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A thesis submitted totheDepartmentofEnvironmental SciencesPolicy submitted thesis and A of The of Unsustainable Animal Protein Central University European inpart Diet Using a Diet Using
Degree ofMaster ofScience Dynamics of Dynamics : A : A Future
System Dynamics Approach Dynamics System Jan ROHNJan May, 2013 Budapest Vision for Vision
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CEU eTD Collection Central European University. Policy, and Sciences Environmental of Department the of Head the from available is place take may exploitation and disclosures which under conditions the on information Further a for Vision Future Central European University, Budapest. A Protein: Animal of Plant Consumption Diverse and Production the of Dynamics J. Rohn, (3) University, which will prescribe the terms and conditions any suchagreement. of contrary, the to agreement m and prior any to subject University, European Central the in vested is (2) may instructions thewriting) Author. of such with accordance in made copies of process) any (by copies Further made. copies such any of part form must page This Librarian.theCentral theobtained EuropeanLibrary.lodgedinUniversityDetailsbefrom may instructions with accordance in only made be may extracts, of or full, (1) ofintellectual theownership property copyright rights: on and Notes
ay not be made available for use by third parties without the written permission of the of permission written the without parties third by use for available made be not ay The ownership of any intellectual property rights which may be described in this thesis this in described be may which rights property intellectual any of ownership The in either process) any (by Copies Author. the with rests thesis this of text in Copyright For bibliographicFor and reference this purposes thesis shouldbe referred to as:
2013. - ae De Uig Sse Dnmc Approach Dynamics System a Using Diet based Unsustainable Animal Prote Animal Unsustainable
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Jan ROHN
CEU eTD Collection Keywords: can change choice, arise. rapidly consumer’s is transformation this to impediment only the Since products. animal deman the lowering by system current the of aspects unsustainable the reducesignificantly to help the consumption. and production protein sustainable towards change for transformation of point effective most the is consumer the that revealed change where determined scheme production protein efficient feed minimizes and flows stocks, the mapping dynamics have proteins animal numerous proteinAnimalproductionconsumption and causessevereenvironmental Diet Using Production and Animal Consumption of Protein: a Diverse Future Plant A Visionfor the Science degreefor Master of of and entitled: Jan ROHN OF THESIS ABSTRACT e nvironment, intervention points, using New York City as a case study. case a as City York New using points, intervention
modeling ua hat problems. health human the the
a System Dynamics Approach
nml, et sses yais poen cnupin Nw ok City, York New consumption, protein, dynamics, systems meat, animals, a negative environmental and health impacts health and environmental negative griculture
as a tool to characterize the collective dynamics of the current protein system protein current the of dynamics collective the characterize to tool a as
become become
c ,
ould occur to transform the system the transform to occur ould
d CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY EUROPEAN CENTRAL iet
submitted by: n nraigy important increasingly an , p
lants
vr h ps decades past the Over o se to Subseque ak loops. back
v a te rnfrainl goal transformational the as rve
ntly, an action plan for change was designed based on based designed was change for plan action an ntly, Month and Year of submission Month and Year of
The Unsustainable the Dynamics of lo a Also, v
of the current system current the of issue for society. This thesis uses system system uses thesis This society. for issue ,
oiie uue vision future positive oa concerns moral
to the positive future vision future positive the to The shift towards a plant a towardsshift The issues
.
I bu te rdcin of production the about treto points ntervention
and has been linked to linked been has and and facilitates a more more a facilitates and :
May, 2013. a cetd that created was - based diet can diet based . The model model The . - based
d for d were
by CEU eTD Collection e creat grateful. very am I which for This thesis would not have been possible without the help of my advisors and all those who assisted me, for Kessel Van with work to expe would I Acknowledgements ncouragement throughout my studies rtise in s in rtise v ecag o ies ideas. of exchange ive like to express my very great appreciation appreciation great very my express to like ystem dynamics ystem him on him
rvdd e ih aube information valuable with me provided this
project during Special thanks should be given to given be should thanks Special ial, ws t tak y aet fr hi trls spot and support tireless their for parents my thank to wish I Finally, .
My grateful thanks are also extendedtoalsogratefularethanks My many .
meaningful
for vi discussions.
my advisor Prof. Jack Corliss wh Corliss Jack Prof. advisor my
bu te nml rti pouto system production protein animal the about Zoe Cantrall Zoe It was was It a great honor and honor great a
Prof. Marcotullio and Prof. and Marcotullio Prof. for for the ongoing help and and help ongoing the o shared his shared o
a
privilege .
CEU eTD Collection 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.
MONEY FLOWS AND MAJO ANIMAL PROTEIN PRODU METHODS AND JUSTIFIC METHODOLOGY AND APPR AIMS AND OBJECTIVES BACKGROUND List ofAbbreviations List ofFigures List ofTables Acknowledgements Abstract 1.2 1.1 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 5.3 5.2 5.1 3.1 1.5 1.4 1.3
R M F H A M A G R H C E D B P C 6.4.4 6.4.3 6.4.2 6.4.1 6.3.3 6.3.2 6.3.1 5.2.3 5.2.2 5.2.1 5.1.4 5.1.3 5.1.2 5.1.1 3.1.1 1.4.2 1.4.1 1.2.4 1.2.3 1.2.2 1.2.1
IG PRODUCER IG OOD PROCESSORS AND F NVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ROILER PRODUCER OW ENDERER ESEARCH ONFINED ANIMAL FEEDI UNTS NIMAL NIMAL PROTEIN PRODUC ENERAL JUSTIFICATION UMAN HEALTH PROT OF NEEDS IETARY EAT PACKERS AND EAT PROC AND PACKERS EAT
...... -
CALF OPERATOR P Acquisition of feeder cattle Feedlot operator Acquisition of slaughter animals Vertical integration Poultry Pork Beef Waste and by Processing, transport and distribution Packing Broiler Pigs Cattle Feed New York City as case study Drug exposure Associated diseases Water pollution Water use Greenhouse gas emissions Land degradation P ROCESSING
...... P OINT
...... ROTEIN
......
...... Q
......
...... UESTIONS
M ......
......
...... EAT EAT
......
...... P
...... RODUCTION FOR -
...... M products
......
......
......
ATION
...... ARKET
CTION PROCESSES ......
......
EIN R STAKEHOLDERS NG OPERATIONS ...... OODSERVICE OACH TION
ESSORS ......
......
...... Table ofContents
......
......
......
......
......
...... N ...... EW EW
DISTRIBUTORS ......
......
......
...... Y vii ...... ORK ......
......
......
...... C ......
ITY ......
...... 43 42 42 41 39 39 38 37 37 36 34 34 33 32 32 30 30 28 28 28 26 24 19 18 18 18 16 15 13 13 12 10 10
xi ix vi
x v 9 8 7 6 6 5 4 4 2 1
CEU eTD Collection References 11. 10. 9. 8. 7.
TRANSFORMATION PROTEIN CONSUMPTION DYNAMICS SYSTEM CONCLUSION ACTION PLAN 7.2 7.1 6.11 6.10 6.9 6.8 10.3 10.2 10.1 9.3 9.2 9.1
R I A T C S T
R U 10.1.2 10.1.1 E 9.2.3 9.2.2 9.2.1 7.2.7 7.2.6 7.2.5 7.2.4 7.2.3 7.2.2 7.2.1 7.1.2 7.1.1 S (F ...... NTERVENTION POINTS A TRUCTURE AND FINANCI AND TRUCTURE HE ESISTANCE OMMERCIAL HE CTORS AND EED DUCATION OOTSTRIKERS RBAN RBAN EED C C
,
URRENT )
Personal action plan Teaching institutions Environment Human Health Morality Rendering companies Feed production companies Feed crop farmers Cattle farmers Legislative bodies Meat packing companies consumers meat Individual Money flow Animal protein ONSUMERS A
G A GROCHEMICAL AND FERT RAIN FARMERS AND SUB GRICULTURE
......
...... R F S OLES EED EED
...... P YSTEM
...... ROJECT ’
......
A
C
......
PPEALS ...... OMPANIES ......
flow ...... : P IN 2040 2040 IN
M ND JUSTIFICATION
OLICIES FOR ......
...... AL STRENGTH OF KEY P
ODEL ......
......
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D – ......
ILIZER CORPORATIONS ILIZER SIDIES
...... ESCRIPTION
A FUTURE VISION ...... NYC ......
...... viii ......
......
......
......
...... LAYERS LAYERS IN THE I MEAT ......
......
...... NDUSTRY ......
......
87 84 82 80 79 78 78 77 74 73 70 68 68 65 65 60 59 58 58 58 57 57 57 54 54 51 51 51 48 47 46 43
CEU eTD Collection Table 10. Table 9. Table 8. Table 7. Table 6. Table 5. Table 4. Table 3. Table 2. Table 1. List ofTables
animal sector Top U.S. beef feedlot beef Top operator U.S. in 2011 broilerTop U.S. production in mid 2011 on a ready to cook weight basis po Top US Main beef slaughter beef Top US companies in 2011 Regulatory definitionlarge, of medium andbysize small and CAFOs Top 10Seed Total revenue major meat of packer Top
Top 10 U.S. po U.S.
Agrochemical producers in 2007 - rk slaughter companies in 2011
brands of brands of rk producing companies in 2011
companies in the worldin 2007 ...... the three largest packers beef ...... /processors production in 2012
...... ix
......
......
......
......
......
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48 47 43 42 39 36 35 34 34
7
CEU eTD Collection Fig. 13. Fig. Fig. 11. Fig. 10 Fig. 9. Fig. 8. Fig. 7. Fig. 6. Fig. 5. Fig. 4. Fig. 3. Fig. Fig. List ofFigures
2. 1 12. .
.
Co Sustainable protein future production and consumption system protein production and consumption system influentialMost stakeholders within the current unsustainable animal system The current unsustainable animal HuntPointArial Meat Viewof Market Process Typical confined broiler house inHens battery egg cages production for nurses sow A in gestationSows crates Large Feedlot in Texas, US Loading grain corn from elevator of in grain cars informationmodelingSource of for processusingSystem Dynamics mmercial in farm NYC rooftop
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her piglets
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protein production and consumption ......
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50 32 28 26 26 24 24 21 17 13 78 59 53
CEU eTD Collection WHO USDA US RR RDA NYC NY NCD mg kg IOM ha GH Ft FSIS FMIA FDA FAR FAO EPA E.coli DOT CVD Corp CO CIA CEO CAFO AMI AFO List of
2 G
Abbreviations
animal feeding o World Health Organization United States Department Agriculture of United States relative risk recommended daily allowance City York New (State) York New non m k Institute Medicine theNational of US of Academy h greenhouse g feet and Safety InspectionFood Service Federal Meat Inspection Act andFood Drug to areafloor ratio andFood Agriculture Organization the United of Environmental Protection Agency Escherichia coli Department Transportation of c c c Central Intelligence Agency ExecutiveChief Officer Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation American Meat Institute ardiovascular disease orporation arbon dioxide ilogram ectare illigram
- communicable disease
as of Americaof
Administration
peration
xi
Nations
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, However, ilad 1999 Millward 2006 a part a ) ( and . on ad elt 1994 Pellett and Young conventional meats conventional
he earliest US food standards food US earliest he ; n of of n
ifr 2002 Gifford of the developed world, plant proteins account for only 32% of of 32% only for account proteins plant world, developed the of ( were greatly influenced by leading chemists such as Wilbur Atwater Wilbur as such chemists leading by influenced greatly were
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118 is the
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Chiuve and Willett 2007 Willett and Chiuve However, the However,
” was introduced and introduced was ” in the present. Men were seen as strong as seen were Men present. the in
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. 2006 , the first food guide pyramid published by USDA in 1992 reflected the reflected 1992 in USDA by published pyramid guide food first the , e t eiim n argne wih nlecd h fed f nutrition of field the influenced which arrogance, and elitism to led associated with an impoverished diet. impoverished an with associated Nutrients as a whole can be broken be can whole a as Nutrients from since ) . Generally speaking, in more uncivilized societies, “meat eating has eating “meat societies, uncivilized more in speaking, Generally . newest
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Kiple and Coneè 2000 Coneè and Kiple vital sole supporter sole
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nutrients for human survival human for nutrients than G ender was ender (U.S. Department of Agriculture of Department (U.S.
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et al. et al. et ( Campbell
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2006 ( Campbell ) , are made up of c of up made are , . … ain proteins must be consumed. be must proteins ain ,
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et al. et - q
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GHG )
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et al. et
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Foster 2008; Nachman 2008;
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them animal protein animal
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lower availability of of availability lower 2005; Pimentel and Pimentel 2005; , agricultural land agricultural ,
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2007
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This is largely due to t to due largely is This o rdc 1 g f ef n th in beef of kg 1 produce to 6.2 gallons of of gallons 6.2
biodiversity requires the production of vast quantities of feedstock associate feedstock of quantities vast of production the requires to protein output for beef cattle is 40:1 is cattle beef for output protein to
oprd o ovninly rdcd olr. s o be, o beef, for As poultry. produced conventionally to compared ing beef and dairy cattle released approximately 5.5 tonne 5.5 approximately released cattle dairy and beef less
( accounted Foster
GHG emissions produced by the transportation sector transportation the by produced emissions GHG
energy
generate animal protein animal generate emissions (
etc cnrbts o 8 o goa GG msin (n C (in emissions GHG global of 18% to contributes vestock Steinfeld et al. gasoline . However, due to due However, .
for 71% for
2006
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is et al. ; inefficient transformation of plant protein into animal into protein plant of transformation inefficient burned or burned
Westhoek 2011 Westhoek
of all agricultural all of of beef protein beef of
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2007 ms efficient most e ,
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rai aia prot animal organic ) (Pimentel and Pimentel 2003b) Pimentel and (Pimentel
should be considered be should . 5 direct methane emissions methane direct
8 kg CO kg 8
emissions )
. (Pimentel and Pimentel 2003b) Pimentel and (Pimentel (kcal) To
2 methane i
s released into the environment the into released s produce 1 kcal of plant protein plant of kcal 1 produce industrial (Steinfeld . This means that 40 kcal of of kcal 40 that means This .
i pouto de not does production ein emissions in the US US the in emissions . For insta For . et rdcs more produces meat
scheme
(Foster et al. et s of methane in the in methane of s
from animals from ( s” Steinfeld et al. et Steinfeld
2007)
. nce, the ratio the nce, et al. d
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Steinfeld
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arge quantities arge 3 kg over /ton) and p and /ton)
) ) ) f the of production and thus has a larger impact on water quality. water on impact larger a has thus and production grain
. . .
Nevertheless, animal feedstock production in the US uses more land compared to compared land more uses US the in production feedstock animal Nevertheless, Currently, t Currently, Such large volumes of water used to produce animal proteins animal produce to used water of volumes large Such 3 Water use Water pollution 15, /ton), wheat (1,300 m (1,300 wheat /ton), global . , which contain which ,
0
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ig 1 kg of of kg 1 , a recent study estimated that animal protein production protein animal that estimated study recent a ,
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aig no osdrto al niet n drc sucs uh s respiration as such sources direct and indirect all consideration into taking (4,90 farm land is land farm of water are required to produce food food produce to required are water of 3
here is confusion about the total GHG emissions caused by animal protein animal by caused emissions GHG total the about confusion is here of water per water of
0 m 0 animal protein animal emissions
3 /ton) production requires less water less requires production /ton) animal pesticides and fertilizer and pesticides
one of the most p most the of one ; Walker 3 /ton) or husked rice (3,000 m (3,000 rice husked or /ton) ton ( eef s and the animal f animal the and s odad n Ahn 2009 Anhang and Goodland , of of , as well as well as ,
needs 100 times 100 needs over
beef et al.
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00
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eed production eed ( Hoffman more
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freshwater freshwater
, fresh water than th than water fresh
causes soil erosion soil causes 3 ( , /ton)
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) Runge September 2002 September Runge et al. et but still much more than more much still but .
s o te S tee s no is there US, the for As these . I . (
Hoekstra and Chapagain and Hoekstra 2007 are are rrigation could contribute up contribute could , t ,
needed caused by the by caused water he ; Runge September Runge ) . Minnesota . Chicken (3,900 Chicken e production of of production e
Generally activities
inefficiencies ; t ; and his equates his leachate )
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(weighing less less (weighing (weighing of large quantities of quantities large of ( utrient Eshel and Martin 2 Martin and Eshel
Confined animal feeding operations “production purposes” for a for purposes” “production
Reg CAFO (
ilsi ad lnes 2009 Flanders and Gillespie
ae mc getr niomna ipc cmae to compared impact environmental greater much a have - ulatory definition over ih etlzr ad etcds olts oa wtr ois A a eut f such of result a As bodies. water local pollutes pesticides and fertilizers rich
s are animal feeding operations (AFO) that comply with stipulated conditions stipulated with comply that (AFO) operations feeding animal are s
than than 25
kg 25 )
kg 009
)
pesticides and fertilizers and pesticides
unsustainable algal growth and consequently create consequently and growth algal unsustainable ; s Steinfeld
of large,of medium andbysize small and animal CAFOs the gny (EPA) Agency overload of nutrients in rivers and ocean and rivers in nutrients of overload t least 45 day in a year a in day 45 least t
Large CAFO s
et al.
( ; efficiently as possible by raising masses of animals of masses raising by possible as efficiently Hansen 2004 .. niomna Poeto Aec 2012 Agency Protection Environmental U.S. 125,000
82,000 30,000 10,000
2007 2,500 1,000 1,000 700 . 7
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tonnes ; Institute of Medicine of the US the of Medicine of Institute - Campbell et al. 2006 al. et Campbell diet can provide the necessary the provide can diet ) . )
et al. et . hte aia poen o pat rtis r bte fr ua health human for better are proteins plant or proteins animal whether
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L .
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National Academy (IOM)
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( Campbell et al. 2006 al. et Campbell et al. et
Table
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provides an overview of the of overview an provides
) 1 (
ua 1999 Subak stated, ”this is equivilent is ”this stated, of protein from a mixed a from protein of
n s and new development new irba digestion microbial ; vitamin A vitamin Millward 1999 Millward oae f such of torage argue that only that argue ) Enormous . rm these from
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Chronic diseases
bone mass or mass bone )
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he World Health Organization (WHO) (WHO) Organization Health World he as
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fracture risk in women in risk fracture
. The . et al. et t 2000
disease an disease
2004
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) .
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protein correlates with the appearance of chronic of appearance the with correlates protein ibts srk, rhii, aaat, Alzheimer's cataracts, arthritis, stroke, diabetes,
2006, Additionally, certain types of cancer of types certain
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Pollan 2006 Pollan orus, Drug exposure Research Questions
in foods foods in antibiotics , o humans to little
tak ressed within th ) . ing
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s et al. et . 2001 - h ocrs eae t aia poen rdcin and production protein animal to related concerns th This the
et al. 2006; Goodland and Anhang 2009; Millward 1999; Millward 2009; Anhang and Goodland 2006;
rapeutic purposes purposes rapeutic
and hormones and ) 2004
Te antd o ti polm hud o be not should problem this of magnitude The . thesis aims to close these research gaps.
2007; Young and Pellett 1994) Pellett and Young 2007; when the when
;
be the consequence of increased exposure to exposure increased of consequence the be et which meat, Steinfeld 10 (Baroni
soitd with associated c ud ep o infcnl rdc major reduce significantly to help ould : antibiotics
(
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et al. et ( Mellon
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CEU eTD Collection 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.
Who are the key groups of actors which will resist change and why? How would they resist change? would How why? and change resist will which actors of groups key the are Who canHow the current protein system be changed to a more sustainable system? future woulddynamics a protein future How of system be different? state? that loops feedback critical the are What are the and system present the of loops) feedback and flows (stocks, dynamics the are What
ir
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maintain
11
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, • • • • • • • • A to characterize a future protein system and to and system protein future a characterize to
a be can IMS AND OBJEC AND IMS . system. Cit York New in out carried be to actions Proposing transformation; Identifying Identifying actors the keyof groups Creating a newmodel the current of system that agrees with the vision future and production protein sustainable of consumption focusing vision future desirable a Creating within the protein system dynamics system using system current the Modeling actorsDefining and their roles within the system system information, (money, flows the about data Collecting Three major aims - et kolde bu te atr o bhvo within behavior of pattern the about knowledge depth is :
pr o te rnfrain oad a more a towards transformation the of part a
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achieved by
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ks throughout the system. Therefore, stocks represent the net change of flows within the within flows of change net the represent stocks Therefore, system. the throughout ks M world . Physical or non or Physical . (
ihod 1987 Richmond , a , ETHODOLOGY AND stated, “ stated, General justification ( Meadows 2008 Meadows
system needs to be more broadly understood broadly more be to needs system
systems with multiple stocks are complex and thus predicting the behavior of the of behavior the predicting thus and complex are stocks multiple with systems . T
Stocks change over time through the action of a flow a of action the through time over change Stocks ny here is no beginning and no end”. Feedback loops are setting the framework framework the setting are loops Feedback end”. no and beginning no is here
eutn i a in resulting
problem always produces future problems and actions and problems future produces always problem - loops control loops ) - ) . physical, stocks are the visible parts of a system one can measure at measure can one system a of parts visible the are stocks physical, . ytm tikn poer J pioneer, thinking Systems
ions can be used be can ions Maos 2008) (Meadows oetal more potentially
A s nesadn o a ytm n dcsos a be can decisions and system a of understanding
PPROACH everything that changes through time. A result A time. through changes that everything ( .
Forrester 2009 Forrester
T , hc ae fe overlooked. often are which s, 13
rva te eainhp ta gvr the govern that relationships the reveal o
oiie ucm. However, outcome. positive
the basis of all system all of basis the ay
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(2009) , or a part a ) a , s .
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proposed by Dr. John B.Corliss John proposed byDr. h mna database mental the ) . Unfortunately, this approach cannot be applied be cannot approach this Unfortunately, . the application of system dynamics modeling to the tra the to modeling dynamics system of application the
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retd hnig, lna non linear a thinking”, oriented NYC. System dynamics System NYC. nsformation of social systems social of nsformation
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New York City as case study determine the path to a future vision of sustainable protein consumption protein sustainable of vision future a to path the determine e h psiiiis to possibilities the re
n, fits this description as a potential trendsetter potential a as description this fits n, - , is significantly influenced by the current protein production protein current the by influenced significantly is ,
rdtoa atmosphere traditional towards sustainability towards was
the pioneer in city planning and zoning and planning city in pioneer the
.
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USTIFICATION gathered about the group of people involved in the current system current the in involved people of group the about gathered
the feedbacks that respond to resist change resist to respond that feedbacks the
USDA State and/orCity York New , a model a ,
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Bowen 2009 Bowen , Depending on availability, data availability, on Depending ao aia poen producers protein animal major was were
created using the modeling program STELLA program modeling the using created
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meat packing meat facilities, one facilities, beef beef ee 9 10 f
and veal and
are
various million ) Sysco Sysco .
also and is ) ) . . .
CEU eTD Collection have daily process to able is Solutions Meat Cargill that facilities in thean US processing beef eight operates Solutions Meat Cargill instance, For 2). (Table daily cattle of head 30,000 around slaughtering of capable facilities processing many have companies brands numerous under products Table packer packi meat the dominate companies Few produced shipped was abroad Valley Tradition beef Tender Ridge Angus beef Circle T Beef Sterling Silver Rumba Ranchers Registry Angus beef Preferred Angus beef Meadowland Farm ground beef Excel Angus Pride Cargill Meat Solutions 2013a;Inc 2013. TysonFoods USA 2013d; JBS Table 3. 5. American Foods Group LLC 4. National Beef Packing Co. LLC 3. JBS USA 2. Tyson Foods 1. Cargill Meat Solutions Table 2. the capacity to slaughter about 615,000 cattle weekly. To put it in terms of humans, the humans, of terms in it put To weekly. cattle 615,000 about slaughter to capacity the
s 3
for b for shows
Main beef slaughter beef Top US companies 2013. in 2011.Source: Feedstuffs
Company
eef processingeef are Cargill Meat Solution
the
main brands of the threebrands of largest packers. beef d twoin Canada
beef
(U.S. Department(U.S. Agriculture of 2011a)
rns f h three the of brands
G.F. Swift Swift USA JBS Showcase Chef’s Exclusive 5 Star Beef Cedar River Farms Swift Black Angus Aspen Ridge Natural Beef
n truh ifrn dsrbto channels. distribution different through and (Cargill Meat Solutions 2013a)
ng
Premium Ground Beef 1855 Brand Premium Beef
/processing
35
(Grandin 2001) (Grandin
Daily slaughter capacity s largest , Tyson Foods and JBS USA and JBS , TysonFoods
industry.
14,000 28,850 28,900 30,000 Data s 7,200 ef packers beef
.
ource: Cargill Inc The three biggest three The
h tre ags meat largest three The . .
IBP Tyson Tyson Foods
that
akt their market
(Tab
packers These le 2 ) .
CEU eTD Collection engaged are (Swift) USA JBS as Solu 76,625 (Tab producer US 2012a) pork US the a US The 6.3.2 Commerce 2011) people of number the cattle 30,000 the deliver f on run plants all If compartment, compartment, total of 69 ft. of floor space 4
5. Hormel 4. Excel Corp. 3. Swift 2. Tyson Foods 1. Smithfield Foods Company Table 4. nd Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2011 Nations United the of Organization Agriculture nd 44 ft. possum belly trailer (four compartments, 10 ft. front compartment; two middle double decks, 25 ft. each; 9 ft. rear ft. 9 each; ft. 25 decks, double middle two compartment; front ft. 10 compartments, (four trailer belly possum ft. 44 meat tions) le
were
.
4 Pork
head supplies
is ).
in the porkprocessing industry
packers are able to process to able are packers
n processor and
Top US porkslaughterTop US companies in 2011.Source: one of the largest pork producers pork largest the of one Tyson Foods Corp. with motd and imported
floe b Swift by followed ,
39,400 (Tab 39,400
. the Foods
domestic l cpct apoiaey 0 lre ietc trailers livestock large 700 approximately capacity ull
,
li the number of cattle slaughtered cattle of number mtfed Foods Smithfield not only not
ig n otn ih 2,0 inhabitants 625,000 with Boston in ving 2 le 4 le 4 billion .4 second
market. (Temple 2001) (Temple ).
Tyson Foods Tyson JS USA) (JBS key
larges
many
kg . actor However
t were
with pork s a process can more
in
, Cargill Meat Solution Meat Cargill , with
exported 36 110,957,000 pigs slaughtered pigs 110,957,000 the processor n 2012 in pigs
beef packing beef 700 n Ecl Corp Excel and 47,000
weekly than cattle than
)
, approximately .
US Dprmn o Agriculture of Department (U.S. , approximately The maj The
has a daily sl daily a has Feedstuffs 2013. Feedstuffs
would be nearly equivalent to equivalent nearly be would
. industry ority of pork produced in produced pork of ority The world’s largest pork largest world’s The Daily slaughter capacity s
(U.S. Department of of Department (U.S. (Excel Corp.) as well as Corp.) (Excel
1,0 pg daily pigs 114,400 aughter capacity of of capacity aughter 365 ,
114,400 but also heavily also but 37,400 39,400 47,000 76,625 4
in 2011 in r nee to needed are Cril Meat (Cargill million
( kg Food Food
of
CEU eTD Collection Protection Agency 1995 slaughter r Generally, are a fats as well as feed annum per products processing protein a the as to referred been has industry rendering The 6.4 Wing Zings, Speed Grill, Country Pride, market of producer largest second the is USA JBS of brand a Pride, Pilgrim’s prod weekly average leading the is Foods Tyson 6.3.3 5. Koch Foods 4. Sanderson Farms 3. Perdue Farms/Coleman 2. Pilgrim’s Pride 1. Tyson Foods Company 2013 Feedstuffs Table 5. nnual revenue nnual
the animal feed, pet food, food, pet feed, animal the
s
Poultry Renderer
production its chicken product chicken its n o anim of ing
Top U.S. broilerTop U.S. production in mid 2011 on a ready to cook weight basis.Source:
approximately enderer
s
of of
(with amendment).
over
in the US US the in s business
cin f 41. of uction nd proteins nd als ucae h r the purchase
) $
. Natural
5
or
25 billion, this industry is an important stakeholder within the animal the within stakeholder important an is industry this billion, s
the
broiler through ( billion ( Meeker 2006 Meeker ok 2012 Cook
biofuel
( process Render 2011 Render million 4 57 73 Average weekly production, 16 23 26
rdcr n poesr n h US the in processor and producer
seven kg , a and mtra fo stakeholders from material w
n food and ing of of ing of )
) . To brands including brands
. differen broiler
These by These
Approximately ) - . Ricos 37
meat Main customers for the rendering industry rendering the for customers Main “
invisible industry invisible
n non and ( s aia sagtr and slaughter animal t
(JBS USA 2013b) USA (JBS 73 - ( products are transformed into animal into transformed are products ekr 2006 Meeker
million - od industr food
million kg Pilgrim’s, Pierce, Wing Ding, Wing Pierce, Pilgrim’s, 0 rneig facilities rendering 300 kg ” )
( ; Burnham 1978 Burnham
( yo Fos 20 Foods Tyson .. Environmental U.S. .
ies
( broiler al 5) Table novd n the in involved
( Meeker rcsig by processing 4.8 6.9 7.9 17.2 22 share % Market . JBA USA USA JBA
ih an with ) 2006 .
W
12 are ith ) )
- . .
CEU eTD Collection coordination the produ of efficient ensure to means common a are Contracts production. beef of efficiency the increase integration vertical chain, production integrated process by p Large cycle production i housing mills feed industry poultry processing V 6.4.1 industry within the animal protein production business. 2011 International P important plants rendering integrated animal numerous operates Solutions Meat Cargill are There
tgain fes ag puty rcsos ery ul oto oe te entire the over control full nearly processors poultry large offers ntegration oen Inc. roteins ria integrati ertical
own
ing Vertical integration ork production companies gain companies production ork
ing and stakeholders
several the animals the ( and/or
Glepe n Fadr 2009) Flanders and (Gillespie yo Fos 2012 Foods Tyson h pigs, the labor and
( n s the is on
( Glatz and Bolla 2004 Bolla and Glatz
Walker
aln Itrainl n. with Inc. International Darling ) rcsig plants processing la . o b for g render rge Such
( operating external rendering facilities rendering external operating Gillespie and Flanders 2009 Flanders and Gillespie operat olr producer roiler ction chain
et al. et xmls mhsz te motne f h “niil” rendering “invisible” the of importance the emphasize examples . This is common practice among all major meat packers. meat major all among practice common is This . combination
ing ing
2005 ) .
Due to the complexity and fragmentation of the beef beef the of fragmentation and complexity the to Due corporations reig nt, rvdn feedstock providing units, breeding ( ) ( Gillespie and Flanders 2009 . lt ad Bolla and Glatz
) A similar trend can be observed in the pork industry. pork the in observed be can trend similar A more influence more s
. Poultry processors own breeding facilities, breeding own processors Poultry . s not is
f w o mr sae o production of stages more or two of ne contract under . hs aaeet rcie s omn n the in common is practice management This
omny ecie a a opruiy to opportunity an as perceived commonly ht oiae h rneig industry rendering the dominate that 38 a
) . - total
rcsig aiiis it facilities, processing The beef industry has not been vertical been not has industry beef The
over 2004
Vn esl pers.comm.) Kessel (Van
revenue of of revenue
) the Puty amr ol provi only farmers Poultry .
are entire pork entire )
. companies such as such companies
$ 1. , 9 billion 79
slaughter production chain production
also aktn or marketing
.
( ing operate b Vertical Darling
. roiler Valley b
Other Since roiler
and de s s ,
CEU eTD Collection produced from animals fattened in feedlots with a capacity of over 1,000 head. One third of of third One head. 1,000 over of capacity a with feedlots in fattened animals from produced industry beef US the for cattle total the of 15% provide cattle of head 1000 than less with feedlots Small 6.4.3 facilities b chickens the of most produce 2012 Foods Smithfield contract under pigs supply be later processor is integration vertical Since Pigs to the quality the meat, of which grade or weight carcass weight, live on based be can cattle purchases purchase selling direct through 2009 Flanders mainly p Meat Cattle 6.4.2 and Flanders 2009 from originates supply beef total the roilers
and and
Acquisition Feedlot ces ucae cattle purchase ackers
hog drc ngtain ih ate elr and dealers cattle with negotiation direct through rm 4 from rcse in processed d ( s such as Smithfield Foods, Foods, Smithfield as such s Broiler
Tyson Foods 2012 Tyson Foods
on hog t through ( behalf ; Gillespie and Flanders 2009 Flanders and Gillespie ,
300 operator yo Fos 2012 Foods Tyson s
; Tyson Foods 2012 Tyson Foods
of slaughter olr fa poultry of of ria markets, erminal their ) . (
et packer meat ilsi ad lnes 2009 Flanders and Gillespie This is less common for common less is This
rcsig facilities processing )
becoming . for for
or rms, o sagtrn, omny eerd o s luhe cattle, slaughter as to referred commonly slaughtering, for is big companies big animals by subsequently after paidslaughter. for hc ae slaughtered are which ) s . feedlots with a capacity of over 32,000 head 32,000 over of capacity a with feedlots
Cargill ) negotiation (
. et akr rcie 0 o ter luhe ca slaughter their of 70% receive packers Meat ilsi ad lnes 2009 Flanders and Gillespie
oe omn n h pig the in common more auctions
) . Most of the beef consumed in the US is being is US the in consumed beef the of Most .
and Tyson and
. Tyson . .
39
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chicken production chicken and o exist do
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the largest poultry producer poultry largest the produce However,
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n n of one in Tyson Foods 2012 Foods Tyson edo operators feedlot ( ilsi ad lnes 2009 Flanders and Gillespie
re buyer order or own or
n broiler and slaughter ) Pyet o slaughter for Payment . .
60 Contract poultry farms farms poultry Contract
the chicken animals s
, cattle indus )
( . Grade refers refers Grade . ilsi and Gillespie which processing ( , try
Gillespie
are that receives ,
s make
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CEU eTD Collection Cactus Feeders Inc. Feeders Cactus capacity 940,000he of one total a with operator feedlot US largest the is LLC Feeding Cattle Rivers of number the to head one from ranging Idaho and Arizona, Texas, wholly a is Car and Inc. Feeders three top The farmers livestock to products health animal marketing through dollars of millions generate Bayer foreseen be 2009 Flanders and Gillespie must products health animal and services Veterinarian cow and operators feedlots operate to order in required costs cow then costs higher face pasture operations on partly cattle their have feedlots of most provide 1000 than less of capacity animal 2009 Flanders Commercial revenues exceeding ten edos n ass n Txs n i te ags piaey owned privately largest the is and Texas and Kansas in feedlots ( ( JBS Five Rivers 2013 Rivers Five JBS Taylor and Field 1998 Field and Taylor ( Feedstuffs 2012 Feedstuffs
(
CAFO we sbiir o JS S wt felt i Clrd, ass Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, in feedlots with USA JBS of subsidiary owned edo operators feedlot - ; feedlot operators in 2011 were JBS Five Rivers Cattle Feeding LLC, Cactus LLC, Feeding Cattle Rivers Five JBS were 2011 in operators feedlot Taylor and Field 1998 Field and Taylor
h nee fesok hmevs Vn esl pers.comm.). Kessel (Van themselves feedstock needed the animals that can be feed at on point in time in point on at feed be can that animals ) -
calf producer have more expenses due to the treatment of sick animals. sick of treatment the to due expenses more have producer calf are
$ is the second largest feedlot operator feedlot largest second the is gill Cattle Feeders LLC (Table 6 (Table LLC Feeders Cattle gill 750 million ad ( much ) . Table 6
- calf calf ) ) . )
. Animal health production supplier such as Pfizer, Merck and Merck Pfizer, as such supplier production health Animal . more One time feeding capacity is a physical measurement and refers refers measurementphysicaland a capacity is timefeeding One . Large areas of areas Large .
producer ae o ucae ot f hi feedstock their of most purchase to have ( ). Cactus Feeders 2013 head
common ) . (
s Whereas ilsi ad lnes 2009 Flanders and Gillespie ( , Gillespie and Flanders 2009 Flanders and Gillespie mostly due to higher feed higher to due mostly
( Gillespie and Flanders 2009 Flanders and Gillespie
-
at least at ie feeding time lands 40 , farm farm ,
h ; ). JBS Five Rivers Cattle Feeding LLC Feeding Cattle Rivers Five JBS ).
five acre five ) . feedlot operators feedlot wvr cnie animal confined owever, Cargill Cattle Feeders L
(Table 6 (Table
aaiis f 200 o 120,000 to 52,000 of capacities s ( Gates
per 500 animals 500 per ) , labor , .
The company operates company The ) ) et al. et
. edo operator feedlot and
n diin feedlot addition, In ) are smaller with an with smaller are . ( and edtfs 20 Feedstuffs
F are 2007 eedlot operator eedlot ( ilsi and Gillespie transportation
- often time feeding time
LC ) Some farm farm Some of of . JBS Five JBS .
is a part land are land farming
able to able
with 12 s ;
CEU eTD Collection common the sell through cow particular are auctioneer, the markets auction negotiation direct for animals purchase to way common most The 6.4.4 Feeders 2013; Cargill Meat SolutionsFive 2013b;Rivers JBS 2013) Cattle Cargill and people 500 Inc. Feeders T acres Vie Grand operator feedlot largest feeding cattle on behalf of of behalf on cattle of Cargill Inc. and Inc. Cargill of 5. J.R. Simplot Co. 4. Friona Industries LP 3. Cargill Cattle Feeders LLC 2. Cactus Feeders Inc. 1. JBS Five Company Table 6. rn hi felt, B Fv Rvr Ctl Feig L epos 5 pol, Cactus people, 650 employs LLC Feeding Cattle Rivers Five JBS feedlots, their run o - calf producer/b calf
( J. R.SimplotJ. Company 2013
Acquisition of feeder cattle ir cattle dealers cattle aaiis f 200 o 104,000 to 52,000 of capacities
method
Top U.S. beef feedlot beef Top operator U.S. in 2011.Source: ate o ate dealer cattle to cattle w, Idaho with Idaho w, Rivers Cattle Feeding ly
which is which , important for small cow small for important
cattle
is to sell the cattle to order buyers, who buyers, order to cattle the sell to is
with the co the with feedlot operators feedlot operates feedlots in Kansas, Texas and Colorado ranging Colorado and Texas Kansas, in feedlots operates a
ckgrounder t ckgrounder
( Gillespie and Flanders 2009 Flanders and Gillespie are ,
based on the price the on based .. ipo oeae oe f h lret feedlot largest the of one operates Simplot J.R. a
sold
one w - -
calf operator/b calf publicly time ta then that s end to sell their cattle under cattle their sell to end ) . .
However, other means other However, feeding
- to the highest bidder. The seller has to pay a fee to fee a pay to has seller The bidder. highest the to calf producer calf head
Feeders LLC approximately 240 people 240 approximately LLC Feeders that
re capacity of 150,000 head 150,000 of capacity ackgrounder
One - final
sell the animal has been sold been has animal the 41 Cril et ouin 2013b) Solutions Meat (Cargill - ;
time capacity (head) capacity time
Tyson Foods 2012 Foods Tyson h ctl to cattle the fattening is fattening
( 230,000 290,000 355,000 560,000 940,000 Gillespie and Flanders 2009 Flanders and Gillespie Feedstuffs 2013. Feedstuffs
are ( Gillespie and Flanders 2009 Flanders and Gillespie of of
cattle market cattle
contract purchas through edo operator feedlot .
) ing s . However, they also they However, .
over auction market auction to
for s cattle for feedlots for cattle
feedlot operators feedlot experts that experts
n h wrd in world the in . Such auctions Such . an area of 750 of area an from from . . The fifth fifth The one
Another ) (Cactus .
Large - s )
time . buy and
At
CEU eTD Collection more than 5 than more holding of capable facilities confined large in pigs rear to trend ongoing an been has There 6.6 Flanders 2009 cow cow 2009 Agriculture of Department w supply animal beef total the to contribute 2009 Agriculture of Department U.S. 100 of herds from come animals beef all of 40% Nearly animals. beef total the of 19% representing the operators calf production 765,000 approximately are There 6.5 to market cattle but not ascommonly involves markets terminal agent external the to cattle through cattle their offer can operators as such exist do F have acilities
national - - af producer calf operators calf 10,000 for a maximum price maximum a for - 499 Pig p Cow
with more than 1,000 pigs 1,000 than more with
( head McBride and Mathews 2011; U.S. Department of Agriculture 2013c) Agriculture of Department U.S. 2011; Mathews and McBride , total - 000 pigs 000
roducer pigs calf ) (78%) maintain small herds with less than 50 than less with herds small maintain (78%) .
,
via maintained by just 9 just by maintained d , of beef animals. beef of
operator have employments outs employments have face pnig on epending as well as well as terminal markets terminal (
Gillespie and Flanders 2009 Flanders and Gillespie s
r te netet ot fr rvt pastureland private for costs investment the are many . Cow .
to fees and brokers. and fees ) - .
the terminal market operator. market terminal the calf producer/b calf size Surveys have Surveys About 12 About
account for more than 90 than more for account S farms US
practiced % of cow of %
s ) that are operated by operated are that .
an external marketing agent who who agent marketing external an and ed wt oe 500 over with Herds ide of ide ith % of cow of % weight
merely
( Gillespie and Flanders 2009 - ht maintain that calf operators calf 42
ackgrounder have to pay a commission fee fee commission a pay to have ackgrounder shown that approximately 36 approximately that shown
the farm. farm. the Electronic marketing is another possibility another is marketing Electronic
) s .
8 ( The - oe f eea Rgltos 2008 Regulations Federal of Code % calf herds comprise herds calf ( Gillespie and Flanders 2009 Flanders and Gillespie largest
head One of the greatest expenditures greatest the of One a % of all pigs being produced in produced being pigs all of %
stockyard company. Cow company. stockyard (
a herd of of herd a Gillespie and Flanders 2009 Flanders and Gillespie head He , which equals about 30% of of 30% about equals which ,
pig production operations production pig nce, selling cattle through cattle selling nce,
r lat omn and common least are will try will animals for for animals ) s .
of 50 of ( ilsi and Gillespie % of all beef beef all of % .
Most to sell the sell to - 99 ;
head cow - U.S. U.S. beef calf calf ) - ; . ,
CEU eTD Collection 6.8 each with a c consumers (U.S account The 6.7 under contracts from proc their in processed insta For activities. processing and production all Farms Department Agriculture of 2009 1 than less for annually U.S the the meat industry, meat the mtfed od i te ags pg rdcr olwd y rup Foods Triumph by followed producer pig largest the is Foods Smithfield This section will section This 5. Prestage Farms 4. The Maschhoffs 3. Seaboard Farms 2. Triumph Foods 1. Smithfield Foods Company Table 7.
Dprmn o Arclue 2011b) Agriculture of Department . US
(Table 7 (Table Structure and financial strength Broiler ing ( Gillespie and Flanders 2009 Flanders and Gillespie olr idsr i gigantic. is industry poultry (
Pond 2003 Pond Top U.S. porkproducingTop U.S. companies in 2011.Source: ’
for for demand for for demand apacity to provide space for ) 80% . These companies are v are companies These .
o al is rdcd n h U the in produced pigs all of % producer summarize disregard
of the poultry meat production meat poultry the of ) independent pig . essing plants. Approximately 24 Approximately plants. essing Meanwhile poultry ing
the
. Large poultry production sites production poultry Large . the dairy the ) .
structure and structure , most operations have less than 100 pigs 100 than less have operations most , )
producers . The On average, very large farms produce 1 produce farms large very average, On ertical 30,000 to . and Large poultry facilities have been built to satisfy satisfy to built been have facilities poultry Large “ eal qiaet value equivalent retail
egg industry. egg nce, Seaboard Farms produces 76 produces Farms Seaboard nce,
ly of financial strength financial (
Seaboard Corporation 2011 43 integrated pig producers, pig integrated
key player 45,
Thousand ,
S was 000 chickens % of the processed pigs processed the of % ( ilsi ad lnes 2009 Flanders and Gillespie 165 192 214 377 838 approximately
J
u sows st a few companies control the control companies few a st
Feedstuffs 2013. Feedstuffs s can have can
s in the in
o US of ” of of ( Glatz and Bolla 2004 the
$ meat industry 40 chicken houses, houses, chicken 40
key play key 45 billion 45 controlling
, which , ) rie industry, broiler .
.8 n Seaboard and % of the pigs the of % are
million pigs million ers within ers
produced account in 2010 in almost ; U.S. U.S. ) .
s
CEU eTD Collection 6.10 6.9
( bought Inc. Foods (Table 8) Inc. Foods Tyson products. the Of segment the company for the was porkprocessing, by the followed porkproduction segment. billion p beef fragmented the even control gradually packers meat Major process. production meat Th US. the in market meat Smithfield Barboza and Sorkin2001 operations (Cargill Inc. 2012a) b a Cargill Meat Solutions USA JBA Smithfield Foods Tyson Foods Company Inc 2012b Foods Bloomberg Businessweek2013; Cargill Inc 2012b; Smithfield Inc 2012; Foods Tyson Table 8. outo shm. scheme. roduction
Not available, total revenue of JBS Not available, total revenue of Cargill Inc. in 2012 was 133.9 billion, with net income of 1.17 billion from continuing International Hog Production Pork Prepared Food Pork Chicken Beef
n revenue in
four .
Total revenue major meat of packer/proce Merger
’s
an et rdcr, mtfed is Smithfield producers, meat main business is primarily is business
s .
had
n a and back have helped mtfed n. te world’ the Inc., Smithfield a
total revenue of of revenue total
IBP Inc., IBP net ) . ese
2012 S.A. 37.7 billion, net income: 358.4 million (Bloomberg Businessweek 2013) rft of profit
companies have nearly fully control over all steps within the within steps all over control fully nearly have companies the company Total Revenue (billions $) an important an pork processing and production and processing pork 11.1 13.1 11.7 13.7 33.3 ------1.5 3.1 3.3 4.6
$ b a $ 6 million 361
33. 3 billion and a and billion 3 to
gradually supplier of premium beef and pork products pork and beef premium of supplier 44
lret pork largest s h only the
ssors productionssors in 2012.Data s n 2012 in
become bigger
net profit of of profit net 2012 company
Tbe 8) (Table Net Income (million $) processor
( Smithfield Foods 2012 Foods Smithfield 361 583 ------
only . b a
$
. h ms profitable most The 583 million in 2012 in million 583 In 2001 ,
focused focused generated ,
Tyson ource: n pork on
$ 13.
) 1
.
CEU eTD Collection processor, respectively USA second the is Inc. Foods All $ However, USA. JBS market bi the of one JBS made which 2008, in Inc. Group Beef pork and beef owned wholly a is Inc. Holdings USA JBS the total of profit generated Foods. Seaboard subsidiary its through processing and production pork multi a Corporation is Corporation Seaboard Inc., Cargill to Similarly 2012 operations continuing from billion 1.17 of incomes net with Solutions. Meat ( which of porkandbeef, turkey Intotal businesses. C Cargill’s for organization umbrella the as act Solutions Meat Cargill of Solutions. Meat Cargill company parent the and US the in business owned privately largest the is Inc. Cargill agl 2013b Cargill 358.4 million in
four major meat processor meat major four ) , . Smithfield Foods Inc Foods Smithfield
( Goldstein and Pearso 2007 Pearso and Goldstein only a net profit of of profit net a e
ngaged in the world 10 are dedicate are 10 ) .
However, total revenue of of revenue total However, aa concerning Data $ 2012 407
the parent company, parent the in
million in 2011 ( (
foodservice.com 2013 Bloomberg Businessweek2013 commodity trading and milling, marine cargo shipping as well as well as shipping cargo marine milling, and trading commodity largest food process food largest approximately . The company in 2007and bought absorbed Swift the Smithfield . and . d s
to the animal the to are key player key are
Cargill Inc Cargill total ) .
Information about profit or revenue or profit about Information
( Seaboard Corporation 2011 $ revenue 259
JBS S.A. generated S.A. JBS argill the or in the US after PepsiCo Inc PepsiCo after US the in or subsidiary of JBS S.A., the largest processor of of processor largest the S.A., JBS of subsidiary ., ranked as the as ranked .,
million protein production, processing and processing production, protein )
parent company Cargill Inc. Cargill company parent . s
operates and 45 in the in
e icm ae o rlae b Cargill by released not are income net in 2011 and 2011 in
) US .
62 different businesses worldwide businesses 62 different g
g food processing industry. processing food
in 2012 in s stakeholder est 6th, 10th, and 16 and 10th, 6th, $ 37.7 billion and net income net and billion 37.7 - aee company faceted significantly ) .
( Cargill Meat Solutions Meat Cargill ., f ., h pr segment pork The
is was 133.9 billion, 133.9 was
ollowed by ollowed in not th contributed
h U meat US the large released by released distribution . Seaboard st food food st Tyson JBA JBA
of t in ,
o
CEU eTD Collection pers.comm.) company same the and one be also can brokers and elevators grain However, usually purchases grain grains from elevators al. et manufacturer feed Animal prod ( Corp. Pennfield and Co States ( Co. & Heiskell ( LLC million in capacity production annual on based companies stores feed and brokers wholesalers, operators, livestock to feedstock the market dealers feedstock 17,500 of network extensive several Additionally, plants feedstock are There 6.11 NYC. 2013 Hygiene Mental and Health of NYC in high is (140) Wendy's or (158) Chicken Fried Kentucky (245), King Burger (491), McDonald’s as such restaurants chain to accessibility the thus operator m The commodities. By commodities. uction capacity ranging 0. from
2006 ain purchasers for various meat prod meat various for purchasers ain
$ Commercial Feed 11 s
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op ( op M ) prxmtl 3, approximately
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$ huad suppliers thousand ( 0. Tyson Foods 2010 Foods Tyson , et ed ( Feeds Kent ), 7 s
M
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2012 M , 10
that such foods are easily available for the people in people the for available easily are foods such , eta Fe Produc Feed Westway ),
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companies are another important another are companies tonnes ), Quality Liquid Feeds Liquid Quality ), ) Te ags cmeca fee commercial largest The . ais ae n vrg annual average an have panies ( New York City Department City York New
are Land O’Lakes Land are (
ains from farmers. farmers. ains from Lefferts ( Feedstuffs 2012 Feedstuffs s ( ts $ 1.7
s M
t al. et $ , foodservice , . (Van Kessel (Van
3.2 , Southern ), h broker The
M ( ( Lefferts
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M ) d ) .
CEU eTD Collection with an average 421acres size farm of products exceeding financially than less of sales annual speaking Generally American Oxford Dictionary(New 2010b) goods” dry for used liters), 35.2 to (equivalent pints US 64 to equal capacity of measure “a is increased ethanol for US occupy plants Corn grains in the US that show data total in oats) and barley, sorghum, (corn, grain feed main of will section This 6.12 Kessel pers.comm.) purchase and feedstock animal meal manufacturer feed animal for source ( Hoffman ,
disappearance
accumulated
(
Feed (
to Hoppe and Banker 2010 Banker and Hoppe
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ISION
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CEU eTD Collection rd, . 03 Nw ok col os all goes school York New 2013. B. Brady, Q a as Analysis Document 2009. A. G. Bowen, Castel von V., M. Bor, L.P. Bloomberg (JBSAF). Sa Jbs For Statements Financial 2013. Businessweek. Bloomberg comp a as Meat 2005. K. H. Biesalski, H B., Goldblatt, M., Barron, environmental the Evaluating 2006. M. Berati, and M. Tettamanti, L., Cenci, L., Baroni, Deal. Billion $3.2 in IBP Acquire to Tyson 2001. A. R. Sorkin, and D. Barboza, Deneo P., Boffetta, A., Ronco, E., Stefani, D., Aune, 1996. C. R. Sanders, and A. Arluke, D URL: M., Belhadj, Institute. N., Baba, E., Meat Meat Amine, American (AMI)? American Institute Meat American Staff. the is What AMI FAQs: 2013b. ______. 2013a. Institute. Meat American B vitamin is common How 2009. H. L. Allen, References Burnham, 1978 F. Galuska, D., Herman, S., James, W. and Mbuyamba, J. 2002. J. Mbuyamba, and W. James, S., Herman, D., Galuska, Institute. URL: http://www.meatami.com/ht/d/sp/i/237/pid/237 Clinical Nutrition 2013]. http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/02/health/new Research Journal 577. B population. vitamin young of healthy concentrations steady with associated is D 2010. E. Nexo, and B. L. Bailey, R., D. 2013]. Dollar SAF&dataset=incomeStatement&period=A¤cy=US http://invest URL: meatif isavoided in the diet? Understanding NewCity's York Food Supply 2010. M. Wilson, and L. Wild, D., Tsien, C., Thorsteinson, Z., Suttile, C., Perlmutter, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition systems. production food different with combined patterns dietary various of impact Times case multisite a cancer: of risk the control studyin Uruguay. and intake Legume 2009. M. Mendilaharsu, Press. Prevention of Chronic Diseases
(New York City), York (New 2Jan.
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- onent of a healthy diet healthy a of onent 696S. . Geneva: W.Organization. H. regarding animals regarding eurenbery
61 (2): 279 - 86 aily intake of 4 to 7 µg dietary vitamin B vitamin dietary µg 7 to 4 of intake aily eeain Cbe es ewr. URL: Network. News Cable vegetarian. - 2 deficiency? 12 - 70 (3): 509
a, . Daaey A, orse, T., Forrester, A., Djazayery, M., Yap, aiaie eerh Method. Research ualitative . New York:Columbia. New University. . Fallbrook, CA:AeroPublishers. - york . [cited 15May2013]. - Philadelph . - 286. vegetarian - 20 (9): 1605 elgii H, csa G and G. Acosta, H., Pellegrini, - -
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- 12 – - CEU eTD Collection Cook, T. 2012. Overview of North American Rendering Industry, NRA and WRO. National WRO. and NRA Industry, Rendering American North of Overview 2012. T. Cook, ______. 2013b. Consumer Reports. 2013a. 2004. L. Compa, 2012. R. Sanghvi, and K. Reynolds, N., Cohen, A: Subchapter Agriculture: Of Department Service, Inspection And Safety Food III: Chapter EPA Administered permit p SlaughterHuman of Livestock 9C.F.R. 313.1 2011. S. P. Churchland, vegetarian launches Bloomberg beef? the Where’s 2013. K. C. Chumley, URL: S. Chiuve, URL: 2013. Inc. Agency. Intelligence Central Cargill Inc. Facilities. Beef Locations 2013b. ______. American Cargill North URL: Inc. Cargill 2013a. highlights. Financial glance: ______. a At Brands. 2012. Solutions. Meat Cargill 2013b 2013a. ______. URL: ______. Inc. Feeders, Cargill. 2012. Cactus Lym, and Feeders. M. T. II, Cactus Campbell C., T. of Campbell, History 2013. Feeders. Cactus ols, . . 03 Te ytm Dnmc o te rnfrain o utiaiiy URL: Sustainability. to Transformation the of Dynamics Systems The 2013. B. J. Corliss, 40 C.F.R. Part 122,App. B http://www.cargill http://www.cargill.com/company/businesses/index.jsp 2013]. http://www.cargillmeatsolutions.com/brands/tk_cms_brands.htm Benbella Books. http://www.cactusfeeders.com/history.html http://www.collectivedynamics.org 2012 URL: Association. Renderers York:HumanNew Rights Watch. AgricultureUrban in NewCity York Register 317.8 M Part C.F.R. 9 Inspection Voluntary And Inspection Terminology; And Organization Agency Princeton University Press. The Washington Times Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine URL: Directorate Intelligence. of beef/locations/index.jsp Inc. February 2013]. http://www.
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Annual Report .
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. [cited 1February 2013]. h Cia Study China The . 2011. . .
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