THE EXCHANGE DISTRICT NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE OF CANADA COMMEMORATIVE INTEGRITY STATEMENT

It is not the individual buildings themselves. . . but the historical process of bringing together large numbers of heritage structures illustrating important themes within a tightly defined area which makes the Exchange District a distinctive place. Block after block of brick warehouses, rows of financial structures, key groupings of skyscrapers - in total, these built resources evoke a sense of the type of place which Winnipeg was during its most formative years, late in the 19th and early in the 20th centuries, when Winnipeg rose to metropolitan status (Dana Johnson 1996 Historic Sites and Monuments Board Agenda paper).

January 10, 2001 Page i TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL PAGE ...... i TABLE OF CONTENTS...... ii

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 National Historic Sites ...... 2 1.2 Historic Districts as National Historic Sites...... 2 1.3 Commemorative Integrity...... 3 1.4 Purpose of the Commemorative Integrity Statement ...... 4

2 THE EXCHANGE DISTRICT NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE ...... 5 2.1 National Historic Designation of the Exchange District...... 5 2.2 The Exchange District: Historical Overview ...... 6

3 STATEMENT OF COMMEMORATIVE INTENT ...... 7

4 DESIGNATED PLACE AND THE CULTURAL RESOURCES OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE ...... 8 4.1 Designated Place...... 9 4.1.1 Objectives for the Designated Place ...... 12 4.2 Buildings...... 13 4.2.1 Warehouses and Wholesale Trades ...... 13 4.2.2 Financial Institutions ...... 14 4.2.3 Grain Exchange...... 16 4.2.4 Manufacturing Trade...... 16 4.2.5 Architecturally Significant Buildings ...... 17 4.2.6 Buildings Objectives ...... 17 4.3 Streetscapes ...... 18 4.3.1 Streetscape Objectives ...... 19 4.4 Street Elements...... 19 4.4.1 Street Element Objectives ...... 19 4.5 Archaeological Resources...... 20 4.5.1 Archaeological Resource Objectives...... 20 4.6 Historic Objects ...... 20 4.6.1 Historic Objects Objectives...... 21

5 MESSAGES OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE ...... 21 5.1 Economic Gateway and Commercial Centre ...... 21 5.2 Architectural Significance...... 24 5.3 Messaging Objectives ...... 25

Page ii 6 OTHER HERITAGE VALUES...... 25 6.1 Level 2 Built Resources ...... 25 6.1.1 Level 2 Built Resources Objectives ...... 26 6.2 Level 2 Archaeological Resources...... 26 6.2.1 Level 2 Archaeological Resources Objectives ...... 26 6.3 Level 2 Historic Objects...... 26 6.3.1 Level 2 Historic Objects Objectives ...... 27 6.4 Messages of Other Historic Values ...... 27 6.4.1 Messages Objectives ...... 30

7 ASSOCIATION WITH OTHER HERITAGE PLACES...... 30

8 GLOSSARY...... 31

Table 1. List of Buildings in The Exchange District...... 34 Table 2. Identification and Description of Streetscapes ...... 43

Appendix A. Inventory of Streetscapes ...... 45

Page iii THE EXCHANGE DISTRICT NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE OF CANADA COMMEMORATIVE INTEGRITY STATEMENT

1 INTRODUCTION Confederation Building, a National Historic Site in the Exchange District. Participants in The Exchange District National Historic Site the exercise were: of Canada is a unique, tangible legacy of Winnipeg’s, Manitoba’s, and Canada’s Wayne Copet cultural heritage from the turn of the 20th Executive Director, Exchange District, century. The City of Winnipeg, the Province Business Improvement Zone of Manitoba, and the Government of Canada have therefore agreed that the Exchange Giles Bugailiskis District is a nationally significant place to be Senior Planner (Heritage), Property and protected and presented for the understanding, Development Services Department, City of appreciation and enjoyment of this and future Winnipeg generations of Canadians. The City, the Province and the Government of Canada have Jerry Comeau jointly prepared this Commemorative Manager of Civic Accommodations, Property Integrity Statement to recognize the historic and Development Services Department, City and architectural values which embody and of Winnipeg convey the national significance of this place, a historic district of some 20 city blocks and Neil Einarson more than 100 buildings having historic value Manager of Heritage Buildings, Historic (as of 2000). Respecting these values is Resources Branch, Manitoba Culture, integral to ensuring the wholeness and sense Heritage and Citizenship of time and place, that is, the commemorative integrity of the Exchange District. David Firman Architect, Heritage Buildings, Historic This Commemorative Integrity Statement Resources Branch, Manitoba Culture, contains liberal amounts of information and Heritage and Citizenship direct quotes from two sources: the 1996 Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Bruce Donaldson Canada (HSMBC) Agenda Paper on the Co-Manager of Provincial Heritage Registry, Exchange District, researched and written by Historic Resources Branch, Manitoba Culture, Dana Johnson; and, The 1999 Exchange Heritage and Citizenship District National Historic Site Heritage Interpretive Plan, undertaken by the Susan Algie Exchange District Heritage Partnership, and Cost-Share Planner, Western Canada Service principally authored by Shelley Bruce. Centre, Parks Canada

The exercise to define the historic values, Bob Coutts cultural resources, and commemorative Historian, Western Canada Service Centre, integrity objectives for the Exchange District, Parks Canada was held from June 9th to 11th, 1999, in the

Page 1 Bruce Hoskins 1.2 Historic Districts as National Research Assistant, Parks Canada Historic Sites

Kevin Lunn (writer) According to the guidelines of the Historic Management Planner, Western Canada Sites and Monuments Board of Canada, Service Centre, Parks Canada historic districts are geographically defined areas which create a special sense of time and Linda Seyers (chair) place through buildings, structures, and open Cultural Resource Management Coordinator, spaces modified by human use and which are Manitoba Field Unit, Parks Canada united by past events and use and/or aesthetically, by architecture and plan. 1.1 National Historic Sites The following criteria are used by the Board There are more than 850 places across the in their consideration of whether to country which form Canada’s family of recommend a district as having national national historic sites. These places symbolize significance: significant elements of our national story - our character, identity and experience. The (1) Historic districts constitute Government of Canada’s objectives for appropriate subjects for national historic sites are to: commemoration, and those of national significance will include one or more C foster knowledge and appreciation of of the following: Canada’s past through a national (a) a group of buildings, program of historical commemoration; structures and open spaces, none of which singly need be C ensure the commemorative integrity of of national architectural national historic sites administered by significance, but which, when Parks Canada by protecting and taken together, comprise a presenting them for the benefit, harmonious representation of education and enjoyment of this and one or more styles or future generations, in a manner that constructions, building types, respects the significant and or periods; irreplaceable legacy represented by (b) a group of buildings, these places and their associated structures and open spaces, resources; and none of which may be of individual historical C encourage and support the protection significance, but which and presentation by others of places of together comprise an national historic significance that are outstanding example of not administered by Parks Canada. structures of technological or social significance; Properties within the district are mostly (b) a group of buildings, privately owned or owned by one of the three structures and open spaces levels of government. Administration of the which share uncommonly zoned district rests with the City of Winnipeg. strong associations with

Page 2 individuals, events or themes Andrews, New Brunswick of national significance. • The Main/Saint-Laurent Boulevard Historic District, Montreal Quebec (2) Above all, an historic district of • Trois-Rivieres Historical Complex, national significance must have a Trois Rivieres, Quebec “sense of history”: intrusive elements • Powell River Townsite Historic must be minimal, and the district’s District, Powell River, British historic characteristics must Columbia predominate and set it apart from the • Chinatown, Victoria, British area that immediately surrounds it. Columbia • Four Naval Stations, Esquimalt, (3) A commemorated historic district will British Columbia be subject to periodic review in order to ensure that those elements which The Exchange District is the only designated define its integrity and national historic district in Manitoba, by way of a City significance are being reasonably of Winnipeg zoning by-law, and it has been maintained. designated nationally significant by the Minister of Canadian Heritage, following the Over 120 historic districts have been recommendation of the HSMBC. designated across Canada using provincial and municipal designations. Of these, 16 in 1.3 Commemorative Integrity addition to the Exchange District have been designated national historic sites, including: Commemorative integrity is a conceptual framework for managing and reporting on • Battle Harbour Historic District, national historic sites. It was initially Newfoundland developed by Parks Canada to evaluate and • Rennie’s Mill Road Historic District, report on its national historic sites for the St. John’s, Newfoundland 1990 State of the Parks Report. Since then, • Water Street Historic District, St. commemorative integrity has been John’s, Newfoundland incorporated into Parks Canada legislation as • Port Union Historic District, the primary goal in the management of Newfoundland national historic sites administered by Parks • Annapolis Royal Historic District, Canada. Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia • Old Town Lunenburg Historic The concept of commemorative integrity is District, Lunenburg, Nova Scotia now being applied with success to a number • The Hydrostone District, Halifax, of national historic sites owned by others to Nova Scotia help focus site planning and decision-making. • Great George Street Historic District, National historic sites being considered for Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island Parks Canada cost-sharing programs must • Marysville Historic District, have Commemorative Integrity Statements Marysville, New Brunswick and proposals which are aligned with • Prince William Streetscape, St. John, commemorative integrity objectives. New Brunswick • St. Andrews Historic District, St. The concept of commemorative integrity is

Page 3 used to describe the wholeness of a national communicated to Canadians. historic site. A national historic site possesses commemorative integrity when:

C the resources that symbolize or The Commemorative Integrity Statement represent its importance are not contains a listing of cultural resources which unimpaired or under threat; have been identified as being either Level 1 or Level 2 (Table 1, page 33) and should be C the reasons for the site’s national treated in accordance with accepted cultural historic significance are effectively resource management principles and practice. communicated to the public; and A cultural resource is a human work or place which gives evidence of human activity or has C the site’s heritage values are respected spiritual or cultural meaning, and which has by all whose decisions or actions been determined to have historic value affect the site. according to municipal, provincial, or federal designation, or by community standards of 1.4 Purpose of the Commemorative what has cultural or spiritual meaning. Level Integrity Statement 1 cultural resources are those resources which directly relate to national significance. Level The Commemorative Integrity Statement does 2 cultural resources are all remaining cultural not prescribe what can or cannot be done, nor resources. It is these cultural resources and how things should be done in the protection, their historic values which should be managed presentation, or management of the Exchange to ensure commemorative integrity. Buildings District. Instead, the Commemorative identified as “other” are deemed not to have Integrity Statement serves as a baseline historic value and do not need to be managed reference of accepted values to be considered as cultural resources. and accounted for in the decisions and actions by any one person or organization that may How can the Commemorative Integrity affect the integrity of the Exchange District, in Statement be used for the Exchange District? whole or in part. The Commemorative The following list is by no means exhaustive, Integrity Statement also recognizes the but provides some ideas of how it may be importance of communicating the legacy of used by the three levels of government and by the Exchange District: individual property owners:

Protection and presentation are fundamental • to provide direction to municipal to commemoration since without protection design guidelines for new and there can be no historic site to be enjoyed, and rehabilitated buildings and without presentation there can be no streetscapes; understanding of why the site is important to our history and, hence, to all Canadians • to provide direction for the (National Historic Sites Policy, 1994). development and review of policies and procedures for heritage buildings Thus, this document identifies the messages and district conservation; which relate to the national significance of the Exchange District and which should be • to provide consistent heritage criteria

Page 4 and guidelines for evaluating grant the Exchange District and contribution requests for heritage and contemporary properties in the The Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Exchange District; Canada is an advisory body to the Minister of • to evaluate requests to various funding Canadian Heritage. It recommends to the programs; Minister places, persons and events of national historic significance. National • to provide direction concerning significance is conferred when the Minister heritage messages for marketing plans approves the Board’s recommendation (Figure and programs; 1). The Board receives more than 200 requests each year, of which 50 to 70 will generate • to profile an agreed upon set of agenda papers to assist the Board in its heritage values and objectives in deliberations. The Board also uses the relation to economic, social, and National Historic Sites Systems Plan, a environmental objectives when thematic framework of Canada’s history, to analyzing and evaluating public and identify gaps in and opportunities to balance private ventures in the Exchange historical commemorations. District; and

• to encourage coordination of all Proposals stakeholders in the heritage NHS HSMBC conservation of the district through a System Plan -advisory board Agenda Papers common understanding of objectives. Recommendation to Minister

The Exchange District is a living, evolving Designation/ community of businesses, offices, and commemoration residences. Its survival rests with continued Place Person Event -acquisition land base occupation and use. The Commemorative -plaque -plaque -cost-share land base -monument -monument Integrity Statement is not a prescription for a - plaque museum of fossilized buildings or for freezing the district in a particular time period. Its role Figure 1. Site Selection, Designation Process and is to identify the heritage values and Forms of Commemoration. characteristics which give the district a sense of time and place, which set it apart from The proposal to consider the Exchange other parts of Winnipeg, and which make it a District was brought to the HSMBC by the place of national significance. If these values City of Winnipeg. With reference to the and characteristics are respected, the agenda paper prepared on the Exchange Exchange District can evolve without District, the Board recommended that: impairing or threatening commemorative integrity. Winnipeg’s Exchange District be designated a historic district of national significance 2 THE EXCHANGE DISTRICT because it illustrates the city’s key role as a NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE centre of grain and wholesale trade, finance and manufacturing in two historically 2.1 National Historic Designation of important periods in western development -

Page 5 between 1880 and 1900 when Winnipeg 1919 Winnipeg General Strike is recognized became the gateway to Canada’s West, and as a nationally significant event and is between 1900 and 1913, when the city’s plaqued in the Exchange District. growth made it the region’s metropolis. Further the district, which has clear 2.2 The Exchange District: Historical boundaries and largely excludes post-1913 Overview structures, contains a range of architecturally The Red River Colony that had developed significant built resources which speak to the around the junction of the Red and city’s key economic role in the West and the Assiniboine rivers in the early 19th century collective character of these built resources is was dispersed over a wide region that distinctive and relatively intact. bordered the two rivers. The decline of the trade monopoly of the Hudson’s Bay The Exchange District was designated a company in the 1850s, along with new National Historic Site on September 22, 1997, transportation links to the American frontier, by the Minister of Canadian Heritage. The sparked the creation of new and independent designation is recognized by a historic district commercial concerns within the settlement. plaque with the following inscription: Upper Fort Garry at the Forks had long been the commercial centre of the colony, but by This remarkable grouping of commercial the 1860s independent entrepreneurs were buildings vividly illustrates Winnipeg’s locating their new businesses away from the transformation between 1878 and 1913 from fort and the HBC’s 500 acre land reserve. In a modest pioneer settlement to western 1862, Henry McKenny built a store where the Canada’s largest metropolitan centre. The Assiniboine trail to Fort Garry met the Red district’s banks, warehouses, and early River trail, now the famous corner of Portage skyscrapers recall the city’s dominance in the and Main. Other merchandisers and fields of finance, manufacturing, wholesale wholesalers soon followed McKenny’s lead, distribution and the international grain trade. forming the new village of Winnipeg. By the Designed by a number of well known end of 1873, there were well over 900 architects, these buildings reflect an approach structures in the area including what is now to architecture that was innovative, stylish referred to as the Exchange District. and functional. The First World War and the Winnipeg’s growth was directly tied to the Great Depression contributed to the end of city’s role in supplying the merchandise, Winnipeg’s spectacular boom era. Through lumber, agricultural implements and financing the efforts of dedicated citizens since the required as a result of the great influx of 1970s, the Exchange District has been settlers to the prairies after 1870. preserved as a distinctive legacy of a formative period in Canada’s economic Winnipeg's rise to the status of regional development. metropolis was tied to the opening of the Canadian West. The period between 1900 and Within the boundaries of the historic district, 1913 was key in Canada's development. It was the Confederation Building, the Union Trust a remarkable expansionist era characterized Building, the Royal Bank Tower and Annex, by rapid increases in population through the Bank of Hamilton Building, and Pantages immigration, by the settlement of a vast Playhouse Theatre have received separate western territory, and by the transformation of designations of national significance through a regional economy from furs and modest earlier Board recommendations. Similarly, the

Page 6 subsistence farming to commercial agriculture the wholesale trade. By the mid-1920s, a founded on the export of wheat. major portion of Winnipeg's huge wholesaling district was tenantless as firm after firm was forced out of business. The Exchange District was the “downtown” of Winnipeg before construction of the T. Most of the historic buildings in the Exchange Eaton store on Portage Avenue directed District date to after 1900. Earlier buildings, commercial activities westward and away constructed in the appearance and setting of a from the Exchange District. boomtown Winnipeg, were replaced by buildings exhibiting permanence, wealth, and Winnipeg's dominance, so quickly established a sense of a new metropolis. Many notable and so steadily maintained, disappeared North American architects of the time have within a few years of the close of the First examples of their work in the Exchange World War. A sharp drop in wheat prices District. The architectural history of the coupled with the maintenance of farm costs, Exchange District, as depicted by the styles and the virtual cessation of immigration to and architects, includes: Canada and of new western settlement, resulted in a significant slowdown in retail Style Associated Architects (and, by extension, wholesale) activity in 1920. Other factors were long-term in their Italianate Charles and Earle Barber impact. The establishment of cheap and efficient postal services and the maturing of Romansesque Charles H. Wheeler, retailing in central Canada led to the rise of Revival James Cadham, George marketing of products through the use of mail Browne, Frank Peters, J. order catalogues. Firms, notably Robert H. G. Russell Simpson and the T. Eaton companies, Neo-Classical McKim, Mead & White, established huge warehouses in Toronto to and Darling & Pearson distribute goods - including such bulky items as prefabricated houses - throughout the west. Chicago John D. Atchison School Perhaps more influentially, changes in freight rates after 1920 destroyed Winnipeg's previous transportation cost advantages, 3 STATEMENT OF making it cheaper to send manufactured goods COMMEMORATIVE INTENT directly to a destination, rather than to Winnipeg for storage and transshipment. The The statement of commemorative intent opening of the Panama Canal allowed describes the reasons for a site’s national Vancouver to serve as a gateway city to the significance, i.e., the reasons for its far west, for it was less costly to ship goods designation as a national historic site. Since from either Europe or eastern North America the HSMBC is the authority which advises the to Vancouver by water and then by rail Minister responsible for Parks Canada of the throughout British Columbia, Alberta, and national significance of historic places, Saskatchewan than by rail through Montréal, commemorative intent is based on rigorous Toronto, and Winnipeg. As a result, other adherence to the Ministerially approved urban centres came to challenge Winnipeg in Minutes of the HSMBC (see section 2.1).

Page 7 Winnipeg’s Exchange District was NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE designated a national historic site in 1997 because: The first element of commemorative integrity concerns the identification of the cultural • it illustrates the city’s key role as a resources and their historic values which are centre of the grain and wholesale integral to the designation of the historic trade, finance and manufacturing in district as being nationally significant. Such the historically important period in resources are defined as “Level 1”. western development - between Essentially, the key to identifying Level 1 1880 and 1913, the period during cultural resources is to ask the questions which Winnipeg grew to become the “what makes this place a national historic gateway to Canada’s West and the site?” and “where does historic value lie?” region’s metropolis. Historic value can rest in the physical attributes of the cultural resources and overall • the district, which has clear place as well as in associative values, such as boundaries and largely excludes connections with an individual, people, post-1913 structures, contains a events, or activities, which have an range of architecturally significant association with the commemorative intent. built resources which speak to the city’s key economic role in the West Commemorative integrity considers the and the collective character of these historic place (also referred to as the built resources is distinct and designated place) as a whole, such that place relatively intact. is more than the sum of its individual cultural resources. Historic values can reside in the The statement of commemorative intent collective whole. This section therefore begins duplicates the HSMBC’s recommendation of with a definition of what constitutes the June 1996, with one exception. The Board designated place of national significance and recommendation identifies two periods in the the characteristics and values which convey Exchange District’s history, 1880 to 1900 and its unique sense of time and place. Cultural 1900 to 1913. The year 1900, however, is resources are then described under the arbitrary, serving to distinguish Winnipeg - following categories: Gateway to the West, from Winnipeg - the Metropolis. The temporal distinction is not • Buildings • Archaeological apparent in any particular event which took Resources place in or about 1900. Winnipeg, and the Exchange District, evolved quickly and • Street • Historic Objects without immediate shifts in the economy from Elements the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century. The statement of commemorative • Streetscapes intent recognizes that the period of national significance remains the same overall as the In the course of defining the historic values of Board recommendation, 1880 to 1913. the designated place and individual buildings, it was recognized that streetscapes 4 DESIGNATED PLACE AND THE (alignments of buildings along certain streets CULTURAL RESOURCES OF and blocks illustrating layering, scale and the

Page 8 organic growth of the district) is an important Princess St. means of organizing and conveying characteristics which give the district integrity. In essence, a streetscape is an area West Side “snapshot” of all the factors which make the - the lane west of Princess St. designated place significant. from Notre Dame Ave. (excluding the Towne Cinema 4.1 Designated Place building) to Ross Ave.

Designated place is that place recommended North Side by the HSMBC as being of national - Ross Ave. from the Princess significance. The Exchange District St. lane to Princess St.; boundaries are set by municipal by-law - Princess St. from Ross Ave. to (Downtown Zoning By-law 4800-88), as William Ave.; follows 1(Figure 2): - William Ave. from Princess St. to Main St.; East Side - Main St. from William Ave. to Market - the west shore of the Red River from Ave.; James Ave. to Lombard Ave. - Market Ave. from Main St. to Lily St.; and South Side - south side of James Ave. from Lily St. - north side of Lombard Ave. to the Red River. from the Red River to Main St. and, from there, crossing to In March 1988, the Downtown Winnipeg the lane east of Albert St.; Zoning By-law 4800 came into effect. As a - southward along the lane to result of the new By-law, all developments in Notre Dame to include the The Exchange District are subject to design Electric Railway Chambers review under the provisions of the ‘Historic building; and Winnipeg’ design designation. This - north side of Notre Dame Ave. designation provides protection to the area by from the east side of the requiring design review for all proposed Electric Railway Chambers to changes including alterations to listed and non-listed buildings, streetscapes, and new construction. This procedure is intended to 1 The HSMBC has stated that “... the ensure that the overall character of the Exchange District may be redefined through an precinct is respected. amendment to the existing municipal by-law and it asked that it be provided with any research paper that might be prepared to support a The boundaries to the Exchange District are redefinition of its boundaries” (HSMBC June visibly well defined from the surrounding city 1996 minutes). Any proposed changes to the scape by factors of early settlement and designated place will have to be submitted to modern urban renewal. the Board for its reconsideration. There are some key historic buildings outside the Notre Dame Avenue was once the dividing Exchange District, such as the James Avenue line between a land-use tenure to the north Pumping Station, which could be considered for based on river lots of the Red River inclusion in the historic district.

Page 9 Figure 2. The Exchange District National Historic Site of Canada. The designated place is demarcated by the heavy dotted line which is the city by-law's district boundaries. The “EBDA boundary” represents the Exchange District Business Area. Settlement (with property lines oriented Main and Portage. However, the orientation of perpendicular to the river), and the large tract these main roads in relation to the river lot- of Hudson’s Bay Company reserve land, based surveyed streets has created interesting

surveyed on a north-south grid, to the south jogs and angles in the streetscapes of the side. Consequently, the orientation of streets Exchange District. changes at Notre Dame Avenue. Main Street, which bisects the Exchange District was, by The Civic Centre and Centennial Centre, 1874, the most important street in the city constructed on the north side of the Exchange connecting Upper Fort Garry with the Selkirk District in the 1960s, and the modern bank Settlement downstream on the Red River. towers at the corner of Portage and Main, Since Portage Avenue and Main Street have created mega-street blocks, which are followed an irregular route based on existing quite distinctive from the small city blocks cart trails, there were often conflicts with the throughout the Exchange District. surveyed roads which intersected. Winnipeg City Council helped to ease this problem by The heart of the Exchange District is Main adopting a 132-foot right-of-way for both Street, where a series of financial institutions

Page 10 and high-rise buildings define the streetscape. The other thoroughfares in the area are dominated, in numbers, scale, and visual prominence, by a series of huge brick warehouses. Collectively, these built resources reflect a specific time and historical event, turn-of-the-century Winnipeg's rise to metropolitan status as the economic heart of western Canada. The result is a distinctive commercial core which illustrates a unique combination of time and place with built resources which have remained relatively untouched (Figure 3).

The characteristics and common values which define the Exchange District as a specific designated place are:

• its boundaries identified in Downtown Figure 3. West side of King Street from William Zoning By-law 4800-88; to Bannatyne Avenues (Parks Canada, July 1999). • its distinctiveness from the mega blocks and modern architectural • the similarities in scale of buildings, developments north of William and i.e., the complete use of building lots Market Avenues and south of and, with the exception of the Lombard and Notre Dame Avenues; skyscrapers, between three and seven storeys in height; • the density and intactness of buildings dating from 1880 to 1913 which • the ‘diversity within parameters’ of represent the warehousing, financing, certain architectural styles, such as grain trade, and manufacturing roles Romanesque Revival and Chicago which Winnipeg served for the West; School, which were popular in other major cities at the time; • the density and intactness of buildings dating from 1880 to 1913 bearing • the similarities in advanced architectural styles reflecting the construction methods of the time (for prosperity of Winnipeg as a example, steel frame) and the use of metropolis (most of the historic local materials (buff brick, and buildings date to after 1900, replacing Tyndall stone); earlier buildings on the property which had been built quickly and • the density and intactness of the with less attention to detail and style, district as a whole. There are more to meet the demands of the booming streets than not within the bounds of gateway city); the district, which convey the sense of time and place. With the exception of

Page 11 the few open spaces at Market Square, serve to achieve the objectives of portions of Main Street and parking commemorative integrity; areas near the Red River (which were • property owners, tenants and visiting historically side yards for rail cars), public recognize the economic, social, the Exchange District contains near aesthetic and historic values of entire blocks of historic buildings protecting and presenting the constructed side by side and up to the Exchange District for present and sidewalk; and future generations;

• the narrow streets and lanes aligned on • buildings representing the warehouse what was a residential street plan and wholesale trades, financial adapted to an earlier river lot system. institutions, the grain trade and manufacturing from the 1880 to 1913 4.1.1 Objectives for the Designated Place period, are protected for their architectural values; The designated place will be unimpaired and not under threat when: • decisions and actions concerning an individual building not only respect its • the municipally designated boundary, particular historic and architectural and the purpose of recognizing this values, but its contribution to the area as a national historic site, are streetscape (where applicable) and the communicated to and understood by historic district as a whole; those whose decisions and actions may affect the historic values of the • Level 1 buildings are re-used, not district; replaced, and vacant lots are used in a manner that respects continuous edge, • the district’s historic and architectural scale, and density which form the values of the designated place, which collective character of the Exchange set it apart from the area that District; immediately surrounds it, are understood by the public; • new developments and activities in the Exchange District respect its historic • By-law 4800-88 is used in managing and architectural values; the district; • the design, setting, scale, massing, • the City’s design guidelines for the height, materials, and workmanship of Exchange District reflect the historic new developments respect and are and architectural values of national sensitive to the cultural resources and significance; historic values of the Exchange District; • the policies, regulations, and incentives of the City, Province and • an inventory identifying and Government of Canada concerning the describing the values and condition of historic preservation of the Exchange historic buildings and other cultural District complement one another and resources is developed, maintained,

Page 12 shared and used in decision-making C the building must date to the period and ongoing management of the from1880 to 1913. historic district; 4.2.1 Warehouses and Wholesale Trades

• the historic district is subject to Many of the warehouse businesses in the periodic review in order to ensure that Exchange District were involved in the those elements which define its wholesale trade, and the similarity in the integrity and national significance are businesses resulted in similar buildings in being reasonably maintained; terms of construction and architecture. Warehouses are the most prominent building • placement and design of operational type within the Exchange District (Figure 4). facilities, roadways, parking lots, lighting, and street furnishings respect the historic and architectural values of the district;

• open spaces are minimized and continuous edge is the norm for the blocks in the district;

• the distinctive layout of streets and lanes, including the jogs and bends, are maintained; and

• the block sizes and street layouts are maintained.

4.2 Buildings

Table 1 lists all buildings located in the Exchange District as of September 2000. Of the 120 buildings listed, 92 are categorized Level 1, that is, having a direct association with the district’s commemorative intent. Three criteria were used to identify Level 1 buildings: Figure 4. The Whitla and Gault warehouses on the west side of Arthur Street, looking south • the building must have been a from Bannatyne Avenue (Dana Johnson, warehouse, a financial institution, December 1995). used in manufacturing, wholesaling or the grain trade, or The warehouse is a distinctive building type. Functionally, it demanded clear, open spaces C the building must be recognized as for the easy movement and storage of architecturally significant; and materials, ready access to transportation for loading and unloading, meaningful protection

Page 13 against fire, and good interior lighting. In Winnipeg, these needs were translated into C use of the entire lot (creating the continuous edge seen on streets); and buildings with solid brick exteriors (often C evidence of floor additions or raised on stone foundations), marked by additions to the side of original regularly spaced openings and by a notable buildings. measure of ground level decorative detailing. Early warehouses from the 1880s tend to be 4.2.2 Financial Institutions modestly scaled (one or two lots wide and three storeys in height). Later warehouses, The financial centre of Winnipeg at the turn of from the mid 1890s to 1913, are much larger the century was located on either side of Main and more ornate to portray the wealth and Street between City Hall and the intersection success of the business. of Portage Avenue. When the Grain Exchange moved to its Lombard location, banks, stock Generally, the features common to the brokers and grain merchants followed. Here collection of warehouse and wholesale stood the West's most important banks, buildings are characteristic of a Romanesque insurance companies, and other institutions, Revival style. Most distinguishable is the use housed in nearly continuous rows of of arches over doors and windows. The classically inspired structures whose opulence physical features which convey the historic competed for the attention and the business of value of warehouses in the Exchange District entrepreneurs. In this four block-long include: streetscape could be found 18 major bank buildings and the headquarters of the C solid in appearance, functional but Confederation Life Assurance Company. with added elements to convey wealth, Nearby, on Lombard Avenue just off of Main business identity; Street, stood the skyscraper offices of the Great-West Life Assurance Company. C the use of solid brick, buff and red- coloured, Tyndall stone base (use of Here the sumptuous quality of the local materials); architectural expression - rows of rich classically decorated temple facades of bank C many large windows for light and for branches were overshadowed physically by show windows at street level; the skyscrapers modeled on classical columns (Figure 5a and b). Though the city's financial C decorative cornices, fence signage on district has suffered some important structural roofs, advertising on walls; losses as a result of a shift in the location of most financial institutions southward, a C plain functional interiors with large representative remnant of this section of the open area exhibiting heavy wood post city has been retained. All four of the key and beam construction; Main Street skyscrapers - the Union Bank, the Bank of Hamilton, the Union Trust, and the C arched dray ways (e.g., 181 Confederation Life buildings - survive, all but Bannatyne) and rear loading platforms the Union Bank handsomely restored. Five to spur lines of the Canadian Pacific important branch banks, all by notable and Canadian Northern railways; architectural firms brought to Winnipeg to add

Page 14 a cosmopolitan quality to the city's smooth surfaces, and architecture, have survived demolition. < monumental and ornate interiors;

Figure 5 b. Former temple-like Bank of Commerce building set between two early skyscrapers on Main Street (Parks Canada, July Figure 5a. Union Bank building on Main Street 1999). by City Hall (City of Winnipeg, 1999).

The physical and associative features common • the location on Main Street illustrating to the collection of financial institutions which the institutions’ prominence in convey their historic value include: Winnipeg;

• classic styles of architecture in both • the imposing street front with grand the temple-style banks (Beaux-Arts), style and large facades to strike a and the combined bank and offices corporate identity, sense of strength, skyscrapers (Chicago School), permanence and wealth; evidenced by < the use of imported materials, and • skyscrapers, with banks on lower imported architecture and levels and offices above, built using architects, innovative steel frame construction, < the use of columns, capitals and and signifying the price and pediments, availability of land in the district; and < use of lintels over door and window openings, • the continuous edge feature created by < simple and symmetrical forms building on the entire lot. with monumental proportions and

Page 15 4.2.3 Grain Exchange architectural firm, Darling and Pearson of Toronto, to erect a magnificent business The grain trade has always been premises. This modern building, opened in headquartered in the Exchange District. 1907, was large enough to accommodate the Indeed, the area received its title from the offices of federal grading inspectors and the Grain Exchange, which constitutes the historic host of companies involved in the commerce heart - both literally and figuratively - of the in all types of grain, a public trading floor, city's commercial activities. The Winnipeg and quarters for associated activities such as Grain and Produce Exchange as an institution the futures market, banks, and the Winnipeg dates to 1883; its first meetings were held in Stock Exchange. Located on Lombard City Hall. This organization, which brought Avenue, east of Main Street, it was originally together buyers and sellers and attempted to seven storeys in height and featured an regulate an often volatile trade, was elaborate architectural treatment including a incorporated in 1891 and, a year later, moved monumental two-storey round-arched main into permanent quarters designed by the local entryway surmounted by a stone balcony. In architect Charles Barber and located behind its scale and ostentatious decoration, the City Hall at 164-166 Princess Street (Figure completed building trumpeted the central role 6). Reflecting the remarkable growth in the of wheat as a commodity to the Canadian trade, another building to accommodate an economy, and of Winnipeg as a centre for its expanded exchange was erected at 160 trade. The Winnipeg Grain Exchange's Princess(built 1892), adjacent to the first and headquarters was expanded in 1913, 1916, designed by the local architect, Samuel 1922, 1926 and 1928, the result of which was Hooper. Four years later Hooper was a ten-storey structure covering the better part commissioned to add a further storey to the of the city block. original exchange building. The physical and associative values of these two buildings are much the same as the financial institutions, intended to show strength and permanence and also the central role of grain in Winnipeg’s and Canada’s economy.

4.2.4 Manufacturing Trade

There are several buildings representative of the rise of manufacturing in the early years of Figure 6. Former Grain Exchange on Princess the 20th century. A prominent example is the Street (City of Winnipeg, 1999). Great West Saddlery's complex of buildings, consisting of a four-storey brick structure at The original 1892 building, with its various 112-114 Market Avenue, built in 1898, for the additions, did not satisfy the burgeoning needs making and storing of saddles and of other of the trade for very long. Shortly after its leather goods and an additional warehouse, Princess Street buildings underwent their final across the street at 113 Market Avenue. The expansion, the Winnipeg Grain and Produce A. Schmidt Foundry Building at 90 Albert Exchange commissioned the country's leading Street represents the type of modestly scaled

Page 16 and decorated premises erected for small the West. In most cases recognizing national manufacturing operations designed to serve a significance in the form and the function of a regional market using imported materials. building goes hand in hand, such as with the Reportedly the only brass works serving the bank buildings. Thus some of the buildings broad area from Minneapolis to the Rockies in which are recognized as architecturally the 1880s, A. Schmidt and Company significant are also recognized in one of the produced ornamental and architectural work above functional categories, but for historic as well as industrial castings. The Schmidt rather than architectural values. There are Foundry Building of 1901 is typical of buildings, however, such as hotels, which are quarters erected by industrialists seeking a Level 1 solely because of their architecture place of business and an investment in the and what its conveys of Winnipeg’s stature city's burgeoning real estate market. It is a and economy as a metropolis. Two criteria three-storey buff-brick structure, modestly were used primarily to identify these classical in its exterior decor, which combined buildings: basement industrial and ground-floor office spaces for its sponsor and rental • their construction must relate to the accommodations on the upper levels for period from l880 to 1913; and revenue purposes. The nearby Dingwall Building at 62 Albert Street illustrates several • they must have or potentially have a aspects of Winnipeg's complex economic municipal, provincial or federal roles during this period. It was constructed heritage designation in recognition of for the firm of Dingwall Limited which used their architecture. the upper storeys to manufacture watches and men's and women’s jewelry; the third floor As of 2000, nearly half of the buildings in the housed the firm's mail order and wholesale Exchange District are municipally designated, departments, while the lower two floors were one is provincially designated and five are rented out for revenue. federally designated.

Generally, the manufacturing trade buildings 4.2.6 Buildings Objectives are similar in appearance and construction to the warehouse buildings of the same period Heritage buildings will not be impaired or and share similar physical and associative under threat when: values which give them importance. • property owners and businesses 4.2.5 Architecturally Significant understand and support the protection Buildings of individual buildings and their values; Buildings can be identified as Level 1 cultural resources not only for their direct functional • their historic values are understood by association with the role of the Exchange the public; District during Winnipeg’s period as the gateway to the West and as a burgeoning • existing municipal by-laws, and metropolis, but also for their architectural provincial and federal legislation and significance and what the architecture policies are applied in guiding the conveys of Winnipeg’s key economic role in appropriate treatment of buildings;

Page 17 massing, continuous edge, and the similarities and variations in architecture, which embody • municipal design guidelines and the collective character of the district as a review processes, which incorporate whole, but which can only be seen by the the consideration of historic and public in pieces and sections as they walk or architectural values, are in place and drive through the Exchange District (Figures used; 7 and 8).

• ongoing occupation and maintenance of Level 1 buildings occurs with minimal interventions to their historic values, and is encouraged through supportive governmental policies, regulations, and incentives;

• owners of historic buildings are aware of and support aforesaid policies, regulations, and incentives;

• an inventory identifying and Figure 7. West side of Princess Street looking describing the historic values and from Ross Avenue (Wm. A. Martel and Sons condition of the interior and exterior n.d.). of buildings is developed, maintained, shared and used in decision-making concerning buildings; Of the 23 streets and lanes cross-cutting the Exchange District, over two-thirds of them are • decisions and actions concerning these streetscapes which evoke the sense of time buildings respect their historic and and place of the historic district. In some architectural values; and cases, the streetscape may be best viewed only from a particular direction or include only a • the buildings are monitored and section of the street. In other cases, a location, evaluated for natural and human- induced threats.

4.3 Streetscapes

The extant built resources currently within the Exchange District are organized along 17 streets, avenues and lanes, in rows whose general cohesion of design, scale, materials and function give these streetscapes a distinctive and readily identifiable character (Table 2, page 42 and Appendix A). The Figure 8. The two Grain Exchange buildings collection of buildings in view and the street (also seen in middle of Figure 6) constitute an or lane alignment capture the intactness, scale, important late-Victorian streetscape behind the Civic Centre (Dana Johnson, December 1995).

Page 18 such as the intersection of Albert Street and some areas, as evidenced from archival McDermot Avenue, provides a panoramic photographs of the Ashdown’s Warehouse, view of the historic place. One of the key but were not a common feature of the criteria for identifying a streetscape is the Exchange District. continuous edge of buildings with few or no vacant lots.

4.3.1 Streetscape Objectives

The objectives for ensuring that streetscapes are not impaired or under threat are basically the same as for individual buildings and the district as a whole. Three of particular note are:

• the continuous edge, density, scale, and particular fabric of the streetscape be maintained and protected;

• an inventory of wall advertising, flag poles, lighting and other fixtures on buildings in the streetscape, identify the relevance and contribution of these features to the streetscape; and

• new developments are created in a sympathetic manner that is compatible Figure 9. Utility poles and remains of spur line with the historic styles, sizes, forms, in lane between James and Market Avenues materials, and placement of the (Parks Canada, July 1999). buildings that give the streetscapes their sense of time and place. 4.4.1 Street Element Objectives 4.4 Street Elements The street elements will not be impaired or Today’s Exchange District has a softened under threat when: appearance through tree-lined streets, park benches, sidewalk restaurants, and poster • street elements are inventoried, kiosks. Historically, the appearance of these assessed, and protected for their streets would have been much different with historic value; and overhead utility lines, rail lines, and trees located in only certain areas. Evidence of • their importance to understanding the spur lines and utilities can still be found, sense of place and time are understood especially in the lane behind Princess Street by the public and by those whose and the lane between James and Market decisions or actions may affect these avenues (Figure 9). Trees were planted in cultural resources.

Page 19 Page 20 4.5 Archaeological Resources • intervention of built-on properties at or below ground include the There are no below ground, archaeological monitoring for archaeological resources known to be associated with the resources and measures to provide for national significance of the Exchange District. their identification and protection. The district area witnessed intensive use in the early part of the century; in some cases lots 4.6 Historic Objects have had three generations of buildings constructed on them before 1913. Before it Historic objects are movable cultural was a commercial district, this area had been resources. They may or may not be located surveyed for residential use and many homes within the historic district. The information had been built here. There may be remnants of and knowledge which they can convey make earlier history and some spaces have seen them an integral part of providing for the minimal intrusions, such as the spur lines area sense of time and place of the Exchange east of the Customs Examining Warehouse. It District. Their historic value may rest in the should therefore not be presumed that Level 1 information they hold that supports research archaeological resources do not exist. and interpretation, or their association with a person, place or event. There is no inventory Any archaeological remains within the of historic objects associated with the historic district which have a direct Exchange District. Only those which are association with the commemorative intent of directly associated with the commemorative the Exchange District will be considered intent of the Exchange District are Level 1 Level 1 cultural resources. cultural resources. The following list identifies the potential type and holdings of 4.5.1 Archaeological Resource Objectives historic objects:

Archaeological resources of national Archival material (documents, permits, ledgers, significance will not be impaired or under architectural drawings, maps and original photographs) threat when: - Western Canada Pictorial Index - City of Winnipeg Archives • their historic values are understood by - Provincial Archives of Manitoba - Provincial and Legislative libraries the public and by those whose - various city departments decisions or actions may affect these - architectural firms cultural resources; - business archives - federal archives (e.g., Customs) • heritage resource impact assessment - personal holdings of sites, as per the provincial Heritage Resources Act is conducted; Furnishings and Objects - Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce • physical intervention of vacant lands wall tapestries is preceded by archaeological - Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature consultation in accordance with artifacts recognized professional standards; and - Canadian Museum of Civilization artifacts - in-situ items

Page 21 4.6.1 Historic Objects Objectives 1913, the period during which Winnipeg grew to become the Historic objects are not impaired or under gateway to Canada’s West and the threat when: region’s metropolis; and

• those managed by public institutions • the distinct and relatively intact are inventoried and maintained collection of a range of architecturally according to recognized cultural significant built resources which speak resource management principles; to the city’s key economic role in the West. • private owners consider the historic values of historic objects when 5.1 Economic Gateway and making decisions concerning them Commercial Centre and obtain knowledgeable advice concerning their proper management For the key message concerning the Exchange and availability for research; District as economic gateway and commercial centre of Winnipeg - the metropolis, the • their historic values are understood by context messages are: the public; and • Beginnings: The Red River Colony • historic objects are accessible to the that had developed around the public for appropriate research and junction of the Red and Assiniboine presentation purposes. rivers in the early 19th century was dispersed over a wide region that 5 MESSAGES OF NATIONAL bordered the two rivers. The decline SIGNIFICANCE of the trade monopoly of the Hudson’s Bay Company in the 1850s, along This element of commemorative integrity with new transportation links to the focuses on communicating national American frontier, sparked the significance, derived from the statement of creation of new and independent commemorative intent. If the Exchange commercial concerns within the District is to have commemorative integrity, settlement. Upper Fort Garry at the anyone who comes in contact with the Forks had long been the commercial Exchange District should at least be aware of, centre of the colony, but by the 1860s and at best understand, its reasons for national independent entrepreneurs were significance. locating their new businesses away from the fort and the HBC’s 500 acre The two messages concerning the Exchange land reserve. In 1862, Henry District’s national significance are: McKenny built a store where the Assiniboine trail to Fort Garry met the • its key role as a centre of the grain and Red River trail, now the famous wholesale trade, finance and corner of Portage and Main. Other manufacturing in the historically merchandisers and wholesalers soon important period in western followed McKenny’s lead, forming development - between 1880 and the new village of Winnipeg. By the

Page 22 end of 1873, there were well over 900 and 1905, the amount of capital structures in the area including what invested in Winnipeg enterprises rose we now refer to as the Exchange by 330 per cent, while the comparable District. Winnipeg’s growth was rate in Montréal was 65 per cent and directly tied to the city’s role in in Toronto only 28 per cent. supplying the merchandise, lumber, Manufacturing output in the same agricultural implements, and financing period rose 120 per cent in Winnipeg, required as a result of the great influx 47 per cent in Toronto, and 40 per of settlers to the prairies after 1870; cent in Montréal;

• Gateway: Winnipeg was the only • The Grain Trade: The federal Grain access point to and from the western Act of 1899 required that prairie prairies. All European and eastern wheat had to be inspected in Canadian trade goods had to be routed Winnipeg, and by 1902, the city had through Winnipeg by nature of become a more important handler of transportation routes. By 1900, there grain than Chicago. As a result of this were 28 branch, spur, and through trade Winnipeg’s influence extended railway lines located in Winnipeg, in world-wide; addition to the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway; • Before the establishment of the western Canadian Wheat Board, • Metropolis: Winnipeg's extraordinary Winnipeg dominated the prairie rise to metropolitan dominance in economy. The Winnipeg Grain western Canada during the period Exchange was the centre of the between 1900 and 1913 is a Canadian grain trade and a primary well-documented phenomenon. The generator of private fortunes. As well, statistics, often cited in the many grain handling companies still promotional literature of the time, are headquartered or have offices attested to the unprecedented rapidity within the Exchange District, as does of Winnipeg's expansion: in the the Canadian Wheat Board. The grain decade between the 1901 and 1911 trade is intrinsically tied to the censuses, its population tripled (from development of Winnipeg’s banks and 42,340 to 136,035), making Winnipeg trust companies and the vast array of the third-largest city in Canada; the railway lines through the city; number of employed persons, the amount of salaries paid, and the value • Finances: Winnipeg’s banks financed of products manufactured all nearly the growth of the prairie west by quadrupled; the value of assessable borrowing capital from British, and to property increased more than five a lesser extent, Canadian money times; and the value of building markets, and used it to finance the permits went up an incredible 2700 grain trade, the erection of per cent. The dynamism of the warehouses, and the distribution of expanding west was compared with goods to the prairies. Winnipeg also the slower pace of development in was the prairie banking centre, with eastern metropolises: between 1900 regional offices of the major eastern

Page 23 Canadian banks, and trust and shipments of grain eastward were insurance companies, being located in extensive. These huge quantities of the Exchange District. The segment goods would then be stored in of Main Street leading up to Portage Winnipeg's warehouses for late winter Avenue was known as Bankers Row, and spring distribution for sale during due to the number of bank buildings; the spring and summer retail seasons. This freight rate concession • The west’s four major regional banks - constituted a substantial advantage the Union Bank of Canada, the over Toronto suppliers, who had to Northern Crown Bank, the Northern queue their goods in the spring for Bank, and the Commercial Bank of westward shipments; and Manitoba - were all headquartered in Winnipeg, and 14 eastern banks had • Manufacturing: By the turn of the their western regional offices in century, Winnipeg had become the Winnipeg; centre for manufacturing in western Canada. This was influenced by two • the West’s only significant insurance factors, the limited availability of raw company, Great West Life, had its materials around the city and the headquarters in the Exchange District. relative costs of transporting finished Confederation Life moved its and unfinished goods to Winnipeg headquarters from Toronto to from elsewhere. Freight rates Winnipeg in 1912; stipulated that some processing of natural products, such as grain and • Warehousing and Wholesale: The meat, should be carried out before city would simply have been a point being shipped. Clothing and hardware of through shipment, except for became profitable businesses as raw regulations which encouraged the materials were warehoused in the city. establishment of Winnipeg as a point Great West Saddlery on Market of transhipment. As a result of freight Avenue was a prominent example of rate reductions, ranging between 15 early twentieth century manufacturing. and 30 per cent and negotiated Their 1898 building was used for between 1897 and 1901, it was making and storing saddles and other cheaper to ship goods to Winnipeg, leather goods. Located at 90 Albert store them, and ship them onwards to Street, the Schmidt Foundry is thought retail outlets than to ship them directly to be the only brass works serving the to western retailers. Winnipeg's Canadian prairies. The Dingwall wholesalers thus possessed a Building at 62 Albert housed substantial sales advantage over Dingwall Limited which manufactured merchants in other prairie cities and in watches and jewelry. the eastern centres of Montréal and Toronto. They were able to order large shipments of goods from eastern manufacturers for delivery to Winnipeg in the late summer and fall, when traffic westward was light but

Page 24 5.2 Architectural Significance specialty retailers and wholesalers; and protection by strong municipal Architectural significance of the Exchange guidelines on building rehabilitation District is found not only in individual and by a 25 year public-sector buildings, but in the collective character of the program of investment in adaptive heritage buildings which make up the district. reuse, conservation, and restoration totalling over $30 million. The context messages concerning the historic district are : The context messages concerning the architecture of the buildings themselves are: • historic districts are geographically defined areas which create a special C the transformation from a “frontier” to sense of time and place through “urbane” architecture, reflecting buildings, structures, and open spaces Winnipeg’s shift from a boom town to modified by human use and which are a western Canadian metropolis; united by past events and use, and/or aesthetically, by architecture and plan; C the influence of British and North American architects of the time, and • the Exchange District is one of only the participation of notable architects 16 designated historic districts across in the design of Exchange District Canada considered to be nationally buildings; significant and 1 of only 4 national historic districts west of Ontario; C the identification of architectural styles, Romanesque Revival, • its uniqueness is a combination of the Italianate, Chicago School, etc., layout of blocks and streets, the reflective of other metropolises of the representation of the grain trade, time and how they are represented in wholesale trade, warehousing, the buildings; financial institutions, and manufacturing within a 20 block area, C the use of local materials such as buff- and the survival of over one hundred coloured brick and Tyndall stone; buildings pre-dating 1913 in construction, many of which are also C the use of exotic materials such as architecturally significant; terra cotta, granite, marble, and mahogany; and • the survival of this district was due to a combination of factors: a downturn C the use of heavy post and beam in the economy in Winnipeg, the construction in warehouses and the availability of cheap land, and the effect of steel frame construction on movement of the business area to adding height to buildings, including Portage Avenue, all of which the early skyscrapers. eliminated demands of growth and rejuvenation in the Exchange; the re- use of and minimal interventions to the buildings by the garment industry,

Page 25 5.3 Messaging Objectives the national significance of the Exchange District and convey this to Planning and design of heritage presentation visiting friends and family; programs2 will be effective when: C marketing the historic district respects C the diversity of audiences and markets and conveys the national significance is considered and accounted for; of the place;

C presentation information is based on C investing in heritage presentation sound research; creates economic opportunities; and

C quality presentation practices and key C members of the heritage community messages are incorporated into and the three levels of government programs; and take part in the heritage presentation of the district. C monitoring of program content, quality, and delivery occurs. 6 OTHER HERITAGE VALUES

Delivery of heritage presentation programs While resources directly associated with the will be effective when: commemorative intent of the designation of the Exchange District as a national historic • as many Canadians and visitors as site are considered to have the highest level as possible understand the reasons why cultural resources, there are other resources the Exchange District is of national and messages that also have value and significance; contribute to the heritage character of the district. Cultural resources which are not C a heritage communication strategy, directly related to national significance are including the above, is developed and categorized as “ Level 2” cultural resources. implemented; 6.1 Level 2 Built Resources C owners and tenants in the district are aware of, and are encouraged to Level 2 buildings in the district are identified support the delivery of nationally in Table 1. Level 2 built resources include: significant messages; C hotels and fraternal order facilities C the residents of Winnipeg recognize built in the period 1880 - 1913 and which are not Level 1 because of architectural values. Hotels were 2 Heritage presentation entails needed to house businessmen on their interpretive and educational programs designed periodic trips to Winnipeg. Among to build public understanding, appreciation and many such buildings located within enjoyment of a national historic site. It includes the Exchange District, one example programs and information which are offered on has particularly strong associations site and outreach initiatives provided outside of with this aspect of the wholesale trade. the site (for example, web sites, published articles).

Page 26 The Travellers' Building at 283-285 6.2 Level 2 Archaeological Resources Bannatyne Avenue at King Street is a six-storey structure erected for the Northwest There are no known archaeological resources Commercial Travellers' Association. This in the Exchange District. Any archaeological fraternal organization, founded in Winnipeg in remains found in the district, which are not 1882, offered a broad range of services - directly associated with the commemorative including temporary office space, recreation intent, will be evaluated as Level 2 cultural rooms, a dining room, inexpensive insurance, resources. and discount hotel and transportation rates - to its 2,000 members who were traveling 6.2.1 Level 2 Archaeological Resources salesmen; and Objectives

C infrastructure and other civic Potential Level 2 archaeological resources developments which attracted and will not be impaired or under threat when: supported the businesses in the Exchange District including Hydro • heritage resource impact assessment Sub-Station No. 1, which served the of sites, as per the provincial Heritage City Light and Power Company, the Resources Act, is conducted; first public utility in Western Canada; the High Pressure Pumping Station • physical intervention of vacant lands which served the area as one of the is preceded by archaeological most sophisticated of its kind in the consultation in accordance with world (immediately outside the recognized professional standards; and boundaries of the Exchange District); the Arthur Street electricity sub- • intervention of built-on properties at station; and the Amy Street Steam or below ground include the Heating Plant. The Winnipeg monitoring for archaeological Aquaduct runs under the Exchange resources and measures to provide for District and the provincial plaque their identification and protection. commemorating this engineering achievement is located at Stephen 6.3 Level 2 Historic Objects Juba Park. The existence of Level 2 historic objects on- 6.1.1 Level 2 Built Resources Objectives and off-site is largely unknown. Any such objects would include any objects, collections Level 2 built resources will be unimpaired and of objects or archival material related to the not under threat when: hotels, fraternal orders, and civic development/infrastructure in the district. C an inventory of the values and conditions of the interior and exterior of Level 2 buildings is developed, maintained, shared, and used in decision-making and the ongoing management of the historic district.

Page 27 6.3.1 Level 2 Historic Objects Objectives were demolished in 1962 to make way for the present Civic Centre. The Potential Level 2 historic objects will be Exchange District also was the unimpaired and not under threat when: location of: Hydro Sub-Station No. 1, which served the City Light and C an inventory and assessment of such Power Company, the first public objects or collections has been utility in Western Canada; the High undertaken; and Pressure Pumping Station which served the area as one of the most C the use and/or disposition of such sophisticated of its kind in the world; objects respects their historic the Arthur Street electricity sub- importance. station; the Amy Street Steam Heating Plant; and the central fire hall. These 6.4 Messages of Other Historic Values buildings provided the necessary infrastructure to support the Exchange Messages about the Exchange District which District urban cluster that formed the are not directly linked to its commemorative heart of the city. In addition, the intent, but which have significance Exchange District was the site of provincially, regionally, or locally, and several federal buildings. Many contribute to an understanding of the site, names of Winnipeg’s prominent include: businessmen and civic leaders of the turn of the 20th century are associated C Civic Development: For more than a with the Exchange District, for century the Exchange District has example, Bannatyne, McDermot, and been the site of Winnipeg’s city halls Ashdown). Several streets bear their and other municipal facilities and names. utilities. C Arts and Entertainment: The district The first city hall, a handsome yellow has been and continues to be an brick building, was formally opened in important venue for cultural and March, 1876. Despite financial and entertainment events in Winnipeg. construction difficulties, Winnipeg’s second city hall was completed in The Exchange District contains a high 1886. The “Gingerbread house” city concentration and a wide variety of art hall was a substantial and solid galleries, artist studios, and the structure, a Victorian fantasy that Pantages Theatre. In spite of losing captured in its details, the exuberance some theatres in Winnipeg’s and optimism of the period. downtown, the Walker Theatre (a Immediately west of the city hall was national historic site), is located near the market building, which, along with to the Exchange District. The adjacent hotels, stores, agricultural Centennial Concert Hall, Manitoba businesses, and livery stables, became Theatre Centre, and Warehouse the centre of trade and commerce in Theatre, maintain the tradition of the Market Square. The second city having entertainment venues hall and adjacent market building downtown.

Page 28 C Publishing: Winnipeg’s newspaper between 1891 and 1921. As prairie industry was centred in the Exchange communities swelled with newcomers District, close to commercial during this time, a variety of services institutions. sprang up to meet their needs; livery stables, restaurants, laundries, clothing Prior to the Winnipeg Free Press’ stores, stationary outlets, move to Carlton Street and the confectioneries, offices and hotels. Tribune’s to Smith Street and Graham Thus, it is possible to present a story Avenue, Winnipeg’s newspaper of a wide variety of work and workers industry was centered on McDermot within the Exchange District. Avenue and was known as Newspaper Thousands were workers who settled Row (Figure 8). The local newspaper with their families in the industry consisted of news agencies, neighbourhoods west of the Exchange printing companies, and foundries, District and in the North End. The which were involved with the working and living conditions they publication of the daily papers as well experienced once in the city, underlay as journals such as the Grain Trade this urban working class’ extensive News. participation in the city’s labour and socialist movements. This activity culminated in the 1919 General Strike, most of the events of which took place in the Exchange District. The Winnipeg Labour Temple was constructed on James Avenue, behind what is now the Manitoba Museum, by the affiliated unions of the Winnipeg Trades and Labour Council. The Temple was the centre for the labour movement’s involvement in social activities, political campaigns, Figure 8. Newspaper Row on McDermot strikes, and the organization of Avenue (Wm. A. Martel and Sons n.d.). workers. A provincial plaque commemorating the Winnipeg Labour Temple is located on the lower • Labour: A number of trade unions concourse of the Centennial Concert and fraternal organizations had office Hall. Other union offices were located in the Exchange District and located in office buildings throughout some of the dramatic events of the the Exchange District, and fraternal 1919 Winnipeg General Strike took organizations had halls in or near it. place here. C Women’s Suffrage: Events associated Partly a result of campaigns by civic with winning the vote for women and commercial leaders to attract were staged at theatres once in or next immigrants for agriculture and to the Exchange District. industry, Winnipeg’s population grew The theme of Women’s Suffrage not dramatically from 26,000 to 179,000

Page 29 only deals with the fight for political locations. Many of the warehouse empowerment but also for social buildings have survived because the welfare, improved working garment trade has been able to use conditions, prohibition, and support them with a minimum of change to the for unwed mothers. Some of the interior or exterior. prominent women involved with the movement include Nellie McClung, C Conservation and Sustainable Lillian Beynon Thomas and her sister Development of the District: The Francis Marion Beynon, and E. Cora Exchange District is a case study of Hind. These women used satirical renewal, conservation and sustainable pamphlets, public meetings, appeals to development initiatives of nearly forty one’s conscience, and petitions in their years. fight for the vote. Noteworthy events such as the “Mock Parliament of Urban renewal schemes in the 1960s Women” at the Walker and Bijou resulted in a new City Hall, theatres were instrumental in the Administration Building, Police granting of the vote in January 1916, Station, and the Centennial Centre making Manitoba the first province to complex which bound the north end of grant this right. It should also be the Exchange District. But this noted that these women were development did not rejuvenate the undeniable successes in their own Winnipeg’s downtown as was right as they taught school, served as expected. Alternative strategies were newspaper editors, and writers, and sought in the 1970s making the helped establish other women’s District a testing ground for the latest movements in western Canada. innovations in conservation, streetscaping, restoration, and green C Garment Trade: Clothing space development. The history of the manufacturing was one of the largest conservation movement associated industries in the Exchange District. with the Exchange District includes early feasibility studies for the At one time the area was known as the retrofitting of buildings, the “Garment District”. Some employers involvement of Heritage Canada and are still located here, but the heyday of the Manitoba Historical Society, the the industry was from the 1920s until formation of Heritage Winnipeg and the 1960s when many entrepreneurs the Old Market Square Association, made their fortunes. A wide range of creation of heritage legislation, battles garments were produced including to save the banks, and numerous clothing novelties, tailored suits and conservation projects throughout the dresses, hats, outer clothing, boots and District. All have contributed to the shoes, gloves, and fur or leather retention of the Exchange District products. The firms occupied without which the national designation warehouse space in the Peck, Daylite, could not have been awarded. The and Whitla buildings, as the wholesale district continues to evolve as a unique or manufacturing sectors either place. The complexity and intactness declined or moved to suburban of the Exchange lends itself to being a

Page 30 model for sustainable development the historic significance of the where heritage values and the use of Exchange District and convey it to existing buildings contributes to the visiting friends and family; social, economic, and environmental well-being of the people of Winnipeg. C marketing the historic district respects The coordination of public policies of and conveys the historic significance the three levels of government serves of the place; as a model of cooperation in achieving the conservation and sustainable C investing in heritage presentation development of a historic district creates economic opportunities; and which continues to play a part in the life and economy of Winnipeg. C members of the heritage community and the three levels of government 6.4.1 Messages Objectives take part in heritage presentation for the district. Planning and design of heritage presentation programs will be effective when: 7 ASSOCIATION WITH OTHER HERITAGE PLACES C the diversity of audiences and markets is considered and accounted for; The Exchange District National Historic Site of Canada is part of a family of national C presentation information is based on historic sites found across Canada. Eighteen sound research; of these are historic districts which share the same status as the Exchange District. The • quality presentation practices and key Exchange District is not an isolated place of messages are incorporated into national commemoration. There are a number programs; and of places, persons, and events of national significance which are thematically and C monitoring of program content, spatially associated with the Exchange quality, and delivery occurs. District, including:

Delivery of heritage presentation programs Within the Exchange District will be effective when: S Pantages Playhouse Theatre S Confederation Building C a heritage communication strategy, S Union Trust Building including the above, is developed and S Bank of Hamilton Building implemented; S Royal Bank Tower and Annex S the 1919 Winnipeg General Strike (event) C owners and tenants in the district are aware of and are encouraged to Adjacent to the Exchange District support the delivery of heritage S Walker Theatre messages; S Winning of the Vote by Women (event)

C the residents of Winnipeg recognize

Page 31 Within Downtown Winnipeg Commemorative Integrity: a site possesses S Capitol Theatre commemorative integrity when the resources that S Metropolitan Theatre represent or symbolize its importance are not S Fort Garry Hotel impaired or under threat, when the reasons for the S Dalnavert House site’s national significance is effectively communicated to the public, and when the site’s S Holy Trinity Church heritage values are respected by all whose S Union Station decisions affect the site. S Winnipeg Law Courts S The Forks Commemorative Integrity Statement (CIS): a S Upper Fort Garry, Fort Rouge, and Fort statement that describes the what the designated Gibraltar place is, the cultural resources which are part of it, S the Creation of the Province of Manitoba and the historic values which make them cultural (event) resources. In total, the CIS describes the desired state and conditions for ensuring commemorative The national significance of the Exchange integrity. It is a conceptual framework to help plan, manage, and evaluate national historic sites. District can be understood and conveyed through its thematic connections with these Commemorative Intent: the specific reason(s) other places and events. why a historic site was declared to be of national historic significance. It is based on the minutes of 8 GLOSSARY the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada. It is the foundation of the site’s Beaux-Arts: This style was popular during the Commemorative Integrity Statement. first three decades of this century, and it was style primarily of French origins. Facades are Conservation: activities that are aimed at symmetrical, and plans are based upon a safeguarding a cultural resource so as to retain its progression of symmetrically disposed, historic value and extend its physical life. In all functionally arranged spaces. The decorative conservation activities, respect for the historic features are classical, especially the orders, and are value of the resource is paramount. Conservation executed to achieve a monumental effect. can include maintenance, preservation, and modification. Chicago School: The influence of the Chicago School, seen in urban high-rise buildings of the Continuous Edge: effect produced on a city block 1890s to the 1920s, is characterized by the grid- when building facades are in alignment, are of like organization of their facades. The elevations similar scale, and fill the lot to the sidewalk with are usually divided into three sections comprising no large gaps between buildings. of base, middle, and attic storeys, and are capped by a massive cornice. The height of these Cultural Resource: a human work or place which buildings was made possible by the perfection of gives evidence of human activity or has spiritual metal frame and reinforced concrete construction, or cultural meaning, and which has been and the introduction of the elevator. Usually these determined to have historic value. It includes the buildings had masonry exteriors with highly whole as well as the parts. For example, a sculptural details. national historic site is a cultural resource as are parts of the site such as buildings, landscapes, Commemoration: Ministerial recognition of the archaeological resources, and historic objects. national significance of specific lands or waters for the purposes of protecting and presenting heritage places and resources.

Page 32 Cultural Resource Management (CRM): storey, main storey, and attic storey, with a regular principles and a range of practices encompassing floor plan. On these latter buildings, decorative the protection, presentation, and use of cultural features include segmental arches over windows, resources. CRM is the policy of Parks Canada for vermiculated masonry, prominent keystones, deep the management of all of its cultural resources. cornices with prominent brackets, and round- headed windows grouped into threes. There is a Designated or Historic Place: the area or generally sculptural treatment of wall surfaces. complex identified as being of national historic significance by the Historic Sites and Monuments Level 1 Cultural Resource: a resource of national Board of Canada regardless of ownership or historic significance by virtue of its specific jurisdictional boundaries. commemoration by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada or its direct Historic Sites and Monuments Board of relationship to the commemorative intent of a Canada (HSMBC): an independent body that national historic site. provides the Minister responsible for Parks Canada with the impartial and expert advice on Level 2 Cultural Resource: a resource not of matters relating to historical commemoration. In national significance but considered to possess addition to recommending persons, places, and historic value nonetheless. events deemed to be nationally significant, the HSMBC recommends the type of commemoration National Historic Site: the designated boundaries which it feels is appropriate. of a place declared to be of national historic significance by the Minister responsible for Parks Heritage Character: the distinct characteristics Canada acting on the recommendation of the that give a resource its heritage value. Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada.

Historic Object: portable objects which are Neo-Classical: Neoclassicism appeared in Canada deemed to have historical significance. in the 1820s and continued until the 1860s. Neoclassicism entailed use of decorative motifs Historic Value: a recognition of a resource’s taken directly from Roman and Greek classical physical or associative value in relation architecture, in particular the use of acanthus commemorative intent (making the resource a leaves, baseless Doric columns, antique Ionic Level 1 cultural resource) or having a physical a columns, earred trim, and a prominent entablature. or associative value in relation to municipal or Neoclassicism, a European architectural style of provincial heritage designation, or community both English and French origins, treated surfaces standards of what is historically important in a stark manner, eliminating window surrounds (making the resource a Level 2 cultural resource). and using channelled masonry, blind arcades, flattened rusticated storeys, and stringcourses. Intervention: a term referring to any activity or non-activity that has a physical or potential impact Resource: anything that has natural, historical, or on a cultural resource. cultural significance.

Italianate: This style flourished from the 1840s Romanesque Revival: This style first appeared in to the 1870s, and was predominantly of British the mid-19th century, but was most popular in the origin. On Italianate villas, the most characteristic 1880s and 1890s. At the end of the 19th century, features are the square, off-centre tower, the influence was principally from the architecture asymmetrical plans and elevations, prominent of American architect H.H. Richardson. This brackets under the eaves, verandahs, stucco, and phase featured squat columns, corbel tables under deep eaves. On urban buildings there is a use of the eaves, polychromatic and heavily textured the Renaissance tripartite composition of base surfaces, and capitals carved with geometrical,

Page 33 floral, and sinuous designs, having 12th century antecedents.

Sustainable Development and Sustainable Use: Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. No form of economic development, including heritage tourism, can develop long-term and sustained viability unless the economy is linked with the environment and society in a threefold interactive way. With historic sites, sustainable use means people gaining direct and indirect benefits from heritage resources over the long term, without destroying them. Sustainability is an exercise in the conditional optimization and fine-tuning the balance of economy, environment and social well- being.

Page 34 Table 1. List of Buildings in The Exchange District National Historic Site. Under Date Source ‘1' refers to documents that give date of construction of the building. ‘2' is the year in which the building permit was issued. (Information in this table current to September 2000.)

Name of Address Level of Date of Date * Physical Values Associative Values Building Resource Construction Source

Building Style Architectural Details Heritage Status Original Function Architect

Albert Street 38-44 Albert St Other 1877 (house), 1 One Part Example of early brick veneer Inventory Residence and retail House by J.J. Business Block 1924 (store) Commercial construction, unadorned Johnson, store by William Irish Royal Albert Arms 48 Albert St 1 1913 1 Spanish Wrought iron balconies, red tile Municipal, 1981, Hotel--service provider to E.D. McGuire Hotel Colonial Revival roof, facade partially obscured grade III wholesale trade by restaurant addition Gregg Building 52-56 Albert St 1 1902 1 Romanesque Brick and undressed limestone Municipal, 1986, Warehouse for James Cadham Revival trim, masonry over post and grade III wholesale and garment beam construction trade Albert Street Burger 58 Albert St Other 1921 2 One Part Inventory Restaurant Commercial Hammond Building 63 Albert St 1 1902 1 Edwardian Piecemeal additions preclude Municipal, 1980, Offices and sample J.H.G. Russell unified style. Wood beam and grade III rooms for manufacturer's post construction agents. Retail and garment trade also present Dingwall Building 62 Albert St 1 1910-11 1 Romanesque Simplified neoclassical Municipal, 1985, Wholesale warehouse J.H.G. Russell Revival elements on facade, elaborate grade III and factory. Garment cornice, some skyscraper trade also occupied one motifs, masonry over wood post floor and beam construction Whitla I/Telegram 70 Albert St/242 1 1882-84 1 Italianate Classically inspired styling with Municipal, 1980, Publishing and William Hodgson Building McDermot Ave many decorative motifs, heavy grade II wholesale cornice, wood post and beam construction with iron columns Schmidt 90 Albert St 1 1901 1 Edwardian Solid brick with some restrained Municipal, 1985, Foundry for manufacture Samuel Hooper Foundry/Western neoclassical detailing grade III of brass fittings Building Imperial Dry Goods 91 Albert St 1 1899 1 Edwardian Brick facades Municipal, 1980, Retail outlet for Unknown Block grade III wholesaler. Also garment trade Reliable Service 96-98 Albert St 1 1901 1 Spanish White stucco walls with red tile Inventory Retail and garment trade W.J.. Smith Station Colonial Revival roof Whitla Building II 54-70 Arthur St 1 1899 1 Romanesque Yellow brick with limestone Inventory Warehouse for James Cadham and Annex/Silpit Revival lintels, some use of cast iron wholesale trade Building framing and columns along with mill construction

Page 35 Gault Building and 92-104 Arthur 1 1900, 1903 1 Romanesque White brick, rusticated stone Municipal, Warehouse for George Browne, Annex St/93-99 King St (annex) Revival base, three-part division of 1982(building), wholesale trade annex by J.H. facade, pilasters, masonry over 1987(annex), grade Cadham wood post and beam II construction Donald Bain 115 Bannatyne 1 1899 1 Romanesque Solid brick with stone sills and Municipal, 1980, Warehouse for J.J. McDiarmid Building (119 Ave Revival lintels, straw basket brick grade II wholesale trade Bannatyne also detailing around windows, wood called post and beam construction Merrick-Anderson Warehouse) Marshall-Wells 123 Bannatyne 1 1900 1 Romanesque Solid brick, rusticated lower Municipal, 1983, Warehouse for J.J. McDiarmid Warehouse Ave Revival level, accented arch heads, grade II wholesale trade wood post and beam Bright and Johnson 137 Bannatyne 1 1882 1 Romanesque Solid brick with little Municipal, 1986, Warehouse for Willmot and Stewart Building/Swiss Ave Revival ornamentation, wood post and grade III wholesale trade Building beam construction Bright and 141 Bannatyne 1 1903 1 Romanesque Minimal stylistic treatment, solid Municipal, 1993, Warehouse for J.H.G. Russell Johnson/Mackenzie Ave Revival brick with brick corbelling and grade III wholesale trade (addition Block arches with radiating brick to 137 Bannatyne) heads, wood post and beam construction Ashdown 167 Bannatyne 1 1895 1 Romanesque Buff brick with Selkirk stone Municipal, 1985, Warehouse for S. Frank Peters Warehouse Ave Revival trimming, wood post and beam grade II wholesale trade construction Franklin Press 168 Bannatyne 1 1904 1 Romanesque Solid brick with metal cornice, Municipal, 1983, Publishing J.H.G. Russell Building/Chatfield Ave Revival wood post and beam frame grade III Distributors Kelly Block/Kilgour 181 Bannatyne 1 1904 2 Romanesque Solid brick, timber post and Municipal, 2000, Warehouse for Charles A. Walker Block Ave Revival beam grade III wholesale trade McClary Building 185 Bannatyne 1 1899 1 Romanesque Brick with rustication on first Municipal, 1987, Warehouse for S. Frank Peters Ave Revival floor, windows housed in three grade III manufacturing stoves bays, wood post and beam and coal furnaces construction J.W. MacDonald 189 Bannatyne Other 1948 2 Post - 1945 Concrete and masonry Not listed Garage Autoservice Ave Traveller's Building 283 Bannatyne 1 1906 1 Italianate Reinforced concrete, red brick Municipal, 1979, Offices and other support Darling and Pearson Ave exterior, stone archway grade II services for salesmen in entrance the wholesale and manufacturing industries Maw's Garage and 291 Bannatyne 1 1890, modified 1Maw’s - Large plate glass windows, Municipal, 1979, Automobile showroom Charles H. Wheeler Sanford Building Ave in1906 Boomtown steel trusses allow open floor Maws = grade III and warehouse for (1890), W.H. Stone Sanford - Sanford = grade II wholesale trade (1906) Romanesque Revival

Page 36 Great Western 110 James Ave 1 1910 2 Edwardian Brick façade, rubble stone Inventory Warehouse for V.W. Harwood Electric/Ryan foundation, stone belt course wholesale trade Brother’s Buildings Fred Ingaldson 120 James Ave 2 ? No information Building Deval Warehouse 128 James Ave 1 1912 2 Edwardian Red brick façade, cut stone Inventory Warehouse for foundation, stone belt course wholesale trade and sills Richardson-Brown 130-132 James 1 1911 2 Edwardian Brick exterior, rubble Inventory Warehouse George W. Warehouse Ave foundation, timber post and Northwood beam Hydro Sub-Station 54 King St 1 1910-11 1 Italianate Highly detailed façade with Inventory Generating station--part J.P. West, Smith, No. 1 Romanesque arches and some of city infrasturcture and Kerry and Chace classical motifs, brick and civic development sandstone over steel and concrete frame Blue Ribbon 87 King St and 1 1901 1 Romanesque Rusticated lower level, stone Municipal, 1983, Warehouse for J.H.. Cadham Building (Anne 88 Arthur St Revival arch entrance, segmented grade III wholesale trade Building)/Arthur arches, wood post and beam Building construction Ryan Block/King 104 King St/286 1 1895 1 Romanesque Rusticated base, rounded Municipal, 1991, Office building and H.S. Griffith Building/ Bannatyne Ave Revival arches, wood post and beam grade II warehouse for wholesale Warkov-Safeer Ltd frame, and garment trade Carruthers and Co. 120 King St 1 1896 1 Romanesque Rusticated stone, brick detailing Municipal, 1983, Office building for J. Greenfield Building Revival around windows, pediment, grade II German language paper wood post and beam and warehouse for construction garment wholesaler A. Carruthers Co. 124 King St Other 1916 2 2 Part Brick walls, stone foundation Inventory Warehouse for garment J. Chisholm and Commercial wholesaler Sons Crane 93 Lombard Ave 1 1906 1 Romanesque Very utilitarian, little decoration, Inventory Wholesale warehouse J.H.G. Russell Building/Lombard Revival mill construction and factory for Building manufacturing plumbing Gaylord Block/Kemp 111 Lombard Ave 1 1903 1 Romanesque Rusticated stone lower level, Inventory Factory for J.H. Cadham Building Revival white brick facade manufacturing sheet metal products Northern Sales 135 Lombard Other 1953 2 Post - 1945 Brick with reinforced concrete Not listed Retail Office Grain Exchange 167 Lombard Ave 1 1906-08 1 Italianate Mixture of Sullivanesque and Municipal, 1992, Grain exchange Darling and Pearson Building III Italian palazzo styling. Large grade II decorative entrance, projecting cornice, steel frame Great West Life 177 Lombard Ave 1 1909-11 1 Beaux-Arts style Steel skeleton clad in kootney Provincial and Office building for John D. Atchison marble, rusticated lower level, Municipal, 1983, insurance and financial paired corinthian columns, grade II concerns pedimented windows set in metal panels, and other classical elements

Page 37 Bailey's Restaurant 185 Lombard Ave 2 1900 2 Romanesque Brick with stone foundation, Inventory Offices and retail H.S. Griffith Revival ornamental doors Union Trust Tower 191 Lombard/387 1 1912-13 1 Chicago school Steel and concrete frame, NHS, Municipal, Bank and office tower John Atchison Main Sullivanesque style, marble on 1983, grade II first two levels, cartouch and Italianate detailing, elaborate cornice Customs Examining 145 McDermot 1 1908 1 Romanesque Brick facades on all four sides, Inventory Department of Inland Department of Warehouse Ave Revival steel and concrete construction, Revenue customs Public Works denticulated metal cornice, examining subtle stone decoration over warehouse--used to windows inspect grain shipments Porter/Galpern 165 McDermot 1 1906 1 Italianate Brick with limestone accents Municipal, 1985, Wholesale warehouse J.H.G. Russell Building Ave over windows, steel grade III construction Dawson Richardson 169-171 2 1921 1 Edwardian Solid brick with light-coloured Municipal, 1985, Publishing a grain trade Charles Bridgman Building McDermot Ave stone sills grade III paper Grange 173 McDermot 1 1886-1887 1 Edwardian Original had ornate facade Municipal, 1985, Retail and manufacture A.T. Timewell Building/Mitchell Ave including a mortar and pestle grade III of drugs and medicines Block motif over doorway (only window decoration remains) Toronto Type 175 McDermot 1 1881 1 Edwardian Brick, originally had stone belt Municipal, 1988, Wholesale warehouse, David Ede Foundry Building Ave courses between floors and grade III also used for publishing three bays T.W. Taylor Building 177 McDermot 1 1882 1 Italianate Solid brick, ornamentation Municipal, 1985, Publishing Unknown Ave around windows grade III W.F. Alloway 179 McDermot 1 1898 1 Romanesque Rusticated limestone base, Municipal, 1985, Wholesale and office J.H. Cadham or S.F. Building Ave Revival simple detailing, wood post and grade III space Peters beam frame Lake of the Woods 212 McDermot 1 1901 1 Romanesque Red brick facades with Inventory Wholesale warehouse J.H.G. Russell House Ave Revival sandstone, cornice is rounded at the corners and has turret-like brick corbelling, wood post and beam frame Criterion Hotel 214 McDermot 1 1903 1 Sullivanesque Limestone facade with false Municipal, 1981, Hotel. Bar was a popular H.S. Griffith Ave balcony, coloured terra-cotta grade II watering hole for detail newspaper employees on MacDermot Leckie Building 216 McDermot 2 1901 2 Edwardian Dark brick façade with stone Inventory Office and retail H.S. Griffith Ave foundation Lyon Block/Bate 217-223 1 1883 1 Romanesque Romanesque Revival influences Municipal, 1981, Grocery wholesale Blackstone Building McDermot Ave Revival such as window arches, wood grade II warehouse post and beam construction Silvester-Willson 222 McDermot 1 1904 1 Italianate Solid brick, little decoration Inventory Office block J.H.G. Russell Building Ave

Page 38 Alexandra 227-237 1 1901 1 Italianate Solid brick veneered with red Municipal, 1984, Hotel and commercial Fremont Oroff Block/Albert Block McDermot pressed brick, ornamented with grade II space. Was a service Ave/86 Albert St buff stone trimming, brick provider to wholesale quoins and manufacturing firms Stovel Building 245 McDermot 1 1893-94 1 Romanesque Heavily detailed with rounded Municipal, 1998, Publishing Hugh McCowen Ave Revival entrance, corbelled brick grade II cornice with finials, wood post and beam construction Thompson, Codville 246-248 1 1882 1 Romanesque Hood mold around windows, Municipal, 1983, Wholesale warehouse Unknown Co. Building McDermot Ave Revival elaborate metal cornice, post grade III and beam construction Merchant's 250 McDermot 1 1897-98 1 Romanesque Cut stone base, solid white Inventory Wholesale warehouse J.H. Cadham Building/George Ave Revival brick, Bedford stone trim Woods Building Stobart's 281 McDermot 1 1903 1 Romanesque Paired windows with rusticated Municipal, 1983, Warehouse for the J.H. Cadham Building/Bedford Ave Revival stone sills, steel and masonry grade III wholesale and garment Building construction trade Maltese Cross 286 1 1909 1 Italianate Steel and concrete (no wood Municipal, 1997, Wholesale warehouse John Atchison Building McDermot/66 used), little ornamentation grade III King St except for Maltese crosses , red brick Wilson 288 McDermot 1 1905 1 Romanesque Large arches on main floor, Municipal, 1987, Wholesale warehouse John Woodman Building/Allen Ave Revival copper cornice, brick parapet, grade III Building brick quoins, ornamentation over windows, post and beam frame Glengarry Block 290 McDermot 1 1910 1 Neoclassical Brick and Tyndall stone, Municipal, 1987, Housed a variety of J.H.G. Russell Ave projecting pilasters, iron grade III wholesalers and cornice, brick pediment, manufacturers, including girder-post sketetal frame garment trade Daylite Building 296 McDermot 1 1899 1 Romanesque Red brick with rough cut Tyndall Municipal, 1987, Originally a warehouse J.H. Cadham Ave Revival stone trim, wood post and beam grade II for the manufacture and frame wholesale of drugs, later used in the garment trade Former Canadian 389 Main St 1 1910-12 1 Italianate Stanstead granite over steel Municipal, 1979, Bank Darling and Pearson Bank of Commerce frame, bronze doors, doric grade I columns Former Bank of 395 Main St 1 1916-18 1 Italianate Dressed limestone over brick, Municipal, 1979, Bank and office block John Atchison Hamilton large arched entrance way, little grade I ornamentation, steel and concrete frame Canadian Wheat 423 Main St Other 1928 2 Gothic Revival Brick and tile with concrete Inventory Grain trade Northwood and Board foundation Chivers United Grain 433 Main St Other 1976 2 Post - 1945 Grain trade Growers

Page 39 Former Bank of 436 Main St 1 1903 1 Italianate Sandstone facade with Municipal, 1997, Bank A.T. Taylor British North verimculated detailing, iconic grade II America columns, pediment, steel and concrete construction Former Imperial 441 Main St 1 1906 1 Italianate Sandstone facade, pediment, Municipal, 1997, Bank Darling and Pearson Bank of Canada false balconies, elaborate grade II window treatment, steel and reinforced concrete construction Former Bank of 456 Main St 1 1905-07 1 Italianate White marble facade, Corinthian Municipal, 1984, Bank H.C. Stone Toronto capitals, balustrades, secondary grade II facade (behind columns) of glass and cast iron, steel and concrete construction Confederation Life 457 Main St 1 1912 1 Chicago School Granite base, curved facade NHS, Municipal, Housed Winnipeg branch J. Wilson Grey encased in white terra-cotta, 1980, grade II of life insurance projecting cornice, steel and company and served as concrete construction an office tower for a variety of businesses Former Royal Bank 460 Main St 1 1911 1 Italianate Based on Italian Renaissance NHS, Municipal, Bank Carrere and of Canada or palazzo style, pink granite 1997, grade II Hastings over steel frame with bronze grills on doors and windows Woodbine Hotel 466 Main St 1 1899 1 Edwardian By 1899 had dark brick veneer Municipal, 1986, Hotel and bar Peter Sutherland with limestone accents grade III Baker Block/Birt's 468 Main St 1 1901 1 Italianate Pressed red brick facade, Municipal, 1984, Retail space and offices H.S. Griffith Saddlery projecting brick pilasters grade III Duffin Block/Birt's 472 Main St 2 1881 1 One Part Cornice and pediment only Inventory Retail and residence T.H.. Parr Saddlery Commercial detailing Ashdown Hardware 476 Main St 1 1904-05 1 Post 1945 Original had red brick, Inventory Retail and wholesale J.H.G. Russell Store limestone, and terra-cotta trim, trade steel and wood construction, offices on upper floors 1959 addition to 480 Main St Other 1952 2 Post 1945 Inventory Retail and wholesale Moody and Moore Ashdown Store trade Ryan 492 Main St 1 1883 1 Art deco and Original had elaborate facade Municipal, 1996, Shoe store and Johnson Brown Block/Macdonald rebuilt 1903 & Neoclassical with red granite columns, belt grade III wholesaler Shoe Store 1933 courses and gargoyles Union Bank Tower 500-504 1 Tower-1903-04 1 Chicago school Steel frame with reinforced NHS, Municipal Bank Darling and Pearson and Annex (Royal Main/139 concrete, brick facades with (bank); Municipal with W. Percy Over Tower) Letinsky Place Annex-1921 stone quoins, elaborate cornice, (annex)1995, grade terra-cotta detailing with floral I (bank) grade III motifs. Annex had terra cota (annex) facade at both ends Cronkite Building 90 Market Ave Other 1951 2 Post 1945 Masonry Not listed Warehouse for plumbing supplies

Page 40 Great West 112-114 Market 1 1898 1 Romanesque Stone accents on facade of Municipal, 1990, Wholesale warehouse J. McDiarmid Saddlery Building Ave Revival otherwise utilitarian building, grade III and factory use of red and cream coloured brick, wood post and beam frame Great West 113 Market Ave 1 1910 1 Chicago School Neoclassical elements on Municipal, 1985, Warehouse and William Wallis Blair Saddlery entrance way, rusticated stone grade II manufacturing plant to first floor, corbelled brick complement the original cornice located across the street Firestone Tire Co 133 Market Ave Other 1946 1 Post 1945 Inventory Warehouse E. Fitz Munn Warehouse Marshall-Wells 136 Market Ave 1 1905 and 1906 1 Romanesque Rough-cut limestone on lower Municipal, 1987, Wholesale warehouse Samuel Hooper and Warehouse Revival portion of facade, keystones grade III Charles Walker over windows, wood post and beam frame Steele Briggs 139 Market Ave 1 1912 1 Edwardian Brick with cut stone entrance Inventory Warehouse for seed C.W.V. Chivers Building wholesaler Stanley Brock Ltd 145 Market Ave 2 1916 1 Italianate Brick with cut stone entrance Inventory Warehouse for J.H.G. Russell wholesale trade Manitoba Theatre 174 Market Ave Other 1970 2 Brutalism Reinforced concrete Not listed Theatre--arts and No. 10 Architectural Centre entertainment Group Pantages 180 Market Ave 1 1913-14 1 Beaux-Arts Brick with reinforced concrete NHS, Municipal, Theatre--arts and B. Marcus Priteca Theatre/Playhouse covered with terra cota, 1981, grade II entertainment and George Theatre marquise Northwood Electric Railway 213 Notre Dame 1 1913 1 Chicago school Sullivanesque, combines steel Municipal, 1987, Office building for Pratt and Ross with Chambers Ave and concrete structure with grade II Winnipeg Electric Charles Frost Renaissance design, granite Railway Co. main floor, terra-cotta, statues Transportation and civic top capitals, heavily development ornamented windows and cornice St. Charles Hotel 235 Notre Dame 1 1913 1 ? Dark brick with limestone trim, Municipal, 1986, Hotel--service provider to Carter-Halls-Aldinge Ave pedimented window heads, grade III wholesale and r parapet manufacturing agents Christie Block 249 Notre Dame 2 1906 2 2 Part Brick with rubble stone Inventory Office and retail Ave Commercial foundation, front stucco General Electric 265 Notre Dame 2 1930 2 Art deco Tyndal stone and dark brick Municipal 1988, Building Ave Grade III Tim Horton's 275 Notre Dame Other 1981 2 Post 1945 Dark brick Not listed Retail Ave Peck Building 33 Princess St 1 1893-94 1 Romanesque Limestone buttresses, Municipal, 1984, Garment factory and Charles H. Wheeler Revival decorative arches, neoclassical grade II wholesale warehouse motifs on 1907 addition, wood post and beam construction Ryan Block 44-46 Princess St 1 1906 1 Romanesque Red brick with stone trim, timber Municipal, 1998, Shoe wholesale William Wallace Revival post and beam grade III warehouse and offices Blair

Page 41 Ryan Building 48 Princess St 2 1907 2 2 Part Brick Not listed Retail Commercial Del Block 54-62 Princess St 2 1905 2 2 Part Brick with stucco front Inventory Retail Commercial City Hydro 55 Princess St 2 1919 2 Art Deco Inventory Showroom Bole Drug Building 70 Princess St 1 1903 2 Romanesque Brick with stone trim Inventory Warehouse for drug H.G. Russell Revival wholesaler Oddfellows Hall 72-74 Princess St 1 1883-84 1 Romanesque Elaborate cornice, pilasters Municipal, 1986, Fraternal organization Hugh McCowan Revival topped with miniature columns, grade III hall with commercial brick detailing, wood post and tenants. Used as a beam frame labour temple and as a garment wholesaler Earn International 78 Princess St 1 1891 1 Romanesque Solid brick, stone ornamentation Municipal, 1998, Wholesale warehouse George Brown Building (originally Revival around windows, façade has grade III two separate been significantly altered buildings:Mackenzie Powis at 78 Princess and Miller, Morse, and Co at 86-88 Princess) Happy Garden 85 Princess St Other 1959 2 Post 1945 Concrete block with tyndal Inventory Restaurant Restaurant stone trim Rimer Block 87 Princess St 1 1901 2 ? Brick with stucco front Inventory Warehouse for garment wholesaler Canada Rubber 89 Princess St 1 1893 2 ? Brick with stucco front Inventory Retail? Building Campbell-Wilson/Ad 92-100 Princess 1 1903 1 Romanesque Rusticated lower level, rounded Municipal, 1983, Wholesale warehouse J.H.G. Russell elman St Revival head brick arcade, some grade II Building/Sinclair Chicago school elements, wood Building post and beam frame Galt Building 103 Princess St. 1 1887 1 Romanesque Rounded corner entrance, Municipal, 1982, Wholesale warehouse Charles H. Wheeler Revival rounded arches, solid brick with grade II Selkirk stone detailing, wood post and beam frame Princess Street 104-108 Princess 1 1885 1 Romanesque Solid brick, gothic pilaster caps Municipal, 1984, Wholesale warehouse W. Brydon and B.R. Warehouse St Revival removed in 1904 grade III Robertson Fairchild 110-120 Princess 1 1906-07 1 Chicago School Sullivanesque terra-cotta Municipal, 1985, Wholesale warehouse John Atchison and Building/Sterling St details, corbelled brick cornice, grade II Herbert Rugh Cloak steel and reinforced concrete construction with cast iron columns Western Elevator & 121-123 Princess 1 1904 1 2 Part Mill construction, first floor Municipal, 1999, Wholesale warehouse S.F. Peters Motor Co. St Commercial originally cut stone Grade III Imperial Bank of 140 Princess St Other 1969 2 Post - 1945 Concrete panels Not listed Bank Commerce

Page 42 Benson 146 Princess St 1 1882 1 Italianate Neoclassical motifs, detailed Municipal, 1979, Hotel--service provider to Charles and Earle Building/Drake Hotel polychromatic brick work, wood grade III wholesale and Barber post and beam construction manufacturing agents Bawlf Building I 150 Princess St 1 1882 1 Italianate Flamboyantly styled in the Municipal, 1979, Wholesale warehouse Charles and Earle Victorian manner, wood post grade III Barber and beam construction Harris 154 Princess St 1 1882 1 Italianate Flamboyant, highly detailed Municipal, 1979, Warehouse to display James Chisholm Building/Hochman brick work and pressed metal grade III farm machinery. Later a Building ornamentation, statue of ceres, garment wholesaler wood post and beam construction Exchange Building II 160 Princess St 1 1898 1 Italianate Red brick with terra-cotta Municipal, 1979, Grain and produce Samuel Hooper moldings, central pediment, grade II exchange floral motifs, iron balcony, pressed copper panels, wood post and beam construction Exchange Building 164 Princess St 1 1892 1 Italianate White brick, wood post and Municipal, 1979, Grain and produce Charles Barber I/Bawlf Building II beam construction grade II exchange Caernefac Block 188 Princess St 1 1905 2 Edwardian Brick Inventory Wholesale warehouse H.G. Russell and retail outlet McLaughlin 200 Princess St 1 1902 1 One Part Brick with rough stone sills Inventory Wholesale warehouse J.H. Cadham Carriage Commercial for carriages and motor cars Northern Electric 65 Rorie St 2 1928 1 Italianate Brick veneer with Tyndall stone Municipal, 1985, Office and depot J.O. Despatie with Building trim grade III Pratt and Ross Maw Block 280 William Ave 1 1897 2 Edwardian Brick, stone basement Inventory Wholesale warehouse for carriage and harness equipment Winnipeg Saddlery 284 William Ave 1 1903 2 2 Part Brick with stone sills, plate glass Inventory Wholesale warehouse Block Commercial windows for harness and saddlery Gordon Footwear 288 William Ave Other 1948 2 Post 1945 Brick and tile Inventory Offices Massey-Harris 294 William Ave 1 1885 1 Italianate Paired windows and segmented Municipal, 1983, Warehouse and George Brown Building arches, keystones, rusticated grade II manufacturing plant for base, originally had fan shaped agricultural products pediment, Italianate influences, wood post and beam construction Police Credit Union 300 William Ave Other 1997 2 Post 1945

Page 43 Table 2. Identification and Description of Streetscapes in The Exchange District National Historic Site. (Information in this table current to September 1999.)

Location View Defining Characteristics Lane between Looking west from Bertha St Narrow lane, rails of spur lines visible, James and Market hydro lines, loading bays Market Ave East and west, section between Lily Includes buildings originally owned by and Bertha streets, both sides of the Elisha Frederick Hutchings, they were avenue built to complement each other Rorie Street Looking south from Market, and Street jogs, different elevations reflect north from Lombard different building periods John Hirsch East and west, both sides Location of main spur line, hydro lines Bannatyne Ave From Ship to Main, focus on the North side of avenue presents continuous (east of Main) north side of avenue line of similar structures mostly built by the same architect, south side would have been location of rail yards Lombard Ave From Main to the river, north side of Train bridge at the end of the road, sense avenue only of proximity to the river McDermot Ave Looking east from Main to the A series of smaller buildings of (east of Main) Customs Examining Warehouse, compatible scale and materials, some north side of avenue even used for same purpose (printers row), street jogs Main Street North and south from junction of Dominated by financial institutions, Main and Lombard to junction of neoclassical architecture and skyscrapers Main and William , both sides of the street McDermot Ave Looking east from Princess Intact streetscape, few gaps, newspaper (west of Main) row, street jogs Albert Street From Notre Dame to Market Square, Building complementary in scale, design, both sides of the street and materials Arthur Street From Notre Dame to Market Square, Turn of the century building and street both sides of the street scale readily apparent King Street Notre Dame to Market Square, both Few gaps, buildings complementary sides of the street, west side only from Bannatyne to William Princess Street North and south, section between Good view of layering, wall advertising, Notre Dame and Bannatyne original grain exchange Princess Street From McDermot to Bannatyne Rail ties, lights overhanging, loading back lane bays, fire escapes

Page 44 Location View Defining Characteristics Bannatyne Ave Looking east from Princess, both Intact, continuous edge, dominated by (west of Main) sides of the avenue warehouses, street jogs Lane between Looking north from Bannatyne Narrow, hydro wires Bannatyne and toward artifact garden at John Hirsch John Hirsch Place Back lane between North and south from McDermot and Hydro wires, fire escapes, loading docks King and Princess Bannatyne

Page 45 APPENDIX A. Inventory of Streetscapes in The Exchange District National Historic Site (Photographs by Bruce Hoskins, Parks Canada, 1999)

STREETSCAPE 1 Lane between James and Market Avenues, looking west from Bertha Street.

Characteristics S Railway spur line in the middle of the lane S Loading docks S Hydro lines

STREETSCAPE 2 South side of Market Ave looking from Bertha to Rorie and North side of Market from Lily to Bertha

Characteristics - Note the wall advertisement on Marshall Streetscape 1. Lane between Market and Wells building James, viewed from Bertha St looking west. - Buildings complement each other in scale and materials

Streetscape 2. Market Ave viewed east from front of Manitoba Theatre Centre. Streetscape 2. South side of Market Ave looking west from Bertha to Rorie.

Page 46 STREETSCAPE 3 Rorie Street from Market Avenue to Lombard Avenue.

Characteristics - Jog in street indicative of early road patterns - Layering of buildings with different scale of buildings reflecting different construction periods

Streetscape 3. Rorie St looking north from Lombard with the Great West Life and Grain Exchange in the foreground.

Streetscape 3. Rorie St looking south from Market with Marshall Wells building in the foreground.

Page 47 STREETSCAPE 4 Lane between Market and Bannatyne Avenues known as John Hirsch Place, looking east from Rorie at the back of the Marshall Wells building and the west side of John Hirsch Place showing the Ashdown warehouse.

Characteristics S Hydro lines S Lane originally a spur line S Fire escapes

Note S Historic Winnipeg plaques in artifact garden of cut stone from demolished buildings

Streetscape 4. John Hirsch Place looking west from Rorie with the Ashdown warehouse on the left.

Streetscape 4. John Hirsch Place looking east from Rorie with the back of the Marshall Wells on the left.

Page 48 STREETSCAPE 5 Bannatyne Ave from Ship to Main Streets.

Characteristics S Only north side of street ever had buildings, the south side was are of spur lines adjacent to the Customs Examining Warehouse S Trees obscure the structures, but the streetscape presents a continuous line of similar buildings several of which were built by the same architect, J.J. McDiarmid

Streetscape 5. North side of Bannatyne Ave looking east at the Ashdown warehouse.

Streetscape 5. Bannatyne Avenue looking west from Ship Street toward Main, with Donald Bain and Merrick Anderson buildings on right.

Page 49 STREETSCAPE 6 North side of Lombard Avenue from Main Street to the Red River.

Characteristics S Short but intact streetscape consisting of the Union Trust tower, Bailey’s, Great West Life, and the Grain Exchange S Crane and Kemp warehouses shown in conjunction with the train bridge demonstrates the importance of the rail road in the development of the Exchange District

Streetscape 6. North side of Lombard Avenue from Main to Rorie Streets.

Streetscape 6. North side of Lombard Ave from the Lombard Hotel toward the Red River.

Page 50 STREETSCAPE 7 North side of McDermot Avenue between Main and Rorie Streets, viewed looking east from the corner of Main and McDermot.

Characteristics - A series of smaller scale buildings which present a continuous line and complement each other in scale and materials S Most of these buildings have been used to house printing presses so there is also a similarity of usage

Streetscape 7. North side of McDermot looking east from Main towards Rorie.

STREETSCAPE 8 Main Street between Lombard Avenue to the south and William Avenue to the north. Characteristics S Main Street streetscape only intact in some areas S Street jogs S Dominated by financial institutions and skyscrapers

Streetscape 8. Main St looking north from corner of Main and McDermot, early skyscrapers in the background.

Page 51 STREETSCAPE 9 McDermot Avenue between Main and Princess Streets.

Characteristics S Intact streetscape with no gaps between the buildings, structures complement each other in size, materials, and style creating a sense of time and place S This is especially true of the intersection of McDermot and Albert where the viewer is surrounded by historic streetscapes in four directions Streetscape 9. McDermot Ave looking west from corner of McDermot and Albert.

Streetscape 9. South side of McDermot Ave looking east from Princess, good example of continuous edge and building to the edge of the side walk. Streetscape 9. South side of McDermot Ave looking east from Albert and McDermot across Main.

Page 52 STREETSCAPE 10 Both sides of Albert Street from Notre Dame to McDermot Avenues.

Characteristics S Streetscape largely intact with few gaps S Buildings complement each other in size, materials, and design

STREETSCAPE 11 Both sides of Arthur Street from Notre Dame Avenue to Market Square.

Characteristics S Few gaps or breaks in the continuous line except at the south end of the street S Advertising on walls Streetscape 10. Albert St looking north from near Notre Dame towards Market Square.

Streetscape 11. Arthur St looking north from Notre Dame.

Streetscape 11. West side of Arthur St looking south from Market Square.

Page 53 STREETSCAPES 12 Both sides of King Street from Notre Dame Avenue to Market Square, the west side only between Bannatyne and William Avenues.

Characteristics S Continuous edge, buildings are complementary in design, materials, and scale

Streetscape 12. West side of King St looking south from William to Bannatyne.

Streetscape 12. West side of King Street looking south from William to Bannatyne.

Page 54 STREETSCAPE 13 Both sides of Princess Street from Notre Dame to William Avenues, west side only from William to Elgin Avenues.

Characteristics S This streetscape provides a good view of layering S Note wall advertising

Streetscape 13 West side of Princess St looking north from McDermot.

Streetscape 13. Princess Street looking north from Notre Dame with the Peck building in right foreground.

Streetscape 13. Princess Street looking north from William to Elgin Avenues.

Page 55 STREETSCAPE 14 Princess Street lane between McDermot and Bannatyne Avenues.

Characteristics S Rail ties S Overhanging lights S Loading bays S Fire escapes

Streetscape 14. Princess St back lane between McDermot and Bannatyne.

STREETSCAPE 15 Both sides of Bannatyne Avenue west of Main Street to Princess Street.

Characteristics S Intact with no significant gaps S Street jogs

Streetscape 15. Bannatyne Avenue looking west from Market Square. Travellers Building in right foreground.

STREETSCAPE 16 Lane between Bannatyne Avenue and John Hirsch Place, east of Rorie Street.

Characteristics S narrow lane

Streetscape 16. Narrow lane leading from Bannatyne Avenue to John Hirsch Place.

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