IAEA MARINE ENVIRONMENT •LABORATORY-MONACO INIS-Mt —13081

Home , Monaco

IAEA MARINE ENVIRONMENT •LABORATORY-MONACO INIS-mt —13081

BIENNIAL REPORT 1989-1990 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY - IAEA MARINE ENVIRONMENT LABORATORY

original contains color illustrations

BIENNIAL REPORT 1989 / 1990 Monaco

International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna Foreword from the Director General of IAEA 3

Foreword from His Excellency C.C. Solamito, Monaco.. 5

Director's Report 7

Technical Cooperation 11

Analytical Quality Assurance Service 17

Method Development 21

Marine Research 25

Other Major Activities 43

Engineering and Electronics 45

Administration 46

Academic Activities 47

Membership of Committees and Expert Groups 49

Publications 51

Meetings/Missions 55

Cruises 59

WorkshopsATraining Courses/Symposia/Meetings 61

Research and Technical Contracts 62

Consultants and Visiting Experts 63

Fellows, Interns and Trainees 64

Laboratory Collaboration 65

Visitors 75

Staff Members 79

IAEA-MEL Organization Chart 81 /, - V' uring my November 1988 visit to the Monaco I) Laboratory on the occasion of the official ?i-~- y inauguration of its new laboratories in Fontvieille, I was pleased to note the major improvements in working conditions and increased space which had been accorded to IAEA by the Government of the Principality of Monaco. In the biennium that followed the move, there has been a marked increase in the scope of the Laboratory's scientific and technical activities which, in large part, can be attribu- ted to this overall enhancement of the Laboratory's facilities. The 1989-90 Biennial Report details the results of specific tasks which form a core part of the IAEA's concern with environmental protection. During this period, we wit- nessed an expansion of training programmes for environmental monitoring of both nuclear and non-nuclear contaminants. This activity culminated with the organization of the first IAEA inter-regional training course on strategies and methodologies for studying marine radioactivity which was co-sponsored by our Technical Cooperation Depart- ment and the Italian Government. On the scientific side, new efforts have been made to integrate the Laboratory's field research projects into a global context through active participation in large-scale, multi-disciplinary marine programmes which receive international support. It is evident from the following pages that a combined approach of performing technical cooperation activities and acquiring pertinent information on the fate and behaviour of radionuclides and other contaminants in the marine environment has been effective in fulfilling the needs of IAEA Member States.

One of the principal goals of the IAEA remains the promotion of peaceful uses of nuclear energy. As global environmental problems loom ever larger on the horizon, the Agency will continue to play a pivotal role in helping to answer environmental questions using nuclear techniques. The Monaco Laboratory is the main instrument of the Agency by which many of these problems pertaining to the marine environment can be tackled in an international framework. We are pleased to participate in such initiatives and will continue to give high priority to the international work of the Laboratory as well as its interactions with the broader scientific community in the Principality of Monaco.

While the temporary laboratory facilities in Fontvieille have been instrumental in achieving the Agency's goals in the short term, the expansion of programmes, particularly in the areas of technical cooperation, technology transfer and global change, require new considerations for the future. It is therefore gratifying to note that during the coming biennium, plans will be underway to house the Laboratory in permanent facilities in close association with other groups of Monaco's scientific and environmental protection community. This new stage can only improve the capacity and efficiency of the Agency's environmental and technical programmes, and we at IAEA look forward to the continued success of the Monaco Laboratory in the future.

Hans Blix Foreword by the Resident Reprosoni.-r

'Hp3 he Principality of Monaco is extremely proud to [l host the IAEA's Marine Environment Laboratory. u Monaco has a long history of interest and expertise in the marine sciences, beginning with the pioneering hydrographic research of Prince Albert I, continuing through development of the internationally renowned Oceanographic Museum under the direction of Cdt. Jacques-Yves Cousteau, who is now succeeded by the distinguished Professor Frangois Doumenge. Funda- mental to Monaco's continuing commitment to oceanography and instrumental to its interest in marine radioactivity has been His Serene Highness Prince Rainier III. Indeed, as long ago as November 1959, the Prince hosted in Monaco the first ever world-wide scientific conference on the disposal of radioactive waste and his commitment was further evidenced in 1961 when the then named International Laboratory of Marine Radioactivity was opened in Monaco. Since then, the Principality has enjoyed a most successful partnership with the International Atomic Energy Agency in operating the IAEA Marine Environment Laboratory, which, as the Director says in his Introductory Report, is the only marine laboratory within the United Nations system. As such, it has a continuing and expanding function in a world which is increasingly conscious of the environment and of the need to preserve it. The oceans often control the fates of pollutants and generally are the final repository for them.

By focusing research on improving knowledge of the behaviour and fate of both radioactive and stable pollutants, by acting as an international centre for scientific and technical training and by providing global quality assurance services for a wide range of pollutant analyses, the IAEA-MEL has a most important international function which the Monaco Government is very happy to support in continuing partnership. We welcome Professor Baxter, the new Director, to the laboratory and, with exciting new collaborative scientific directions now being discussed and the likelihood of expanded permanent premises for the laboratory, the Government of Monaco is fully confident of a very bright future for the IAEA-MEL.

HE. Cesar C. Solamito

5,4 DIRLCTOR'S REPORT

fine position must go to Dr. Alan Walton who was Director, in several spells, for around 10 years in total, including most of the biennium on which this document reports. His was a most significant landmark contribution, encompassing a move to the present temporary premises and an evolution of the laboratory structure and programme to its current efficient form. Mention, indeed major praise, should also go to Professor Maurizio Zifferero who, as IAEA's Deputy Director General for the Research and Professor Murdoch S. Baxter. Isotopes Department in Vienna, has skilfully steered the Labora- /ph. Ithough the words used the Monaco Laboratory is a tory for a decade and who, in /iJ\ in reports such as this focus for inter-agency co- mid-1991, retires from duty. il \ may often tend towards operation, providing technical facili- exaggerated optimism, I feel that ties and expertise across a on this occasion it is actually range of international marine In reviewing the 1989-90 true to say that seldom can the science in response to some of biennium, the highlights include position of any scientific institute the most crucial global environ- the Laboratory's co-organization have been so positive and so exciting as that of the IAEA Marine Environment Laboratory (IAEA-MEL) in the early days of 1991. For the Laboratory's future has recently, along with the rest of IAEA, been subject to both internal and external scientific assessment and review ; and from this a well mixed, relevant and powerful scientific programme for the next decade has been defined. In parallel, the outstanding level of collaboration between IAEA and the Principality of Monaco has further developed, with some important new scientific links and, most impressively, with the Principality providing new, en- Previous Director Dr. A. Walton, at his farewell. May 1990. larged and prime laboratory premises on the main Monaco mental problems of the day, of the first inter-regional training port, for completion in 1993. Not from the Chernobyl aftermath course on Strategies and many organizations have th<- through the Gulf war oil clean-up Methodologies for Applied stimulating opportunity to design to the Greenhouse Effect and Marine Radioactivity Studies ; and optimize laboratory space climate change. greatly increased international for a freshly reviewed long-term participation in lAEA-MEL's scientific programme. At the analytical Quality Control Ser- same time, as the only marine vice ; expanded cooperation laboratory within the UN system, Much of the credit for leading the Laboratory to its present with Member States in important marine science programmes its name has been changed The Laboratory's activities such as JGOFS and EROS from the International Laboratory will continue to be programmatic, 2000 ; implementation of a of Marine Radioactivity to the formally being defined as to comprehensive framework of IAEA Marine Environment Labora- support marine radioactivity technical support to marine tory, Monaco. monitoring and research. These pollution assessments world- themes will continue to apply wide, including the regional pro- and to merit high priority. Since grammes of its partners, UNEP environmental and marine pro- and IOC ; and, in further sup- So that the mission of the tection have very strong experi- port, extensive research on IAEA-MEL is clearly understood, mental components, the IAEA- agrochemicals and trace ele- I would like to summarize here MEL has a significant practical ments in tropical countries using its newly agreed scientific objec- training and equipping function nuclear and non-nuclear tives. The Laboratory exists as a on behalf of Member States. techniques and with expert working example both of the The Laboratory is also an inter- missions to 43 countries as well high environmental awareness national centre for analytical as training courses and spe- and concern of the International quality control services for cialist seminars ; finally, the Atomic Energy Agency and of radioactive and non-radioactive Laboratory commissioned and the marine scientific traditions marine pollutants. As today's began to develop its new and interests of the Principality research and development pro- Inductively-Coupled Plasma of Monaco. It also exemplifies vides tomorrow's material for Msss Spectrometer, which has the environmental care with routine service, knowledge and enormous potential in assaying which the world's nuclear energy training, the Laboratory will elemental and radionuclide con- industry proceeds with its operate under an essential mix centrations in environmental business. In reality, nuclear of technical cooperation, service energy is by far the most matrices, not least in sea water. (quality control services, equip- environmentally friendly energy ment installation and main- option open for long-term global tenance, etc.) and of highly development and use and, applied research and develop- correspondingly, it will continue From a personal perspec- ment carried out for and with to lead its competitors in tive, I have been Director of the Member States. effectively transferring modern Laboratory for only 2 of the 24 scientific and industrial methods months under review herein. I and knowledge from the develop- can therefore claim no ed to the developing coun- significant contribution whatso- tries. Thus, the primary aims of The main components of ever to the scientific content of the IAEA-MEL are to help the Laboratory's programmes this report. However, I must Member States understand, will therefore be in the following confess that the few months for monitor and protect the marine areas: which I have thus far been in environment and to coordinate Monaco have been over-packed technical aspects of international with activity and excitement, on ocean protection, training and (A) Coastal Zone Marine occasion a little too much for assistance programmes. The Radioactivity comfort but now, on reflection, to needs for such objectives have excellent purpose. In essence, their origins in facts such as that in these few short months, we the oceans cover most of the While sea dumping of have participated in IAEA's earth's surface, that fisheries packaged radioactive waste has Medium Term Plan Review and and aquaculture will continue to at least temporarily ceased, have evolved a scientific pro- be very important to Member other aspects of marine gramme of slightly different States, that virtually all nuclear radioactivity will become in- emphasis, as summarized later. reactors are in, on or near the creasingly important to Member Secondly, we have been offered, oceans, that the oceans control States. These will include and have had to plan quickly, the long-term fates of most interest in localized radioactivity the new premises generously to pollutants, stable or radioactive, enhancements around nuclear be provided by the Principality. and that they often represent the sites discharging to the coastal Thirdly, we have had to give weak link in understanding but zone. It is likely that pressures technical support to international are crucial to the eventual towards zero or minimal dis- inter-agency cooperation in control of pollution. The coastal charges will increase during the monitoring and alleviating the zone is already home to more medium term. Coupled with marine consequences of the than half of the world's popula- lower dose limits, this trend will Gulf War, particularly in the area tion and this sector will be a necessitate a more detailed of petroleum hydrocarbon particular focus at all levels, i.e. understanding and closer monito- studies. To parallel the Labora- technology training, impact ring of coastal marine radio- tory's widening scientific remit, assessment and control. nuclide transfers, behaviour and dosimetry. It will also be ponse. The IAEA-MEL will aspect of this work will also desirable to develop and provide satisfy this need. increase, reflecting the versatility more efficient reassurance monitor- of many nuclear techniques for ing services. A further area of studying non-nuclear contami- increasing emphasis will be the In addition, the IAEA-MEL nants (and for providing data on coastal environmental impact will continue to work on develop- processes which cannot be and perhaps currently unap- ment of new, more efficient and obtained by other means) and preciated radiation dosimetry more cost-effective laboratory the relative ease by which such associated with conventional methods of monitoring, studying techniques can be transferred to technologies which should be and controlling marine pollu- developing Member States. compared quantitatively with the tants, for the benefit of Member Some noteworthy applications generally minimal impacts of States. In parallel, the Labora- are: nuclear sites. The effects of tory will increase its new desalination should also be methods publication programmes, assessed. Such activities are its analytical quality control ser- - Tracer studies of organic consistent with the IAEA's vices and its international train- contaminants such as pesticides mandate to be expert in ing and capacity building activi- in the tropical marine environ- understanding the scientific pros ties. ment using radio-labelled and cons of all energy and compounds. The EEC has sup- industrial options. ported IAEA's development work (C) Marine Fluxes. Transfers in this field in Mexico and the and the Ocean's Carbon future transfer of the tech- The IAEA-MEL will respond Cycle nologies developed will involve to these demands ; firstly, by Coordinated Research Programmes focusing training, monitoring and including at least 15-20 Member research programmes on the Improved understanding of States. coastal zone ; secondly, by the oceans will be increasingly developing and offering new, necessary to allow global im- rapid, cost-effective monitoring pacts of stable and radioactive - Immunological analyses methods from helicopter or pollutants to be predicted and (including radio-immunoassay) underwater vehicles, as appro- thus controlled. The IAEA-MEL of contaminants in the marine priate, these providing will assist Member States by environment. These techniques immediate baseline maps of obtaining and providing potentially provide developing both anthropogenic and natural objective scientific data on Member States with a simple radiation fields ; and, thirdly, by levels, speciations, fates and alternative to the sophisticated providing Member States with transfers of marine pollutants. and costly instrumental methods the necessary radioanalytical Isotopic and nuclear techniques currently available to only a few data to allow objective com- will be used to help define the specialists. parison between nuclear and key transfer parameters which other conventional technologies. determine Greenhouse Gas and In this respect, the Laboratory other pollutant distributions. - Stable isotope techniques will correspondingly develop and and multi-element analyses maintain a marine pollutant using mass spectrometry (in- computer data base. The IAEA-MEL will initiate cluding ICPMS). The Laboratory new collaborations so that the is developing a unique service to full array of nuclear and isotope Member States which includes techniques can be brought to contaminant finger-printing (to (B) Method Development bear on international marine en- identify sources of pollution) and vironmental problems, from the studies of rates and pathways of fate of Gulf oil residues to the contaminant transfer, an To enhance the capability of resolution of carbon cycle inter- important element of pollution the Laboratory to assist Member actions. assessment. States to respond more effectively and rapidly to incidents involving radioactivity releases, (D) Non-nuclear Contaminants As regards extra-budgetary there is, as mentioned above, a cooperative ventures with other need to develop and deploy new Agencies, developing areas remote radiometric methods, As the unique marine include comprehensive quality e.g., aerial and seabed y-spectro- laboratory in the UN System, the assurance support (including metry, which provide instant, lAEA-MEL's services are likely intercalibration, methods develop- efficient, cost-effective and to be in increasing demand by ment, training), technology reassuring emergency res- Member States. The nuclear transfer and equipment maintenance, emergency assistance Monitoring, etc. While space It is a precise monitoring tool for following environmental acci- restrictions in the Laboratory's the oceans which complements dents, pilot monitoring pro- present temporary premises the Agency's capability of grammes at the request of preclude hosting of such evaluating the effects of any Member States, provision of courses in Monaco, the move to nuclear event in the soil. It is our expert advice on marine pollu- enhanced permanent premises strong recommendation that the tion, and technical support to in 1993 will include provision of Monaco Laboratory is a vital large-scale international pollu- a training centre and such resource which ought to be sup- tion monitoring experiments. activities will therefore increase- ported." Based on current trends, this considerably. work will annually involve technical missions to about 25 Such support will be well Member States, specialist train- The programme outlined used, for it is difficult not to be ing courses (in Monaco and above is varied, applied and extremely impressed by the Member States) for 45 highly relevant to IAEA's overall quality and commitment of the scientists, the publication of 5 to 10 Reference Methods, 4 intercalibration exercises (250 participants), 15 research contracts managed, 2 specialist workshops organized and direct involvement in at least 2 pilot monitoring studies.

(E) Nuclear Techniques in Aquaculture

It is likely that there will be an increased demand from Member States for greater food supply from fisheries and aquaculture. In collaboration The new premises for the IAEA Marine Environment Laboratory will be situated within the pink with the FAO/IAEA Joint building shown here on the far side of the old port of Monaco. It is due to open in late 1993. Division, the Monaco Laboratory can contribute its marine biological expertise and facilities to application of nuclear methods strategy for the 1990's. In their staff of the Laboratory or by the in immunoassay, fish disease recent review of the IAEA's high degree of integration of the diagnosis and increasing protein Research and Isotopes Depart- Laboratory's science into the production. Such a project could ment to which IAEA-MEL be- Agency's, indeed into inter- also be collaborative with the longs, the External Experts agency, programmes. I hope Principality of Monaco which is Review Committee made the that this Biennial Report clearly host to a new offshore aqua- following statement : "The illustrates lAEA-MEL's activities culture programme. Monaco Laboratory, under a and assets, not only as a recently appointed Director, we historical record of the recent consider is worthy of continued past but also as a clear basis for strong support. They have now its future advancement. (F) Technical Cooperation established a unique capability of monitoring both radioactive and conventional pollutants in There is and will continue to the oceans. We were provided be an increased demand from with powerful evidence for the Member States for lAEA-MEL's relevance of their investigations organization of large training to all types of pollution and the courses on Marine Radio- manner in which biological sea ecology, Marine Pollutant life can deal with such incidents. Professor M.S. Baxter

10 .•HNICAL COOPERATION

1: ';i'''•'-• he transfer of technology from environmental monitoring Sediment Transport Training !| is amongst the principal activities using different types of :'! objectives of the IAEA. bioindicator species. Besides A new and important pro- The Monaco Laboratory has learning the fundamental gramme developed during this been very active in this area. aspects of radiotracer tech- biennium has been the IAEA niques in aquatic studies, the Regional Asian Project on Fellows were encouraged to "Marine Contamination and In-Service Training publish their results along with Sediment Transport" imple- the IAEA-MEL investigators mented through the Division of In coordination with the involved. Technical Cooperation. This Department of Technical Co- project is being supported operation, IAEA-MEL staff through extra-budgetary funds members provided a range of In addition, the Marine from the United States of laboratory and field training in Environmental Studies Labora- America and aims to expand the marine sampling and low-level tory (MESL) held six training scientific and technical capabili- radiochemical techniques to courses on analytical techniques ties within the region to address visiting trainees during this bien- for chlorinated hydrocarbons problems in marine science and nium. Similarly, trainees from (pesticides and PCBs), petro- technology. During 1990, an Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, leum hydrocarbons, trace metals extensive project development Spain and Cuba spent various and organotin compounds, mission was undertaken by lengths of time in the Radio- involving a total of 25 trainees IAEA Experts and the RIML geochemistry Laboratory learn- from eight countries. A technical Project Technical Officer. ing radiochemical separation staff exchange programme has Countries visited were techniques. Training included been operative at MESL in Bangladesh, China, India, methods of sample preparation which technicians are employed Indonesia, Republic of Korea, and the operation of gamma, from collaborating laboratories Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, beta and alpha detection for six-month periods. Staff from Singapore, Sri-Lanka, Thailand systems to isolate and quantify Costa Rica, Sweden, Brazil, and Vietnam. A schedule of different radionuclides in sea USA, Mexico and Mauritius proposed programme activities water, marine sediment and were employed on this basis. to support the project was biota. In addition, the trainees Short-term interns were also prepared. Our present objec- were instructed on the organiza- received from Mexico, Syria, tives and recommendations tion of quality control exercises Uruguay, Morocco, France and seek to improve the accuracy applicable to their countries' Sweden. and reliability of environmenta. requirements.

The Cuban trainee was also attached to the Radio- ecology Laboratory along with another IAEA Fellow from Turkey. Their programmes focused primarily on the use of radiotracer methodologies to assess radionuclide bioaccumulation and transfer rates in food chains. As part of their training, these Fellows were integrated into laboratory research activities, the results of which are described in the Marine Re- search Section (see page 25). The overall aim of the training was to allow these scientists to be better able to interpret results Training course on the analysis ol organochlorine compounds in marine samples radioactivity measurements carried out in the region and to promote the use and application of nuclear techniques to assess the source, trend and impact of marine pollution on aquatic resources. The Agency has been requested to provide expert services, some essential equipment, radioactive standards and intercalibration materials and to coordinate regional project activities in conjunction with training and quality assurance. It is expected that this project will provide new information on the rates of chemical pollution within selected environments of the region and identify the need and consequence of control measures. This information will have important implications for the long-term protection and management of the environment.

IAEA/ENEA Joint Training Course

lAEA-MEL's programme involves scientists from many parts of the world working together to One of the highlights of the improve our understanding of the marine environment. biennium, and a portent of the new direction in which the labora- The training course was only 17 candidates were selected. tory service programmes are designed to provide an introduc- Five outside experts were being oriented, was the organization to marine radioactivity for invited to give formal lectures to tion of an IAEA Inter-Regional scientists from developing coun- the students. Seven staff mem- Training Course. The course, tries. There were 64 applications bers from the IAEA-MEL assisted "Strategies and Methodologies for the course but, because of in lecturing and in various for Applied Marine Radioactivity space limitations on the ships, organizational aspects whilst Studies", was organized in the autumn of 1990 in cooperation with the Government of Italy and was hosted by the ENEA at their Santa Teresa Laboratory and by the IAEA-MEL at Monaco. The course was a first in that neither laboratory had previously been involved in organizing a training course on such a scale. Further- more, the course was conceived by the staff of both laboratories in response to a perceived need for training of scientists, particularly scientists from developing countries, in the domain of marine radioactivity. The IAEA Division of Technical Coopera- tion and Assistance welcomed a proposal to hold the course and agreed to assist with it. Inter-regional Training Course "Strategies and Methodologies for Applied Marine Radioactivity Studies". La Spezia. Italy.

12 most laboratory staff members were involved with that part of the course which took place at Monaco.

The course covered all aspects of radioactivity in the marine environment through lectures, laboratory experiments and shipboard work. The topics included basic concepts in marine chemistry and biology ; radioecology ; sources, fluxes and behaviour of natural and artificial radionuclides in the marine environment, including pathways to man ; sampling Laboratory exercises during a recent training course in Italy. techniques for water, sediments, particulate matter and biota ; The training course permitted the IAEA-MEL to assess directly the concerns, needs and requirements of laboratories in developing countries in the domain of marine radioactivity. Furthermore, it allowed staff to make contact with representatives of these laboratories and to show them that their problems are not unique and that marine radioactivity is a subject best treated at an international level. It was also useful in having the participants plan future collaboration, both with the IAEA-MEL and among themselves. Finally, it permitted the IAEA-MEL to Demonstration of a Go-Flo bottle used for water sampling during a training course. gauge how well its programmes meet the needs of laboratories in Member States. reference methods for analysis of transuranic and other radionuclides in different sample types ; calculation of radiological doses to biota and to man ; effects of radiation on marine organisms and ecosystems design of laboratory experiments, field studies and environmental monitoring schemes ; establishing appropriate strategies in accidental and emergency situations ; and review of international legislation govern- ing marine radioactivity. The ENEA Research vessel "Santa Teresa", a chartered fishing boat, and the French research vessel "Catherine Laurence" were used for shipboard training during the course. Graduation Day! A successful conclusion to a training course. technical support to laboratories in the Mediterranean, West and Central Africa, the Gulf, the Wider Caribbean, South-east Pacific and the South Pacific. The work included the provision of Reference Methods and quality assurance services (to be described in subsequent sections) ; expert advice to enable laboratories to conduct pollution assessments ; pilot monitoring studies for trace organic and inorganic chemical contaminants, jointly with laboratories from Member States ; the organization of scientific symposia and workshops on specialist topics of marine pollution ; support with the design and coordination of new regional contaminant monitoring and assessment programmes ; and the provision of instrument maintenance services in the Mediterranean and West and Central African regions. Addition- ally, in cooperation with IUCN (the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources), a preliminary assessment was made of Satellite picture of the entrance :o the Persian Gulf. Strait of Hormuz. IAEA-MEL has had an active programme in the Gulf for the past decade. pesticide contamination in sensi-

The consensus of both ENEA and the IAEA-MEL was that the course was a large success and that this type of activity should continue on a regular basis in future. The overall interest which exists in this subject was evident from the large number of applications for participation in the course. Plans are now underway to follow up with a series of regional training courses, starting in Latin America in 1992.

Capacity Building and An oil slick in the Gulf of Oman. Marine Pollution Assessment

tion with other agencies. MESL tive marine environments of Most of the IAEA-MEL acted as a specialized coordina- Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Marine Environmental Studies ting centre for UNEP's Panama. Within the Agency's Laboratory's work on technical Regional Seas programme and, Technical Cooperation pro- cooperation during the 1989-90 often in cooperation with the gramme, technical support was biennium was in the fields of Intergovernmental Oceano- given to Cuban institutions for "Capacity Building" and "Marine graphic Commission (IOC- inorganic chemical analyses. Pollution Assessment" in associa- Unesco), provided wide-ranging Finally, a new agreement was into the marine environment and the meeting attracted 68 scientists and policy-makers from 17 countries. The scientific contributions are presently being edited as a special volume of the journal "Marine Environ- mental Research". The success of this international event has led to the decision that the IAEA-MEL, witn the support of the government of Monaco, should organize a biennial symposium in topical issues concerning the marine environment. The laboratory also collaborated with the organiza- Participants in a specialist seminar discuss contaminant inputs to the Mediterranean as part of tion of an FAO/UNEP/ IAEA lAEA-MEL's contiibution to the Mediterranean Action Plan. consultation meeting on the accumulation and transformation signed between IAEA and IOC South-East Pacific as well as of chemical contaminants by for provision of technical support scientific research and project biotic and abiotic processes in the marine environment held in to IOC laboratories world-wide. management. La Spezia, Italy (September 1990) with 33 participants from 11 countries. The two-year period was Workshops/Symposia also a very active one for the five MESL staff travelling on The IAEA-MEL hosted two technical cooperation activities. specialist scientific workshops Expansion of Technical A total of 75 missions were (on methyl-mercury and on herbi- Cooperation completed to 43 countries in five cides and fungicides) as part of continents. The purpose of its contribution to UNEP's Though a major part of these missions included instru- Mediterranean Action Plan. In lAEA-MEL's activities are ment maintenance in North, April 1990, the laboratory centered in the Mediterranean Central and West Africa, training organized the Third International (as regional analytical centre for activities in the Mediterranean Organotin Symposium which UNEP's Mediterranean Action and Gulf regions, joint pollution was held in Monaco with the Plan) and the Gulf and West and monitoring in the Mediterranean cooperation of seven other inter- Central Africa, during the current and the Caribbean and assist- national organizations (ICSEM, biennium a considerable effort ance with planning pollution WHO, FAO, UNEP, IMO, IOC, has been made to develop assessment programmes in CEC). Tributyltin is probably the technical cooperation activities Cuba, Mauritius, the Wider most toxic substance which has in other regions. In the Wider Caribbean, Albania and the intentionally been introduced Caribbean, MESL has been involved in the establishment of a new UNEP/IOC-sponsored programme for the assessment, control and abatement of marine pollution (denominated CEPPOL). The experience gained from the Mediterranean programme is now being used to develop these activities and staff from the IAEA-MEL are having a major role in the initial organization of CEPPOL within the framework of cooperative agreements with UNEP and IOC. The first steps have also been taken to develop activities in East Africa and the South Pacific.

Weighing samples (in this case a turtle) can sometimes be an arduous task! ASSURANCE SERVICE

ata quality is a continu- The first intercalibration radiological dose assessment ing major concern in the exercises, originating from the and also because the analytical implementation of IAEA-MEL just over 20 years techniques for the elements regional and global marine ago, emphasized the determina- were challenging problems, pollution monitoring pro- tion of fission and activation intercalibration exercises grammes. Results from such products in sea water, marine specifically for transuranic programmes can be virtually biota and sediment. During the elements were initiated. useless unless their precision early 1970's, controversial Subsequently, requests were and accuracy are clearly opinions were expressed by a made to conduct other pro- demonstrated, in order to number of analysts concerning grammes which featured, either produce valid data, monitoring the methods used to determine singularly or in combination, a laboratories need to follow a low levels of transuranium particular marine matrix or some quality control routine which elements in marine samples. other longer-lived man-made includes regular measure- Because it was evident that the and/or natural radionuclide or a ments of standard reference transuranic isotopes were different concentration of a materials and participation in important from the standpoint specific radionuclide. The intercomparison exercises. of waste management and scientific investigators associated The IAEA Marine Environment Laboratory has now become firmly established as a worldwide centre for data quality Table 1. Number of laboratories participating in IAEA-MEL assurance for all kinds of Intercomparison Exercises, 1971 and 1985-1990. chemical contaminants, both Number of Number of nuclear and non-nuclear. Member State Participants Member State Participants 1971 1985-90 1971 1985-90 Intercalibration- Argentina 1 Monaco (IAEA-MEL)1 1 Intercomparison Exercises Australia 3 The Netherlands 4 Austria 3 New Zealand 1 1 Radioactivity studies in the Belgium 1 2 Nigeria 1 marine environment involve the Bolivia 1 Norway 2 1 collection of different types of Brazil 4 r akistan 1 samples usually for the analysis Bulgaria 1 Peru 1 of very low levels of specific Canada 7 Philippines 2 radionuclides. The need China, Republic 3 Poland 6 continues for accurate assess- Cuba 1 Portugal 1 1 ment of concentrations whether Czechoslovakia 5 Puerto Rico 1 these radionuclides are used as Denmark 1 1 Romania 2 14 tracers to study processes in the Finland 1 1 South Africa 1 2 sea or for understanding the France 3 8 Spain 5 ways in which they affect man, French Polynesia 1 Sweden 1 4 for example through the marine Germany 3 19 Switzerland 3 food chain. Consequently, Greece 1 1 Thailand 2 measuring specific radio- Hong Kong 1 Turkey 1 nuclides, particularly some of Hungary 3 Ukrainian SSR 1 those introduced by man, poses India 1 2 United Kingdom 3 19 a potential problem to analysts. Ireland 3 Uruguay 2 Hence, analyses of natural Israel 1 United States matrix reference materials, in Italy 4 5 of America 7 10 which consensus values for Japan 8 2 Union SSR 2 4 concentrations of different Korea, Republic 1 Yugoslavia 2 9 radionuclides are known, are Kuwait 1 Venezuela 1 useful to establish the Marshall Is., Rep.* 1 Vietnam 2 performance of radio-analytical Mexico 3 methods and help detect TOTAL: 50 180 systematic measurement errors. *Not an IAEA Member State with our exercises since 1971 Table 2. Marine Samples for Radionuclide Intercomparison Exercises. have reported over 4000 measurements for specific radionu- Participants clides in sea water, sediment, Year Results Sample Type Source of Sample % seaweed, seaplants, fish and Reported and ID Material Request Response other marine organisms. 1971,1974 Sea water Irish Sea 51 86 (SW-I, 2) 1973,1974 Algae (AG-I-I) Irish Sea 55 84 A marked trend of in- 1973 Sediment Oman Sea 56 79 creased awareness of marine (SD-B-1) radioactivity is exemplified by 1976 Sea water Sargasso Sea 45 53 the added participation in recent (SW-A-I) exercises by scientists from 1976 Invertebrates Oman Sea 63 51 different Member State labora- (MA-B-1,-2) tories including a significant per- 1978 Sediment Oman Sea 61 74 centage of laboratories in (SD-B-2, -3) developing countries. Table 1 1982 Sea water North Sea 10 100 reveals that our mailing list of (SW-N-I) "global club" participants has expanded from approximately 1984 Sediment North Sea 62 69 (SD-N-l/1) 50 in 1970 to 180 in recent 1985 Sediment North Sea 98 48 years. Reference to Table 2 shows that during the 14-year (SD-N-l/2) period between 1971 and 1985, 1985 Sea water North Sea 38 74 the "global club" receiver a total (SW-N-2) of 646 samples for analysis. In 1985 Algae (AG-B-I) Baltic Sea 47 60 only the last five years, however, TOTAL 1971-1985 : 646 a comparable number (632) of MEAN %: 65 samples have been distributed and, additionally, a higher return 1986 Sediment North Sea 40 50 of data has been evident. This (SD-N-2) recent growth and interest in our 1987 Fish (MA-B-3) Baltic Sea 80 54 exercises reflects the increasing 1988 Sediment Atlantic 51 66 need for laboratories world-wide (SD-A-I) to measure accurately low 1989 Sediment Baltic Sea 102 82 concentrations of different radio- (IAEA-306) nuclides in marine matrices. 1989 Algae (IAEA-307) Mediterranean 84 80 1989 Algae (IAEA-308) Mediterranean 84 80 1990 Fish (IAEA-352) Mediterranean 74 85 In the biennium reviewed TOTAL 1986-1990 : 512 here, 1989-1990, four worldwide MEAN %: 74 exercises were completed and consensus reference values 1991 Sediment Enewetak 120 were provided for several nu- (IAEA-367) clides in each of the samples. 1991 Sediment Mururoa 120 Three of the marine samples (IAEA-368) contain several long-lived radionuclides resulting from the 1986 accident at Chernobyl. Infor- mation describing previous and these recent samples used for Lawrence Livermore National now in progress and the sam- the intercomparison pro- Laboratory (USA) in 1979 at ples will become available as grammes is provided in Table 2. Enewetak Atoll and the other reference materials in 1991. (IAEA-368) was collected in June 1989 by the "Service Mixte de Securite Radiologique, In 1990, two additional samples Commissariat a I'Energie Personnel from the IAEA- were distributed for analysis to Atomique" (France) at Mururoa MEL have served as participat- 120 laboratories. Tne samples Atoll. Both were prepared and ing observers to the Group of are coraline sedimentary material. distributed for the analysis of Experts on Monitoring of Radio- One sample (IAEA-367) was different natural and man-made active Substances in the Baltic collected for distribution by the radionuclides. Data evaluation is Sea (MORS) of the Helsinki of trace organics (chlorinated and petroleum hydrocarbons), data quality is still highly un- satisfactory and considerable international attention is required to enhance the capacity of regional laboratories to measure these important contaminants.

In addition to the global approach to intercomparison, MESL has also carried out regional exercises (in the Mediter- ranean, the Gulf area, the western Pacific, west and central Africa) and specialized Towing for plankton near the Marshall Islands. exercises for contaminants currently being measured by a Commission since its inception. rently proceeding but the small number of experts. During At the 5'" meeting held in baseline studies are now the 1989-90 biennium, two such Gdynia, Poland in 1990, it was completed. The baseline exercises were conducted in decided that a sea water inter- studies attracted extensive order to examine methyl- comparison exercise would be participation (over 250 mercury in seafood and organo- initiated for MORS participants laboratories worldwide), particu- tin compounds in sea water. and be continued for five years. larly for the analysis of trace Analytical agreement was good The collaborating MORS labora- metals where data quality is for methyl-mercury. In the case tories are from the Member steadily improving. In the case of organotin, agreement was States of Denmark, Finland, Germany, Poland, Sweden and the USSR. Water samples will be collected in 1991 by Germany and Poland. Sixteen to 35 litre drums containing homogenized water will be shipped to the participating laboratories. Each year during the five-year period, the MORS laboratories (including IAEA- MEL) will determine the concentrations of '"'Sr, "'Cs and '"'"Pu in a 100 liter composite sample. All final results will be submitted to the IAEA-MEL to collate and evaluate.

During the same period, MESL also continued its worldwide intercalibration exercises for trace elements and organic contaminants in marine matrices. These were organized in two series, an intercomparison of samples with "baseline" levels of contaminants (a Mediter- ranean deep-sea sediment and a tuna fish sample) and an intercomparison of "hot spot" contaminated samples (a harbour sediment and a coastal bivalve). The latter exercises are cur- Fish muscle sampling for laboratory analysis in Oman. excellent at high levels but very National Institute of Standards Member State institutions for 3-4 poor at the trace levels which and Technology, the National week periods in order to review correspond to those at which Research Council of Canada, sampling and analytical proce- environmental quality standards and IAEA-MEL, agreed on the dures and assist the local are set in several Member joint production of large quanti- scientists to establish appro- States. ties of two new marine bivalve priate quality control measures. reference materials, GESREM I These visits were coupled with and II, for trace elements and instrument maintenance sup- organics respectively. Each port, specialized training courses The provision of standard organization will be responsible in Monaco and follow-up reference materials has been for part of the production activities including intercomparison another important facet of process and the finished product exercises (mandatory partici- MESL's activities. In the past, will be available at reduced cost pation in the case of MEDPOL reference materials have been to the user. Participants in inter- laboratories). The pilot pro- calibrated on the basis of "con- national monitoring programmes gramme continued through the sensus values" obtained from will be supplied with these 1989-90 biennium with very intercomparison exercises. This materials free of charge. Almost encouraging results. In late is a slow process and demand half a ton of mussel tissue was 1990, the World Bank (Environ- for these materials has been obtained by the IAEA-MEL for mental Division) decided to increasing sharply with the GESREM-I and the material will support this activity in seven growing awareness of the need be available in mid-1991. Mediterranean countries for quality control procedures. In (Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, 1986, a joint UNEP/IAEA/IOC Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey and Group of Experts on Standards Yugoslavia) for two years and to and Reference Materials A good quality assurance provide the necessary additional (GESREM) was formed to programme cannot rely upon finance to ensure transfer of the endeavour to coordinate inter- passive intercalibration exer- most appropriate analytical national efforts for producing cises and reference materials technology to the institutions reference materials for marine alone. These exercises do little involved. The MEDPOL/MESL/ pollution studies. It was felt that World Bank project is now being to help those laboratories which used as a ;nodel for develop- existing supplies of these are not sufficiently confident to materials were insufficient and, ing a comprehensive approach submit data or which produce to quality assurance in other despite heavy subsidies, their unacceptable data. In 1988, a cost is often prohibitive to the regions covered by UNEP and pilot project was initiated in the IOC monitoring programmes. user. At a meeting in Halifax, Mediterranean, by MESL with Canada in January 1990, three support from UNEP, in which of the major suppliers, the US staff from Monaco visited METHOD DEVELOPMENT

he IAEA Marine Environ- ment Laboratory has a mandate to develop new analytical methodologies which might be simpler, more cost- effective, more sensitive or more accurate than existing methods or indeed might quantify a particular marine pollutant for the first time. This programme thereby assists Member States in the propagation of effective monitoring and coastal activities.

Plutonium Chemistry

Purification of plutoniurm separated from environmental samples is usually carried out by anion exchange making use of the multiplicity of its valence states. Trie tetravaient state is strongly adsorbed by the ion exchange resin, permitting separation of the trivalent americium and curium which pass through the resin. After removing traces of ferric iron (and uranium and thorium) from the column, the Plutonium is eluted (after Counting samples by alpha-spectrometry. reduction) with strong HCf containing ammonium iodide. This solution is evaporated to scheme was modified at no cost additional advantage of this dryness and the residue taken to final recovery or radiochemi- scheme is that it removes any up in acid solution which is cal purity. The previous proce- remaining traces of Th and U again evaporated prior to dure required for each sample that are carried over from the electro-depositing plutonium on 80 ml of 10M HCI (with NhW) to first anion exchange step. a disk for alpha-spectrometry. It elute the plutonium. To reduce has been a normal practice to this volume of acid during the process 6-18 samples at a time. evaporation step, a scheme was adopted (see schematic dia- Technetium-99 gram) in which the sample is now passed twice through an "Tc is of radiological rele- At the IAEA-MEL, all the anion exchange column. In the vance to the collective long-term exposed metal surfaces in and first column (consisting of 8 to dose to man and behaves as a near the new fume hoods rapidly 10 cm of AG1X8 anion ex- conservative tracer which has began to corrode from the change resin in a 1 cm diameter applications in the study of many chemical action initiated by the column), Pu is eluted using a ocean processes. There are quantities of acid vapors re- mildly acidic reagent (1.2M HCI analytical difficulties in separat- leased during these final with 30% hbCfe). The Pu is then ing and measuring the very processing steps. To reduce fur- further purified through a shorter small amounts of the long-lived ther deterioration of exposed clean-up column (5 cm AG1X8 isotope associated with and irreplaceable metal fixtures, resin) and is eluted with half as marine samples. A method for the separation-purification much HCI containing NH.I. An determining "qTc in sea water and other aquatic samples was beta detectors were installed, treatment of sediment trap developed at the Laboratory complete with a common guard samples destined for varied some years ago. However, after counter, associated electronic chemical and biological ana- the accident at Chernobyl, components and shielding lyses. In this regard, to enhance substantial amounts of ioU06Ru (model GM-25-5, manufactured our ^solution of depth profiles and m""Ag were encountered as by the Riso National Labora- of fiux measurements, a very contaminants in separated tory). A total of 10 low-back- small, cylindrical "mini" sediment technetium samples. A more ground (0.15-0.17 cpm) beta trap (surface area = 44 crrf) has efficient published technique is detectors are now in continuous been developed which can be now being followed that ensures operation to meet analytical deployed in large numbers on decontamination from ruthenium demands. The counting effi- relatively light-weight, simplified and silver. ciency for a solid, evaporated moorings using only small boats. source of ™Tc (beta max=292 keV) The chief advantage of these is approximately 35%. systems is that small-scale changes in particle flux with Sample in 8M HNOo depth can be measured by Image Analysis simultaneously deploying several, closely-spaced traps on 8to1OcmAG1X8 As part of the Vertical a single mooring. Furthermore, anion exchange column Transport Programme, a sim- because of their small size and plified image analysis system to weight, the mooring and measure size, surface area and recovery can be easily rinse with 10 column volume of large particles (>30 performed by one or two volumes (cv) of 8M HN03 |im to a few mm) commonly scientists on a small coastal (removes U, Fe, Am) collected in sediment traps has vessel. Initial intercomparison been developed. The basic idea tests with larger sediment traps involves coupling of a binocular have demonstrated good rinse with 8 cv 10 M HCI microscope to a personal agreement between the two (removes Th) computer for automated data types of particle collector storage. The binocular image is systems. These mini-traps, fitted projected through a drawing with screens of various mesh eiutePuwith 1.2MHCI + tube on a high resolution, digital sizes, are currently being used to obtain milligram quantities of 30% H2O2 table which is connected to the computer. A scientific measure- particles for microbiological and ment software package controls trace element analyses. evaporate to dryness; the data acquisition and, through dissolve residue in 8M HNO3 specific programming, sorts the data for each type of particle CHN Analyser and calculates surface area and 5 cm AG1X8 anion exchange volume. Fully automated or During the biennium, the clean-up column video systems were also carbon and nitrogen measuring considered but the results were system (CHN analyser) was not encouraging since the greatly improved and now can material to be analysed, rinse 5 cv 8M HN03 be run automatically. A personal principally of biological origin, computer controls the analyser could not be properly identified and relays instructions to ensure rinse5cv10MHCI or quantified by these systems. the proper running sequence. A This set-up is now routinely microbalance is also connected used to calculate rapidly such to the computer so that the elute Pu with 40 ml parameters as faecal pellet weight of samples can be IOMHCI + NH4I mass as a percentage of the transmitted directly to the total particle mass. computer. After reception of information from the analyser and the balance, the computer Increased effort is being calculates the relative and applied to the processing of Technique for Collection and absolute concentrations of samples collected on several Treatment of Sediment Trap carbon and nitrogen in the programmes for technetium and Samples samples. By automating the 90Sr. To increase the detection analytical system, an increased efficiency of these and other Some effort has also been throughput of samples from the beta-emitting radionuclides, five directed towards optimizing various sediment trap experi- new low-background, gas-flow techniques for the collection and ments is assured. Experts on Methods, Standards and Intercalibration (GEMSI) which brings together a number of leading experts on marine chemistry. The group provides expert advice on the development of methods and also provides peer reviews for the completed manuscripts. Another group, the IOC/UNEP/IMO Group of Experts or ihe Effects of Pollution (GEEF\ provides similar support with the development of bi logical effects studies.

A CHN analyzer to measure the carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents of sediment trap samples. Most of the Reference Methods are tested exhaustively by MESL in Monaco prior to issue. Some are first applied in Reference Methods for The catalogue (including over 60 regional training courses or pilot Non-radioactive Pollutant methods) is available free of monitoring exercises in order to charge from the IAEA-MEL. The measure their effectiveness. methods continue to be edited in Demand for the methods is cooperation with UNEP and IOC steadily increasing. A good The availability of appro- (of Unesco), together with addi- example of this was Method 57, priate methodology is a key tional support from WHO (for "Contaminant Monitoring Pro- requirement for conducting microbiological methods), FAO grammes using Marine Organ- general marine contamination (for contaminants in marine isms : Quality Assurance and assessments. For application in organisms) and WMO (for air Good Laboratory Practice". This monitoring studies, methods ob- pollution and meteorology). was edited in 1990 but has viously need to be capable of already been adopted by all producing accurate and suffi- UNEP and IOC regional ciently precise intercomparable monitoring programmes and data but, where possible, this In the case of chemical was employed as a basic should require instruments contaminants, the methods are working document for an EEC- which are commonly available developed in close collaboration sponsored workshop on North and easily serviced. This with the IOC/UNEP Group of Sea monitoring in April 1990. balance is often very difficult to achieve and an inexperienced scientist searching the scientific literature in order to start a marine pollution assessment will quickly discover a plethora of methodologies with conflicting claims for precision and accuracy. In an effort to overcome these difficulties, MESL has been responsible since 1983 for editing and testing UNEP's Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies series. The series has continued to flourish in the 1989-1990 biennium and has developed into a comprehensive package providing guidelines for sampling, analytical techniques, biological effects measurements and Yellow-covered UNEP/IOC/IAEA Reference Methods manual (edited in Monaco) being used advice on data interpretation. lor a training course in Colombia. he research programme give valuable information to vertical transport of radio- of the IAEA Marine many developing Member States nuclides in different areas of the : Environment Laboratory in order to improve their coastal world ocean. The IAEA-MEL is designed to assist Member zone management. The recent staff participated in a number of States to obtain information on acquisition of an Inductively- cruises in the Mediterranean the flux and fate of radionuclides Coupled Plasma Mass Spectro- and the North Atlantic which and other potential pollutants in meter has given the IAEA-MEL were organized as French and the marine environment. During a capacity to measure over 70 German contributions to the the 1989-1990 biennium, the elements and their isotopes in a Joint Global Ocean Flux Study research programme began to unique single instrument which (JGOFS). In addition, a contract benefit from the Laboratory's is now being applied to both was signed with the European improved facilities and equip- nuclear and non-nuclear research Economic Community to study ment and field work continued in in Member States. similar processes as part of the the Pacific and Atlantic oceans European River-Ocean Systems as well as the Mediterranean Programme (EROS-2000). At Sea. The scope of IAEA-MEL'S The research programme the same time, the US National activities also broadened, clearly outlined below is not seen as a Science Foundation-sponsored reflecting the versatility of separate isolated activity within VERTEX (Vertical Transport and nuclear techniques in marine the IAEA-MEL and has strong Exchange) Programme in the investigations. Work in the deep links with all other elements of North Pacific, in which IAEA- ocean focused upon quantifying the Laboratory's work particu- MEL has participated since fluxes of radionuclides asso- larly in training and technical 1980, officially came to a close. ciated with suspended particles cooperation. The research (the fundamental mechanism for efforts are designed to address radionuclide removal from the specific requirements of Member ocean). Laboratory work States in a cooperative and North Pacific Field Programme examined how such trapped dynamic manner. contaminants could be cycled Since 1987, the VERTEX through the food chain Programme has focused on (particularly by benthic organ- seasonal aspects of particle flux isms). In the Mediterranean, in the central North Pacific. In the last pieces are being put Global Measurements of mid-1988, the last cruise took together in a scientific jig-saw Vertical Flux of Radionuclides place at the seasonal station in puzzle which will enable an the northeast Pacific gyre (30°N inventory to be established of This biennium has seen a 139°W). During 1989-1990, all radionuclides and the evalua- major expansion in our field remaining VERTEX samples tion of sudden contaminant programmes to measure the influxes, such as that which occurred during the Chernobyl accident. The radiogeochemistry of anoxic basins was also extensively studied both within the Black Sea and Norwegian fjords.

Nuclear and non-nuclear techniques continue to be applied hand in hand at the IAEA-MEL. Major new studies were developed of pesticides in tropical coastal ecosystems using radio-labelled pesticides and non-nuclear techniques. Such studies have already revealed previously unsuspected problem contaminants and will Deployment of a sediment trap array in the Pacific Ocean off Hawaii. 24i 9 2 andAm concentrations with contained increasing" -«Pu floes called"marinesnow" ) faecal pelletsandamorphou s zone. Largeparticlesinth sedi- the lowestplutoniumfluxes occurring asth e particlessank suggesting tha t scavengingwas depth toa least1200m, scavenging intheeuphotic the samtimofyear,ap- ment traps(oftenzooplankto n parently duetominimal mass fluxeabove150mduring corresponded tothehighes the strongradionuclidscaveng- winter, possiblyresultingfrom the highestradionuclidfluxes ing byfineparticles.Conversely, 400 minsummerthrough particulate massfluxebelow corresponding tothelowes 26 plutonium fluxwasnotedwith and May1988areshowni period betweenOctober1986 239,2-K>p during18-month taken. thesis oftheresultwaunder- Fig. 1Someseasonalityin were analysedfortransuranium nuclides andadetailesyn- Fig. 1.Seasonalfluxofplutoniuminthenorth-celtralPacificGyre(33N,139W). u an Vertical fluxprofilesfor a J a. H (ml 2000 - 1500 - 1000 - 400 500 300 200 100 •o 0 239+240 1 6> Jl 1 i i j v\ 1 Pu d 0.5 i / \'\ p \ 0 , j A FLUX / i. \ ;"' • , i CTD (ConductivityTemperature Depth)RosetteSampler forwatersamplinginthePacificOcean. > • 3^33-6 -> 27.10.87 a 14.7JT- 2 2S.1JT- VERTEX SEA1-7 3 :9.10.88 21 (mBq w~d" 1.0 ! - 22.1.87 9 5.87 588 .'3 It)7 30 'asi o 1.5 1 10 Atlantic, twoFrenchcruises pilot projecintheNorth the MediterraneanSea. North AtlanticFieldProgramme work ofongoingprogrammesin tested inthemorbiologically margin areaswithitheframe- productive coastalandoceanic open Pacificwaterswillnowbe transuranic fluxpertainingto contaminant modelsfor tion"). Itisintendedtha euphotic zone("newproduc- waters orcarbonfluxoutfthe production itheoverlying and eithertheratofprimary associated withlargeparticles clear relationshipwasnoted through theupperocean. between thefluxof-'"••Pu downward transuranicflux,no zooplankton arelinkedto that biogenicparticulatesfrom Although thesestudiesshow As partofthe1989JGOFS (MEDMTLANTE I and II) were convective processes within the region is generally highest in carried out at 36N 15"W to Greenland gyre. It is intended to winter (December-February) examine particle dynamics and compare rates of radionuclide and spring-early summer (April- flux in entrained Mediterranean removal from surface to depth in June). Furthermore, winter mass eddies which are a regular these highly productive waters flux is generally higher than the feature in that region. The IAEA- of the North Atlantic with similar spring-summer flux peak ; MEL was responsible for measurements made in less however, the carbon contribution measuring particle flux and productive areas of the to flux was more important analysing biogenic particles for Northeast Pacific and Mediter- during the spring-early summer carbon and nitrogen. Data show ranean. Such comparative period. These long-term moor- that for some "Meddies", flux studies are essential for making ings have clearly shown that entering the eddy at 700 m was assessments of radionuclide flux variations in flux are often roughly three times lower than on a global scale. Rapid settling relatively large and occur on that leaving the base of the rates can be anticipated based time-scales shorter than two eddy, suggesting that the on our preliminary results weeks. More intensive water "Meddy" was carrying an showing Chernobyl-derived l34Cs column sampling coupled with enhanced particle load com- (and 137Cs) distributed in sedi- high resolution time-series sedi- pared to the overlying Atlantic ment samples collected from ment trap measurements at the waters. 1765 m in the Greenland Sea. same site during May 1990 clearly demonstrated that mass flux variations may be even In June-July 1989, the more important (eight to ten-fold IAEA-MEL participated on the in one to three days) when METEOR Cruise off Greenland Mediterranean Field Programme measured on a daily basis. which was part of the German contribution to the JGOFS pilot A major expansion of project. In collaboration with collaborative flux studies took researchers from the University place in the Mediterranean. The In conjunction with the sedi- of Kiel, time-sen:-o sediment IAEA-MEL continued its overall ment trap sampling from the trap samples were collected responsibility in deploying sedi- permanent DYFAMED station at from 500 to 2000 m. Samples ment traps in the central 43°25'N 07°53'E, we obtained a from both annual and short-term Ligurian Sea as part of the series of water samples from moorings, deployed at the outset DYFAMED Time-series Pro- different depths and a number of of the phytoplankton growth gramme. During the biennium, sediment core samples from season, are presently being several hundred samples were regions of the abyssal plain and 241 analysed for ^>°pu and Am. processed for mass flux and the continental shelf and slope, In addition, bottom sediment carbon and nitrogen fluxes. This for the analysis of transuranium core samples and water from time-series station, initiated in radionuclides, 137Cs, and 2l0Pb closely-spaced depths were 1987, is one of the few in the (and other gamma-emitting collected for the analysis of world where interannual varia- radionuclides in sediments). different radionuclides to aid in tions in particle and elemental These samples will provide data understanding removal rates of fluxes can be assessed. Figure to: specific radionuclides and 2 shows that particle flux in the 1) Better understand the vertical movement of these radionuclide tracers through the water column (convection or particle transport), especially as they relate to the rate of formation of deep water by convection of near-surface waters in the northern area of the Western Mediterranean.

2) More accurately estimate concentrations of the radionuclides in the water and sedimentary columns to (a) evaluate recent residence times in the water column with data from the sediment trap programme and, Fig. 2. Seasonal changes in the vertical flux of paniculate material at 200 m depth in the Ligurian Sea (northwestern Mediterranean Sea). (b) assess precise inventories our sampling site from comparable depths of water (Zuo et. aj., 1989) suggesting there are comparable rates of sediment accumulation over large areas of the Ligurian Sea. The inventory of excess • '"Pb was 0.31 Bq/crrv' (8.4 pCi/cnv') and the annual flux required to establish this inventory has been 0.01 Bq/cm-'/y (0.26 pCi/cm'/y). The inventory of "Cs in the sediment core was 6.9 mBq/cm'-' (0.187 pCi/cm1') which represents only 1.7% of the inventory in the overlying water column. A small quantity of '37Cs is found in the sediment horizon dated by ~'°Pb as being deposited between 1878 and 1936. This indicates that the distribution of 137Cs is probably established by pore water diffusion due to the lack of evidence (from the 210Pb profile) for solid-phase mixing.

The concentration profiles of 137Cs and 239Pu (shown in Fig.3) at the Villefranche station Preparing for sediment trap deployment in the Western Mediterranean. in May and November were the first detailed measurements made in the Western Mediter- ranean for some time. Inter- because the historical data set 6) Determine rates of pretation of the present profiles for the Mediterranean is not as accumulation for the trans- ? would be greatly illuminated by good as desired for calculating uranium radionuclides and " Cs understanding how the levels good water column inventories. in the different sedimentary have changed at depths with regimes to evaluate removal time ; acquisition of such an processes which modify sedi- understanding was one of the 3) Evaluate the impact of ment inventories giving some purposes for this effort. In Tables Chernobyl-derived t37Cs on the locations higher, and others, 1a, 1b and 1c and 2a, 2b and Mediterranean. lower inventories in the Western 2c, the present water-column in- Mediterranean. ventory for 137Cs and "9Pu in selected depth intervals is 4) Assess temporal and compared to some historical vertical changes in the water A sediment mass- data computed from previously column and examine processes accumulation rate of 0.048 published results (see Tables at responsible for the changes, i.e. g/cmVy has been determined end of this section). A few impact of labelled Levantine from the slope of the least highlights from this study include Intermediate Water (formed in squares fit to the natural log of the following : the eastern basin with higher the excess 2U)Pb activity versus levels of Chernobyl fallout 137Cs) the total sediment mass- on the Western Mediterranean. accumulation profile in one A. The inventory of "7Cs is undisturbed core collected from now greater than those found in 2380 m at the sediment trap the Western Mediterranean 5) Assess sediment station. This result is within the during previous years. These accumulation rates over the last range of values (0.03-0.06 added quantities are derived 100 years from the sediment g/cnr7y) recently determined in from fallout debris originating ?t0Pb profiles and to compare two undisturbed sediment core from the 1986 Chernobyl acci- most recent rates with estimates samples obtained in the basin dent. Of the 3.73 Bq/nr' deter- from our sediment trap studies. approximately 70 miles west of mined in the water column to

28 239Pu(pBq/l) 239Pu(MBq/l)

10 20 30 50

h-OH

500 h-O-H t-O-t I-CH I-O-I •s 1000 - a. a> «H o (-CH 1500 - KM

2000 -

5/8Bl43t25'N.O7>53'EI ll/WI49'i5'Nj07*59'EI 2500 J

Fig. 3. Concentration profiles of "Cs and "Pu in the Western Mediterranean (1989).

2000 m in May-November 1989, Intermediate Water mass (core amounts of the transuranics 36% is estimated to have been of the Levantine Water is were deposited with Chernobyl derived from Chernobyl fallout indicated by a salinity maximum fallout debris. There is a poten- while the remaining inventory at a depth of about 300 m in the tial use for this "7Cs spike as a has accumulated in the sea from salinity profile shown in Fig.4) tracer of the intermediate water deposition resulting from the which originates in the Eastern mass in regions of the Western atmospheric testing of nuclear Mediterranean where higher Mediterranean. devices. amounts of Chernobyl 137Cs were deposited four years ago. No additional 239Pu is associated C. Relatively higher concentrations of both ':37Cs (with B. Higher concentrations of with this sub-surface source- 2 "Cs are noted in the Levantine term indicating that very small solute-like behaviour) and -'"Pu (particle-associated and solute- like behaviour) are found in the deepest water sampled, and, most likely, are transported to depth from near-surface waters 137C» ImBq/l) 137Cl ImBq/l) by local processes involved with deep water formation in the

HCH northern area of the Western Basin.

D. Whereas only 33% of the total :'"Pu inventory in the hCH water to a depth of 2000 m was found below 1000 m in the i H/II[4)'2SX O7'5lt] 1976-1982 time frame, we now find 46% distributed below this depth as a result both of convection and vertical transport by association with particles. Fig. 4. Salinity profiles at Western Mediterranean Stations Sampled in 1989 and 1990. 239 Changing thecollector onasedimenttrapboardtheMA/ PhysalieoffMonaco. collected atthestationfor 30 sediment sampleswere suspended particulatean lyses. Figure5showsthPu radionuclide andcarbonana- profile data.Waterand features notbeforeseenith radionuclide concentration depth intervalsirevealing samples fromclosely-spaced agreement withthisrateof short periodsareingeneral removal. trap samplescollectedover flux measurementsfromparticle standing inventory.Preliminary greater depthsiestimatedto of theWesternMediterraneant be 2-4.5%ofthannual removal fromtheupper1000 Fig. 5.Concentrationsof"Puandpaniculatecarboninthewatercoiumnduring1989.

239 Vater F. Collectionofwater

E. ThepresentratofPu Depth (m) 2500 - 2000 - 1500 - 1000 - 500 - 0 12345 5/89 |43"25"N.07'53'E) 239Pu (/L/Bq/I) XI W l») 239 239 with Frencscientistsduring composition hasalsobee disciplinary stud(FRONTAL) ability inparticlefluxand noted inacollaborativemulti- transport processesoverdeep previously expected. of biogenicparticulatevertical from comparabledepths, regions ofthebasintha much morevaluablastracer indicating thatPumaybe inPu concentrationswater depths between800-1000mare seen iparticulatecarboat period. Notethatthincreas related totherelativincreases station sampledduringthesam particulate carbonprofilfroma concentration profilefromth May 1989collectionanda Vater Depth (ml Intense short-termvari- 2500 - 2000 - 1500 - 1000 - 500 - 0 2571012 , .ijUg1 5/90 I43'25"N,07*53"E) Carbon (ug/l) • • * to pelagicprocessestha t matter. composition ofparticulate regulate thverticalflux and detritus weremadinorde r to relate sedimenttrapa'lection s plankton andzooplankto n water columnmeasurements floating sedimenttraps.Various including suspendedphyto - etc.) usingbothmooredan nuclides, rareearthelements biogenic materials(radio- intact organisms)andnon- of biogenic(C,Nfaecalpellets measuring sedimentationrates Spain. Emphasiswaplacedon carried outbetweenthecentral the "MarionDufresne"was shelf ecosystems.Acruiseon region offtheEbroriveri Mediterranean basiandthe portion ofthenorthwester of pollutiontheEuropea riverine andland-basesources gramme (EROS2000)which aims toassestheimpacf site. MEL alsojoinedtheEuropean sedimenting particlesattha that laterally-advectedresus- trace elementsandbiochemical River-Ocean SystemPro- for rareearthelementsindicat composition. Preliminaryresults currently beinganalysedfor front athatime.Samplesare enhanced grazingactivityinthe pended mattercontributetothe plankton detritus,suggesting samples containedsignificant days. Thesedimenttrap matter andrelativelylittlephyto- amounts ofzooplanktonfaecal period ofapproximatelyseven probes deployedonthesedi- Temperature andfluorescenc meandering ofthefrontwitha ment trapmooringindicateda cross-current circulation. suspended particulatesby oblique downwardtransportof particle sedimentationwith relative importancofpassiv experiment wasocompareth Corsica. Oneobjectivofth Villefranche-sur-Mer and Ligurian Frontbetwee spring 1990inthevicinityof In spring1990,theIAEA- copepods, euphausiids, amphi- pods, chaetognaths, pelagic fish) and their interactions in the pelagic food web.

As with the DYFAMED programme, we are taking water and sediment samples for radionuclide analysis in the EROS 2000 programme, again with the objective of using the different radionuclides as tracers to better understand marine processes. At the trap station, water samples were collected during May 1990 from every 100 m to a depth of 1000 m and from The research ship Marion-Dufresne in the port of Marseille, ready for the EROS Cruise. every 200 m below this depth to the bottom. In the water column, l37Cs concentrations (see Fig.3) Using four automatic sedi- (>100m/day) of the autotrophs vary from less than 1 to 3.8 ment traps moored at 41°57'N to the sea floor. Analyses mBq/l with highest levels found 05°56'E at depths from 200m- presently underway will eluci- in the near surface waters 2000m (sampling interval two date to what extent the decreasing with depth to weeks), the settling of a phyto- phytoplankton scavenged approximately 1000 m and then plankton bloom to the deep-sea other particles and non-oiogenic slowly increasing with depth to the bottom. The total inventory floor was detected in the material during transfer to the 137 northwestern basin during May deep-sea floor. In the same of Cs in the water column to 1990. Trap collections during samples, zooplankton faecal 2000 m is approximately 12% this period consisted pre- peilets, another important lower than the inventory dominantly of two phytoplankton transport vehicle, were analysed (consisting of contributions from species, the pennate diatom by a computerized image global and Chernobyl fallout) Thallassiothrix frauenfeldii and analysis system (see Method measured in the water column at the DYFAMED station in 1989. the silicoflagellate Dicthyocha Development). Despite relatively 137 fibula. Most likely, the bloom constant numbers of total Cs associated with fallout utilized nutrients, mixed upward pellets, the pellet types and size debris from the Chernobyl by strong winds during mid-April, classes changed dramatically accident was not uniformly and then sedimented following over time and with depth. The deposited over the surface nutrient depletion in the surface observed patterns in faecal waters four years ago nor is it waters shortly thereafter. Trap pellet flux will be related to the now well-mixed in the water results indicate a rapid sinking life-cycle of zooplankters (e.g., masses within the entire Western Mediterranean Basin. The northern region of the Western Basin (DYFAMED site) received more Chernobyl fallout than the central-southern region (EROS site). In addition, the "7Cs imprint found associated with the Levantine Intermediate Water off Villefranche in 1989 is not evident at depth during May 1990. The higher l37Cs tracer originating in the Eastern Mediterranean and transported with the intermediate water is not yet ubiquitous in the Western Mediterranean, sup- porting the thesis that the flow of intermediate water entering the Ligurian Sea from the Tyrrhenian Sea is mainly r On board the Marion-Dufresne. deployment of an in situ pump during an EROS 2000 project in cyclonic. Clearly this " Cs tracer the Western Mediterranean. May 1990. may be of significant value in The IAEA-MEL investigations ductivity and the fraction that tracing the flow and paths of the use radiotracers to measure subsequently accumulates in Levantine Intermediate Water carbon fixation in a major group sediments. entering the western Mediter- of carbonate-producing organ- ranean Sea ; a topic of contro- isms, the coccolithophorids. The versy for many years. coccolithophorids are unicellular In collaboration with Yugo- marine algae with calcium slav scientists from the Institute carbonate plates, and are widely Ruder Boskovic in Rovinj, over For purposes of com- distributed throughout the 100 sediment trap samples from parison with our open-sea flux world's oceans in both coastal several areas in the northern studies, sediment traps were and open ocean environments. Adriatic have been analysed for also moored in January 1989 at Because these cells fix carbon carbon and nitrogen. Knowledge a coastal station off Monaco through calcification as well as of particle formation and organic (trap depth 80 m ; water depth photosynthesis, they are poten- matter flux is particularly 200 m), and particle and faecal tially significant in the global interesting in the north Adriatic, pellet fluxes were measured carbon cycle. owing to the eucrophic nature of weekly in quasi-continuous the waters in this region. In fashion until August 1990. As in addition, large mucoid floes the open Mediterranean, mass Experimental work at the which periodically occur in these flux varied considerably over IAEA-MEL has initially focu^ ad waters are being examined for time and on relatively short time on method development to their ability to sequester trace scales. High particle fluxes assay carbon utilization in metals and radionuclides. The appeared to oe associated with natural populations of cocco- chemical composition of these high wind speeds and rainfall lithophorids. Previous studies Adriatic "mega-flocs" will be rather than with plankton have used laboratory cultures compared with that of the much abundance. Faecal pellet fluxes with very high cell densities that smaller floes ("marine snow") were as high as 51% of the total are rarely found in nature. Our which are commonly formed in mass flux at various times of the goal is to quantify calcification other regions of the Mediter- year. Although data are sparse, and photosynthetic processes in ranean. there is some preliminary coccolithophorids at low cell evidence that faecal pellet flux at densities, which are typical of 80 m was relatively low during field populations. Thus far, a the period of spring plankton modified "C iracer approach has Framvaren Fjord blooms, suggesting th?t food been used and preliminary web interaction may be prevent- results are encouraging. Several In collaboration with the ing faecal pellet losses from the cruises are planned during the Department of Radiation Health, pelagic zone. These coastal next biennium to apply these Lund University (Sweden), the samples are currently being techniques at sea using natural IAEA-MEL participated in a analysed for many of the same populations. Production results multi-disciplinary sampling pro- parameters examined in the will be compared to CaCO.-* gramme at the Framvaren and open sea studies in order that fluxes collected in sediment Helvik fjords, Norway, coordi- biogeochemical processes in traps to elucidate the rela- nated by the Norwegian Institute different areas of the Mediter- tionship between surface pro- for Water Research during May- ranean can be compared.

In 1990, the IAEA-MEL began a new project that aims to assess the production and flux of calcium carbonate (CaCOa) in the water column. Oceanic production and flux of CaCOa have a major influence on the capacity of the ocean to absorb excess atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO.). As world concern about the increase in atmosheric CO.' and the potential for global warming continues to grow, it is clear that a better understanding of the marine CdVcarbonate system is both critical and timely. Preconcenlrating Pu from sea water samples at Framvaren Fjord. Norway, spring 1989.

32 June 1989. The Framvaren fjord actions under changing oxidation- results from the 1988 study in (maximum depth 183 m) is a reduction conditions. Measure- the Black Sea (Sanchez et. a]., permanently anoxic fjord located ments were carried out for 1991). in southern Norway. The Helvik radiocesium, Pu, Am, Tc and fjord is a seasonally anoxic fjord selected naturally-occurring which connects to Framvaren radionuclides in the water column Data for the distribution of via a narrow channel (sill depth and the sediments (Roos et. 134137Cs, 239^°Pu and 2"'Am in the of 2.5 m). Detailed geochemical aj_., in preparation). Field water column of Framvaren and information is available for the separations were also Helvik fjords are plotted in Fig.6. Framvaren fjord (e.g., Marine performed for oxidized and During sampling, the oxygen- Chemistry special issue, 1988) reduced Pu states in the water hydrogen sulfide (or oxic-anoxic) which is an ideal location to column of both fjords, which will interface at the Framvaren fjord investigate radionuclide inter- allow comparison with the was located at 18 m depth, and

FRAMVAREN FJORD

RADIOCAESIUM (mBq L'1) PLUTONIUM-239,240 (fiBq L"1) AMERICfUU-241 (fiBq L"')

0 10 20 30 40 50 0 100 200 300 400 0 30 to 80 120 ISO 0 0 \

/c-134 ^..--•' u 40 40- ". \ : ..-••' Ci-137

30 • m ao ' -... 80 - Im ) X • 20- 120 120 - DEP 1 \

160 - i 160 160 • a

200 - 200 200-

HELVIK FJORD

RADIOCAESIUM (mBq L'1) PLUTONIUM-239^40 (pBq L"1) AMERIC1UM-241 (^Bq L'1) 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 • 1 • 1

5 5 - 5 HH

-10 10 - 10 • (-•-1

C-134 ; „.

U l 15 • DEPT H (

20 - : 20 - 20 - Ci-137:

25 - • i-*-t 25 - H-»-i 25 - t-m-t

Fig. 6. Distribution of'" " ~Cs, •'•"••""Pu and ' 'Am in the water column of Framvaren and Helvik fjords. at the Helvik fjord at 11 m. A major feature of the Am and Pu water column profiles in the Framvaren fjord is the higher 1 H

I •'"• "- \ '•" levels of these radionuclides in ' V., anoxic depths compared to the >,,,„ i. ' oxygenated surface water. The concentrations of Pu and Am at " r " \. 175 m depth are at least 55 i times and 35 times the levels in J.

the surface water, respectively. 9O The radiocesium distribution, on the other hand, shows the recent contribution from the Chernobyl accident particularly f II K '' ' Am o in the surface waters. Due to the \ i strong density gradient at 10 to *• -»- 20 m, mixing between the surface and anoxic waters of « • Framvaren fjord is limited. It can 0) be noted from the niCs and 137Cs profiles that, three years after the Chernobyl accident, a major O fraction (between 60-70%) of the Q>

Another important aspect of Dunaliella the RIML programmes is to obtain information on the "1— pathways and transfer rates of 10 15 20 radionuciides and other ele- Fig. 8. Americium loss from copepod faecal pellets. Effect of composition of diet. ments as they move through marine food webs. Accurate assessments of such para- retention of the excreted radionuciides in the zooplankton's faecal pellets. Adult copepods ingested the haptophyte Isochrysis galbana labelled with l09Cd, 6"'Zn, 203Hg, !JIAm and 237Pu at a rate of 3.79 mg algal C g' animal dry wt. h'. The average assimilation efficiencies were 30% for Cd, 48% for Zn, 21 % for Hg, 4.5% for Am and 0.8% for Pu. The relatively low assimilation of transuranic elements is probably a result of their lack of involvement in the physiological and biochemical cycles of these organisms. The degree of radionuclide retention in the excreted faecal pellets varied greatly depending upon One of the aquaria at IAEA-MEL. the element. Nearly all the residual I0'Cd and w>Zn in faecal meters require inputs from both pellets were released to sea water within approximately one field and laboratory studies. Our Element Cycling Through : :M primary approach has been to Lower Trophic Level day. In contrast, '°'Hg and 'Am were lost much more slowly use radiotracers of target radio- Organisms nuciides and heavy metals in (conforming with a two- compartment mod^i) with microcosm experiments to Far less is known about retention half-times of roughly derive transfer rates and element cycling in the small, 25 and 14 days, respectively, in concentration factors in key pelagic organisms which occupy the slowly-excha.iging pool. marine species. This informa- lower trophic levels than in These radiotracer experiments tion, coupled with data obtained larger, benthic invertebrate and programme, the behaviour of a contaminant in the test population should be studied so as to optimize the sampling strategy.

A three-compartment model has been developed to simulate contaminant accumulation in fish from both water and diet. Application of the model to cobalt, caesium and strontium accumulation by the painted comber, Serranus scriba, yielded predictions for caesium and strontium concentrations in the tissues which are similar to Oslo University boat (R/V Trygve Braarud) used for sampiing mission at Framvaren Fjord. those measured in the environ- Norway, spring 1989. ment. Both diet and water contribute approximately equally to the body burden of cobalt and further demonstrated that many marine contaminant strontium in these fish, whereas radionuclide retention was little monitoring programmes and an diet is the main source of tissue affected by bacterial activity on understanding of how they contamination by caesium. the pellets but was clearly a metabolize trace metals can aid Under conditions of continuous function of the food type which the design of sampling low-level exposure, up to six comprised the pellets. Typical strategies and the interpretation months are required to reach radionuclide loss rates from of analytical results. Size was steady-state concentrations of excreted copepod faecal pellets shown to be an important factor cobalt and caesium in the produced by different diets are in metal accumulation (less so tissues and more than one year shown in Fig.8. Results from the for metal excretion), with smaller for the slowly-accumulated assimilation and excretion animals accumulating propor- strontium. The relatively short, studies suggest that transition tionally more metal in the tissues biological half-lives of cobalt and elements such as Cd, Zn and than larger mussels. The extent caesium (46 and 36 days, Hg should be retained and of the size effect is dependent respectively) in these fish mean recycled by crustacean zoo- on each individual metal and that activity accumulated in the plankton in surface waters as care must be taken in sampling tissues during short periods of part of the organic cycle in the programmes to restrict the size exposure would be rapidly sea, while the transuranic ranges of animals sampled. excreted. This is in accordance elements should be defaecated with available data for Mediter- and removed from surface ranean fish, where the influence of the Chernobyl accident on waters by sinking biogenic Accumulation and loss debris. In this respect, the radionuclide levels in the tissues rates are also highly dependent of fish was of short duration, dynamics of this simple food on each individual metal. chain may be, in part, res- with levels in the tissues Important differences were returning to background levels ponsible for the differences in noted in the way supposedly the profiles of dissolved trans- within two years after the identical animals metabolized accident. This model is currently uranics and transition metals the metals. For animals of the observed in the oceans. being improved to include the same size, coefficients of effects of season and fish size variation ranged from 30% for on accumulation. zinc and ruthenium, 39% for caesium, 54% for silver to 87% Cycling Through Benthic for cobalt. Thus, when sampling Species to detect changes in metal levels A new phase of our EEC- of 20%, ten times as many sponsored project on the fate of A series of radiotracer animals would be needed to agrochemicals in tropical coastal experiments was completed on measure this change in cobalt lagoon ecosystems was initiated factors affecting accumulation concentration as would be in mid-1990. The project, carried and excretion of cobalt, zinc, needed to detect a similar out in collaboration with ruthenium, caesium and silver in change in zinc and ruthenium scientists from the National edible mussels. These animals levels in a population. Before Autonomous University of are an important component of implementing a monitoring Mexico, focuses on character-

36 izing the cycling of pesticides in the Ensenada El Pabellon lagoon system near Mazatlan. One important aspect is the establishment of mesocosm experiments near the lagoon in which radio-labelled target compounds will be used to follow partitioning between the water, sediment and biota phases. To facilitate these studies, a post-doctoral re- searcher from Mexico worked for four months at Monaco to develop the necessary experimental and liquid scintillation techniques using microcosm experiments that will eventually be applied in the mesocosm studies. In the initial in vitro experiments at Monaco, emphasis was placed on examining the stability of chlorpyrifos in sea water and sediments under varying environmental parameters. Preliminary results were encouraging and, following further in vitro experiments on the partitioning of chlorpyrifos between water, sediments and Sampling mangrove roots from a tropical lagoon in Central America, 1990.

benthic shrimp, similar experiments will be undertaken in mesocosms utilizing actual substrate and organisms from the lagoon.

Field Studies

Previous reports from the IAEA-MEL have shown the important contribution of the natural radionuclides '"Po and ;M0Pb to the overall radiological dose received by marine organisms (see also CRP Report under 'Other Major Activities'). In collaboration with French and South African scientists, these studies were complemented in 1989-1990 by a series of measurements of "'Po, ••"'Pb and v'Ra in polychaete worms, shrimp, and gastropod molluscs, which were collected at and around deep- sea hydrothermal vents in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Close-up showing the numerous and diverse species attached to the root. Levels of 21°Po and ='°Pb in both focused on the chemistry of microcosms and mesocosms polychaetes and shrimp are very agrochemicals in the tropical (see Section 'Cycling Through high and are probably due to the marine environment. From a Benthic Species'). ingestion of sulphide-rich preliminary study of pesticide particles by these organisms. usage patterns, it became Gastropods collected in a region apparent that tropical farmers Pilot surveys for pesticides of low particle concentration are moving away from the highly were also conducted in Nica- contained low levels of both persistent insecticides, such as ragua, Costa Rica and Panama radionuclides. The average DDT and dieldrin, towards more (in collaboration with the Inter- radiation dose to polychaete toxic but less persistent sub- national Union for the Conser- tissues from 210Po alone was 0.2 stances, such as organophos- vation of Nature and Natural Sv y ' (about 100 times the phorus, carbamate and pyrethrin Resources, IUCN). These re- average natural radiation dose compounds. Furthermore, herbi- vealed a similar pattern of received by humans from all cides and fungicides now often changing pesticide use to that sources) although at least one dominate the arsenal of observed in Mexico. A reap- sample received a calculated pesticides applied. The marine praisal of previous work dose of 2 Sv y'. The contribu- environmental chemistry of conducted in Nigeria and tions of other natural radio- these substances is poorly Pakistan (in collaboration with nuclides to the doses were not understood, however, and there UNEP and IUCN, respectively) calculated. More information is is little information as to their dis- showed a greater influence in needed on the role of high tribution, persistence and fate as these countries from the more radiation doses in the evolution well as their effect on marine "traditional" organochlorine of hydrothermal vent communi- organisms. Knowledge of the formulations. Such work is now ties and on possible adaptations marine environmental chemistry providing the basis for MESL's of vent organisms to high of these substances is important participation in a global radiation regimes. to countries developing fisheries experiment known as the or aquaculture in areas adjacent "International Mussel Watch" to farmlands. which will study the global pattern of pesticide residue Northeast Atlantic Dumpsite contamination by measuring the With this situation in mind concentration of these substances in samples of the In collaboration with the and as mentioned briefly already, a new research pro- common mussel from countries Netherlands Institute for Sea throughout the world. Work on Research (NIOZ), we are gramme was launched by RIML in early 1989 in cooperation with herbicides and fungicides is also radiochemically separating and being pursued as part of MESL's 137 239+24 the National Autonomous measuring Cs, °Pu and contribution to the UNEP 24 University of Mexico (at their 'Am in tissues of marine Mediterranean Action Plan. As benthic organisms and sedi- marine research station in Mazatlan) and financial support in the case of the Mexico ments collected from within and project, it will first be necessary outside the region of the from the Commission of European Communities. The to develop the appropriate Nor'heast Atlantic Radioactive analytical methodologies before Waste Disposal Site. Results project is centred on the Altata- El Pabellon lagoon system on contemplating field studies of assembled to date indicate that these substances. the radionuclide levels in the the Pacific coast of Mexico. The samples collected at stations first year of activities included within the dump site are no seasonal surveys of pesticide different from the concentrations distribution and pesticide usage Another research interest at measured in tissues from surveys. It was necessary to MESL has been the measure- organisms collected at stations develop new analytical protocols ment of organotin compounds in outside the dump site. A for some of the substances em- the Mediterranean marine substantial fraction of the ployed in the region and it soon environment. The studies, which analytical radiochemistry for this became clear that significant were later incorporated in a programme during 1990 was quantities of pesticides such as wider MEDPOL multi-laboratory conducted, with supervision, by chlorpyrifos and endosulfan pilot survey, revealed high levels an IAEA trainee. were present which are usually of toxic tributyltin (TBT) in the considered to be relatively vicinity of the many small unstable in the environment. harbours and marinas which are Work is now concentrating on a common feature of the Organic Chemistry studying the details of the Mediterranean coastline. TBT is marine environmental chemistry an active component of anti- During the 1989-90 bien- of these substances using radio- fouling boat paint and, as such, nium, organic research at MESL labelled compounds in marine is now banned or partially

38 banned in many countries, in- mass spectrometry (which Measuring a variety of cluding France. As a result of effectively weighs each of the elements with different biogeo- the pilot survey, governments of dissociated atoms). This chemical properties helps to the Mediterranean region have combination enables the quanti- identify sources and transport now agreed on common control tative quasi-simultaneous deter- pathways and, by analogy, could measures for protecting the mination of over 50 elements also be used to assess the marine environment from future (and their individual isotopes) in behaviour of radioactive ele- TBT contamination. environmental samples. ments (e.g., rare earth element fission products '"Y, ir"Sm and lil5Eu). Rare earth elements in Inorganic Chemistry particular are unique tracers of A large part of the biennium oceanic geochemistry and was dedicated to investigating knowledge of their distribution Research activities on future applications of this new provides valuable clues as to the inorganic chemistry at MESL technology. Initial trials, em- role of particulate transport in were boosted by the installation ploying a range of US Geo- controlling the distribution of of an Inductively-Coupled logical Survey Reference other elements in the ocean. Plasma Mass Spectrometer Materials, confirmed the accu- The ICPMS is currently being (ICPMS). The ICPMS combines racy and versatility of the ICPMS used in a number of on-going plasma technology (with which as an analytical instrument. The research programmes These aqueous samples can be heated instrument is now routinely used include the rare earth and trace to over 8000°C in order to in MESL's contribution to the metal chemistry of sediments dissociate them efficiently into IAEA Analytical Quality Control from the Gulf of California single ions) and state-of-the-art Service (AQCS). (where active hydrothermal vents are located), the chemistry of metal-rich crusts from the deep South Pacific and the rare earth geochemistry of the Mediterranean. Work has also started on measuring stable lead isotopes in environmental samples from contaminated sites. The isotopic ratios of the various sources of lead contamination show marked differences and by measuring them, it may be possible to discern the relative contributions of each of the sources to the total lead at a given site.

Now that the ICPMS has become the centre-piece of MESL's analytical instrumenta- tion for inorganic chemistry, the stage has been set for future research and pilot monitoring programmes on marine geochemistry and marine pollution. Furthermore, the laboratory is now able to offer improved quality assurance services to Member States worldwide.

Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) used tot ultra-trace analysis. Table 1a. 37Cs (kBq/m ) in sea water between depth intervals at stations in the Western Mediterranean (1969-1974). Latitude 39°58'N 40°48'N 39°00'N 36°00'N 36=16'N 37°00'N 37°30'N Longitude 06°43'E 06°51'E 06°40'E 04°00'W 02°01w 00°01'E 02°00'E Collected 5/69 9/70 9/70 2/74 2/74 2/74 2/74 Bottom depth(m) 2725 2755 2800 1300 1800 2660 2700 Reference 2 10 10 2,10 2,10 2,10 2,10 Data points* ? 9 11 7*" 7*** 6"* 7"* Depth Interval (m) 0-200 1.33 1.20 1.09 0.99 1.25 1.08 200-400 0.78 1.10 0.75 0.69 0.89 0.81 400-600 0.53 0.60 0.51 0.48 0.59 0.52 600-800 0.35 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.35 0.28 800-1000 0.29 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.19 0.17 1000-1200 0.24 0.21 0.15 0.15 0.19 0.12 1200-1400 0.25 0.21 1400-1600 0.24 0.21 1600-1800 0.27 0.22 1800-2000 0.27 0.21 0-500 2.46 2.70 2.17 1.98 2.54 2.25 0-1000 3.28 3.50 2.91 2.70 3.27 2.86 0-1500 3.89 4.01 3.15 0-2000 4.55 4.56 (1300m) 3.76 >2000 4.70 5.55 5.28 (1800m) 4.37 3.85 (2725m) (2750m) (2750m) (2660m) (2700m)

1000-2000 1.27 1.06 F** 0-2000m 0.28 0.23 'Number of data points used to construct inventory profile. "Fraction of total inventory (0-2000m) in 1000-2000m depth interval. "Total inventory from Ref. 2. Profile data from Ref. 10.

Table 1 b. l37Cs (kBq/m2) in sea water between depth intervals at stations in the Western Mediterranean (1975-1982).

Latitude 36D08'N 41°12'N 43°32'N 41°00'N 42°57'N 43C32'N 42°40'N Longitude 02°37'W 05°52'E 07°32'E 06°45'E 05°15'E 07=32'E 04°42'E Collected 5/75 5/75 8/76 4/82 4/82 4/82 4/82 Bottom depth(m) 1800 2612 2250 2600 1300 2050 1010 Reference 2 2 3 7 7 7 7 Data points* ? ? 9 7 6 6 6

Depth Interval (m) 0-200 0.61 0.74 0.65 0.62 0.43 200-400 0.46 0.60 0.40 0.45 0.31 400-600 0.46 0.43 0.33 0.39 0.29 600-800 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.39 0.27 800-1000 0.27 0.31 0.28 0.39 0.27 1000-1200 0.18 0.20 0.36 1200-1400 0.18 0.21 1400-1600 0.15 0.19 1600-1800 0.14 0.16 1800-2000 0.12 0.15

0-500 1.31 1.61 1.23 1.26 0.88 0-1000 2.12 2.40 1.98 2.24 1.57 0-1500 2.53 2.92 0-2000 3.37 2.90 3.31 >2000 (1800m) 3.59 (2610m) 1000-2000 0.78 0.91 F**0-2000m 0.27 0.27

'Number of data points used to construct inventory profile. 'Fraction of total inventory (0-2000m) in 1000-2000m depth interval.

40 Table 1c. '"Cs (kBq/m2) in sea water between depth intervals at stations in the Western Mediterranean (1983-1990).

Latitude 42°19'N 43°25'N 43°25'N Longitude 05°00'E 07°53'E 07°53'E Collected 2/88 5/89 11/89 Bottom depth(m) 1800 2260 2260 Reference 11 This work This work Data points* 3 16 17

Dept Interval (m) 0-200 0.64 0.60+0.10 0.78+0.03 200-400 0.62 0.63+0.06 0.55+0.02 400-600 0.39 0.51 ±0.06 0.4310.02 600-800 0.40 0.37+0.03 0.31+0.02 800-1000 0.38 0.27+0.04 0.26+0.02 1000-1200 0.26+0.04 0.27±0.02 1200-1400 0.25±0.04 0.27±0.02 1400-1600 0.27+0.04 0.28+0.02 1600-1800 0.28±0.02 1800-2000 0.33+0.07 0.28±0.02

0-500 1.46 1.54±0.10 1.57±0.04 0-1000 2.43 2.41+0.13 2.3310.05 0-1500 3.05±0.14 3.0110.07 0-2000 3.75+0.16 3.7110.08 >2000 3.9910.08 (2110m)

1000-2000 1.34+0.20 1.38+0.09 F**0-2000m 0.36 0.37

'Number of data points used to construct inventory profile. 'Fraction of total inventory (0-2000m) in 1000-2000m depth interval.

Table 2a. 239Pu (Bq/m ) in sea water between depth intervals at stations in the Western Mediterranean (1969-1976). Latitude 39°58'N 37°01'N 43°20'N 36°08'N 41°12'N 43°32'N Longitude 06°43'E 00°03'E 07°30'E 02°37'W 05°52'E 07°32'E Collected 5/69 5/69 6/74 5/75 5/75 8/76 Bottom depth(m) 2725 2660 2250 1800 2612 2250 Reference 1 1 28 2 2 3 Data points* 8 8 4 ? ? 9

Depth Interval (m) 0-200 7.5 8.0 200-400 7.4 8.0 400-600 6.5 6.6 600-800 6.3 5.7 800-1000 4.2 1000-1200 3.6 1200-1400 3.6 1400-1600 3.5 1600-1800 3.0 1800-2000 3.1 0-500 18.7 20.3 0-1000 34.8 32.5 0-1500 41.9 0-2000 40 49.3 >2000 70 77 (1800m) 56 (2600m) (2500m) (2600m) 1000-2000 16.8 F"0-2000m 0.34 •Number of data points used to construct inventory profile. •Fraction of total inventory (0-2000m) in 1000-2000 m depth interval. Table 2b. 2MPu (Bq/m ) in sea water between depth ntervals at stations in the Western Mediterranean (1977-1982).

Latitude 42°30'N 42°00'N 40°05'N 41°00'N 42°57'N 43°32'N 42J40'N Longitude 04°45'E 04°45'E 01°43'E 06°45'E 05°15'E 07-32'E 04"42'E Collected 4/81 4/81 4/81 4/82 4/82 4/82 4/82 Bottom depth(m) 1700 2250 1700 2600 1300 2050 1010 Reference 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 Data points* 6 4 6 7 6 6 6

Depth Interval (m) 0-200 7.3 9.2 8.4 8.5 8.2 7.2 7.0 200-400 7.1 7.1 8.8 6.7 5.4 6.9 6.0 400-600 6.0 5.5 7.4 5.9 5.6 6.2 4.7 600-800 5.6 5.7 6.7 4.8 5.3 5.7 4.4 800-1000 5.1 5.7 6.5 4.7 4.5 5.8 4.6 1000-1200 3.1 6.2 1200-1400 3.2 1400-1600 3.0 1600-1800 2.7 1800-2000 3.0

0-500 18.4 19.5 21.3 18.8 16.0 17.5 16.0 0-1000 13.1 33.2 37.8 30.6 29.0 31.8 27.0 0-1500 38.6 0-2000 45.6 >2000

1000-2000 15.0 F**0-2000m 0.33

"Number of data points used to construct inventory profile. 'Fraction of total inventory (0-2000m) in 1000-2000m depth interval.

Table 2c. 239Pu (Bq/m2) in sea water between depth intervals at stations in the Western Mediterranean (1983-1990). Latitude 42Q20'N 43°25'N 43=25'N Longitude 03°30'E 07°53'E 07°53'E Collected 4/86 5/89 11/89 Bottom depth(m) 650 2260 2260 Reference 8 This work This work Data points* 5 17 17

Depth Interval (m) 0-200 5.2 5.9±0.4 4.2+0.3 200-400 5.3 5.3+0.3 6.1 ±0.4 400-600 5.4 4.4±0.2 5.7±0.4 600-800 4.0+0.2 5.1+0.3 800-1000 4.2±0.2 3.9±0.3 1000-1200 3.8±0.3 4.3±0.3 1200-1400 3.7+0.3 4.5±0.3 1400-1600 4.0+0.3 4.5±0.3 1600-1800 4.1+0.2 4.1±0.2 1800-2000 4.4±0.3 3.9±0.3

0-500 14.0 13.610.5 13.3±0.5 0-1000 23.6±0.6 25.010.7 0-1500 33.1+0.7 36.1±0.8 0-2000 43.6±0.8 46.311.0 >20G0 49.0±1.3 48.911.4 (2250m) (2110m)

1000-2000 20.0±1.0 21.311.3 F**0-2000m 0.46 0.46

'Number of data points used to construct inventory profile. 'Fraction of total inventory (0-2000m) in 1000-2000m depth interval.

42 OTHER MAJOR ACTIVITIES

oordinated additional information from those inventory reports indicate that Research areas where information was for many long-lived and natural Programme (CRP) scarce or lacking. A draft of the radionuclides the overall CRP final report is planned to be distribution of radioactivity in the prepared before the final re- oceans is becoming better "Sources of Radioactivity in search coordination meeting understood, in general, the lack the Marine Environment and scheduled for 1992. of information from certain Their Relative Contributions to geographical regions, large Overall Dose Assessment from errors in estimated radionuclide Marine Radioactivity". Compilation and Evaluation of inventories and fluxes and the Inputs of Radionuclides into poor reference to chemical the Marine Environment speciation for some, points to This programme was the need for more dedicated initiated in 1988 and is The IAEA-MEL has under- research on the long-term scheduled to be finished in taken to assist UNSCEAR in cycling of radionuclides in the 1992. Scientists from 17 IAEA compiling an inventory of radio- oceans and of the processes Member States are participating nuclides in the marine environ- affecting their fate and distribu- in this CRP. During the first ment. Data for a new report, to tion. meeting held at the IAEA-MEL in be released in 1991, on the 1989, the decision was made to global ocean inventories of focus this CRP on a global tritium, cobalt-60, technicium-99, iodine-129, neptunium-237, Advisory Group and/or regional dose assess- Meeting (AGM) ment from the man-made americium-241 and some radionuclide 137Cs and the uranium and thorium decay naturally-occurring 210Po in series isotopes in the marine "Development and Evalua- different seafoods. The data environment were assembled tion of Alternative Raoio- bank considered relevant for during this biennium. This analytical Methods, including these calculations includes : (1) second report in the series Mass Spectrometry for Marine 137Cs and 210Po levels in fish, follows an earlier publication Materials". shellfish and water; (2) fisheries (TECDOC-481) in 1988 on the catch statistics for the various inventories of carbon-14, ocean regions ; and (3) informa- strontium-90, caesium-137, More sensitive analytical tion on consumption habits. The Plutonium isotopes, radium-226, methods are constantly being participants were assigned to lead-210 and polonium-210 in developed to determine collect these data from their the oceans. accurately trace quantities of respective regions, considera- elements or atoms in different tion being given to the entire samples obtained from the coverage of the global oceans. Information on global ocean marine environment. Among In addition, specific tasks were radionuclide inventories and these constituents are a number also assigned to collect informa- their input and output source of long-lived radionuclides that tion available from countries not terms is important for several require accurate assessment participating in the programme reasons. The data provide a because either they behave as so that these could also be in- comparison of sources of tracers of specific marine cluded in the database. radioactivity in the marine processes or because they may environment and their relative be components of radioactive contributions to dose for different waste that could find their way The second research pathways. Accurate estimates of into man's food chain. Classical coordination meeting was concentrations of various radio- low-level counting methods may hosted by the Riso National nuclides in the oceans be limited because for some Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, together with their fluxes are a radionuclides only a few atoms in May 1990. At this meeting, valuable means of validating or decay over long periods of the CRP members compiled the constructing dispersal models counting with conventional data collected and identified for predicting the fate of nuclear detectors. The resulting gaps in the data base. Following radioactivity released into the large statistical errors affect the their evaluation of the data, the oceans from waste disposal precision of the measured con- participants agreed to gather and/or accidents. Although the centrations. In 1989, a small advisory United Nations Conference on coastal areas working party was group was convened to identify Environment and amongst a number of specialist those long-lived radionuclides Development (UNCEO) working groups set up to that may be measured by prepare the documentation for alternative specific techniques the event. The IAEA-MEL and to discuss and evaluate the As a response to a request participated in this working party sensitivity of the analytical by the United Nations General from its inception and, in this methods. A report of the experts Assembly, a major international manner, hopes to make a is in preparation to be available conference, the United Nations significant contribution to plan- during 1991 and consists of Conference on Environment and ning the UN's future efforts in chapters discussing and Development (UNCED) will be the marine and coastal environ- comparing : held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in ment. A meeting of this UNCED 1992. The conference, un- Working Group is being held at doubtedly the most important the IAEA-MEL early in 1991. - Conventional Radiometric event of its kind this century, will Methods of Analysis support the efforts of individual - Thermal lonization countries and the international Mass Spectrometry community to develop integrated - Accelerator strategies to promote sustain- Mass Spectrometry able, environmentally-sound - Inductively-coupled development in every part of the Mass Spectrometry world. The organization of an - Resonance lonization event of this scale requires a Mass Spectrometry considerable time and effort and - Neutron Activation the process was well underway Analysis. by mid-1990. An oceans and

•14 ENGINEERING AND ELECTRONICS

permanent task of the counting rooms, emergency network featuring pumping, Engineering and Elec- electrical power supplies, filtering and cooling systems. tronics Section is the special venting for most of the maintenance, improvement and laboratories, waste gas scrub- modernization of existing labora- bers, a compressed air station, a Other activities included the tory equipment and installations, crane and, finally, liquid nitrogen design and production of various as well as the operation of all and argon storage. There is also facilities, including finance- service facilities in the building. a central electricity supply (220 related office automation kW) reinforced with a generator software, marine accessories line (60 kW) and several stabi- unavailable on the market such The scientific equipment lizer systems (13.5 kW) which as inox inlets for carbon includes electronic and continuously feed the computing analysers, a special plankton mechanical systems used in the and counting facilities. aquarium, a macro hand- laboratory and at sea in addition stream-winch for handling to nuclear counting systems and mooring lines and special- various instruments used in the The biennium was marked shaped filtration ramps for three laboratories (i.e., GC-MS, by the creation of a new onboard ship use. AAS, ASV, CHN, HPLC, ICP- technical post to help ensure the MS). On the other hand, there proper maintenance of custom- are items of computing equip- built facilities which include a In view of the Monegasque ment for administrative and ventilation system for seven Government's generous plan to scientific use and office fume cupboards, two scrubbers, move the IAEA-MEL to automation facilities such as two fans with connecting ducts permanent premises at the end electronic mail, telephone and accompanying water and of 1993, the Electronic and network, facsimile, telex and electrical supplies ensuring a Engineering Section is already word processing systems. The 6000m7h flow rate as well as studying and designing the section is also responsible for the sea water network consisting technical requirements of the the water, electricity and office of a shoreline pumping station new Laboratory and is involved air-conditioning, for special (35 m), a specially designed in detailed planning of the installations such as a sea water tanker for transport, and storage 3500 m2 of space to be station, air-conditioning systems reservoirs under the laboratories distributed over three floors. for the aquaria, culture and serviced by a double pipe ADMINISTRATION

he Administration Sec- States and the German Govern- accounts and customs clear- tion of the IAEA-MEL ment for a cost-free expert were ance and solving the many assists the Director in available, totalling US$876,215. accommodation problems which managing all administrative, Furthermore, the IAEA-MEL arise when staff come from financial, procurement and received contributions in kind, other countries (14 nationalities personnel-related matters. The mainly from the Monegasque at present). Again, secretarial section comprises three staff Government, approaching a and administrative sections work members, namely, the total of US$680,000 per year. closely in dealing with such administrative assistant, the matters. procurement clerk and the finance clerk - who at the same During 1989-90, US$481,245 time takes care of switchboard were spent on major scientific UN language examinations and reception duties. The equipment. A total of 1036 were also arranged, three times Administration works closely orders were placed to more than in 1989 and twice in 1990. Over with the Secretariat, particularly 200 suppliers worldwide. The the past two years, the IAEA- with the Director's Secretary and largest item purchased was the MEL hosted seven training her assistant. Inductively-Coupled Plasma courses and five meetings of Mass Spectrometer apparatus, international significance. The largely from extra-budgetary Administration of the IAEA-MEL During the biennium under funding. is, of course, involved in a review, the section administered considerable variety of other a total budget (regular plus tasks, ranging from responsi- extra-budgetary) of : Expenditure on personnel bility for maintaining an (salary and other staff costs for inventory of scientific and sea- both years) amounted to going equipment and sensitive US$2,515,089 for 1989 US$3,250,870 representing items, library services, follow-up and 73% of the regular Budget and of maintenance contracts, US$2,985,023 for 1990 59% of the total resources. A directing mail and messenger total of 2317 payments were services, switchboard and processed including invoices, reception, to supervising the Note that, in addition, all cleaning of the laboratory buildings and maintenance costs travel advances and DSA payments for trainees and premises and sometimes the are covered by the Principality of less popular task of reminding Monaco. consultants. Also, 124 staff travel missions were organized staff of the Agency rules and by the administrative and regulations! Being remote from secretarial staff. HQ, where all such matters are The regular budget fund dealt with by separate depart- amounted to: ments, many decisions have to Concerning personnel be taken on our own initiative. Special problems have to be US$1,650,500 in 1989 matters, the IAEA-MEL employed an average of 35 staff, of solved, such as late deliveries, and unpaid invoices, queries about US$1,959,000 in 1990 which 20% were Temporary Assistants, funded from either time keeping of staff, decoration UNEP or other extrabudgetary and upkeep of the premises, Appropriations from UNEP, resources. Hiring, extension and floods in the Laboratory and divided into several project separation procedures are insurance questions. But funds totalled : handled in collaboration with the hopefully, as this summary personnel department at Vienna shows, these activities keep routine at bay and make the US$477,224 in 1989 HQ, but, apart from the administration of contracts, the administrative work here both and IAEA-MEL also deals with the fascinating and challenging. US$537,173 in 1990 acquisition of residence permits, the finding of temporary In addition, monetary contribu- accommodation, arranging for tions from the Principality of necessary medicai examina- Monaco, the EEC, the United tions, helping with opening bank

46 ACADBv \/n

M.S. Baxter - Professor, University of Glasgow, l> K. - Co-supervisor of 5 Doctoral Research Students. - Principal Opponent and Member of Doctoral Committee to examine thesis ("Dispersion of long-lived radionuclides from uranium mining, milling and fuel fabrication facilities"), Department of Radiation Physics, Linkoping, Sweden, 1990. - External Examiner to Doctoral Committee to examine thesis ("Cosmogenic radioactivity in ground waters"), Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, U.K., 1990. - External Examiner to Imperial College MSc Degree on Environmental Technology, Radioactivity in the Environment Option. S. Ballestra - Member of Doctoral Committee to examine thesis ("Utilisation de metaux (majeurs et traces) et de radioelements a vie courte dans I'Etude de zones a depot rapide"), University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France, 1990. S.W. Fowler • Member of Doctoral Committee to examine thesis ("Biogeochemical cycle of manganese flux in the western Mediterranean"), University of South Paris, Centre d'Orsay, France, 1989. Co-supervisor and Member of Doctoral Committee to examine thesis ("The uptake and distribution of radionuclides in marine organisms"), University of Glasgow, Scotland, 1989. External examiner and Member of Doctoral Committee to examine thesis ("Seasonal variations in trace metal concentrations and growth factors in bivalve molluscs from New Zealand and Oman as indicators of marine pollution"), Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, 1989. Member of Doctoral Committee to examine thesis ("Estimation of the budget of matter in the pelagic ecosystem in the Ligurian Sea"), University of Paris VI, France, 1990. Member of Doctoral Committee to examine thesis ("Sediment dispersal and accumulation on the continental margin of the Gulf of Lions"), University of Perpignan, France, 1990. Member of Doctoral Committee to examine thesis ("Contribution to the study of the ;'"Po and ;;"Pb in the environment"), University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France, 1990 L. Huynh-Ngoc Member of Doctoral Committee to examine thesis ("Methodes de caracterisation physico-chimique de la matiere organique dissoute dans ies eaux interstitielles de sediments marins cotiers"), University of Toulon and Var, France, 1989. L.D. Mee Member of Doctoral Committee to examine thesis ("Adsorcion de cobalto en sedimentos marinos : Evaluacion experimental y simulatacion numerica"), National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico, 1989. Supervisor of thesis ("Estudios mineralogicos y geoquimica de sedimentos oceanicos en el sur del Golfo de California"), National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico, 1989. Supervisor of thesis ("Estudios de la distribucion de nutrientes inorganicos disueltos en el Golfo de California y Caribe Mexicana, mediante un nuevo analizador capilar automatico"), National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico 'i989. Supervisor of thesis ("Diagenesis de compuestos de azufre y nitrogeno en tres sistemas lagunares del Estado de Sonora"), National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico (in progress). Supervisor of thesis ("Estudios de la quimica del agua intersticial en sedimentos de deposicion reciente en el Golfo de California"), National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico (in progress). Supervisor of thesis ("Estudio del afloramiento de contoy, Q.R., Mexico y su impacto sobre la fertilidad de las aguas adyacentes"), National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico (in progress). • • y p f

M.S. Baxter Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1989. Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, since 1984. Editor, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. Editorial Board Member, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. NERC Steering Committee for Environmental Radioactivity Special Topic-Programme. NERC Coordinating Group for Environmental Radioactivity (COGER). NERC Radiocarbon Laboratory Steering Committee Committee of Scottish Professors of Physics (COSPOP). Honorary Advisor to Scottish National Museum of Antiquities Research Laboratory. International Atomic Energy Agency's Working Party on the Effects of 14C Discharges from the Nuclear Industry. Radioactive Research and Environmental Monitoring - Government and Industry (RADREM(GI)) Aquatic Environment Sub-Committee. Occasional consultant/advisor to Scottish authorities, government departments, industry etc., on environmental radioactivity matters.

S. Ballestra - CIESM Marine Radioactivity Committee.

S.W. Fowler Working Group on Health of the Oceans - GESAMP. Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) - Working Group. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME). International Mussel Watch Committee. Marine Environmental Research (Editorial Board). Marine Ecology Progress Series (Editorial Board). French Oceanic Flux Programme (Organizing Committee). IUCN Commission on Ecology (COE). President of CIESM Marine Radioactivity Committee.

L.D. Mee Group of Experts on Methods, Standards and Intercalibration (GEMSI). Group of Experts on Standards and Reference Materials (GESRM). GESAMP Working Group on Nutrients and Eutrophication in the Marine Environment. International Committee of the Rio Conference on the Chemistry of Tropical Marine Systems. International Mussel Watch Committee.

C.V. Nolan NEA Coordinated Research on Environmental Surveillance Programmes (CRESP) Executive Committee and Radiological Assessment Task Group. CIESM Marine Radioactivity Committee.

V.E. Noshkin - International Committee for Radionuclide Metrology.

R. Peinert Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). Expert Group on Sediment Traps (Chairperson).

J.-P. Villeneuve - CIESM Chemical Oceanography Committee.

'So BALLESTRA, S., VAS, D., LOPEZ, J.-J. & NOSHKIN, V. Report on the intercomparison run IAEA-306 : Radionuclides in Baltic Sea sediment. Report IAEA/AL/013, October 1989.

BALLESTRA, S., VAS, D., LOPEZ, J.-J. & NOSHKIN, V. Report on the intercomparison run IAEA-308 : Radionuclides in seaweed mixture. Report IAEA/AL/015, December 1989.

BUAT-MENARD, P., DAVIES, J., REMOUDAKI, E., MIQUEL, J.-C, BERGAMETTI, G., LAMBERT, C.E., EZAT, U., QUETAL, C, LA ROSA, J. & FOWLER, S.W. Non-steady-state biological removal of atmospheric particles from Mediterranean surface waters. Nature, 340(6229): 131-134 (1989).

CALMET, D.P. & NOLAN, C.V. IAEA activities concerning waste disposal and the marine environment. In : The Radiological Exposure of the Population of the European Community from Radioactivity in Non- European Marine Waters - Project MARINA. Report EUR-12483, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, pp. 59-67 (1989).

FOWLER, S.W. Biological control on the vertical flux of artificial radionuclides in marine waters. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A280 : pp. 529 (1989).

FOWLER, S.W. L'Utilisation des pieges derivants. In : Techniques, Equipements et Strategie dans I'Etude des Flux. Programme Flux Oceaniques Rapport No. 7, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France, pp. 13-17 (1989).

FOWLER, S.W. Transport and redistribution of trace metals and radionuclides in the marine environment by biogenic particles. In : Proceedings of the Twenty-First European Marine Biology Symposium, Gdansk, 15-19 September 1986 (R.Z. Klekowski, E. Styczynska-Jurewicz and L. Falkowski, eds.), Ossolineum, Wroclaw, pp. 575-584 (1989).

FOWLER, S.W., NOSHKIN, V.E. & MEE, L.D. Flux of artificial radionuclides and organochlorine compounds in the northwestern Mediterranean basin. In : EROS 2000 First Workshop on the North-west Mediterranean Sea (J.-M. Martin and H. Barth, eds.), Water Pollution Research Report 13, CEC, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 288-297 (1989).

HUYNH-NGOC, L, WHITEHEAD, N.E. & BOUSSEMART, J.M. Dissolved nickel and cobalt in the aquatic environment around Monaco. Marine Chemistry, 26 : 119-132 (1989).

MAIGRET, J., BEZARD, D. & VILLENEUVE, J.-P. Etude d'un cas d'intoxication accidentelle dans un aquarium public. Bull, de I'lnst. Oceanogr., Monaco, No. special 5 : 271-273 (1989).

MEE, L..NOSHKIN, V. & WALTON, A. Worldwide quality control for measuring contaminants in the marine environment - 15 years of progress at the International Laboratory of Marine Radioactivity. IAEA Bull. 31(2): 32-36 (1989).

NOLAN, C.V. & FOWLER, S.W. Accumulation of radionuclides from paniculate and aqueous phases by Nereis diversicolor. In : Heavy Metals in the Environment, (J.P. Vernet, ed.), CEP Consultants, Edinburgh, Vol. 1, pp. 333-336(1989).

NOLAN, C.V., SABBIONI, E., MARAFANTE, E. & DUKE, E. Cadmium and mercury in the edible mussel Mytilus edulis : Accumulation in tissues and induction of metallothionein-like proteins. In : Proc. Int. Conf. Heavy Metals in the Environment, (J.P. Vernet, ed.), Geneva, CEP Consultants, Edinburgh, pp. 337-340 (1989). NOSHKIN, V., BALLESTRA, S., LOPEZ, J.-J., PARSI, P.P. & VAS, D. Intercomparison of radionuclides determined in a Baltic Sea sediment sample. In : Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 31, Rostock, Warnemunde, pp. 143-150 (1989).

READMAN, J.W., MANTOURA, R.F.C., GOUGH, M.A., LLEWELLYN, C.A. & CARUSO BICEGO, M. Distribution and inputs of terrestrial and faecal molecular organic markers and photosynthetic pigments in the Rhone Delta and Gulf of Lions. In : EROS 2000 1S1 Workshop on the North West Mediterranean Sea (J.-M. Martin and H. Barth, eds.), Water Pollution Research Report 13, CEC, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 162-172 (1989).

VEGLIA, A., BALLESTRA, S. & VAS, D. Report on the intercomparison run of IAEA-307 : Radionuclides in sea plant. Report IAEA/AL/014, October 1989.

VILLENEUVE, J.-R & MEE, L.D. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in marine sediment SD-M-2/OC : Results of a world-wide exercise. ILMR Intercalibration Exercise Report No. 42, Monaco, December 1989.

VILLENEUVE, J.-R & MEE, L.D. Chiorinated hydrocarbons in tuna homogenate IAEA-351 : Results of a world-wide exercise. ILMR Intercalibration Exercise Report No. 44, Monaco, December 1989.

AITCHISON, T.C., SCOTT, E.M., HARKNESS, D.D., BAXTER, M.S. & COOK, G.T. Report on stage 3 of the international collaborative program. In : Proceedings of the International Workshop on Intercomparison of Radiocarbon Laboratories (E.M. Scott, A. Long, R. Kra and F. Moskovitz, eds.), Radiocarbon, 32(3): 271-278 (1990).

BALLESTRA, S., VAS, D., LOPEZ, J.-J. & NOSHKIN, V. Report on the intercomparison run IAEA-352 : Radionuclides in tuna fish flesh. Report IAEA/AL/032, August 1990.

BAXTER, M.S. The aims. The programme. In : Proceedings of the International Workshop on Intercomparison of Radiocarbon Laboratories (E.M. Scott, A. Long, R. Kra and F. Moskovitz, eds.), Radiocarbon, 32(3): 253-255 (1990).

BAXTER, M.S. Report of the international workshop of intercomparison of radiocarbon laboratories : A summary of the meeting. In : Proceedings of the International Workshop on Intercomparison of Radiocarbon Laboratories (E.M. Scott, A. Long, R. Kra and F. Moskovitz, eds.), Radiocarbon, 32(3) : 389-391 (1990).

COOK, G.T., HARKNESS, D.D., MILLER, B.F., SCOTT, E.M., BAXTER, M.S. & AITCHISON, T.C. International collaborative study : Structuring and sample preparation. In : Proceedings of the International Workshop on Intercomparison of Radiocarbon Laboratories (E.M. Scott, A. Long, R. Kra and F. Moskovitz, eds.), Radiocarbon, 32(3): 267-270 (1990).

FOWLER, S.W. Critical review of selected heavy metal and chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations in the marine environment. Mar. Environ. Res., 29(1): 1-64 (1990).

FOWLER, S.W. Trace element transfer and transport by marine micro-organisms. In : 2nd International Workshop on XRF and PIXE Applications in Life Science (R. Moro and R. Cesareo, eds.), World Scientific Publ. Co. Ltd., Singapore, pp. 65-78 (1990).

FOWLER, S.W., BALLESTRA, S., LA ROSA, J., HOLM, E. & LOPEZ, J.-J. Flux of transuranium nuclides in the northwestern Mediterranean following the Chernobyl accident. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Medit., 32(1) : 317 (1990).

FOWLER, S.W., BALLESTRA, S. & VILLENEUVE, J.-P. Flux of transuranium nuclides and chlorinated hydrocarbons in the northwestern Mediterranean. Cont. Shelf Res., 10(9-11): 1005-1023 (1990).

52 FOWLER, S.W., MIQUEL, J.-C, LA ROSA, J. & BUAT-MENARD, P. DYFAMED : Seasonal particle and carbon flux in the open Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. EOS, Zl(2): 191 (1990).

GABRIELIDES, G.P., ALZIEU, C, READMAN, J.W., BACCI, E., ABDOUL DAHAB, O. & SALIHOGLU, I. MEDPOL survey of organotins in the Mediterranean. Mar. Poll. Bull., 21(5): 233-237 (1990).

GUARY, J.-C. & FOWLER, S.W. An experimental study of the transfer of transuranium nuclides in marine decapod crustaceans. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 60(3): 253-270 (1990).

HEUSSNER, S., CHERRY, R.D. & HEYRAUD, M. 210Po, 210Pb in sediment trap particles on a Mediterranean continental margin. Cont. Shelf Res.,10(9-11): 989-1004 (1990).

HUSSAIN, N., CHURCH, T, HEYRAUD, M., FOWLER, S.W., HEUSSNER, S., MONACO, A., BISCAYE, P. & ANDERSON, R. Systematics of radon daughters (z'°Pb-2'°Po) atmospheric fallout to coastal regions. EOS, 71(2) .72(1990).

LAMBERT, C.E., BUAT-MENARD, P., GLOAQUIN, A., BETHOUX, J.P., TAILLIEZ, D., MORIN, P., LE CORRE, P., DEHAIRS, F., FOWLER, S. & MIQUEL, J.-C. Preliminary report of JGOFS-France MEDATLANTE Cruises : Geochemistry of vertical advection in large stable bodies of water : Mediterranean eddies. EOS, 71(2): 81 (1990).

McDONALD, P., COOK, G.T. & BAXTER, M.S. A radiological assessment of Scottish edible seaweed consumption. Environ. Manage. & Health, 1(2): 17-26 (1990).

McDONALD, P., COOK, G.T., BAXTER, M.S. & THOMSON, J.C. Radionuclide transfer from sellafield to south-west Scotland. J. Environ. Radioactivity, 12 : 285-298 (1990).

MIQUEL, J.-C., FOWLER, S.W. & LA ROSA, J. Vertical fluxes of particulate material in a frontal zone off Corsica. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Medit., 32(1): 280 (1990).

MIQUEL, J.-C., LA ROSA, J. & FOWLER, S.W. The quantitative importance of zooplankton and nekton entering sediment traps. EOS, 71:192 (1990).

MIQUEL, J.-C, LA ROSA, J. & PEINERT, R. Tomofront 1990 : Flux particulaires quantifies par des pieges a particules. Programme "Flux Oceaniques" (France-JGOFS), Rapp. No. 8 : FRONTAL : 63-64 (1990).

MONACO, A., COURP, T., HEUSSNER, S., CARBONNE, J., FOWLER, S.W. & DENIAUX, B. Seasonality and composition of particulate fluxes during ECOMARGE-I, western Gulf of Lions. Cont. Shelf Res. 10(9-11): 959-987 (1990).

NOLAN, C.V., FOWLER, S.W., TEYSSIE, J.-L, BULUT, M. & de la CRUZ-RODRIGUEZ, O. Modelling cesium, cobalt and strontium accumulation in painted comber Serranus scriba. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Medit., 32(1): 230 (1990).

PAGE, D.S., READMAN, J.W., MEE, L.D. & MCCARTHY, M. Mussels as indicators of butyl-tin contamination : A north western Mediterranean case study. In : Proceedings of the CIESM, UNEP, FAO, IOC, WHO, IMO, IAEA and CEC 3'd International Organotin Symposium, 17-20 April, Monaco, pp. 179- 184(1990).

PEINERT, R., LA ROSA, J. & MIQUEL, J.-C. Time series measurements of chlorophyll-fluorescence and temperature (moored probes) during Tomofront-90 : Preliminary results. Programme "Flux Oceaniques" (France-JGOFS), Rapp. No. 8 : FRONTAL : 51-52 (1990). RAU, G.H., TEYSSIE, J.-L, RASSOULZADEGAN, F. & FOWLER, S.W. 13C/12C and I5N/14N variations among small size-fractionated marine particles : implications for their origin and trophic relationships. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 59(1/2): 33-38 (1990).

READMAN, J.W. & MANTOURA, R.F.C. Partitioning of butyltins in coastal waters and sediments. In : Proceedings of the CIESM, UNEP, FAO, IOC, WHO, IMO, IAEA and CEC 3rd International Organotin Symposium, 17-20 April, Monaco, pp. 61-69 (1990).

READMAN, J.W. & MEE, L.D. Development and testing of standard methodologies for organotins. In : Proceedings of the CIESM, UNEP, FAO, IOC, WHO, IMO, IAEA and CEC 3rd International Organotin Symposium, 17-20 April, Monaco, pp. 17-20 (1990).

SANDERSON, D.C.W., SCOTT, E.M. & BAXTER, M.S. Use of airborne radiometric measurements for monitoring environmental radioactive contamination. In : Proceedings of an International Symposium on Environmental Contamination Following a Major Nuclear Accident, 16-20 October 1989, Vienna, pp. 411-421 (1990).

SCOTT, E.M., AITCHISON, T.C., HARKNESS, D.D., COOK, G.T. & BAXTER, M.S. An overview of all three stages of the international radiocarbon intercomparison. In : Proceedings of the International Workshop on Intercomparison of Radiocarbon Laboratories (E.M. Scott, A. Long, R. Kra and F. Moskovitz, eds.), Radiocarbon, 32(3): 309-319 (1990).

SCOTT, E.M., BAXTER, M.S., AITCHISON, T.C., HARKNESS, D.D., & COOK, G.T. An overview of some interlaboratory studies. In : Proceedings of the International Workshop on Intercomparison of Radiocarbon Laboratories (E.M. Scott, A. Long, R. Kra and F. Moskovitz, eds.), Radiocarbon, 32(3) : 259-265 (1990).

SCOTT, E.M., BAXTER, M.S., HARKNESS, D.D., AITCHISON, T.C. & COOK, G.T. Radiocarbon : Present and future perspectives on quality assurance. Antiquity, 64(243): 319-322 (1990).

TEYSSIE, J.-L., MIQUEL, J.-C. & NOLAN C.V. Seasonal cho.iges in mass flux and fecal pellet sedimentation at Monaco. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions du CIESM, 32 : 280 (1990).

THOMMERET, Y. & HUYNH-NGOC, L. Le 137Cs et le 134Cs dans les sediments marins superficiels de la zone cotiere Cannes-Monaco et du nord du Canal de Corse. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 32(1) : 320 (1990).

TOOLE, J., MacKRELL, A., COOK, G.T.,BAXTER, M.S. & DUNCAN, H.J. An assessment of onland transfer of radioactivity near dounreay, Scotland. J. Environ. Radioactivity, 1_2 : 299- 329(1990).

UNEP/IAEA. Transport of pollutants by sedimentation. Mediterranean Action Plan Technical Reports Series No. 45 (L.D. Mee, ed.), UNEP, Athens, pp. 280 (1990).

VEGLIA, A., BALLESTRA, S. & VAS, D. IAEA-307 : A new biological reference material for marine environmental radioactivity studies. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit., 32(1): (1990).

WHITEHEAD, N.E. & HUYNH-NGOC, L. A study of the speciation of 60Co added to coastal Pore-water. Oceanol. Acta, 13(2): 211-217 (1990). IEETINGS/MISSIONS

MEDPOL Inter-Agency Consultative Meeting - Athens, Greece, January 1989 (L. Mee). FAO/UNEP/IAEA/WHO Review Meeting on the Organophosphorus Pilot Survey - Barcelona, Spain, January 1989 (J.-P. Villeneuve). ROPME Task Team Meeting - Kuwait, January 1989 (S. Fowler). 1s' Colloquim of the Programme Flux Oceanique at CNRS - Paris, France, March 1989 (S. Fowler). 1st EROS 2000 Workshop - Paris, France, March 1989 (S. Fowler, L. Mee). ROPME Specialist Meeting - Kuwait, April 1989 (L. Mee). IAEA Radioactivity Waste Management Advisory Committee Meeting - Vienna, Austria, April 1989 (S. Fowler). Coordinating Meeting for preparation/distribution of marine quality control materials with National Research Council - Ottawa, Canada, April 1989 (A. Walton). Preparatory Consultation Meeting to organize International Organotin Workshop - Washington D.C., USA, April 1989(L Mee). Scientific mission to initiate activities in EEC-sponsored joint IAEA/UNAM Research Project on "The Fate of Agrochemicals in Tropical Coastal Lagoon Ecosystems" - Mazatlan, Mexico, April 1989 (L. Mee). IUCN/IAEA joint Scientific Mission to evaluate pesticide contamination - Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama, April 1989 (L. Mee). Training Mission for MESL/MEDPOL Quality Assurance Programme - Alexandria, Egypt, May 1989 (B. Oregioni). Seminar at CICESE Institute on IAEA-MEL Vertical Transport work - Ensenada, B.C., Mexico, May 1989 (S. Fowler). VERTEX Principal Investigator Meeting - Monterey, USA, May 1989 (S. Fowler). Training Mission for MESL/MEDPOL Quality Assurance Programme - Rabat, Morocco, May/June 1989 (J.-P. Villeneuve). 4th Meeting of Group of Experts on Monitoring of Radioactive Substances in the Baltic Sea (MORS) - Rostock/Warnemunde, GDR, May/June 1989 (V. Noshkin). 1st Meeting of the Scientific Committee of the French Oceanic Flux Programme - Paris, France, June 1989 (S. Fowler). Joint IOC/IAEA fact-finding mission on marine contamination - Mauritius, June 1989 (J. Readman). Annual CRESP Task Grouo Meeting - Dublin, Ireland, June 1989 (C. Nolan). 2nd International Workshop on XRF and FIXE Applications in Life Science - Capri, Italy, June 1989 (S. Fowler). UNEP/University of Al-Fateh International Seminar on Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea and plan to integrate Libya into MEDPOL/MESL QA Programme - Tripoli, Libya, June 1989 (L. Mee). 1ST Meeting of the Marine Radioecology Working Group of the International Union of Radioecologists - Brussels/Bruge, Belgium, June 1989 (C. Nolan). MEDPOL Scientific and Technical Committee Meeting - Athens, Greece, June 1989 (L. Mee). Mission to review OCA/PAC CONPACSE Programme - 1st phase of the research programme for the South-East Pacific Action Plan - Nairobi, Kenya, July 1989 (L. Mee). Mission to complete Second Survey of Altata-EI Pabellon Lagoon System in accordance with EEC- sponsored joint IAEA/UNAM Research Project on "The Fate of Agrochemicals in Tropical Coastal Lagoon Ecosystems" - Mazatlan, Mexico, July 1989 (L. Mee). IOC/UNEP Regional Workshop - San Jose, Costa Rica, August 1989 (L. Mee). Mission to finalize ROPME/MOOPAM manual and plan future activities of MESL in region - Safat, Kuwait, August 1989 (J. Readman). Training Mission for MESL/MEDPOL Quality Assurance Programme - Casablanca/Rabat, Morocco, September 1989 (B. Oregioni). Sixth Inter-Agency Consultation Meeting on Oceans and Coastal Areas Programme - Geneva, Switzerland, September 1989 (L. Mee). International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment - Geneva, Switzerland, September 1989 (C. Nolan). Meeting of the Expert Group for South-East Pacific Action Plan - Cali, Colombia, September 1989 (L Mee). Regional Seminar on Research and Monitoring of Marine Contamination in South-East Pacific - Cali, Colombia, September 1989 (L. Mee). Mission to the Regional Coordinating Unit for Caribbean Action Plan to formulate the CEPPOL pollution assessment programme in the Wider Caribbean - Kingston, Jamaica, September 1989 (L. Mee). Analytical Quality Control Service Meeting (AQCS) at Headquarters - Vienna, Austria, September 1989 (S. Ballestra). Training Mission for MESL/MEDPOL Quality Assurance Programme in Gulf region - Kuwait, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, United Arab Emirates, October 1989 (J.-P. Villeneuve). Seminar at LNETI Institute and discussions on ongoing research on radionuclide cycling in the marine environment - Lisbon, Portugal, October 1989 (S. Fowler). Mission to UNEP Regional Office to finalize the CEPPOL project for the Wider Caribbean - Geneva, Switzerland, November 1989 (L. Mee). Training Mission for MESL/MEDPOL Quality Assurance Programme - Alexandria, Egypt, December 1989 (J.-P. Villeneuve). 2nd Research Coordination Meeting at Headquarters - Vienna, Austria, December 1989 (A. Sanchez). ROPME Task Team Meeting on Pollution Monitoring - Kuwait, January 1990 (S. Fowler). IOC/IAEA/UNEP GESREM Meeting - Halifax, Canada, January 1990 (L. Mee, A. Walton). Inter-Governmental Meeting on the Caribbean Environmental Programme - Kingston, Jamaica, January 1990 (L Mee). Mission to evaluate the Caribbean Environmental Health Institute - St. Lucia, January 1990 (L. Mee). French EUMELI Programme Workshop on water column processes - Paris, France, January 1990 (S. Fowler). CNRS Annual Seminar of "L'Unitee Associee 716" - Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, February 1990 (R. Peinert). 2na EROS 2000 Workshop - Blanes, •r"->ain February 1990 (S. Fowler). ROPME Preparatory Meeting and ROi iviE Executive Council Meeting - Kuwait, February 1990 (S. Fowler). Scientific Mission as part of EEC-sponsored joint IAEA/UNAM Research Project on "The Fate of Agrochemicals in Tropical Coastal Lagoon Ecosystems" - Mazatlan, Mexico, February/March 1990 (J. Readman). 23rd Session of Executive Council of Inter-Governmental Oceanography Commission of Unesco - Paris, France, March 1990 (A. Walton). First JGOFS North Atlantic Spring Bloom Data Workshop - Kiel, Germany, March 1990 (R. Peinert). Steering Group Meeting to assess EEC/BCR in implementation of new quality assurance programme for marine environmental measurements - Brussels, Belgium, March 1990 (L. Mee). Dahlem Konferenzen on Ocean Margin Processes in Global Change - Berlin, Germany, March 1990 (S. Fowler). CRESP Annual Task Groups Meeting - Madrid, Spain, April 1990 (C. Nolan).

56 ICSPRO/UNEP/IAEA Preparatory Meeting for United Nations Conference on Environment and Development - Geneva, Switzerland, May 1990 (L. Mee). Inter-Agency Meeting on WACAF - Geneva, Switzerland, May 1990 (L. Mee). Mission to assist in the implementation of IOC/UNEP CEPPOL Regional Monitoring Programme - Kingston, Jamaica, May 1990 (L Mee). IOCARIBE Group of Experts Meeting - Cartagena, Colombia, May 1990 (L. Mee) Mission to assess the capacity of Venezuelan institutes to conduct evaluation of marine pollutants as part of the CEPPOL Programme - Caracas, Venezuela, May 1990 (L. Mee). 11"1 International Symposium "Chemistry of the Mediterranean" - Primosten, Yugoslavia, May 1990 (S. Fowler). PRO MARE Symposium on Marine Arctic Ecology - Trondheim, Norway, May 1990 (R. Peinert). EEC/BCR International Symposium on Quality Assurance for Marine Environmental Measurements - Nordwijk, Netherlands, May 1990 (L Mee). 5lh Meeting of Group of Experts on Monitoring of Radioactive Substances in the Baltic Sea (MORS) of the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission - Gdynia, Poland, May 1990 (S. Ballestra). Training Mission for MESL/MEDPOL Quality Assurance Programme - Alger, Algeria, May/June 1990 (J.-P. Villeneuve). Mission to evaluate needs of INSTOP Laboratory for participation in the UNEP MEDPOL Pollution Monitoring Programme - Tunis, Tunisia, May/June 1990 (J.-P. Villeneuve). 2 d Research Coordination Meeting of CRP "Sources of Radioactivity in the Marine Environment and their Relative Contributions to Overall Dose Assessment from Marine Radioactivity", Riso National Laboratory - Riso, Denmark, May/June 1990 (A. Sanchez). 16ome Colloque de I'Union des Oceanographies de France - Roscoff, France, June 1990 (S. Fowler). Training Mission for MESL/MEDPOL Quality Assurance Programme - La Goulette, Tunisia, June 1990 (B. Oregioni). Mission to review and collaborate in EEC-sponsored joint IAEA/UNAM Research Project on "The Fate of Agrochemicals in Tropical Coastal Lagoon Ecosystems" - Mazatlan, Mexico, June 1990 (L. Mee). GESREM Core Group Meeting - Washington, D.C., United States, June 1990 (L Mee). Training Mission for MESL/MEDPOL Quality Assurance Programme - Cairo, Egypt, June/July 1990 (J.-P. Villeneuve). Training Mission as part of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Workshop for ROPME States - Kuwait, June/July 1990 (J.-P. Villeneuve). Training course at University of Seville on "Low-level Measurements of Man-made Radionuclides in the Environment" - Seville, Spain, July 1990 (S. Ballestra). Mission to discuss potential collaboration between Commission of European Communities Laboratories at Ispra and Monaco Laboratory - Ispra, Italy, July 1990 (J. Readman, C. Nolan). Workshop on Coccolithophorids - Cabara, France, September 1990 (V. Fabry). CNRS Frontal Systems Round-table - Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, September 1990 (J.-C. Miquel, R. Peinert). Annual AQCS Meeting at IAEA Headquarters - Vienna, Austria, September 1990 (S. Ballestra). 2"a International Workshop on Environmental Radioactivity Measurements, Standards and Reference Materials, National Physical Laboratory - Teddington, United Kingdom, September 1990 (V. Noshkin). UNCED Inter-Agency Consultation on Oceans - Geneva, Switzerland, September 1990 (L. Mee). 1s' International Conference on "Biological Aspects of the Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident" - Kiev, USSR, September 1990 (S. Fowler). Visiting Chernobyl during the 1st International Conference on "Biological Aspects of the Consequences of the Chernobyl Atomic Power S'ation Accident", at Zeleny Mys. USSR, September 1990.

Training Mission for MESMV1EDP0L Quality Assurance Programme - Split, Yugoslavia, October 1990 (J.-P. Villeneuve). UNEP/IAEA Preliminary Mission to Albania to establish a national marine pollution monitoring programme - Tirana, Albania. October 1990 (L Mee). GEEP and GEMSI Joint Meeting - Moscow, USSR, October 1990 (L. Mee). XXXII Congress and Plenary Assembly of ICSEM - Perpignan, France, October 1990 (S. Fowler, C. Nolan, R. Peinert, V. Fabry, J.-C. Miquel). Mission to ENEA Santa Teresa Laboratory for joint ENEA/IAEA Inter-Regional Training Course on "Strategies and Methodologies for Applied Marine Radioactivity Studies" - La Spezia, Italy, October 1990 (C. Nolan, J.-L. Teyssie, S. Fowler, J. La Rosa, V. Noshkin, A, Sanchez, J.-J. Lopez).

Training Mission for MESL/MEDPOL Quality Assurance Programme - La Goulette, Tunisia, November 1990 (J.-P. Villeneuve).

EUMELI 3 Planning Meeting - Paris, France, November 1990 (S. Fowler). Mission to Woods Hole Oceanography Institute to discuss implementation of International Mussel Watch Programme - Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, November 1990 (L. Mee).

Mission to assist with the coordination of the CEPPOL Marine Pollution Monitoring Programme - Kingston, Jamaica, November 1990 (L. Mee).

Workshop on Organotin Compounds in Aquatic Environments - Madrid, Spain, November 1990 (J. Readman). 2rd Nordic Sediment Trap Workshop - Kristineberg, Sweden, November 1990 (R. Peinert).

International Scientific Symposium on the North Atlantic Spring Bloom Experiment (JGOFS) - Washington, D.C., USA, November 1990 (R. Peinert). Dyfamed Workshop, CNRS - Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, November 1990 (J.-C. Miquel, R. Peinert).

Inter-Agency Advisory Committee Meeting on MEDPOL - Athens, Greece, December 1990 (L. Mee).

2"' Meeting of the Scientific Committee for the French National Flux Programme (PFO) - Paris, France, December 1990 (S. Fowler).

7'" Inter-Agency Consultation Meeting on Oceans and Coastal Areas Programmes and Inter-Agency Consultation on UNCED - Paris, France, December 1990 (L. Mee). A field sampling expedition in connection with pesticide behavioural studies near the Mazatlan Marine Station, Mexico.

DYFAMED, deployment of sediment traps - 28 nautical miles off Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, February 1989 (J. La Rosa). RIML Cruise for biological samples in area of DYFAMED sediment traps - 28 nautical miles off Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, April 1989 (V. Noshkin, S. Fowler, J. La Rosa, T. Hamilton, J. Gastaud, O. de la Cruz). Deployment of new sediment traps in collaboration with CNRS/INSU on board R/V G. PETIT - off Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, April 1989 (J. La Rosa). Recovering and redeployment of DYFAMED sediment traps on board RA/ CATHERINE-LAURENCE - off Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, May 1989 (J. La Rosa, J.-C. Miquel). Collecting biological and chemical samples around DYFAMED Station on board R/V KOROTNEFF - Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, May 1989 (J. La Rosa). Recovering of sediment traps on board RA/ CATHERINE LAURENCE - off Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, May 1989 (J. La Rosa). Joint Oceanographic cruise in Mediterranean Sea for collection of water, sediment and particle trap samples, on board RA/ KOROTNEFF - Monaco, May 1989 (T. Hamilton, J. Gastaud, J.-J. Lopez, O. de la Cruz). Collecting and processing samples from water column at Framvaren Fjord for Pu oxidation states and Cs ; collecting sediment samples for analysis - Norway, May/June 1989 (A. Sanchez, J. Gastaud). Participation with German scientists in study cruise on board RA/ METEOR in Arctic Ocean - Reykjavik, Iceland, July 1989 (J. La Rosa). Recovering and redeployment of sediment traps ; collecting of biological samples as part of DYFAMED Project - off Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, July 1989 (J. La Rosa, J.-C. Miquel). Oceanographic cruise off Monaco to collect sediment box cores, on board RA/ CATHERINE LAURENCE - Monaco, October 1989 (T. Hamilton, G. Manjon). Recovering and redeployment of DYFAMED sediment traps on board R/V KOROTNEFF - off Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, October/November 1989 (J. La Rosa). Scientific cruise to collect sediment cores and water samples on board R/V G. PETIT - Monaco, November/December 1989 (J. La Rosa, T. Hamilton, J. Gastaud). Recovering and redeployment of DYFAMED sediment traps on board RA/ CATHERINE LAURENCE - off Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, January 1990 (J. La Rosa). Recovering and redeployment of DYFAMED sediment traps on board R/V CATHERINE LAURENCE - off Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, March 1990 (J. La Rosa, J.-C. Miquel). Participation in TOMOFRONT research programme in collaboration with Zoological and Geodynamic Stations of Villefranche - 10 nautical miles off Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, March/April 1990 (J. La Rosa, R. Peinert, J.-C. Miquel). Cruise on board R/V MARION DUFRESNE for EROS 2000 Programme - The Gulf of Lions, off Marseille, Fiance and Spain, Apn,-May 1990 (J. La Rosa, R. Peinert, J.-J. Lopez, J. Gastaud).

The researcn ship Marion-Dufresne in the Western Mediterranean : HAPS Corer for sediment sampling. Participation in biogeochemical study of water column as part of DYFAMED Programme - off Villefranche- sur-Mer, France, May 1990 (J.-C. Miquel). Recovering of sediment traps for EROS 2000 Programme - The Gulf of Lions, off Marseille, France, July 1990 (J. La Rosa). DYFAMED Station, measurement of organic C and inorganic C fixation in upper ocean on R/V KOROTNEFF - 26 nautical miles off Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, July 1990 (J. La Rosa, V. Fabry). Recovering and redeployment of DYFAMED sediment traps on board R/V CATHERINE LAURENCE - off Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, July/August 1990 (J. La Rosa). Recovering and redeployment of DYFAMED sediment traps on board R/V CATHERINE LAURENCE - off Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, October 1990 (J. La Rosa, J.-C. Miquel).

Sediment trap deployment in the Northern Mediterranean off the Gull of Lions. VVORKSHOPSTRAINING COURSES/SYMPOSIA/MEETINGS

Coordinated Research Programme (CRP) Meeting on "Sources of Radioactivity in the Marine Environment and their Relative Contributions to Overall Dose Assessment from Marine Radioactivity", 22-26 May 1989, Monaco.

2. Advisory Group Meeting (AGM) on "Development and Evaluation of Alternative Radioanalytical Methods, including Mass Spectrometry for Marine Materials", 6-9 June 1989, Monaco.

3. Training Course on Organotin Analyses, 3-6 July 1989, Monaco.

4. Training Course on Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, 10-28 July 1989, Monaco.

5. Training Course on Petroleum Hydrocarbons, 11-29 September 1989, Monaco.

6. Workshop on Methyl Mercury, 23-25 October 1989, Monaco.

7. 3'a International Organotin Symposium, 27-30 April 1990, Monaco.

8. Training Course on Trace Metals, 7-18 May 1990, Monaco.

9. Training Course on Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, 9-27 July 1990, Monaco.

10. Training Course on Petroleum Hydrocarbons, 10-28 September 1990, Monaco.

11. ENEA/IAEA Inter-Regional Training Course on "Strategies and Methodologies for Applied Marine Radioactivity Studies", 15-16 October 1990, Monaco.

12. MEDPOL Workshop on "Assessment of Pollution by Herbicides and Fungicides", 30 October -1 November 1990, Monaco.

A training course at IAEA-MEL.

61 RESEARCH AND TECHNICAL CONTRACT0

1989

Brazil L. Cunha China Li Ping Yu France M. Bernat France P. Garrigues Greece P. Koutsoukos Greece B. Stephanon Italy G. Magnoni Philippines E. Duran Poland R. Bojanowski Romania A. Bologa Sweden E. K-/rr; Thailand S. J. Mahapdnyawong Turkey E. Henden Yugoslavia M. Horvai Yugoslavia K. J'jznic Yugoslavia B. Raspor

1990

China J.Zhu France J.-M. Martin Greece G. Parissakis Greece S. Varnavas Israel M. D. Krom Italy G. Magnoni Kuwait M. Abdulraheem Philippines E. Duran Singapore V. W. T. Wong Spain J.-M. Escriche Yugoslavia B. Cosovic NSLu.; ANTS AND VISITiNG EXPERTS

Australia Ft. Jeffree Australia D. Mowbray Brazil R. R. Weber Canada J. Smith Canada B. Sundby Denmark A. Aarkrog Denmark H. Dahlgaard Germany S. Lutz Germany H. Nies Germany R. Peinert Germany W. Roether India B. Patel Italy R. Delfanti Norway P. Wassmann Poland J. Tronczynski Portugal A. Bettencourt Portugal F. Carvalho South Africa R. Cherry Sweden E. Holm United Kingdom I. M. Davies United Kingdom B. R. Harvey United Kingdom R. J. Morrison United Kingdom R. J. Pentreath United Kingdom G. Sunderland U. S. A. B. J. Brownawell U. S. A. N. S. Fisher U. S. A. H. Livingston U. S. A. J. H. Martin U. S. A. L. Small FELLOWS, INTERNS and TRAINEES

Algeria M. Azzouz Algeria I. Naceur Algeria A. Noureddine Bangladesh M. Alamgir Brazil C.E. Alhanati Chile J.L. Orellana Caces Cuba 0. de la Cruz-Rodriguez Egypt M.A. Abdelmoneim Egypt H. Emara Egypt T.A.R. Ewais Egypt E.G. El din Mohamed Egypt S.E. Mohamed Egypt S.M. El Said Egypt M.A.K. El Sayed Egypt T.A. El Sayed Abd El Rehim France S. Naudin France L.B. Vas Ghana E.O. Darko Indonesia M. Muchtar Ireland M. O'Colmain Libya A.M. El Barouni Malaysia G. Ismail Malta J. Gauci Mexico J.I. Osuna-Lopez Mexico RF. Rodriguez-Espinosa Mexico J. de la Rosa-Velez Morocco R. Belkhadir Morocco 1. Benyoussef Morocco A. Elaoufir Morocco A. El Hraiki Morocco M. Marhraoui Morocco A. Marone Morocco A. Rajae Morocco Y. Sabhi Morocco L. Tahiri Philippines E.B. Enriquez Spain G. Manjon Spain J. Rosado Sri Lanka DP. de Alwis Sweden J. Wahlstrom Syria H. Haddad Syria S. Megames Thailand P. Polphong Thailand K. Srisuksawad Tunisia K. Dridi Turkey M. Bulut Turkey A. Varinlioglu Uruguay G. Guida Lansot J.M.Moyano Recine Uruguay K. Pham Mai Vietnam J. Dujmov Yugoslavia J. Pavlov Yugoslavia M. Poljak Yugoslavia P. Sucevic Yugoslavia

64 LABORATORY COLLABORATION

AUSTRALIA :

Alligator Rivers Region Research Institute, Jabiru (NT) ANALABS, Western Australia Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organization, Environmental Radiochemistry Laboratory. Sydney

AUSTRIA :

BALUF Wien BVFA Arsenal. Geotechnisches Institut - Isotopengeophysik, Vienna Federal Institute for Food Control & Research, Radiochemistry, Vienna Atominstitut der Osterreichischen Universitaten, Vienna

BAHRAIN :

Environmental Protection Committee. Adliva

BANGLADESH :

Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology. Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Savar. Dhaka

BELGIUM :

Laboratoire du C.E.N./S.C.K.. Section de Spectrometrie Nucleaire. Mol

BOLIVIA:

Instituto Boliviano de Ciencia y Tecnologia Nuclear. La Paz

BRAZIL :

Environmental Monitoring Division, Dept. of Radiological Protection. 1PEN-CNEN/SP. Sao Paulo Furnas Centrais Eletricas S.A., Centrale Nuclear Almirante Alvaro Alb.. CNAAA - Laboratorio de Radioecology. Rio de Janeiro Instituto de Radioprotecao. Depto. de Protecao Radiologica Amb.. Barba da Tijura Instituto Oceanografico. University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo Fundacao Univer.sidade de Rio Grande. Rio Grande

BULGARIA :

Radiation Hygiene Research Division. Institute of Nuclear Medicine. Sofia CANADA:

National Research Council of Canada, Ontario Atlantic Environmental Radiation Unit, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth (NS) Environmental Radiation Hazards D.. Bureau of Radiation & Med. Devices, Health & Welfare of Canada, Ottawa Ontario Ministry of Labour, Radiation Protection Service. Ontario Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment, Manitoba Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal National Research Council, Halifax, Nova Scotia

CHINA. PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF :

Third Institute of Oceanography of SOA, Xiamen, Fujian Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin Dept. of GEO & OCEAN Services, Nanjing University. Nanjing Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing Division of Analytical Chemistry, Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Ore Processing. Beijing First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanographic Administration, Qingdao

COSTA RICA :

University of Costa Rica, Centra de Investigaciones del Mar (CIM AR), San Jose Union International Para La Conservacion de la Naturaleza (UICN). San Jose

CUBA:

Secretaria Ejecutiva para Asuntos Nucleares Centra de Proteccion e Higiene de las Radiaciones. Havana Institute of Nuclear Research, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Havana Instituto del Investigaciones de Transporte, Depart, tmento de Informacion Cientifico-Tecnica. Havana Instituto Oceanologico, Havana

CZECHOSLOVAKIA :

Research & Development Institute of Czechoslovak Uranium Industry, Central Laboratories. Straz pod Ralskem VUJE, Nuclear Power Plants. Research Institute, Jaslovske Bohunice Research Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bratislava Laboratory of Spectrometry, Centre of Radiation Hygiene, Praha Institute of Radioecology & Applied Nuclear Techniques. Kosice

DENMARK :

Riso National Laboratory, Health Physics Department, Roskilde

ECUADOR:

Comision Ecuatoriana de Energia Atomica. Quito

66 EGYPT :

Nuclear Power Plants Authority, Cairo Environmental & Occupational Health Center. Cairo Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria

FIJI:

University of the South Pacific, Suva

FINLAND:

Finnish Centre for Radiation & Nuclear Safety (STUK). Helsinki

FRANCE :

Laboratoire Arago. Banyuls-Sur-Mer INTECHMER, Institut National des Techniques de la Mer, Cherbourg Laboratoire de Radioécologie Marine. CEA - Centre de la Hague. Institut de Protection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Cherbourg Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, Clamait Laboratoire d'Analyses Radiotoxicologiques et de Biochimie - DPS. Fontenay-aux-Roses SHR/SEAPS/LARB. Centre d'Etude Nucléaires. Fontenay-aux-Roses Centre des Faîbles Radioactivités, Laboratoire Mixte CNRS-CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette Microbiologie Marine, CNRS UPR 223. Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Marseille Laboratoire d'Océanographie, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Marseille Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille. Station Marine d'Endoume. Marseille CEA/DIRCEN. SMSR. Montlhéry Ecole Normale Supérieure. Institut de Biogéochimie Marine, Montrouge IFREMER. Centre de Nantes, Nantes Laboratoire de Sédimentologie et Géochimie Marines, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan Centre de Brest de l'IFREMER, Plouzane Laboratoire de Radioécologie des Eaux Continentales. Saint-Paul-lez-Durance DERS/Section de Radioécologie, CEN Cadarache, Saint Paul-lez-Durance Commission of the European Communities (CEC), Saint Paul-Iez-Durance Antenne du C.O.M.. IFREMER. La Seype-sur-Mer CEA-SMT/IFREMER Centre de Toulon, La Seyne-sur-Mer Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Talence Marine Nationale, Secteur de Surveillance Radiologique, Toulon Station Zoologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer - C.E.R.O.V., Villefranche-sur-Mer Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Marines. Université de Paris VI, U.A. C.N.R.S.. Villefranche-Sur-Mer

FRENCH POLYNESIA :

CEA-IPSN, Laboratoire d'Etude et de Surveillance de l'Environnement. Mahina. Papeete

GERMANY :

Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut, Hamburg Institut fur Meereskunde, Kiel Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe Hauptabteilung Sicherheil. Karlsruhe Fachbereich Physikalische Chemie der Philipps-Universitaet, Sekt. Kernchemie. Marburg Staatliches Amt fur Atomsicherheit. Berlin Bundesforschungsanstalt fur Fischerei. Labor f. Radiookologie der Gewässer. Hamburg Landesuntersuchungsamt fur das Gesundheitswesen Nordbayern, Radioaktivitaetsmesstelle. Erlangen Staaliches Amt fur Alomsieherheit und Strahlcnschutz. Aussenstelle Lohmen. Lohmen Horronlcite Institut I'. Hygiene. Labor BI 2. Berlin Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut. Hamburg Institut fur Wasser. Boden und Lufthygiene des Bunesgesundheilsamles. Berlin National Board of Nuclear Safety & Radiation Protection. Berlin Institut fur Chemie und Physik. Bundesanstalt fur Milchforselumg. Kiel GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht. Abteilung Strahlenschutz. Geesthacht Institute of Applied Physical Chemistry. Nuclear Research Centre. Julien WB Angewandte Physik Bergakademie Freiberg. Sektion Physik. Freiberg Akademie der Wissenschaften. Zentralinslitut fur Kernforschung Rossendorf. Dresden Niedersaechsissches Landesamt fur Wasser und Abfall. Hildesheini Wissenschaftlicher Geraetebau. Berlin Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt. Braunschweig Slrahlenbiologisches Institut der Universität München. München Hessische. Landesanstalt fur Umwelt. Wiesbaden

GHANA :

Dept. of Physics/Reactor Technology. Ghana Atomic Energy Commission. Accra Institute of Aquatic Biology. Accra

GREECE

Demokritos Nuclear Research Centre. Chemistry Dept.. Athens Department of Chemistry. Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory. Athens Institute of Marine Biology ol Crete. Iraklion. Crete Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki. Faculty of Chemistry. Thessaloniki National Technical University of Athens. Dept. of Chemical Engineering. Athens University of Patras. Research Institute of Chemical Engineering & High Temperature Processes. Palras

HONG KONG :

Roval Ohservalorv. Hon» Kon» Government. Kowloon

HUNGARY :

National Research Institute for Radiobiology & Radiohygiene. Budalbk Central Research Institute for Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Budapest Dept. of Applied Chemistry. Technical University of Budapest. Budapest

INDIA :

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. Health Physics Division. Bombay Environmental Studies Section. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. Bombay

INDONESIA :

Research & Development Centre for Oceanology. Jakarta Centre for the Application of Isotopes & Radiation. Jakarta-Selatan

IRAN:

Radiation Protection Dept.. Atomic Hnergy Organization ol' Iran. Tehran IRAQ:

Nuclear Research Centre, Dept. oi' Ecology, Baghdad

IRELAND:

Nuclear Energy Board, Dublin Physics Dept.. University College. Dublin

ISRAEL :

Israel Océanographie & Limnological Research. Haifa

ITALY :

ENEA, Centro Ricerche Energia e Ambiente S. Teresa. La Spezia ENEA. Centro Ricerche Nucleare del la Trisaia. Rolondella (MT) Insti'uto di Analisi e Tecnologie Farmaceuliche ed. Alimentari, Universita di Genoa. Genoa In.stituto di Geologia Marina, CNR, Bologna Commission of the European Communities. Institute lor the Environment. CEC Joint Research Centre. Ispra Institute) di Ingegneria Nucleare. Polytecnico di Milano, Milan CISE, Milano" " Institute) di Zoologia, Parma Osservatorio Geolïsico del Universita. Modena Institute) di Biologia del Mare, Venezia

JAMAICA :

Regional Coordinating Unit for the Caribbean Environment Programme (UNEP), Kingston

JAPAN

JAE; Research Institute. Te)kai Mura Japan Chemical Analysis Centre, Chiba Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo. Tokyo Institute of Chemistry. University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki Low Level Radioactivity Labe>rate>ry. University of Kanazaw;i

KOREA. REPUBLIC OF:

Chemical Oceanography Laboratory. Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute. Seoul

KUWAIT :

Kuwait Scientific Research Institute. Safal Environmental Protection Dept.. Ministry of Public Health. Salat

LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA :

Tajeiura Research Centre, Tripoli MALAYSIA :

Planning Unit. Nuclear Energy Unit (UTN), Prime Minister's Department. Kajang. Selangor

MEXICO

Universidad Antonoma de Baja California. Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Ensenada BC Laboratorio de Dosimetría y Monitoreo Ambiental. PNLV. Mexico. D.F. Instituto de Investi«. Eléctricas. Mexico CNSNS - Environmental Radiation Surveillance Branch. Mexico Estación de Investigaciones Marinas. Mazatlan Universidad Nacional Autonomade Mexico (UNAM), Mazatlan Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM). Mexico City

MONACO :

Centre Scientifique de Monaco Musée Océanographique

MOROCCO :

Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire. Faculté des Sciences, Rabat Ecole Mohamadia d'Ingénieurs. Rabat Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire. Rabat institut Scientifique des Pêches Maritimes. Casablanca

NETHERLANDS :

Netherlands Energy Research Foundation ECN. Petten Radiochemistry Dept. of the Radiation Research Laboratory. National Institute of Public Health. Bilthoven RIVM - Laboratory for Radiation Research, Bilthoven Netherlands Energy Research Foundation. ECN. Petten Rijksinstituut voor Volksgesondheid en Milieu Hygiene. Bilthoven R1KILT. AE Wageningen" Food Inspection Service. Nijmegen Rijkswaterstaat. Rijswijk

NEW ZEALAND :

Institute for Nuclear Sciences. Lower Hutt

NICARAGUA :

Universidad Autonoma de Nicaragua. Managua

NIGERIA

Centre for Energy Research & Training. Ahmadu Bello University. Kaduna State Nigerian Institute for Oceanography & Marine Research. Lagos

NORWAY :

Institute for Energy Technology. Health & Safety Dept.. Kjeller National Institute for Radiation Hygiene, Oesteras Institut for Marinbiologi og Limnologi, Universiletet I. Oslo. Blindem. Oslo PAKISTAN :

Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH), Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. Islamabad

PANAMA :

University of Panama, Centro de Cieneias del mar y Limnologia. Panama

PAPUA NEW GUINEA:

University of Papua New Guinea, Papua. N.G.

PERU :

Instituto Peruano de Enersia Nuclear. Lima

PHILIPPINES :

Philippine Nuclear Research Institute. Health Physics Research Section. Quezon City Radiological Services Section, National Power Corporation. Bataan

POLAND :

Institute of Oceanology. Polish Academy of Sciences. Sopot Dept. of Radiation Hygiene. Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection. Warsaw Institute for Meteorology & Water Management. Gdynia Dept. of Chemistry, Wyzsza Szkola Polniczo-Pedagocicna w Siedice. Siedice Instytut Chemie Inorganicznej, Metullurgii Pierwiastkow Rzadkich. Politechniki Wroclawskiej. Wroclaw Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection, Depl. of Dosimetry, Warsaw Electrownia Jadrowa Zarnoviec, Osrodek Pomiarow Zewnetrznych, Nadole

PORTUGAL :

Laboratório Nacional de Lngenhariae Tecnologia Industrial (LNETI). Dept. de Protcc. e Segur. Radiol., Sacavem

ROMANIA :

Romanian Marine Research Institute. Radiobiology Unit. Constantza Institute of Atomic Physics, Bucharest Institute of Meteorology & Hydrology, Laboratory for Air Pollution & Environmental Radioactivity. Bucharest Institute for Hygiene & Public Health. Radiation Hygiene Laboratory, Bucharest Institute for Nuclear Power Reactors. Environmental Monitoring Laboratory. Pilesti Polytechnic Institute "Georghe Georghiu-Dej'". Faculty of Chemical Engineering. Bucharest Institute for Nuclear Power Reactors. Colibasi Institute of Physics & Nuclear Engineering. Bucharest Scientific Research Institute of Food Chemistry. Bucharest

SAUDI ARABIA:

The Research Institute. King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. Dhahran SINGAPORE

Geotechnical & Hydraulics Depanment, Port of Singapore Authority Singapore Science Council

SOUTH AFRICA :

University of Cape Town. Dept. of Physics Koeberg Nuclear Power Station. Environmental Survey Laboratory. Melkbosstrand Environmental Studies Sub-division. Isotopes & Radiation Dept., Atomic Energy Corporation. Pretoria Council for Nuclear Safety. Hennopsmeer

SPAIN :

Centra de Investigacion y Desarollo (CS1C), Barcelona Centra de Estiidios Avanzados de Blanes. Blanes (Girona) Servei de Fisica de les Radiacions. Universitat Autonomade Barcelona. Bellaterra (Barcelona) CIEMAT (P.R.Y.M.A.) ED.3, Madrid Instituto de Tecnicas Energeticas. University Polytecnicas de Barcelona Jel'e Seccion Analisis y Medidas. Ciudad Universitaria. Madrid Geotecnia y Cimientos S.A., Coslada (Madrid) University of Madrid, Faculty of Chemical Sciences. Madrid Constjo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Barcelona Laboratory Contox. Madrid

SRI LANKA :

Atomic Energy Authority. Colombo Environmental Study Unit. National Aquatic Resources Agency, Colombo

SWEDEN

Lund University. Radiation Physics Dept.. Lund Institute of Science & Technology. Lund University. Lund Slalcns NaStockholm Swedish Geological Company. Lulea University of Lund. Department of Analytical Chemistry. Lund Uppsala University. Department of Analytical Chemistry. Uppsala

SWITZERLAND :

Institut F.A. Forel. Universite de Geneve. Versoix EAWAG. Abwasserreinigung u. Gewasserschutz. Dubendorf Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen

THAILAND:

Environmental Radiation Pollution Studies Section, Waste Disposal Division, Office of Atomic Energy for Peace, Bangkok Radiation Measurement Division. Office of Atomic Energy for Peace. Bangkok TUNISIA :

lnstitut National Scientifique el Technique d'Occanographie el de Peche. La Gouleite

TURKEY:

C.N.A.E.M., Radyobiyoloji B!.. Istanbul Cekmeee Nuclear Research & Training Centre, Istanbul Technical University of Istanbul, Institute tor Nuclear Energy, Istanbul Karadeniz Teknik Universitesi. Hydrobiology Dept., Trab/on Ege University. Dopl. of Chemistry, Bronova - Izmir

UKRANIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC :

Laboratory of Nuclear Research. Kiev State University, Kiev All-Union Scientific Centre of Radiation Medicine, Medical Academy. Kiev

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS :

Polylechnique Institute. Geological Faculty. Tomsk Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas. Academy of Sciences. Sevastopol V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute, Leningrad

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES :

Higher Environmental Committee. Ministry of Health, Dubai

UNITED KINGDOM :

Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre. Glasgow Ministry of Agriculture. Fisheries & Food (MAFF). Suffolk MAFF. Exeter MAFF. Essex National Radiological Protection Board. Environmental Radioactivity Group. Oxfordshire NRPB. Scottish Centre. Glasgow Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. Merlewood Research Station. Cumbria Environmental & Medical Sciences Division. Harwell Laboratory. Oxfordshire Dept. of Regional Chemist. Public Analyst & Agricultural Analyst. Glasgow Institute of Oceanographic Sciences. Wonnley Central Electricity Generating Board. Scientific & Technical Branch. Kent Institute of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Lancaster Cardiff City Analysts. Cardiff Chemistry Dept., University of Glasgow, Glasgow Dept. of Environmental Science. University of Lancaster. Lancaster Napier Polytechnic of Edinburgh. Edinburgh .Somerset County Council. County Laboratory. Taunlon Humberside County Council Laboratories. Kingston upon Hull Regional Analyst's Laboratory. Edinburgh U.K.A.E.A.. Dounreay Nuclear Power. Caithness Department of Agriculture & Fisheries for Scotland (DAFS). Aberdeen Plymouth Marine Laboratory. Plymouth Dept. of Earth Sciences. University of Liverpool. Liverpool I'NITED STATES Oh" AMERICA :

Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California. Santa Cruz College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Newark Marine Sciences Research Centre. SUNY at Stony Brook, New York College of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon Environmental Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Livermore, CA Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Massachusetts Radiological & Environmental Sciences Lab., Dept. of Energy. Idaho Environmental Sciences Division. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Department of Energy. Analytical Chemistry Division, New York Nuclear Reactor Laboratory, Ohio State University. Columbus Environmental Protection Agency, Montgomery (AL) Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. Wadsworth Centre for Labs & Research. New York Radiological Sciences Institute. Division of Labs. & Research. Albany University of Utah. School of Medicine. Utah Department of Chemistry. University of Arkansas. Arkansas Institute of Environmental Medicine. New York University. New York Department of Radiology. Colorado State University. Colorado US Testing Company. Inc.. Richland (WA) Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Southern California. Los Angeles The Florida State University. Dept. of Oceanography. Tallahassee University of Pitlsburg. Radiochemical Analytical Laboratory. Pittsburg National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST). Office of Standard Reference Materials, Maryland

URUGUAY

SOHMA. Departamento de Oceanografia. Montevideo Catedra de Radioquimica. Facultad de Quimica. Montevideo Laboratorio de Tecnicas Analiticas Nucleares. Montevideo UNESCO. Regional Office for Science and Technology for Latin America and the Caribbean. Montevideo

VENEZUELA

IVIC. Laboratorio de Mineralogia. Caracas Universidad Simon Bolivar, Laboratorio de Fisica Nuclear. Caracas

VIETNAM :

Environmental Radiation Monitoring Laboratory. Vietnam National Atomic Energy Commission. Hanoi Nuclear Research Institute. Lamdons

YUGOSLAVIA :

Rudjer Boskovic Institute. Centre for Marine Research. Rovinj and Zagreb Institute of Medical Research & Occupational Health. Dept. of Radiation Protection, Zagreb Institute of Physics, Novi Sad Nuclear Institute "Jozcf Stefan'", Ljubljana Zavod SRS va varstvo pri delu, Ljubljana Importing Company IRIS. Ljubljana Institute lor Radiology & Physical Therapy, Sarajevo Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Split Visits of Members of the IAEA Board of Governors/Permanent Missions :

H.H. Mr. Cesar C. Solaniito Plenipotentiary Ambassado;. Permanent Representative of the Principality of Monaco to the IAEA H.E. Mr. ML Shenstone Chairman of the IAEA Board of Governors H.H. Mr. A. Carrea Minister. Permanent Mission of Argentina H.E. Mr. S. Ask Minister, Resident Representative of Sweden H.E. Mr. G. Clarke Ambassador. Resident Representative of the UK H.E. Mr. J.R. Hiremalh Ambassador, Permanent Mission of India H.E. Mr. T.A. Mgbokvvere Ambassador. Permanent Mission of Nigeria H.E. Mr. QIN Huasun Ambassador. Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China MrFUJixi Counsellor, Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China Mr. XIA Yunfu Counsellor, Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China Mr. LE Juneu 1~' Secretary. Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China Mr. J. Iljas Scientific Attache, Permanent Mission of Indonesia

His Excellency Mr. C.C. Solamito examining a marine sample during a visit to the laboratory, December 1990.

Visits from IAEA Headquarters and Seibersdorf Laboratory :

Mr. D. Goethel Director of Personnel fADPR), HQ Mr. A. Dona Administrative Officer (DDG-RI). HQ Ms. B. Young Reclassification Officer (ADPR), HQ Mr. K. Rozanski Isotope Hydrology Section (RIPC). HQ Mr. J. Katrycz Records & Communications (ADGS), HQ Mr. R. Ouvrard Radiation Safety Services (NENS), HQ Dr. PR. Danesi Director. Seibersdorf Laboratory

Other Visitors:

Dr. A. Aarkrog Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde. Denmark Dr. O.Aboul Dahab Marine Science Dept., Univ. of Qatar, Doha, Qatar Dr. CM. Adema David Taylor Res. Centre, Maryland. USA Dr. J. Al-Abaychi C/O ROPME, Safat. Kuwait Dr. T.A. AI ban is Univ. of loannina. Department of Chemistry, Greece Dr. D.M. Allison U.K. Ministry of Defense. Bath, UK Dr. R. d'Annucei Argonne National Lab., Washington, D.C.. USA Dr. C. Alzieu IFREMER. Nantes. France Ms. P. Azpeitia Laboratorios Contox, Madrid. Spain Dr. E. Bacci Dipartimenlo di Biologia Ambientale, Univ. di Siena. Italy Dr. S.K. Bailey Napier Polytechnic of Edinburgh. Edinburgh, Scotland Dr. D. Barcelo Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Barcelona, Spain Prof. M.S. Baxter Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre. Glasgow. Scotland Dr. K. Becker Eeole Polytechnique Federate de Lausanne, Switzerland Dr. M. Bernhard ENEA-CREA, Santa Teresa Lab.. Italy Dr. A. Bettencourt Laboratories Nacional de Engenharia e Tecnologia Industrial, Sacavem. Portugal Dr. J.M. Bewers Marine Chemistry Div.. Bedford Inst. of Oceanography. UK Dr. G.S. Bohlander David Taylor Res. Centre, Maryland, USA Dr. R. Bojanowski Polish Academy of Sciences. Sopot. Poland Dr. A. Bologa Institutul Roman de Cercetari Marine, Constantza, Romania Dr. K. Buesseler Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, USA Dr. A. Burahma Environmental Protection Dept.. Safat, Kuwait Dr. R. Capelli Inslituto Analisi e Tecnologie Farmaeeutiche ed Alimeniari. Genova. Italy Dr. R. Cardwell EBASCO ENVIRONMENTAL. Washington, USA Dr. J.C. Caries Laboratoire d'Etude et de Surveillance de 1'Environnemcni (LESE/CEA). Papeete, Tahiti Or. D. Chagot IFREMER, La Tremblade. France Dr. M. Champ Environmental Systems Development. Inc.. Virginia. USA Dr. A. Chazal Section de Surveillance Radiologique, Toulon-Naval. France Dr. R. Chenier Environment Canada, Ontario. Canada Dr. A. Chide Ibe Nigerian Inst. for Oceanography & Marine Res.. Nigeria Prof. A. Cigna ENEA-CRE Saluggia. Italy Mr. S. Civili UNEP, Mediterranean Action Plan. Greece Dr. J.J. Cleary Plymouth Marine Lab., Devon. UK Prof". J.K. Cochran Marine Sciences Res. Centre, Stony Brook, USA Dr. B. Dahl Dept. of Plant Physiology. Univ. of Goteborg. Sweden Dr. I.M. Davies DAFS Marine Lab.. Aberdeen, Scotland Dr. R. Delfanti ENEA-CREA, Santa Teresa Lab.. Italy Dr. W. Dirkx Univ. of Antwerp. Dept. of Chemistry, Wilrijk. Belgium Prof. F. Doumenge Musee Oceanographique, Monaco Dr. E. Duran Philippine Nuclear Res. Inst.. Quezon City. Philippines Dr. C. Ehler Office of Oceanography & Marine Assessment, NO A A. USA Mr. J. Eliecer Cones Permanent Commission to the South Pacific. Colombia Dr. D.A. Evans Virginia Inst. of Marine Sciences, College of William and Mary. Virginia, USA Dr. K. Fen EAWAG, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland Dr. G. Gabrielides FAO, Mediterranean Action Plan. Greece Dr. C. Gaggi Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Universita di Siena. Italy Dr. S. Galasssi Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. Brugherio. Italy Dr. C.P.H. Gibbon Offshore Farms, Devon. UK Dr. P.E. Gibbs Plymouth Marine Lab.. Plymouth. UK Dr. G.P. Glasby New Zealand Oceanographic Inst.. New Zealand Prof. E. Goldberg Scripps Inst. of Oceanography, USA Dr. F. Gonzalez-Farias Mazatlan Marine Station of the National Autonomous Univ. of Mexico. Mexico Dr. G. Gorsky Station Zoologique de Villefranche, France Dr. J.G. Grovhoug Naval Oceans Systems Centre. Hawaii, USA Dr. E. Hamilton Phoenix Res. Lab.. Devon, UK Dr. L. Hansen Univ. of Uppsala, Sweden Dr. M. Harriott Dept. of Chemistry. Queens University of Belfast. Northern Ireland Dr. J.R.W. Harris Plymouth Marine Lab., UK Dr. M.A. Hasan Environmental Protection Dept.. Manama, Bahrain Dr. K.R. Hinga Graduate School of Oceanograhy, Univ. of Rhode Island, USA Dr. E. Holm " Radiation Physics Dept., Lund Univ., Sweden Dr. M. Horvcii Nuclear Chemistry Dept.. Institut "Jozef Stefan", Ljubljana, Yugoslavia Dr. R. Jeffree Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Org., Sydney, Australia Dr. Lj. Jeftic UNEP, Mediterranean Action Plan, Greece Dr. J.A. Jonker Toxicology & Registration, M & T Chemicals, B.V., Vlissingen, The Netherlands Dr. P. Kerrison Naiad Aquatic Environmental Services, Norwich, UK Dr. N. Kubilay MLTU-IMS, Erdemli - Icel, Turkey Prof. G. Kullenberg Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. Paris Dr. R. Laane Ministry of Transport & Public Works, The Hague. The Netherlands Dr. W.J. Langston Plymouth Marine Lab., UK Dr. R.F. Lee Skidaway Inst. of Oceanography, Georgia, USA Prof. U. Lee Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Paris Mr. R. Lomax Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd.. Essex, UK Dr. E. Mandelli Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. Paris Dr. A. Mangini Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Germany Dr. E. Marafante CEC. Inst. for the Environment. Ispra, Italy Dr. CM. Marmenteau Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco Dr. P. Michel IFREMER, Nantes, France Dr. V. Minganti Instituto Analisi e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche e Alimentari, Universita di Genova. Italy Prof. J. Morrison South Pacific Regional Environment Plan, Fidji Dr. D. Mowbray Univ. of Papua New Guinea, Papua New Guinea Dr. C. Munita IPEN/CNEN/SP. Sao Paulo. Brazil Dr. H. Nies Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut, Hamburg, Germany Prof. P. Ocrella Polytechnic of Torino. Italy Mr. E.N. Okemwa Kenya Marine & Fisheries Res. Inst., Kenya Dr. T. Olatunde Ajayi Nigerian Inst. for Oceanography & Marine Res.. Nigeria Dr. C.R. Olsen Oakridge National Lab., Tennessee, USA Dr. B. Ozretic Centre for Marine Res., Rudjer Boskovic Inst.. Rovinj, Yugoslavia Dr. D. Page Bowdoin College, Hydrocarbon Res. Centre. Maine, USA Dr. C. Papucci ENEA-CREA. Santa Teresa Lab., Italy Dr. P. Patel Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay. India Dr. R. Pentreath National Rivers Authority, London, England Dr. H.L. Phelps University, District of Colombia, Wa1 "lington, D.C., USA Ms. L. Piriz IOC-Unesco, Regional Office, Montevideo, Uruguay Mr. P. Portas Basel Convention, Switzerland Dr. G. Poulea National Technical Univ. of Athens, Greece Dr. R. Price Lawrence Livermore National Lab., USA Mr. S. Puskaric Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Rovinj, Yugoslavia Ms. L. Romero CIEMAI, Inst. de Proteccion Radiologica y Medio Ambiente, Madrid, Spain Dr. M.H. Salazar Naval Oceans Systems Centre, San Diego, USA Dr. S.L. Salazar Naval Oceans Systems Centre, San Diego, USA Dr. L Saliba WHO, Mediterranean Action Plan, Greece Dr. P. Schatzberg David Taylor Res. Centre, Maryland, USA Dr. E. Schulte CEC, CEA-CEN Cadarache, France Dr. H. Schweinfurth ICB-Product Safety, Bergkamen, Germany Dr. W. Seinen Research Inst. of Technology, Univ. of Utrecht, The Netherlands Dr. P. Seligman Naval Ocean Systems Centre, San Diego, USA Dr. J. Short Auke Bay Lab., Alaska Fisheries Science Centre, USA Dr. K.W.M. Siu Div. of Chemistry, National Res. Council of Canada. Ottawa, Canada Dr. J. Smith Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Nova Scotia, Canada Dr. N. Spooner Dept. of Biochemistry, Univ. of Liverpool, UK Dr..I.A. Stab lust, for Environmental Studies. Amsterdam. The Netherlands Dr. P.M. Slang CJeoeon Environmental Consultants. San Diego. USA Dr. P. Stegnar Nuclear Chemistry Dept.. lnslitut "Jo/el" Stefan". Ljubljana, Yugoslavia Dr. M. Stephenson California Dept. of Fish and Game. Moss Landing Marine Labs.. California. USA Mr. J. Tanaka World Bank. Environmental Div.. LISA Dr.J.VV. Tas Environmental Toxicology Section, Univ. of Utrechl. The Netherlands Dr.J.E.Thain MAFF. Fisheries Lab.. Essex, UK Dr. l.Tolosa Environmental Chemistry Dept.. C.I.D.-C.S.I.C Barcelona, Spain Dr. A.O. Valkirs Computer Science Corp.. Advanced Technology Div., San Diego. USA Dr. R. Van tier Meulen M & T Chemicals B.V.. Vlissingen. The Netherlands Dr. P. Van Klaveren C.I.E.S.M.. Monaco Dr. A. Veglia Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco Dr. P. Vissoottiviselh lCB-Product Safety. Bergkamen. Germany Dr. T. Wade Geochemieal & Environmental Res.. Texs A & M Univ.. USA Dr. M. Waite MAFF Fisheries Lab.. Essex. UK Dr. M. Waldock MAFF Fisheries Lab.. Essex. UK Dr. D. Woodhead MAFF Fisheries Lab.. Suffolk. UK

Dr. P.F. Penaherrera Sanchez. Ecuador Dr. R. Lange. Germany Prof. S.P. Padolecchia, Malta

Professor F. Doumenge, the new Director of the Oceanographic Museum in Monaco, signing the Visitor's Book, December 1990. DIRECTOR : Dr. A. Walton, Canada (1986-1990) Professor M.S. Baxter, U.K. (1990-)

Director's Secretaries : Ms. S. McManus, U.K. Ms. I. Roggi, France

ADMINISTRATION : ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING Ms. R. Engemann, Germany Mr. D. Maillard, France Ms. M. Collyer, Australia Mr. F. Avaullee, France Ms. D. Fonseca, Spain Mr. J.-L. Pontis. France

LABORATORY SECTIONS : Radioecology Laboratory Head: Dr. S. W. Fowler, U.S.A.

Dr. V. Fabry, U.S.A. Dr. M. Heyraud, France Mr. J. La Rosa, France Dr. J.-C. Miquel, Chile Dr. C. Nolan, Ireland Dr. R. Peinert, Germany Ms. M. Razmjoo, Iran Mr. J.-L. Teyssie, France

Radioveochemistry Laboratory Head: Dr. V.E. Noshkin, U.S.A.

Dr. S. Ballestra, France Dr. J. Gastaud, France Dr. T. Hamilton, Australia Dr. L. Huynh-Ngoc, France Mr. J.-J. Lopez, France Mr. P. Parsi, France Dr. A. Sanchez, Philippines Ms. D. Vas, France

Marine Environmental Studies Laboratory Head: Dr. L.D. Mee, U.K. Mr. T. Barisic, Yugoslavia Ms. C. Cattini, France Mr. M. Danielsen, Iceland Mr. N. Goran, Sweden Ms. S. Henry, U.S.A. Ms. B. Mattens, The Netherlands Mr. M. McCarthy. U.S.A. Dr. B. Oregioni, Italy Dr. J. Readman, U.K. Mr. J.-A. Rodriguez-Solano, Costa Rica DIRECTOR Dr. A. Walton (1986-1990) Prof. M.S. Baxter (1990- )

ADMINISTRATION SECRETARIAT Ms. R. Engemann Ms. S. McManus

Finance/Travel/Personnel Secretary/ Assistant

ENGINEERING & ELECTRONICS Mr. D. Maillard

Electronics/Computer Maintenance Design/Construction

JL _L RADIOECOLOGY RADIOGEOCHEMISTRY MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY LABORATORY STUDIES LABORATORY Dr. S.W. Fowler Dr. V.E. Noshkin Dr. 1 D. Mee

. Vertical Transport . Analytical Quality Assurance . Reference Methods . Bioaccumulation . Methods Development . Instrument Servicing . Training . Training . Non-radioactive Pollution . Training

IAEA-MEL Organization Chart original contains color iflustrations

Acheve d'imprimer sur les presses de I'imprimerie TIPOLITOGMFIA LIGURE Via Sottoconvento, 28/B - 18O39 Ventimiglia (Italia) Imprime en llalie