs.

There was fear of the limited time offered for the exercise, therefore, the researcher had to forego other activities for the sake of carrying out research in a period specified.

Climatic conditions like too much sunshine and at the same time heavy rainfall limited the researcher’s movements from one place to another while collecting data. So the researcher was ready for any weather changes.

Unwillingness to respond, like any other primary survey, some respondents rejected the interviews and among those who offered to cooperate, some responses were not accurate.

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION 4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the findings of the study on the contribution of Tororo Rock towards tourism development in Tororo District. The findings are related to the objectives of the study which include the contribution of tourism towards development in Tororo District, challenges to development of Tourism in Tororo District and the tourism facilities and services around Tororo rock.

The chapter presents findings from 50 respondents who were tour guides, hotel managers, local government officials and tourists.

4.2 Demographic characteristics of the respondents.

4.2.1 Sex of the respondents The table below shows the sex of the respondent who were interviewed by the research

Table 1: Showing the Sex of Respondents

Frequency Percent (%)

Male 31 62.0

Female 19 38.0

Total 50 100.0

Source: Primary Data

According to the table 1 above, most of the respondents 31(62%) were female and 19(38%) were male. This made the researcher to get reliable information about the study topic because more men work at the rock of Tororo than women though the rock benefits everyone in the community.

4.2.2 Age structure of the respondents

The study also examined the age brackets of the respondents to know their age. Table 2: Age of the respondents

Age category Frequency Percent (%)

20-29 7 14.0

30-39 16 32.0

40-49 26 52.0

50+ 01 2.0

Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary Data

According to table 2, 52% of the respondents were between 40-49 years which were the majority. 32% were between 30-39 years, 14% were between 20-29 years and the least was 50 and above with 2%.

4.2.3 Education levels of the respondents

The education level of respondents was also considered important and therefore worth examining. The study wanted to examine the correlation between the levels of education attained by the respondents and their views towards tourism development in Tororo.

Table 3: Education levels of respondents

Level of education Frequency Percent (%)

Certificate 9 18.0

Diploma 17 34.0

Degree 19 38.0

Others 5 10.0

Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary Data

According to the table above, most of the respondents 19(38%) had attained degrees from different universities. The education level also comprised of 17(34%) respondents with diplomas, 9(18%) with certificate and 5(10%) with other qualifications or none. This shows that most of the respondents were educated and had the capacity to understand questionnaires and answer them accordingly.

4.2.4 Nationality of the respondents

Nationality of the respondents was another interest to the researcher in the sense that it explains the extent of how people travel from different parts of the world to visit Tororo Rock. Therefore, it was investigated and the following table shows the responses.

Table 4: Nationality of the respondents

Nationality Frequency Percent (%)

Ugandan 35 70.0

Dutch 6 12.0

Australian 5 10.0

Kenyan 4 8.0

Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary Data

According to the table above 70% of the respondents which is the biggest percentage were Ugandans, 12% of the respondents were Dutch and 10% were Australians while 8% were from Kenya. The 35% Ugandans included district officials, hotel managers, and tour guides at Tororo Rock while all the Dutch, Australian and Kenyans were tourists to the rock.

Figure 2: Tourists who have ever visited Tororo District before

Have you ever visisted Tororo District before?

40%

60% Yes No

Source: Primary Data

The study found out that most of the respondents 60% have ever visited Tororo District. This shows that they enjoyed the tourism attractions in Tororo which made them to come back. 40% of the respondents were first time visitors.

Figure 3: Are the infrastructure in Tororo improving

7 7

4 3 3 3 2 2

0 SA A D SA

Source: Primary Data

The tourists who have ever visited Tororo District asserted that the infrastructure in Tororo is improving. Most of the respondents (7) agreed that the infrastructure in Tororo is improving and 3 respondents strongly agreed while 3 disagreed and 2 strongly disagreed.

4.3 Contribution of tourism towards development in Tororo District

Table 5: How the rock contributes to development of tourism Statement SA A D SD Development of infrastructure 15 (43.0%) 9(26.0%) 4(11.0%) 7(20%) It leads to development of tourism 11(31.0%) 13(37.0%) 9(26.0%) 2(6%) destinations It provides employment opportunities to 21(60.0%) 6(17.0%) 3(9.0%) 5(14.0%) the community Helps to open new business in the area 14(40.0%) 8(23.0%) 1(3.0%) 12(34.0%) Tourism impacts on Balance of Payment 13(37.0%) 11(31.0%) 8(23.0%) 3(9.0%) Reduction of poverty 6(17.0%) 8(23%) 14(40%) 7(20%) Provides market to products in the 20(57.0%) 11(31.0%) 4(12.0%) 00 community Source: Primary Data

Tororo Rock has a lot of contributions to the development of Tororo District as seen in table 5 where SA means strongly agree, A – agree, D-Disagree, and SD- strongly disagree. Most of the respondents 15(43.0%) strongly agreed that the rock has lead to development of infrastructure in Tororo District, 9(26.0%) agreed, 4(11.0%) disagreed while 7(20.0%) strongly disagreed.

Furthermore it was opined that the rock has lead to development of tourism attractions like hotels, the golf course, cultural site in Mulanda sere paya, Stone quarrying activities, cement industries and Rivers Malaba and Aturukuku. Most of the respondents 13(37.0%) agreed, 11(31.0%) strongly agreed, 9(26.0%) disagreed while 2(6.0%) strongly disagreed. Those who disagreed stressed that there is no development done on other tourism attractions in the area to improve them as tourism destinations.

It was also found out that the rock provides employment to the community. Most of the respondents 21(60.0%) strongly agreed that the rock provides jobs to the community because many people practice quarrying on the rock, others work as tour guides, others work in the cement industries to mention but a few. 6(17%) of the respondents agreed with the rock providing employment to the community, 3(9%) disagreed while 5(14.0%) strongly disagreed.

The study stressed that the rock helps to open new businesses in the area. Most of the respondents 14(40.0%) strongly agreed with the rock helping to open new businesses in the area and 8(23.0%) agreed. It was also observed by the researcher that hotels, markets and other tourism related business are opened in the area to cater for the needs of the tourist. However 12(34.0%) of the respondents strongly disagreed and 1(3.0%) disagreed on the ground that the area receives few tourists who can’t facilitate the costs of big Hotels in Tororo Town.

The study also found out that the rock improves the BOP of the country through getting foreign exchange. Most of the respondents 13(37.0%) strongly agreed that foreign tourists pay money to the government which improves our balance of payment and 11(31.0%) agreed. However 8(23%) and 3(9.0%) agreed and strongly agreed respectively on the ground that the rock receives few tourists and some of the tourists can access the rock without paying. Therefore there is need to monitor new people who climb the rock in order to make them pay.

The study opined that the rock has helped in the reduction of poverty in Tororo on the ground that people are getting jobs from industries which use the rock as its raw materials. People also sell fruits to tourists and people who work at the rock. 6(17.0%) of the respondents strongly agreed, 8(23.0%) agreed and most of the respondents 14(40.0%) disagreed on the ground that most of the youth in Tororo are unemployed and have no more with the existence of the rock.

Last but not least, the rock provides market to products in the community for example some people sell food, fruits and crafts to tourists to the rock. Most of the respondents 20(57.0%) strongly agree that tourists and workers of the rock buy food and fruits from the community, they sleep in the hotels in Tororo Town and buy different products from supermarkets in Tororo. 11(31.0%) agreed while only 4(12.0%) disagreed.

Table 6: Contributions of tourism to development of Tororo District

Response Frequency Percentage (%) It has attracted development of industries 8 23.0% Improved security in the area 11 31.0% Conservation of natural resources 4 11.0% Promotion of educational services 2 6.0% Community relationship with tourists 3 9.0% Preservation of culture 7 20.0% Total 35 100.0% Source: Primary Data

Tourism contributes to development of Tororo in different ways as seen in table 6. Most of the respondents 11(31.0%) opined that tourism has improved the security of the area. Since Tororo municipality is responsible for the tourists who visit the rock they have recruited security guards to ensure the safety of tourists.

It was also opined that Tororo rock has attracted the development of industries and hotels. The place has industries like Tororo cement, a number of hotels like Rock classic hotel, Prime hotel, Piedmont hotel to mention but a few. This was given by 8(23.0%) of the respondents.

Furthermore, 7(20%) of the respondents stressed that tourism leads to preservation of culture in a way that some local people perform cultural dances and sing traditional songs for the tourists and they give them some little money.

There is also preservation of natural resources like the rock it’s self and hills which can be used to make cement, construct roads and build houses. 4(11.0%) of the respondents stressed that because of tourism the natural resources like rocks, rivers and hills are protected for the tourists to view and fee to the municipal council.

It was also stressed by 3(9.0%) of the respondents that tourism enhances community relationship with tourists. This helps them to share ideas and opinions which can lead to development if the ideas shared from the different tourists are put into action.

Lastly, 2(6.0%) of the respondents stressed that the rock promotes educational services since children from different schools tour the rock at a low cost. It was also stressed that the entrance

27 fee to the rock is used to build schools in the community and to set up different projects like borehole projects, toilets, and gardens in those schools.

Table 7: Tourism attractions available in Tororo

Response Frequency Percentage (%) Rivers Malaba and Aturukuku 11 32.0 Tororo cement industry 8 23.0 Cultural sites 6 17.0 Malaba Boarder 4 12.0 Osukuru hills 2 6.0 Hippopotamus 1 4.0 Birds 2 6.0 Total 35 100.0 Source: Primary Data

Tororo District is endowed with a number of tourism attractions which include Rivers; Malaba and Aturukuku which were given by most of the respondents 11(32.0%), 8(23.0%) say the district has industries like Tororo Cement which are always visited by different schools in the country, 6(17.0%) of the respondents say Tororo has a cultural site which also attracts tourists like the one at Mulanda sere paya. 4(12.0%) of the respondents talked about Malaba Boarder because it is a busy place thus it also attracts tourists, Osukuru hills were also mentioned by 2(6.0%) respondents and 2(6.0%) also talked about the different bird species on the rock to be of great interest to the tourists and only 1(4.0%) respondents talked about the hippopotamus in river Malaba.

Table 8: How do the different tourism attractions contribute to development of tourism in Tororo District?

Response Frequency Percentage (%) Source of revenue to the local community 8 23.0 Increase on tourism products 5 14.0 Provision of water to the locals and tourists 4 11.0 Improvement of roads in the area 7 20.0 Creation of tourism facilities 3 9.0 They are unique and attract visitors 6 17.0 They attract tourism investments 2 6.0 Total 35 100.0 Source: Primary Data

The tourism attractions in Tororo contribute to development of tourism in different ways as mentioned in the table above. Most of the respondents 8(23.0%) stressed that tourism attractions are sources of revenue to the local Community since school children pay two thousand (2000 shillings) per head and adult Ugandans pay 5000 shillings per head. This money can be used to run different activities in the district like road construction, water projects, education services, rubbish collection and improvement of sanitation of the district.

Besides that, 7(20.0%) of the respondents stressed that the tourism attractions have lead to improvement of roads in the area like the road which goes to the cultural site was improved because of the site and this benefits the community.

The study also found out that some attractions like the cultural site are unique thus attracting visitors from different parts of the world. 6(17.0%) stressed that some of the tourism destination cannot be found anywhere in the world hence marketing Tororo as a tourism destination.

The attractions in Tororo increase on tourism products in the district in that when a tourist comes he/she will view different tourism destination within the same locality meaning the rock is a sightseeing point. This was mentioned by 5(14.0%) of the respondents on the ground that tourists visit Tororo with an aim of viewing all the destinations there using little money.

It is also seen that the Rivers Malaba and Aturukuku provide water to the locals and tourists in Tororo. This was mentioned by 4(11%) of the respondents on the ground that rivers help in watering plants during dry seasons and people can also get water for home consumption and animal use.

It was also opined that the tourism attractions in Tororo have lead to creation of tourism facilities which include hotels, guest houses, electricity in the area and good roads. This was given by 3(9.0%) of the respondents on the ground that tourism attractions will lead to development of tourism related facilities in order to get more tourists. Lastly 2(6.0%) stressed that tourism attractions attract tourism investment.

Figure 4: Do people of Tororo benefit from the rock

Do people of Tororo benefit from the rock?

11%

Yes 89% No

Source: Primary Data

From figure 3 it was found out that people of Tororo benefit from the rock. This was supported by 89% of the respondents who ticked yes while 11% of the respondents ticked no. Those who said yes stressed that people get jobs on the rock and other get minerals which makes them attain income.

Table 9: How do people of Tororo benefit from the rock

Benefits Frequency Percentage (%) Mineral exploitation 7 20.0 Job employment 8 23.0 Income generation 3 9.0 Firewood 5 14.0 Improved service delivery 4 11.0 Body fitness 1 3.0 Promotion of education with in the area 1 3.0 Improved climate 2 6.0 Telecommunication Masts 4 11.0 Total 35 100.0 Source: Primary Data

People of Tororo benefit from the rock in various ways as seen in table 9. Most of the respondents 8(23.0%) stressed that the rock provides employment to the people of Tororo. Many people work in Tororo cement industry which gets its raw materials from the rock, other people work as tour guides, security guards and porters at the rock. It was also stressed that the rock provides market to products of local people like fruits, food and art craft which is also a job to people who sell them.

It was also opined by 7(20.0%) of the respondents that the rock provides minerals to the community which helps them get income. Stone quarrying is one of the activities that take place at the rock. It was seen that the raw materials used by Tororo cement to make cement and limestone is from Tororo Rock.

The study found out that the community also collects firewood from the rock since it has trees on top. 5(14.0%) of the respondents stressed that the community members benefit from the rock by collection firewood for fuel.

It was also stressed by 4(11.0%) of the respondents that because of the rock, there is improved service delivery since the council constructed roads to help in the transportation of stones and tourists to the rock. The funds from the rock have also been used to improve on the community schools in the area thus improving on the education services.

Furthermore, since the rock is raised, telecommunication companies, radios and TVs have constructed Telecommunication Masts on the top to facilitate communication in the area. Radio stations such as Rock mambo and Telecom companies such as Uganda telecom have constructed there masts on top. 4(11.0%) of respondents stressed that the telecom companies pay a lot of money to the municipality for their mast to be on the rock top hence increasing on the income of the district.

The rock helps the community to generate income from it since the tourists who visit pay money to the municipal council. This was opined by 3(9.0%) of the respondents who said that people who do gain directly also sell their products to people who work on the rock.

It was also opined that since the rock has vegetation, it helps to modify the climate of the area. This was said by 2(6.0%) of the respondents who stressed that the vegetation on the rock helps to generate rain for the farmers’ crops.

Furthermore, 1(3.0%) of the respondents stressed that money collected from tourists who visit the rock is used in promoting education within the area. They build and improve different community schools in the area.

Lastly, 1(3.0%) of the respondents stressed that climbing the rock helps to improve on body fitness and health of the people. This is why sports men and the youth always climb it.

4.4 Tourism facilities and services around Tororo rock

Table 10: Tourism facilities observed by tourists

Tourism facilities Frequency Percentage (%) Rivers 3 20 Tororo golf course 1 7 Osukuru hill 4 26 Air strip 2 13 Inselburgs 1 7 Vegetation 3 20 Birds 1 7 Total 15 100.0 Source: Primary Data

The tourists in Tororo District observed a number of tourism facilities which included Osukuru Hill which was given by 4(26%) respondents, vegetation by 3(20) respondents, Rivers; Malaba and Aturukuku by 3(20%), the Airstrip by 2(13%) respondents and lastly Tororo golf course, inselburgs, different bird species each given by 1(7%) respondents.

Table 11: Are Tourism facilities adequate for tourism development

Are Tourism facilities adequate SA A D SD Transport infrastructure 16(46.0%) 8(23.0%) 7(20.0%) 4(11.0%) Hotels 18(51.0%) 6(17.0%) 4(11.0%) 7(20.0%) Tourism resorts 7(20.0%) 8(23.0%) 16(46.0%) 4(11.0%) Water 15(43.0%) 10(29.0%) 7(20.0%) 3(9.0%) Electricity 17(49.0%) 9(26.0%) 6(17.0%) 3(9.0%) Telecommunication infrastructure 13(37.0%) 12(34.0%) 8(23.0%) 2(6.0%) Security 21(60.0%) 12(34.0) 2(6.0%) 00 Banking services 10 (29.0%) 11(31.0%) 9(26.0%) 5(14.0%) Culture of the area 18(51.0%) 12(34.0%) 3(9.0%) 2(6.0%) Travel agencies 7(20.0%) 14(40.0%) 10(29.0%) 4(11.0%) Tourism board 6(17.0%) 4(11.0%) 16(46.0%) 9(26.0%) Trained workers to handle tourists 7(20.0%) 9(26.0%) 13(37.0%) 6(17.0%) Source: Primary Data

Some of the tourism facilities are adequate for tourism development in Tororo District as shown in table 11. SA means strongly agree, Agree, D-Disagree, SD- Strongly agree. Most of the respondents 46% strongly agreed that transport infrastructures are adequate in the district since the area has improved roads and an airstrip which can facilitate air transport, 51% strongly agreed that Tororo has a number of good hotels like Rock classic hotel, Crystal hotel, Prime hotel, Piedmont hotel and Green meadows which are adequate to facilitate tourists in Tororo. However 46% of the respondents disagreed with Tourism resorts being adequate in the area.

The study further stressed that water is adequate in the area and 43% of the respondents strongly agreed, 49% of the respondents strongly agreed that the area has adequate electricity that’s why it is able to even facilitate the smooth running of industries like Tororo cement, 37% strongly agreed that the telecommunication infrastructure are stable in the district since there are telecommunication masts on the rock, 60% of the respondents strongly agreed that the security of the area is stable and therefore it can facilitate security and safety of the tourists. 31% of the respondents agreed that the area has stable banking services, 51% strongly agreed that tourists enjoy the culture of the area since they even have a cultural site, 40% of the respondents agreed that the area has travel agencies, 46% disagreed with the tourism board being in Tororo, and 37% disagreed with the area having trained workers to handle tourists.

Table 12: What can be done to improve Tororo as a tourism destination?

Improving Tororo Frequency Percentage (%) Increased publicity 4 27.0 Employing skilled workers 3 20.0 Improving tourism infrastructure 2 13.0 Extensive marketing 5 33.0 Tourism diversification 1 7.0 Total 15 100.0 Source: Primary Data

The study established a number of ways of improving Tororo as a tourism destination as seen in table 12. Most of the respondents 5(33%) stressed the need for extensive marketing of the tourism attractions in Tororo. This can be done using different communication networks like radios, TVs and the internet. Related to that 4(27%) call for increased publicity of the tourism attractions in Tororo. Most of the people are not informed about the destinations in Tororo.

The study established the need for employing skilled workers who can handle tourist needs. This was given by 3(20%) of the respondents on the ground that the rock has no trained tour guides who can explain to tourists about the attraction.

The study recommends for the improvement of tourism infrastructure such as roads, communication masts, hotels and others to mention but a few. 2(13%) of the respondents stressed that improved infrastructure will attract more tourists in the area.

The study also established the need for tourism diversification in Tororo. 1(7%) of the respondents stressed the need to establish more tourism destinations in the area so as to attract more tourists.

Figure 5: Does the area have good roads

Does the area have good roads?

43%

57% No Yes

Source: Primary Data

Figure 4 above, shows majority of respondents represented by 57% agree that Tororo District has good roads to facilitate movement of tourists while 43% of the respondents disagreed with the area having good roads and they recommended for the need to improve the roads.

Table 13: Advice to stakeholders to improve the roads

What should be done Frequency Percentage (%) Allocating contracts to right people 6 40.0 Improving infrastructure 2 13.0 Improving the tourism base 4 27.0 Proper use of funds 3 20.0 Total 15 100.0 Source: Primary Data

From table 13 the government or municipal council of Tororo is advised to improve the roads in different ways. Most of the respondents 6(40%) advised that stakeholders should allocate contracts to the right people so as to avoid corruption, 4(27%) of the respondents talked about improving the tourism base so that to generate more money which can be used on roads, 3(20%) of the respondents recommended for proper use of funds since there is a lot of corruption in road construction and lastly the study recommends the need for the improvement of other

35 infrastructure like hospitals, industries and schools. This was given by 2(13%) on the ground that other infrastructure like industries will improve the roads.

Table 14: Improved hotels in the area

Improved hotels Frequency Percentage (%) Rock classic hotel 5 33.0 Crystal hotel 3 20.0 Prime hotel 1 7.0 Green meadows 2 13.0 Piedmont hotel 4 27.0 Total 15 100.0 Source: Primary Data

There are a number of good hotels in Tororo municipality as seen in table 14. Most of the tourists 5(33%) mentioned Rock Classic hotel and 3(27%) mentioned Piedmont Hotel. The others include Crystal Hotel, Green Meadows and Prime Hotel.

4.5 Challenges to development of tourisms in Tororo District

Table 15: Challenges to development of tourism

SA A D SD Challenges to development Lack of knowledge 41 (82.0%) 9 (18.0%) 00 00 Weak marketing techniques 5(10.0%) 28(56.0%) 14(28.0%) 3(6.0%) Lack of tourism investment 32 (64.0%) 12(24.0%) 2 (4.0%) 4 (8.0%) Poor government policies to promote 36(72.0%) 7(14.0%) 6 (12.0%) 1 (2.0%) tourism Lack of tourism diversification 3(6.0%) 30(60.0%) 11(22.0%) 6(12.0%) Poor security in the area 9(18.0%) 35(70.0%) 5(10.0%) 1(2.0%) Lack of knowledge on the benefits of 4(8.0%) 15(30.0%) 30(60.0%) 1(2.0%) tourism Source: Primary Data

Tourism in Tororo is faced with a number of challenges which limit its development as seen in table 4 were SA means strongly agree, A –Agree, D-Disagree and SD- Strongly Disagree. Most of the respondents 41(82%) strongly agreed that there is lack of Knowledge by the people running the tourism destination which affects marketing, management and other tourism activities in the area, 56% agreed with marketing techniques to affect the development of tourism in Tororo, 32(64%) strongly agreed that there is lack of tourism investment in the area in that

36 little money is invested into the attractions, 36(72%) strongly agreed with poor government policies limiting the development of tourism in Tororo District, 30(60%) of the respondents agreed that lack of tourism diversification is also a challenge to tourism development, 35(70%) of the respondents agreed that poor security in the area also limits tourist numbers because its stated clearly on the payment receipt that if you get any accident while climbing the rock, the council is not responsible. However most of the respondents 30(60%) disagreed with lack of knowledge on the benefits of tourism affecting tourism development because the council knows all its benefits and they always collect payments from tourists who visit there.

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Contribution of tourism towards development in Tororo District

The study established that tourism is of great importance to Tororo District and the country at large since it leads to the development of infrastructure like roads, schools, electricity, hotels, communication and others to mention but a few. The town clerk stressed that roads to tourism destinations in Tororo are improved to ease movement and this benefits everyone in the community. It was also supported by Mathieson & Wall (1982) that the economic importance of tourism in national economy can be appreciated with reference to its contribution in infrastructure development.

The study also opined that because of tourism diversity, the tourism attractions in Tororo lead to development of other tourism destinations. It is witnessed that because of the rock, we now have a cultural site, many improved hotels and others to mention but a few.

Photo 1: Tororo golf course

The study found out that tourism creates employment opportunities to the community members since some people work at tourism attractions as tour guides, security guards and others who are

38 not employed directly sell different products like food, fruits and art crafts to earn a living. This was also supported by Cooper et al, 1993, that the major benefit of tourism for a region or country is economic as it provides an opportunity for job creation and generation of revenue at international, national, regional and local levels.

The study stressed that tourism helps in generation of revenue to the district and the country at large since each tourist who visits the destinations in Tororo has to pay a fee. This widens the tax base of the district which can help it to plan for other activities and projects using the revenue from tourism. As opined by Gee et al., 1989 that tourism activities increase the tax-revenue of the centre and the state governments.

Photo 2: The cave below the rock

The study further found out that tourism helps to open new businesses in the area like the hotels, bars, restaurants and other tourism sites since it provides market to them. This will lead to development of the area because the new businesses don’t only benefit the tourists, but also the community at large.

The study further found out that tourism impacts on Balance of Payment since some tourists come from abroad. This was also supported by Mill (1990) that developing countries having a deficit balance of payments find it to their advantage to receive foreign tourists to compensate for negative trade balance.

The study stressed that tourism reduces of poverty in the community since people are allow to do trade in the tourism destinations and it provides market to products in the community. This was also supported by Mill & Morrison (1992) that tourism activities can reduce the poverty through the increase in national income, employment generation; foreign currency earnings, regional development, promotion of local handicrafts and many more.

It was also found out that the tourism in Tororo District has attracted development of industries, improved security in the area, conservation of natural resources, promotion of educational services, strengthening of community relationships with tourists, and preservation of culture.

The tourism attractions available in Tororo include Rivers; Malaba and Aturukuku, Cultural sites, Tororo cement industry, Malaba Boarder, Osukuru hills, Hippopotamuses and the different bird species which all attract tourists to the area. The different tourism attractions contribute to the development of tourism in Tororo District by attracting tourism investments, sources of revenue to local communities and the municipality, increased tourism products in the area, provision of water to the locals and tourists, improvement of roads in the area, creation of tourism facilities and are unique thus attract visitors.

The study established that the people of Tororo benefit from the rock in different ways by exploiting minerals in the rock, constructing Telecommunication Masts, income generation, firewood collection, improved service delivery, body fitness, promotion of education within the area, modification of the climate and job employment.

5.2 Tourism facilities and services around Tororo rock

The study established that the area has a number of Tourism facilities which were observed by tourists. They included different bird species, Rivers, Tororo golf course, Osukuru hills, Air strip, Inselburgs and Vegetation types.

Photo 3: A View of Osukuru hills from green meadows

Photo 4: A view of the golf course from the rock trail

Photo 5: The trail that leads to the top of the rock The adequate Tourism facilities in Tororo include transport infrastructure, hotels, water, electricity, and culture of the area, security, banking services, Travel agencies and telecommunication infrastructure while the inadequate ones include Tourism resorts, Tourism board and trained workers to handle tourists.

The study established that a lot needs to be done to improve the tourism destinations in Tororo. The study recommends the need for tourism diversification, employment of skilled workers, and improvement of tourism infrastructure, extensive marketing and increased publicity.

The study advised stakeholders to improve the roads by allocating contracts to right people, improving other infrastructure like electricity, improving the tourism base, and proper use of funds in road construction.

The study found out that there are many improved hotels in the area which include Piedmont hotel, Rock classic hotel, Crystal hotel, Prime hotel and Green meadows.

5.3 Challenges to development of tourism in Tororo District

The study established a number of challenges to development of tourism in Tororo District which include; lack of knowledge and awareness. Since most of the administrators of Tororo district don’t know how the district is endowed with different resources and features which can attract tourists, they give little concern to tourism as an economic venture which can help to generate income to the district.

The study opined that there are weak marketing techniques of the tourism destinations and attractions in Tororo since no one is employed to market them. Furthermore, marketing is also difficult because most of the tourism products in Tororo are of poor quality, high costs of marketing and poor infrastructure.

It was also established that there is lack of tourism investments since no money is invested in by the government to improve on the tourism destinations in the area. There is need to invest money to improve on the tourism destinations in Tororo and other tourism related infrastructure.

It was also found out that the poor government policies to promote tourism in Tororo District don’t support tourism development. A lot of effect is put one education, health, trade and industries while tourism is left behind in the area.

The study established that the lack of tourism diversification also affects tourism development. There are no new tourism destinations discovered in Tororo district yet the existing ones can’t satisfy the tourism market. There is need to identify and establish new tourism destinations in the area.

It was established that tourism development is affected by poor security in the area in that tourists fear to climb the rock because it’s stated in the letters that they climb at their own risk. This makes tourists fear climbing the rock which is a tourist attraction..

5.4 Conclusion

In conclusion, the rock is of great importance to the community and the country at large since it provides minerals which are used for manufacturing of cement, job employment to the people, opening of new businesses, generation of revenue and provision of market for different products in the community. In regard to the study findings, the rock is relevant to tourism development in Tororo District because it is near a cultural site and rivers and it has vegetation on top which can attract tourists to the country if the rock is well marketed. In conclusion, government and other stakeholders should support the development Tororo Rock as a tourist attraction if the tourism industry is to develop in Uganda. 5.5 Recommendations of the findings

In order for the tourism in Tororo to perform better, product diversification should be done and avoid over reliance on natural attractions to encourage more return trips by the tourists.

Tourism businesses have to market specific products and services on which they have adequate knowledge so as to enhance quality service delivery.

Tour packages for the local population at affordable prices should be developed so that they can also get involved in tourism. This will change the perception of the locals about tourism being only for the foreigners.

The local population should be sensitized about conservation of resources to achieve sustainable tourism.

Investment and financing should be emphasized to develop and promote quality and sustainable tourism products, and provide significant beneficial impacts to local communities.

Tourism businesses should carry out competitor analysis in order to strengthen their businesses after realizing their competitive advantages.

The researcher recommends the government to set up strict laws on local people quarrying the rock for stones. This will help to conserve the rock and hence promote tourism in Tororo.

Tourism destinations should be given financial assistance from the Ministry of Tourism, wildlife and antiquities and NGOs and other bodies to accomplish their wide programs which include marketing, improvement of infrastructure, training of workers, improvement of the security, and recruitment of skilled and competent workers.

The study recommends for more training in form of seminars and workshops to the workers at the tourism sites. According to research, most of the workers use school experience but have never been taught how to handle tourists at destinations. There is need to recruit more trained workers in the tourism industry than using people who are not trained.

There is need for marketing the tourism destination in Tororo worldwide. Marketing can be done by the use of the internet, trip advisors, TVs, radios and websites. This will attract more tourists and also increase on the revenue earned by Tororo District.

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APPENDIX 1: QUESTIONNAIRES FOR TOURISTS Dear respondent,

I am MUKADE BENA, a student at Makerere University pursuing a Bachelor’s Degree in Tourism undertaking research on THE CONTRIBUTION OF TORORO ROCK TOWARDS TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN TORORO MUNICIPALITY, TORORO DISTRICT. The questionnaire is intended specifically for academic purposes and is highly confidential.

SECTIONA: BACKGROUND INFORMATION

In this section, tick in the box or fill in your response provided as appropriate.

1) Sex 5) Nationality

a) Male ……………………………………………..

b) Female

2) Age of respondents

a) 20-29

b) 30-39

c) 40-49

d) 50+ 4) Highest level of education

a) Certificate

b) Diploma

c) Degree

d) None

Section B: Contribution of tourism towards development in Tororo District

6. Have you ever visited Tororo District before?

a) Yes b) No

7. If yes is the infrastructure improving?

a) Strongly Agree b) Agree c) Disagree d) Strongly Disagree

8. Do you observe good tourism destinations in Tororo?

a) Yes b) No

9. What tourism destinations do you observe?

______

10. What do you think can be done to improve on the quality of tourism destinations in Tororo?

______

11. Do you think tourism development in Tororo is of any importance to the community?

a) Yes b) No

12. If yes how is it important?

______

13. Do you think Tororo Rock has a potential for tourism development

a. SA b) A c) D d) SD

Section C: The tourism facilities and services around Tororo rocks

14. Do you observe good roads in the area? a) Yes b) No

i. If yes which roads do you observe in the area? ______ii. If no what advise do you give to the responsible stakeholders in improving transport facilities? ______15. Does the area have improved hotels? Name them?

______

16. What can be done to improve on the services rendered by hotels in Tororo District?

______

17. What tourism facilities do you think are missing in the area?

______

Section D: Challenges to development of Tourism in Tororo District

18. What are the challenges to development of tourism in Tororo District?

No Statements SA A D SD 1 Lack of knowledge and awareness

2 Weak marketing techniques

3 Lack of tourism related infrastructures

5 Poor government policies to promote tourism

6 Lack of tourism diversification

7 Poor security in the area

8 Lack of knowledge on benefits of tourism in the community

APPENDIX II: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LOCAL PEOPLE Dear respondent,

I am MUKADE BENA a student of Makerere University pursuing a Bachelor’s Degree in Tourism undertaking research on THE CONTRIBUTION OF TORORO ROCK TOWARDS TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN TORORO DISTRICT. The questionnaire is intended specifically for academic purposes and is highly confidential

SECTIONA: BACKGROUND INFORMATION

In this section, tick in the box or fill in your response provided as appropriate.

1) Sex 5) Nationality

a) Male ………………………………………

b) Female 6) Occupation

2) Age of respondents ......

a) 20-29

b) 30-39

c) 40-49

d) 50+

4) Highest level of education

a) Certificate

b) Diploma

c) Degree

d) None

SECTION B: Contribution of tourism towards development in Tororo District

7. How does Tororo Rock contribute towards tourism development in Tororo District?

No Statements Strongly Disagree Agree Strongly Disagree Agree 1 Development of infrastructure

2 It leads to development of tourism destinations

3 It provides employment opportunities to the

community.

4 Generation of revenue to the government

5 Helps to open new business in the area

6 Tourism impact on Balance of Payment

7 Help in reduction of poverty

8 Provides market to products in the community

8. Apart from the above, give any other contribution of tourism to the development to Tororo District.

......

9. In your view do you think Tororo Rock has a potential for tourism development

b. SD b) D c) A d) SA 10. What other tourism attractions are available in Tororo and its surrounding area......

11. How do they contribute to development of Tourism in Tororo District

......

12. Do you think the people of Tororo benefit from the rock? Yes No 13. If yes, how do they benefit

......

SECTION C: The tourism facilities and services around Tororo rock

14. Are the tourism facilities adequate for tourism development?

No Statements Strongly Disagree Agree Strongly Disagree Agree 1 Transport infrastructure

2 Hotels

3 Tourism resorts

4 Water

5 Electricity

6 Telecommunication infrastructure

7 Security

8 Banking services

9 Culture of the area

10 Travel agencies

11 Tourism board

12 Trained workers to handle tourists

Section D: Challenges to development of Tourism in Tororo District

15. What are the challenges to development of tourism in Tororo District?

No Statements Strongly Disagree Agree Strongly Disagree Agree 1 Lack of knowledge and awareness

2 Weak marketing techniques

3 Lack of tourism related infrastructures

4 Lack of tourism investment

5 Poor government policies to promote tourism

6 Lack of tourism diversification

7 Poor security in the area

8 Lack of knowledge on benefits of tourism in the

community

16. Apart from the above, what do you thing has limited the development of tourism in Tororo District?

......

THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION

APPENDIX III: INTERVIEW GUIDE TO DISTRICT OFFICIALS

1. What are the contributions of tourism towards development in Tororo District? 2. What tourism facilities and services do you have around Tororo rock? 3. Who is responsible for management of the rock? 4. How does the rock affect local people? 5. What can be done to improve the tourism facilities in Tororo? 6. What are the challenges to development of tourism in Tororo District? 7. What can be done to overcome such challenges in Tororo District?

APPENDIX 1V: ONE DAY ITINERARY TO TORORO This tour starts and ends in Tororo with a thrilling experience. It will start at 6:00am to 6:00pm. Also known for being one of the world’s most thunderous places, Tororo is home for volcanic features.

HIGHLIGHTS

Arrival

Rock climbing

Sightseeing and bird watching

Visiting the ancestral caves

Visiting the golf course

Visiting the rock quarry

Visiting Osukuru hills

Lunch break

To Malaba

Community walks

Visiting River Malaba

Shopping

DETAILS

Arrival

Visitors shall be picked from Tororo town and led towards Tororo rock.

Rock climbing

Rock climbing shall be done on the Rock and it will take about 2hrs and 30mins.

Sightseeing and bird watching

This will be done at the rock top.

Visiting the ancestral caves

On our way out of the rock, we shall visit the cave which is located below the rock.

Visiting the golf course

The golf course shall be visited and drinks served at Golf club before proceeding to the quarry.

Visiting the rock quarry

At the rock quarry, we shall see the different activities being carried out ranging from the mining works, rock blasting to the human activities of stone quarrying.

Visiting Osukuru hills

Enroute to Osukuru hills, we shall visit the famous Tororo cement industry and the trading centre. We shall hike the descending inselburgs and have a short community walk to Eutro to crocodiles at the Agricultural research Institute.

Lunch break

Enroute to Malaba, we shall have a lunch break at Rock Classic hotel.

To Malaba

From Malaba, we shall visit the border point, and River Malaba to see the hippopotamuses and watch different bird species along the shores.

Shopping

This will be done in Malaba Uganda town.

Departure

END OF TOUR