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190-193 CH6 CO-824133 3/22/04 10:48 AM Page 190 David Cumming/CORBIS Early

The of Jagadambi in Khajuraho, India

2500 B.C. 1500 B.C. 500 B.C. A.D. 500

c. 3000 B.C. c. 1500 B.C. 563 B.C. A.D.320 India’s first The Aryans The Buddha The Gupta civilization invade India is born empire begins begins 190-193 CH6 CO-824133 3/22/04 10:50 AM Page 191

Chapter Overview Visit Chapter Preview jat.glencoe.com for a preview Like ancient Greece, early India was a land of warriors, of Chapter 6. thinkers, and scientists. Read this chapter to find out how ideas from India affect how you do math today. View the Chapter 6 video in the World History: Journey Across Time Video Program. India’s First Civilizations The earliest Indian civilization developed on the Indus River. Later, the Aryans invaded northern India. They changed the government and created a new social system. and India’s two main religions were Hinduism and Buddhism. These two religions affected every aspect of people’s lives. India’s First Empires India had two great empires: the Maurya and the Gupta. The Mauryans helped spread Buddhism throughout Asia. Art and learning flourished during the Gupta empire.

Identifying Make this foldable to help you identify and learn key terms.

Step 1 Stack four sheets Step 2 With Reading and Writing of paper, one on top of the papers still As you read the chapter, the other. On the top stacked, cut write the terms from sheet of paper, draw a out all four Building Your Vocabulary large circle. circles at the in your foldable.Write a same time. definition for each term. Then turn your foldable Step 3 Staple the paper circles together Step 4 Label the over (upside down) to at one point around the edge. front circle as shown write a short sentence and take notes on using each term. the pages that This makes Chapter 6 Staple a circular open to the right. Key here. booklet. Terms

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Vocabulary Building Your Vocabulary What do you do when you are reading and come to a word you do not know? Here are some hints: 1. Use clues in the sentence (called context clues) to help you define it. 2. Look for prefixes, suffixes, or root words that you already know. 3. Look it up in the glossary or a dictionary. 4. Write it down and ask for help with the meaning. Context If you know 5. Guess at its meaning. what the caste system Look at the word Untouchables in the following paragraph. is, it will help you fig- ure out the meaning of Untouchables. Context The “Untouchables” were a “group.” There was one group so low that it was They had a “low” not even part of the caste system. Its rank in society. members were called Pariahs, or the Untouchables. They performed work other Indians thought was too dirty, such as collecting trash, skinning animals, or handling dead bodies. —from page 200

Prefixes and Suffixes Context The fact You might know that the that they performed Read the paragraphs prefix un- means “not” the “dirty” work indi- that appear before and and the suffix -able cates how they were after the word to help means “to be able to.” viewed by others in you understand its You might guess that the Indian society. meaning. meaning of Untouchable is an Indian who was not 192 to be touched by others. 190-193 CH6 CO-824133 3/22/04 10:53 AM Page 193

Defining Words Read to Write Take one word from the What are three things you could do to help you understand vocabulary bookmark the meaning of the word subcontinent in this paragraph? that you make in the Apply It! activity. Find its definition. Then create a cartoon strip. Look at the map below. India Have one of the looks like a diamond hanging from characters in your the bottom of Asia. India is a sub- cartoon strip use the word correctly. continent (SUHB • KAHN • tuhn • uhnt) because even though it is part of Asia, huge mountains make a barrier between India and the rest of Asia. These mountains are the Himalaya (HIH • muh • LAY • uh), the highest mountains in the world. —from page 195

Make a vocabulary bookmark using a 2-inch-wide strip of paper. As you read the chapter, write down words you do not know or want to find out more about. 193 194-201 Ch6 S1-824133 2/29/04 11:50 PM Page 194

India’s First Civilizations

What’s the Connection? Meeting People In India, just as in Egypt and Aryans (AR•ee•uhnz) Mesopotamia, the first civilizations (BRAH•muhns) developed in fertile river valleys. Building Your Vocabulary Focusing on the subcontinent • Climate and geography influenced (SUHB•KAHN•tuhn•uhnt) the rise of India’s first civilization. monsoon (mahn•SOON) (page 195) (SAN•SKRIHT) • The Aryans conquered India and raja (RAH•juh) introduced new ideas and caste (KAST) technology. (page 198) guru (GUR•oo) • The Aryans created a caste system that separated Indians into groups. Reading Strategy (page 199) Organizing Information Complete a diagram like the one below showing Locating Places how the Aryans changed India. Himalaya (HIH muh LAY uh) • • • Major Ways Aryans Changed India Ganges River (GAN•JEEZ) Indus River (IHN•duhs) Harappa (huh•RA•puh) Mohenjo-Daro (moh•HEHN•joh DAHR•oh)

30003000 B..C.. 2000 2000 B..C.. 1000 B.C. Khyber Pass Harappa c. 3000 B.C. c. 1500 B.C. c. 1000 B.C. G anges R. India’s first civilization Aryans Aryans control begins invade northern India India

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The Land of India Indian climate. A monsoon is a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the Climate and geography influenced the opposite direction in summer. The winter rise of India’s first civilization. monsoon brings the cold, dry air of the Reading Focus Do you have tornadoes or hurricanes mountains. The summer monsoon brings where you live? Read to find out how geography and warm, wet air from the , which weather affected India’s first civilization. produces drenching rains. When the monsoon rains begin, many Look at the map below. India looks like farmers celebrate. If the rains come on time a diamond hanging from the bottom of and the rainy season lasts long enough, the Asia. India is a subcontinent (SUHB • KAHN • crop will be good. If the rains are delayed, a tuhn• uhnt) because even though it is part of drought will occur. This extended period Asia, huge mountains make a barrier between India and the rest of Asia. These mountains Geography of India are the Himalaya (HIH • muh • LAY • uh), the highest mountains 70°E KEY KA Winter monsoon in the world. RAK OR (dry winds) Today, there are five nations AM R Summer monsoon A N (wet winds) that occupy the Indian subconti- G nent: India, Pakistan in the E Mountain peak H 30°N northwest, Nepal, Bhutan, and I Mt. Everest . G M 29,035 ft. s R A du N A (8,850 m) Bangladesh in the northeast. n G I ES L PL A Y India has two very fertile AIN A river valleys. Both are fed by the Ganges R. ANCER mountains in the north. When TROPIC OF C the snow in the Himalaya melts, INDIA water flows into the Ganges DECCAN River (GAN • JEEZ) and the Indus N River (IHN•duhs). If the water is PLATEAU controlled, the land near these W E rivers can be used for farming. S Arabian 0 500 mi. The Ganges River runs south Sea of the Himalaya and flows into 0 500 km Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection ° the . The Indus 10 N River empties into the Arabian INDIAN OCEAN Sea. The area around the Indus is called the Indus River valley. South of the river valleys is the The mighty Himalaya and several bodies of dry and hilly Deccan Plateau. The water border the . 1. What two rivers are found in northern India? eastern and western coasts of 2. Based on the area’s geography, what parts of India are lush, fertile plains. the Indian subcontinent do you think are best Monsoons (mahn • SOONZ) suited for settlement? are an important part of the Find NGS online map resources @ www.nationalgeographic.com/maps 194-201 Ch6 S1-824133 3/22/04 12:55 PM Page 196

without rain can be disastrous for farmers. India’s first civilization in the Indus Few crops will be harvested and many River valley began about 3000 B.C. and people will starve. lasted until 1500 B.C. More than a thousand villages and towns were part of this civiliza- India’s First Civilization In earlier chap- tion, which stretched from the Himalaya to ters, you learned about civilizations that the Arabian Sea. We know something about began in river valleys. Indian civilization the way these people lived from studying also began in a river valley. the ruins of two major cities, Harappa The first civilization grew up near the (huh • RA • puh) and Mohenjo-Daro (moh • Indus River. When the summer monsoon HEHN • joh DAHR • oh). The civilization of began, the river rose higher and higher. this time is called the Harappan or Indus When the river flooded nearby land, it left civilization. behind rich, fertile soil. Farmers used the rich soil to grow Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Harappa crops to feed their families. Because people and Mohenjo-Daro were large cities for had a plentiful supply of food, they could their time. The well-planned cities had as spend time doing other things, such as many as 35,000 people. A fortress was built making tools or building houses. As peo- on a brick platform to keep guard over the ple began to trade their extra food and residents. There were wide main streets and goods with other people, their wealth smaller side streets. A wall surrounded grew. This allowed them to build larger each neighborhood, and narrow lanes and larger cities. separated the houses.

Early Indian Civilization

The ruins of Mohenjo-Daro (below) show a carefully planned city. The picture to the right shows a typical house in the city. From what material were most of the houses in Mohenjo-Daro made?

Harappan priest-king Model of oxcart from Mohenjo-Daro Necklace from Mohenjo-Daro

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Most houses had flat roofs and were enclosed in the fortress. This reveals that reli- built with mud bricks that were baked in gion and politics were closely connected. ovens. Some houses were larger than Most Harappans were farmers. They others, but they all had a similar layout. grew rice, wheat, barley, peas, and cotton. There was a courtyard in the middle and City dwellers made copper and bronze smaller rooms around it. tools, clay pottery, and cotton cloth, as well These ancient city dwellers had some as jewelry from gold, shells, and ivory. surprising conveniences. Wells supplied Archaeologists have also found many toys water, and residents even had indoor bath- among the ruins, such as small monkeys that rooms. Wastewater flowed to drains under could be made to climb up a string. the streets, running through pipes to pits It is likely that the Harappans began outside the city walls. Houses also had trading with the Mesopotamians about garbage chutes connected to a bin in the 2300 B.C. Some Harappan sailors followed street. It is likely the city government was the coastline and crossed the Arabian Sea, well organized to be able to provide so and others traveled overland. many services. One item rarely found in the ruins of Harappan cities was weapons. This sug- Harappan Society Because the Harappans gests that the Harappans were not only left no written records, we do not know prosperous but also peaceful. much about their society or government. From the ruins, though, we can tell that the Explain How is India royal palace and the temple were both separated from the rest of Asia?

Roofs were used to dry crops in the sun. The dried crops were then placed in cool storage rooms in the house.

Outer walls of buildings had no windows. This helped prevent the hot summer sun from heating the insides of the house.

Bathrooms had an advanced drainage system. Drains started from houses and joined the main Almost every building had its own well. sewer, which carried the water out of town. Cool water was pulled up when needed. 194-201 Ch6 S1-824133 3/22/04 1:07 PM Page 198

The Aryans Invade Who Were the Aryans? The Aryans lived in central and south central Asia. The Aryans conquered India and intro- Unlike the Harappans, they were hunters duced new ideas and technology. instead of farmers. They also raised and Reading Focus What would your life be like without herded animals. cars or computers? Read to find out how new ideas and Cattle were a prized possession because technology affected the Indians. they provided meat, milk, and butter. Cattle were so important that the Aryans even used The Harappan civilization collapsed them as money. Individual wealth was meas- about 1500 B.C. Historians think that several ured by the number of cattle a person owned. earthquakes and floods damaged the cities. Because they herded animals, Aryans were Then the Indus River changed its course, nomads. After their cattle, sheep, and goats killing many people and forcing others to had grazed a field until it was brown, they flee the area. At the same time, a group of moved on in search of fresh grass and water. people called the Aryans (AR • ee • uhnz) Like many nomads, Aryans were good invaded the river valley. The Aryans warriors. They were expert horse riders and destroyed the Harappan civilization. hunters. They had metal-tipped spears and wooden , which they Aryan Migration 2000–500 B.C. sometimes used to invade nearby villages for food. 50°E9070°E °E After 2000 B.C., the Aryans C Aral a began leaving their home terri- s Sea N p i a tory. They moved in waves, A n m WE S u D and some groups crossed e a S a ry H a S through the mountain passes In U du °N K s R 30 in the Himalaya. They entered U . KEY N D the Indus River valley around H I H I Y A Aryan migration: Harappa M A L A GA 1500 B.C. 2000–1500 B.C. NGES G PLAIN B C B.C. an By 1000 . ., the Aryans 1500–1000 ges R. 1000–500 B.C. Mohenjo-Daro had conquered the Harappans and controlled northern India. 0 500 mi. DECCAN Later, they would move into 0 500 km Lambert Azimuthal Arabian the Deccan Plateau and con- Equal-Area projection Sea PLATEAU Bay of Bengal quer everything except the The Region Today southern tip of India.

° . CHINA 10 N R AFGHAN- s BHUTAN u ISTAN d n G NEPAL N I a A n T ge IS s R K . A The Aryans were nomadic herders who P °N INDIA 20 BANGLADESH eventually controlled much of India. OMAN INDIAN 1. After crossing the mountains, what OCEAN physical feature did the Aryans follow into India? 2. Into what area of southern India did the SRI 70°E LANKA 90°E Aryans travel?

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The Aryans Bring Change When the Society in Ancient India Aryans arrived in India, they no longer lived as nomads. They became farmers but The Aryans created a caste system that continued to raise cattle. Eventually, the separated Indians into groups. Aryans would declare that cattle were Reading Focus Have you ever wondered why some sacred and forbid them to be used as food. people seem to be treated differently than other peo- Because Aryans were skilled ironwork- ple? As you read, try to find out why this idea was accepted in India. ers, they improved farming in India. They invented an iron plow to help clear India’s many jungles and built canals to irrigate. One of the results of invasion They slowly turned the Ganges River val- of India was the development of a caste sys- ley into good farmland. tem. A caste (KAST) is a social group that India’s varied climate supported many someone is born into and cannot change. types of crops. In the north, farmers grew grains such as wheat, barley, and millet. Rice was grown in the river valleys. In the south, there was a mix of crops, including spices such as pepper, ginger, and cinnamon. The Aryans also brought a new lan- guage to India. As nomads, they had no written language, but in India they devel- oped a written language called Sanskrit Development of (SAN• SKRIHT). Now the songs, stories, poems, Sanskrit c. 1500 B.C. and prayers that Aryans had known for many centuries could be written down. Sanskrit was the language of ancient The Aryans were organized into tribes. India. It developed into —the Each tribe was led by a raja (RAH•juh), or most widely used language in India prince. The rajas ran their own small king- today. The earliest example of written doms, which often fought among them- Sanskrit appears in the four —the selves. Rajas fought over cattle and treasure oldest writings of the Hindu religion. and over women kidnapped from other Sanskrit was used until about A.D. 1100. states. These small rival kingdoms existed in India for about a thousand years, from Sanskrit Influences on English Words 1500 B.C. to 400 B.C. Sanskrit English Definition word Definition Analyze Why do you think word A fleet of nomads like the Aryans were great warriors? Nava Ship Naval or navy ships Consisting of Dua Two Dual two parts Divine God; relating to Web Activity Visit jat.glencoe.com and God Divine being a god click on Chapter 6—Student Web Activity to learn more about India.

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A

Today, Untouchables refer to themselves as , which means “oppressed.” Why did the Aryans create the caste system?

EarlyEarly India’sIndia’s Social System Brahmans Priests Warriors, rulers Social Levels of the Caste System Long before the caste system came about, the Vaisyas Common people Aryans believed that society was divided into four classes called varnas. The top two Brahmans (BRAH • muhns) Sudras Unskilled laborers, varnas were and servants Kshatriyas (KSHA • tree • uhs). Brahmans Pariahs Untouchables were the priests—the only people who could perform religious ceremonies. The Kshatriyas were warriors who ran the government and army. A caste dictates what job you will have, On the next level down were the Vaisyas whom you can marry, and with whom you (VYSH • yuhs), or commoners. Vaisyas were can socialize. Thousands and thousands of usually farmers and merchants. Below the castes exist in India. Vaisyas came the Sudras (SOO • druhs). Why was a caste system created? No Sudras were not Aryans. The name Sudra one is sure, but ideas about skin color were comes from the Aryan word for the dark- probably part of it. The Aryans were a light- skinned people who had been conquered. skinned people. They thought they were Sudras were manual laborers and servants better than the dark-skinned people they and had few rights. Most Indians belonged had conquered in India. This idea was to the Sudra caste. wrong, but the Aryans believed it. There was one group so low that it was Another reason the Aryans might have not even part of the caste system. Its members created the caste system was because the were called Pariahs, or the Untouchables. people they had conquered outnumbered They performed work other Indians thought them. The caste system kept groups sepa- was too dirty, such as collecting trash, skin- rate and set the rules for everyone’s ning animals, or handling dead bodies. behavior. This helped the Aryans stay in Life for an Untouchable was very hard. control. Most Indians believed that being near an

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Untouchable was harmful, so they forced In India, parents arranged marriages them to live apart from others. When for their children. Even today, parents Untouchables traveled, they had to tap two arrange 90 percent of marriages in India. sticks together so that everyone would hear Girls often married as young as 13. them coming and have time to move away. Divorce was not allowed, but if a couple could not have children, the husband The Role of Men and Women In ancient could marry a second wife. India, the family was the center of life. One custom shows how the lives of Grandparents, parents, and children all Indian men were considered more impor- lived together in an extended family. The tant than the lives of Indian women. In oldest man in the family was in charge. India, people were cremated or burned Men had many more rights than when they died. When a man from a high- women. Unless there were no sons in a fam- caste family died, his wife was expected to ily, only a man could inherit property. Only leap into the flames. This practice was men could go to school or become priests. called suttee (suh•TEE). If the wife resisted In high-caste families, a boy had a guru and did not kill herself, it was a great (GUR • oo), or teacher, until he went to the shame. Everyone would avoid the woman city for more education. Young men from from then on. these families could marry only when they Identify What were the had finished 12 years of schooling. five major groups in Indian society?

Homework Helper Need help with the material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. Describe the cities of Harappa 5. Contrast How did the Aryan and Mohenjo-Daro. and Harappan lifestyles differ? Review the 2. Why are monsoons important • India’s first civilization, including 6. Explain How did the Aryans to Indian farmers? the cities of Harappa and control the people they Mohenjo-Daro, developed in the Critical Thinking conquered? fertile Indus River valley. 3. Cause and Effect What 7. Descriptive Writing Write caused the collapse of a description of the city of • The Aryans, a group of nomadic Harappan civilization? Harappa or Mohenjo-Daro that could have been used to herders, conquered the northern 4. Cause and Effect Draw a part of India by about 1000 B.C. attract residents to that city diagram to show how the in ancient India. They brought the iron plow and Aryans changed the lifestyle the Sanskrit language to India. of the Indians. 8. Vocabulary Explain how the suffix in the • India’s caste system divided peo- Cause Effect word plentiful can help you ple into rigid social and economic determine its meaning. classes. Ancient Indian society Cause Effect favored men over women. Cause Effect

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Hinduism and Buddhism

What’s the Connection? Building Your Vocabulary Much of Indian civilization is Hinduism (HIHN•doo•IH•zuhm) based on Aryan ideas and culture, Brahman (BRAH•muhn) which you learned about in the last reincarnation section. One of the most important (REE•ihn•kahr•NAY•shuhn) and long-lasting contributions of the (DAHR•muh) Aryans is the main religion of India, (KAHR•muh) Hinduism. Buddhism (BOO•DIH•zuhm) Focusing on the (nihr•VAH •nuh) • Hinduism grew out of the ancient theocracy (thee•AH•kruh•see) beliefs of the Aryans. (page 203) • A new religion, Buddhism, appealed Reading Strategy to many people in India and other Summarizing Information Create parts of Asia. (page 205) a web diagram like the one below. In the ovals, identify major beliefs of Locating Places Hinduism. Nepal (nuh•PAWL) Tibet (tuh•BEHT) Meeting People Hinduism Siddhartha Gautama (sih•DAHR• tuh GOW•tuh•muh) Dalai (DAH•LY LAH•muh)

1500 B..C.. 800 800 B..C.. 100 100 B..C.. NEPAL G c. 1500 B.C. c. 563 B.C. c. 200 B.C. anges R. Aryans bring early The Buddha Buddhism Hindu ideas to India is born in spreads to Sri Lanka Nepal

SRI LANKA

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Hinduism Aryans conquered in India. This mix of beliefs eventually became Hinduism. Hinduism grew out of the ancient beliefs of the Aryans. Early Hinduism Hinduism grew out of the religious customs of many people over Reading Focus Have you ever wondered why most people try to behave properly or do good deeds? As you thousands of years. This might explain why read this section, find out how a Hindu would answer Hinduism has thousands of gods and god- this question. desses. tend to think of all gods and goddesses as different parts of one univer- sal spirit. This universal spirit is called Hinduism (HIHN•doo• IH •zuhm) is one of the oldest religions in the world, and today it Brahman (BRAH•muhn). is the third largest. It began with the religion The search for a universal spirit is of the Aryans, who arrived in India about described in the ancient religious writings known as the (oo • PAH • nih • 1500 B.C. The Aryans believed in many gods and goddesses who controlled the forces of SHADZ). Those writings say that every living nature. We know about Aryan religion from being has a soul that wants to be reunited their ancient hymns and poetry, especially with Brahman and that this happens when their epics, or long poems. a person dies. For centuries, the priests, or Brahmans, The Upanishads describe how a person recited these works, and much later they unites with Brahman: A soul that becomes were written down in Sanskrit. Over the cen- one with Brahman is like a lump of salt turies, Aryan religion changed. It borrowed thrown into water. The lump of salt is gone, some religious ideas from the people the but the water tastes salty. The salt has become part of the water.

What Is Karma? Hindus believe that a soul is not joined to the Brahman immedi- ately after a person dies. Instead, a person must pass through many lives to be united

Hindu temple

Hindus meet to discuss holy writings. What ancient religious writings describe the search for a universal spirit? 203 (l)Robert Harding Picture Library, (r)Borromeo/Art Resource, NY 202-208 Ch6 S2-824133 3/1/04 12:50 AM Page 204

Major Hindu Gods and Goddesses Name Realm creator of the world preserver of the world

Siva destroyer of the world

Ganesha lord of existing beings; remover of obstacles

Krishna teacher of the world

Lakshmi goddess of light, beauty, good fortune, and wealth

Surya god of the sun

Indra king of the gods; ruler of the heavens and sky Siva goddess of knowledge, music, and creative arts

Parvati universal mother

Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva are considered the three main Hindu gods. 1. Which god is known as the “teacher of the world”? with Brahman. On its journey, a soul might 2. Conclude Why does Hinduism have so be reborn into a higher caste. If a person many gods? lived a bad life, he or she might be reborn into a lower caste. This idea of passing through many lives do their duty and live a good life, they will to reach the Brahman is called reincarnation have good karma. This will move them (REE •ihn•kahr•NAY•shuhn). It is very impor- closer to the Brahman in their next life. tant in Hinduism and it influences how How did the belief in reincarnation Hindus live their daily lives. It even affects affect Indians? For one thing, it made them how they treat animals because they con- more accepting of the caste system. People sider all life sacred. believed they had to be happy with their role To earn the reward of a better life in their in life and do the work of their caste. A ded- next life, Hindus believe they must perform icated Hindu believes that the people in a their duty. Dharma (DAHR • muh) is the higher caste are superior and that they are divine law. It requires people to perform the supposed to be on top. The belief in reincar- duties of their caste. A farmer has different nation gave hope to everyone, even servants. duties than a priest and men have different If servants did their duty, they might be duties than women. reborn into a higher caste in their next life. The consequences of how a person lives Explain How is karma are known as karma (KAHR•muh). If Hindus related to reincarnation?

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Buddhism A new religion, Buddhism, appealed to many people in India and other parts of Asia. Reading Focus What do you think makes a person free and happy? Find out how the Buddha answered this important question as you read this section.

By 600 B.C., many Indians began to ques- tion Hindu ideas. The Brahman priests seemed to care only about their temple cere- monies and not about the needs of the peo- ple. Ordinary Hindus wanted a simpler, more spiritual religion. Many would find what they needed in Buddhism (BOO• DIH • This shrine in northern India marks the location zuhm), a new religion founded by Siddhartha where it is believed the Buddha delivered his With what groups of Indians did Gautama (sih•DAHR•tuh GOW•tuh•muh). first sermon. the Buddha’s message become popular?

Who Is the Buddha? Prince Siddhartha Siddhartha spent the rest of his life wan- Gautama was born around 563 B.C. in a dering the countryside and telling people small kingdom near the Himalaya. Today, what he had discovered. His lessons about this area is in southern Nepal (nuh•PAWL). life and the nature of suffering became Siddhartha seemed to have it all. He was known as Buddhism. To his followers, he wealthy and handsome, happily married, became known as the Buddha, or and had a fine new son. Then one day he “Enlightened One.” decided to explore the kingdom beyond the palace walls. As he traveled, he became very What Is Buddhism? To understand the upset. He saw beggars, people who were ill, Buddha’s ideas, one first has to see the world and people broken down by age with no as he did. Like any good Hindu, Siddhartha home and nowhere to go. For the first time, did not think that the normal, everyday he was truly aware of suffering. world was real. Trees, houses, animals, the Then and there, Siddhartha decided to sky, and the oceans were just illusions. So seek an answer to this great riddle: Why did were poverty and sickness, pain and sorrow. people suffer and how could their suffering Siddhartha believed that the only way be cured? He left his family and riches and to find the truth about the world was to began his search. At first he lived like a her- give up all desires. By giving up the desire mit, fasting and sleeping on the hard for fame, the desire for money, and the ground. Siddhartha nearly starved, but he desire for all worldly things, pain and sor- still had no answer to his questions. row would vanish. Then he decided to meditate for as long If a person gave up all desires, he or as it took to get the answer. Legend tells us she would reach nirvana (nihr• VAH • nuh). that Siddhartha sat under a tree to meditate, Nirvana is not a place but a state of wisdom. and after 49 days, he finally understood. It The word nirvana came from the Sanskrit was as if he had seen a great light. word for blowing out a candle flame.

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2. Give up worldly things and don’t harm others. Morality in the 3. Tell the truth, don’t gossip, and don’t Eightfold Path speak badly of others. 4. Don’t commit evil acts, like killing, steal- This passage describes the way a person ing, or living an unclean life. should act according to the Eightfold Path. 5. Do rewarding work. “He avoids the killing of living beings....He avoids 6. Work for good and oppose evil. stealing, and abstains from 7. Make sure your mind keeps your senses [avoids] taking what is not under control. given to him. Only what is 8. Practice meditation as a way of under- given to him he takes, standing reality. waiting till it is given; and One reason the Buddha’s ideas became he lives with a popular was that he did not accept the heart honest and pure.... He avoids lying....He caste system. A person’s place in life speaks the truth, is depended on the person, he thought. The devoted to the truth, Buddha did believe in reincarnation, but reliable, worthy of with a difference. If people wanted to stop confidence, no being reborn into new lives, the Buddha deceiver of men.” said, they would only have to follow his —The Word of the Buddha, Nyanatiloka, trans. Eightfold Path. The Buddha Many people liked the Buddha’s mes- sage, especially Untouchables and low-caste Indians. For the first time, these groups heard that they, too, could reach enlightenment. According to the passage, what is the correct way to accept something? Buddhism in Southeast Asia For more than 40 years, the Buddha preached his ideas. Disciples gathered around him, and after his The heart of the Buddha’s teachings is death, they spread his message all over Asia. contained in the . The As more and more people practiced Four Noble Truths are: Buddhism, disagreements arose about the 1. Life is full of suffering. Buddha’s ideas. Finally, Buddhists split into 2. People suffer because they desire worldly two groups. The first was Theravada things and self-satisfaction. Buddhism. Theravada means “teachings of 3. The way to end suffering is to stop desir- the elders.” It sees the Buddha as a great ing things. teacher, not a god. 4. The only way to stop desiring things is to Buddhist teachers and merchants spread follow the Eightfold Path. the ideas of Theravada to the south and east. The Buddha’s fourth truth says people It was adopted in Ceylon in the should follow eight steps to eliminate suffer- 200s B.C. Ceylon, an island located near the ing. The Buddha’s Eightfold Path was this: southern tip of India, is now called Sri Lanka. 1. Know and understand the Four Noble Theravada Buddhism also became popular Truths. in Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos.

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The Buddha THE BUDDHA C. 563–483 B.C. Siddhartha Gautama—the thinker and teacher who would later be called the Buddha—was born in what is now Nepal. According to legend, his mother had a dream shortly before his birth that was interpreted to mean that her son would become a great leader. The Gautama family belonged to the warrior caste. Siddhartha’s father, Suddhodana, ruled a group called the . His mother, , died shortly after his birth. Siddhartha was very intelligent. According to legend, the young man knew 64 languages and mastered all his studies without needing instruction. At age 29, Siddhartha realized that he wanted to search for truth, enlightenment, and a “Our life is shaped by way to rise above suffering. He left his wife, Yasodhara, our mind; we become and son, Rahula, to study what we think.” with priests. —The Buddha At age 35, Siddhartha is said to have reached full enlightenment while sitting beneath a tree. The Buddha began traveling to teach others about his discoveries and about the nature of life and suffering.

Sculpture of the Buddha sitting on a cobra

What types of present-day occupations often involve traveling to teach others?

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Mahayana Buddhism Buddhism spread northward The second kind of into China and from there to Korea and Buddhism is called Japan. Mahayana Buddhism. A special kind of Mahayana Buddhism It teaches that the developed in central Asia in the country of Buddha is a god who Tibet (tuh•BEHT). There it mixed with Tibet’s came to save people. traditional religion and with Hinduism. Mahayana Buddhists In Tibet, the Buddhist leaders, called believe that following , also led the government. When reli- the Eightfold Path is gious leaders head a government, it is too hard for most peo- A Tibetan monk called a theocracy (thee•AH•kruh•see). The ple in this world. They today (DAH • LY LAH • muh) was the believe that by worshiping the Buddha lama who headed the government, and instead, people will go to a heaven after they the was the lama who led the die. There, they can follow the Eightfold Path religion. Both were considered reincarnations and reach nirvana. of the Buddha. Today, many Buddhists live in countries Mahayana Buddhists also have special like Thailand, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka, affection for the (BOH • dih • but few live in India where the Buddha SUHT • vuhz). Bodhisattvas are the enlight- first preached. ened people who postpone going to heaven. Instead, bodhisattvas have decided to stay Identify How could a on Earth to help others and do good deeds. Buddhist reach nirvana?

Homework Helper Homework HelperVisit msworldhistory.comNeed help with the for material in this section?Homework Visit Helper. jat.glencoe.com What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. What are the Upanishads? 4. Describe Explain the concept Review the 2. What is reincarnation? of karma. • Hinduism is an old religion with Critical Thinking 5. Explain What is the impor- many gods. Hindus believe in tance of the Four Noble Truths 3. Compare and Contrast and the Eightfold Path? reincarnation and that a person’s Draw a chart like the one place in life is determined by his below. Then add details to 6. Analyze How did the belief in or her karma. compare the two main reincarnation both strengthen branches of Buddhism. the divisions in Indian society and provide hope for the lower • In the 500s B.C., Siddhartha classes? Gautama founded the religion Branches of Buddhism Theravada Mahayana 7. Expository Writing Write of Buddhism in northern India. Buddhism Buddhism According to Buddhism, a person a short essay describing who follows the Four Noble Siddhartha Gautama’s Truths and the Eightfold Path journey to enlightenment. can achieve nirvana.

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India’s First Empires

What’s the Connection? Meeting People In the last section, you learned Chandragupta Maurya (CHUHN• about Hinduism and Buddhism. Both druh•GUP•tuh MAH•oor•yuh) religions developed when India was a Asoka (uh•SOH•kuh) land of small kingdoms. These rival Kalidasa (KAH•lih•DAH•suh) kingdoms would be forced to unite, however, when foreigners invaded. Building Your Vocabulary (DY• nuh•stee) Focusing on the (STOO• puh) • The Mauryan dynasty built India’s pilgrim (PIHL•gruhm) first great empire. (page 210) • The Gupta empire reunited much of Reading Strategy northern India and became wealthy Categorizing Information Complete through trade. (page 213) a chart like the one below, identifying • The Mauryan and Gupta empires made the important dates, capital city, and important contributions in literature, government of the Mauryan empire. mathematics, and science. (page 214) Mauryan MauryanEmpire Locating Places Dates Empire Pataliputra DatesCapital City (PAH • tuh • lih • POO • truh) CapitalGovernment City Government

350 B..C.. A..D.1.1 AA..D.350.350

321 B.C. 232 B.C. A.D.320 Pataliputra Chandragupta Mauryan ruler Asoka dies Gupta empire Maurya founds begins Mauryan dynasty

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The Mauryan Dynasty 500s B.C. and made it part of the great Persian Empire. Then, as you have already The Mauryan dynasty built India’s first read, Alexander the Great invaded India in great empire. 327 B.C. Reading Focus Do you think political leaders should Although Alexander’s troops conquered promote religion? How might religion help a king hold northern India, he did not stay long. His sol- his country together? Read to learn why one Indian diers were homesick and tired and threat- emperor decided to support Buddhism. ened to rebel unless he turned back. The invasion did have one important effect, how- India’s princes fought over their small ever. It led to the first great Indian empire. kingdoms for centuries. Then two big inva- sions taught the Indians a lesson. First, the Who Built India’s First Empire? India’s invaded the Indus Valley in the first empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya (CHUHN • druh • GUP • tuh MAH • oor • yuh). Chandragupta Mauryan Empire c. 250 B.C. was an Indian prince who con- quered a large area in the 70°E N Ganges River valley soon after W E Alexander invaded western S India. Alexander’s invasion weakened many of India’s kingdoms. After Alexander left, 90°E 30°N Topra Lalita Patan Chandragupta seized the G (Kathmandu) r a ve Mirath opportunity to conquer and Ri n Nigliva s g u es d R unite almost all of northern n iv I e Rummindi Prayaga r India. Pataliputra He founded the Mauryan Sanchi dynasty in 321 B.C.Adynasty (DY • nuh • stee) is a series of Arabian rulers from the same family. To Sea Bay run his empire, Chandragupta KEY of set up a centralized govern- Pillar inscribed with Bengal Buddhist teachings ment. In a centralized govern- Height of Mauryan 0 300 mi. ment, rulers run everything empire under Asoka 0 300 km from a capital city. To control Azimuthal Equidistant projection 10°N everything from his capital, Pataliputra (PAH • tuh • lih • POO • truh), Chandragupta had to INDIAN The Mauryan dynasty built the OCEAN have a strong army. He also first great Indian empire. needed a good spy system to 1. Where was the Mauryan capital of Pataliputra located? make sure no one was plan- 2. What part of India did the ning to rebel. Communications Mauryans not conquer? were also important, so he set up a postal system.

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This stupa from central India is one of the best-preserved shrines from the 200s B.C. What other type of structure did Indians create to honor the Buddha? The Buddha

Emperor Asoka’s Reign Chandragupta had laborers build thousands of founded the Mauryan dynasty, but many (STOO • puhs). Stupas are Buddhist shrines historians think the empire’s greatest king that have the shape of a dome or mound. was Asoka (uh • SOH • kuh). Asoka ruled Although he was a Buddhist, Asoka from about 273 B.C. to 232 B.C. allowed his Hindu subjects to practice their Asoka was an unusual ruler. Like many religion. His tolerance was unusual for the kings, he was a strong military leader, but time. he came to hate bloodshed. After one With a good road system and a strong bloody fight, he walked over the battlefield. ruler, the empire prospered. India became When he saw the dead and wounded, he the center of a huge trade network that was horrified and made a vow. He would stretched to the Mediterranean Sea. dedicate his life to peace and follow the teachings of the Buddha. The Fall of the Mauryan Empire Asoka Asoka was history’s first great died in 232 B.C. Unfortunately, the kings Buddhist king. He built hospitals for peo- who followed him were not very good lead- ple and for animals, too. He built new ers, and the empire grew weak. roads so it was easier to trade and put These kings made bad decisions that shelters and shade trees along the roads turned the people against them. They forced where travelers could rest. merchants to pay heavy taxes and seized Asoka sent many Buddhist teachers peasants’ crops for themselves. Things were throughout India and the rest of Asia. They so bad that in 183 B.C., the last Mauryan ruler carried the religion to new believers. In India, was killed by one of his own generals. laborers carved the Buddha’s teachings on Summarize Why was stone pillars for people to read. Asoka also Asoka an important ruler?

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EMPEROR ASOKA Reigned c. 273–232 B.C. Emperor Asoka vowed to relieve suffering wherever he Asoka found it. He discovered that Buddhism reflected his new beliefs, so he became a Buddhist. Emperor Asoka had a strong, energetic personality. He began preaching the Buddhist ideas that people should be honest, truthful, and nonviolent. He preached that people should live with toward all humans and animals. Asoka taught by example and tried to live his life with “little sin and many good deeds.” He ordered his government officials to adopt those virtues for their own lives. He also ordered his officials to keep him informed of the needs of the people in his empire. Emperor Asoka regularly visited people in the rural areas of his kingdom and found practical ways to improve their lives. He founded hospitals and supplied medicine. He ordered wells to be dug and trees to be planted along the roads.

Carving from top of pillar created under Asoka

Asoka combined religion and government. Do you think that the two should be combined or kept separate? Explain, providing examples to support your answer.

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The Gupta Empire Gupta Empire c. A.D. 600 The Gupta empire reunited much of ° ° northern India and became wealthy through trade. H 70 E90H E US I ° K 30 N U M Reading Focus What types of products does the D A N I R. L United States trade with other countries? Read to learn H us A d G Y n a A I n how the Gupta empire built its wealth on trade. g es R. For 500 years, India had no strong ruler. Gupta Empire Once again, small kingdoms fought with one another and made life miserable for their subjects. Then, in A.D. 320, one prince INDIA Bay in the Ganges River valley grew more of Bengal powerful than the others. Like an earlier Arabian N ruler, his name was Chandragupta. This Sea W E Chandragupta chose to rule from the old 0 500 mi. S ° capital of the Mauryan empire—Pataliputra. 0 500 km 10 N Azimuthal Equidistant projection INDIAN Chandragupta founded the Gupta dy- OCEAN nasty. When he died, his son, Samudragupta, took over the throne and expanded the Gupta empire in northern India. Soon, the The Guptas controlled much of northern new kingdom dominated almost all of north- India. ern India. The Guptas ruled for about 200 1. What river valleys were found within the borders of the Gupta empire? years. Gupta rulers had one advantage over 2. How does the area of the Gupta empire the earlier Mauryan kings. The empire was compare to that of the Mauryan empire smaller and that made it easier to manage. as shown on the map on page 210? The Gupta empire grew wealthy from trade. Salt, cloth, and iron were common goods traded in India. Indian merchants also Asoka had converted to Buddhism, but traded with China and with kingdoms in the Guptas were Hindus like many of their southeast Asia and the Mediterranean. The subjects. They made Hinduism the official Gupta rulers controlled much of the trade religion and gave money to support Hindu and became very wealthy. They owned silver scholars and Hindu shrines. The shrines they and gold mines and large estates. built to Hindu gods and goddesses inspired Trade created jobs for people in India and Hindus. They often had brightly painted made many people and cities prosperous. sculptures of images from the Upanishads Cities grew up along the trade routes, and and other sacred writings. many people traveled. Some people, called During the Gupta empire, art and science pilgrims (PIHL•gruhms), often used the trade also began to develop. Earlier, you learned routes to travel to a religious shrine or site. that Greece had a golden age of art and learn- Just as cities today make money from ing. India also had a golden age of art and tourism, Indian cities that were famous for learning during the Gupta empire. their temples became wealthy from visiting Explain How did the Gupta pilgrims. empire become wealthy?

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Indian Literature and Science Later, other kinds of literature were also written down. Two epics are very famous in The Mauryan and Gupta empires made India, and Indians today still love to read important contributions in literature, mathematics, them. The first is the (muh • HAH • and science. BAH • ruh • tuh), and the second is the Reading Focus What do you think modern movies, (rah•mah•YAH •nah). Both of these books, and television reveal about our values? As you long poems tell about brave warriors and read, try to see if Indian poetry tells a story about val- their heroic deeds. ues during the Gupta period. The Mahabharata is the longest poem in any written language—about 88,000 verses. Artists, builders, scientists, and writers Historians think several different authors produced many works while the Mauryan wrote it and that it was written down around and Gupta kings ruled. 100 B.C. It describes a great war for control of an Indian kingdom about 1,000 years earlier. India’s Most Famous Poems The Vedas of The best-known section is the Bhagavad India are ancient hymns and prayers for reli- Gita (BAH • guh • VAHD GEE • tuh), or “Song of gious ceremonies. No one is certain how old the Lord.” It is very important in Hindu writ- they are because for a long time they were ings. In it, the god preaches a sermon only recited, not written down. Once Aryan before a battle. He tells his listeners how people came to India and developed noble it is to do one’s duty even when it is Sanskrit, then the Vedas could be recorded. difficult and painful.

The

In the Bhagavad Gita, Arjuna prepares to go into battle. He asks the god Krishna questions about war and death. The following passage is part of Krishna’s answer. “Thou grievest where no grief should be! ...... Painting titled Krishna and Maidens All, that doth live, lives always! ...... The soul that with a strong and constant calm Takes sorrow and takes joy indifferently, Lives in the life undying! —Bhagavadgita, Sir Edwin Arnold, trans.

What does Krishna believe about life after death?

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The Ramayana is another long poem. It was written at about the same time as the Mahabharata. It tells of the great king and his queen (SEE•tuh). Rama’s ene- mies have him banished from the king- dom. He is forced to live as a hermit in the forest. Later, he fights and defeats the demon Ravana, who had kidnapped Sita. The Invention As in many Indian epics, they live happily ever after. of Zero c. A.D. 500 Like the Mahabharata, the Ramayana Early humans contains many religious and moral les- understood the idea sons. Rama is the perfect hero, king, of nothing, but they and son. Sita is the perfect, faithful did not have a symbol wife. However, people enjoyed the to represent that idea. epics for other reasons as well. Like During the Gupta adventure movies of today, these dynasty, Indian poems told thrilling stories about great mathematicians heroes. invented the symbol Other writings from ancient India “0” and connected it have also survived. These are quite with the idea of different from the Mahabharata and The middle dot nothing. The Indians’ Ramayana. One of India’s best-known is the first invention of zero had authors was Kalidasa (KAH • lih • DAH • suh). symbol for zero. a great impact on the He lived during the Gupta dynasty. study of mathematics and science—then Kalidasa wrote plays, poems, love stories, and now. Without the concept of zero, and comedies. His poem The Cloud modern technology, such as computers, Messenger is one of the most popular would not be possible. Sanskrit poems. It is a love story that also contains beautiful descriptions of the mountains, forests, and rivers of northern India. A completely different work is the Panchantantra. It is similar to Aesop’s one of the first scientists known to have fables. In these tales, talking animal char- used algebra. Indian mathematicians acters present lessons about life. Most developed the idea of zero and a symbol Indian literature stresses the importance of to represent it. They also explained the dharma. Each person, regardless of social concept of infinity—something without status, must do his or her duty. an end. Gupta mathematicians created the sym- Indian Math and Science Indian mathe- bols for the numbers 1 to 9 that we use maticians, especially in the Gupta period, today. These number symbols, or numerals, made important contributions. Aryabhata were adopted by Arab traders in the (AHR•yuh•BUHT•uh) was the leading mathe- A.D. 700s. European traders borrowed them matician of the Gupta empire. He was from the Arabs. Use of these numbers

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spread through Europe in the A.D. 1200s, the 500s B.C., Indian thinkers believed that replacing Roman numerals. Today, this the universe was made up of many very system of number symbols is known as tiny particles. They came up with the Hindu-Arabic numerical system. ideas of atoms before the in the Early Indians also invented mathemati- West did. cal algorithms. An algorithm (AHL•gohr•ih• In the field of medicine, Gupta doctors thuhm) is a series of steps that solve a prob- were advanced for their time. They could lem. If you follow the steps, you get the set broken bones and perform operations. right answer. Computer programmers They also invented many medical tools. today often use algorithms to tell comput- An Indian doctor named Shushruta ers what to do. (shoosh • ROO • tah) carried out an early Ancient Indians made important con- form of plastic surgery. He worked to tributions in other scientific fields, espe- restore damaged noses. Indian doctors cially astronomy. They followed and used herbs in treating illnesses.They also mapped movements of planets and stars. believed it was important to remove the They understood that the Earth was round causes of a disease and not just cure the and revolved around the sun. They also disease itself. seem to have understood gravity. Summarize In what Indians developed ideas about what branches of science did ancient Indians make the universe was made of. As early as advances?

Homework Helper Homework HelperVisit msworldhistory.comNeed help with the for material in this section?Homework Visit Helper. jat.glencoe.com What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. Describe trade during the 5. Expository Writing Which of Gupta empire. Review the the Indian emperors described in this section do you think • The Mauryan empire, under lead- 2. What is the message of the Bhagavad Gita? was the greatest ruler? Write a ers such as Chandragupta Maurya short essay explaining your and Asoka, united most of India Critical Thinking choice. for over a hundred years. 3. Organizing Information 6. Math Link Why would the Draw a diagram to show the development of a number sys- The Gupta dynasty reunited contributions of Indian mathe- • tem be important in a civiliza- northern India and grew wealthy maticians during the Mauryan tion that depended on trade? from trade. and Gupta empires. 7. Vocabulary Explain how you could use • During the Mauryan and Gupta Contributions context to determine the empires, the arts and sciences meaning of the word flourished in India. Several great prospered in this sentence. works of literature, including the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, 4. Analyze How were Asoka’s “With a good road system came from this period. Buddhist beliefs reflected in his and a strong ruler, the empire accomplishments as king? prospered.”

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Section India’s First Civilizations

Vocabulary Focusing on the subcontinent • Climate and geography influenced the rise of India’s first civilization. monsoon (page 195) Sanskrit • The Aryans conquered India and introduced new ideas and technology. raja (page 198) caste • The Aryans created a caste system that separated Indians guru into groups. (page 199)

Section Hinduism and Buddhism

Vocabulary Focusing on the Hinduism • Hinduism grew out of the ancient beliefs Brahman of the Aryans. (page 203) reincarnation • A new religion, Buddhism, appealed to many dharma people in India and other parts of Asia. (page 205) karma Buddhism nirvana Ganesha theocracy

Section India’s First Empires

Vocabulary Focusing on the dynasty • The Mauryan dynasty built India’s first great empire. (page 210) stupa • The Gupta empire reunited much of northern India and became wealthy pilgrim through trade. (page 213) • The Mauryan and Gupta empires made important contributions in literature, mathematics, and science. (page 214)

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Review Vocabulary Section 2 • Hinduism and Buddhism 1. Write a paragraph about the basic beliefs 8. From what did Hinduism form? of Buddhism using the following words. 9. Which religion appealed to people in India reincarnation karma dharma and other parts of Asia? Write the vocabulary word that best Section 3 • India’s First Empires completes each sentence. Then write a 10. Which dynasty built India’s first great sentence for each term not chosen. empire? a. stupa e. pilgrim 11. Why was the Gupta empire b. guru f. theocracy important? c. caste g. monsoon d. raja h. dynasty Critical Thinking 2. Each Aryan tribe was led by a ___. 12. Compare How do you think the Eightfold 3. In a ___, government is led by religious Path is similar to the Ten Commandments leaders. of Judaism? 4. A ___ is a line of rulers who belong to the 13. Analyze How does the Mahabharata reflect same family. the ideals of ancient India? 5. A ___ travels to religious places. 14. Explain How did the monsoons affect the development of India’s first Review Main Ideas civilizations? Section 1 • India’s First Civilizations 15. Predict What do you think might have 6. What influenced the rise of India’s first happened if Asoka had approved of the civilizations? slaughter on the battlefield during his 7. What was the purpose of the caste system? wars of conquest?

Vocabulary Building Your Vocabulary

16. Read the following excerpt from page He left his family and riches and began 205. Then explain how context clues his search. At first he lived like can help you determine the meaning a hermit, fasting and sleeping on the of the word hermit. hard ground. Siddhartha nearly starved, but he still had no answer to his questions. To review this skill, see pages 192–193.

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Self-Check Quiz To help you prepare for Geography Skills the Chapter Test, visit jat.glencoe.com Study the map below and answer the follow- ing questions. 17. Human/Environment Interaction Why Using Technology did Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro develop 22. Researching Use the Internet and your so near the Indus River? local library to find information about the 18. Place The winter monsoon winds come caste system today. You may wish to inves- from the northeast. What makes the winds tigate where the system is still practiced from that monsoon cold? and how it affects modern society. You 19. Location Name at least two natural may also wish to research attempts at features that protected Harappa and reforming the caste system and how the Mohenjo-Daro from invaders. system is affected by national law. Prepare a report to share with the class. Early India Building Citizenship Skills 23. Analyzing Information Dharma is the 70°E N 0 500 mi. Hindu idea of duty. Is it important for H W E people in a society to do their duty? Make 0 500 km I Azimuthal Equidistant projection M S a list of duties Americans have today. A L Then write a paragraph explaining why SH ° U A 30 N K Harappa Y those duties are important. U A D IN H R. s u d G n a I n g Mohenjo-Daro es R .

THAR Analyze Arabian DESERT Sea Read the excerpt from the Buddha’s Farewell Address. Then answer the INDIA questions. KEY Indus civilization, “‘Hold fast to the truth as a lamp. Seek sal- c. 1500 B.C. vation alone in the truth. Do not look for assistance to anyone besides yourselves.... Those who, either now or after I am dead, shall be lamps unto themselves . . . holding Read to Write fast to the truth as their lamp, and seeking their salvation in the truth alone . . . it is 20. Persuasive Writing In the Mahabharata, they ...who shall reach the very topmost the god Krishna advises Arjuna, “Get height! But they must be anxious to learn.’” ready for battle without thought of . . . gain and loss, victory and defeat.” Write a —The Teachings of Buddha, The Buddha’s paragraph in which you agree or disagree Farewell Address, compiled by Paul Carus with that advice. 21. Using Your Use the information you recorded in your foldable to create a 24. Why does the Buddha compare the fill-in-the-blank quiz for a classmate. Write truth to a lamp? a paragraph about one of the sections, 25. What quality must people have if they leaving blanks for your classmates to fill want to reach the topmost height? in. Also write an answer key.

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