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Logah FY Et Al...Flood Pulse Ghana J. Sci. 54 (2014), 19 – 32 FLOOD PULSE ALTERATIONS OF SOME RIVER BASINS IN GHANA F.Y. LOGAH*, K. KANKAM-YEBOAH, D. OFORI AND P. GYAU-BOAKYE CSIR- Water Research Institute, P.O. Box M.32, Accra, Ghana. *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Abstract Flood analysis is crucial for designing drainage, managing water quality, assessing the impact on lives and properties among others. The objective of the study was to determine the trends, occurrences and magnitude of floods in Ghana using hydrological data. The study looked at flood phenomenon in Ghana, because flooding has been observed recently as the most common natural hazard in the coun- try. Specifically, the rainfall amounts from selected gauging stations in Ghana and river discharges from the three main river systems namely, Volta (at Bamboi), south western (at Twifu Praso) and the coastal (at Okyereko) river systems in Ghana were considered. Peak streamflows from the se- lected river systems were also analysed. Flood frequencies were derived using the flow duration curve (FDC), and the high flow frequency (return period) determined to support the analysis. The threshold values above which streamflows are peak flow were estimated from the FDC at 90 per cent probabil- ity of non-exceedance for the selected rivers. The results of the analysis showed that increases in the number of occurrence of high streamflows with declining trends of monthly rainfall in the last decade (2000-2010) have been prevalent. This means that rainfall amount is not necessarily the major cause of recent high streamflows (or flood), though there are evidences of direct runoff during rainy season in Ghana. It is, therefore, recommended that as a country, there is the need to improve the drainage systems in the cities, and also provide adequate storage for floods during the rainy seasons. It is fur- ther recommended that flood pulse analysis be carried out on a continuous basis as and when new meteorological and hydrological data is available. Introduction gion) are most vulnerable (Kankam-Yeboah Floods in Ghana have become a major envi- et al., 2011; Kagblor, unpublished). ronmental problem causing loss of lives and Despite the commitment to physical infra- property and displacement of people. Major structural development such as roads, runoff low-lying areas are subjected to severe per- channels and storm drains constructions to ennial flooding which is generally attributed assuage flood effects, the situation never to flaws in drainage design, improper waste gets better. Flooding and flood damage espe- management leading to siltation, and reduc- cially in Accra is a serious issue. (Ludlow, tion in the carrying capacity of drains. Some 2009). Flooding in Accra has become a per- of the major cities in Ghana which have been ennial rainfall ritual that does not receive the severely affected over the years include Ac- needed attention any longer, because various cra, Tamale, Bolgatanga, Sekondi-Takoradi interventions in the past had yielded little and Kumasi. In terms of coastal flooding, ar- results. These interventions may be ad-hoc eas like Ada, Dansoman-Glefe area (Greater measures, because the cause-effects had not Accra) and Agavedzi-Kedzi area (Volta Re- been studied enough to warrant pragmatic 20 GHANA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOL. 54 interventions. Between 1955 and 1997, of the total area of the country (Kankam- an estimated GH¢30,000,000.00 worth of Yeboah et al., 2011) were studied (Fig. 1). properties were destroyed, 100 lives were The Volta system consists of the Black and lost either during the flood period or after White Volta rivers and the Oti river systems. the floods and 10,000 people displaced from These three rivers run through Upper West, their homes (Adinku, 1994). Upper East, Northern Region, parts of the Due to this preventable loss, the Gov- Brong Ahafo, Ashanti, Eastern and Volta ernment of Ghana has implemented major Regions of Ghana. The south-western river projects (since 2000) to improve drainage system includes the Bia, Tano, Ankobra and systems and address the perennial flood- Pra rivers. These cut across parts of Ashanti, ing in the country. Most notable among Eastern, Central and Brong Ahafo Regions them include the Korle Lagoon Ecological of Ghana. Finally, the coastal river system Restoration Project (Afeku, 2005), and the made up of the Ochi-Amissa, Ochi-Nakwa, construction of Odaw river drains at Kwame Ayensu, Densu and Todzie Aka rivers span Nkrumah Circle. In addition, statutory agen- the Greater Accra, parts of the Central, East- cies such as the Ministry of Water Resourc- ern and the Volta Regions of Ghana. es, Works and Housing (MWRWH), City Engineers of Accra Metropolitan Assembly Drainage and Lands Department were established to The total annual runoff from all the three see to the reduction of the effects of flooding river systems in Ghana is estimated to be on life and properties (Nyarko, 2000). 56.4 billion m3 of which 41.6 billion m3 is The specific objective of the study was to accounted for by the Volta river. The mean determine the trends, occurrences and mag- annual runoff from Ghana alone is 38.7 bil- nitude of high streamflows in Ghana using lion m3 which is 68.6 per cent of the total hydro-meteorological data of the three river annual runoff. The Volta, south-western and systems in Ghana. The goals of the study coastal systems contribute 64.7 per cent, were to (i) use the outcome of the analysis 29.2 per cent and 6.1 per cent, respectively, of short-term existing dataset as a tool in of the annual runoff from Ghana (CSIR- predicting preventive, and mitigative ap- WRI, 2000). proaches that would provide better manage- ment options and, (ii) provide scientific data Hydro-meteorological data collection and information to engineers and city plan- Daily mean streamflow data for the period ners for proper design and decision making. 1980–2008 were obtained from the Hydro- logical Service Department (HSD) of the Experimental Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Study area Housing (MWRWH), Accra, Ghana. These The three main river systems in Ghana, i.e. were obtained from two different sources the Volta, south-western and coastal river namely, the CSIR-Water Research Institute systems that cover approximately 70 per cent, (CSIR-WRI) and the Ghana Meteorological 22 per cent, and eight per cent, respectively Agency (GMet) both in Accra. Specifically, VOL. 54 GHANA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 21 Flood analysis L E G E N D 11° The arithmetic mean method was used to International Boundary Catchment Boundary Bolgatanga compute the monthly mean streamflow val- River Lake/Lagoon Regional Capital ues for the river stations for the period 1980 10° Wa – 2008 to determine the monthly flood situa- Tamale tion. On the other hand, the monthly rainfall totals for the period 1980 – 2008 were com- 9° puted for each synoptic station by summing V O L T A B A S I N rainfall values for each month. The mean 8° monthly rainfall for each river system was also computed by calculating the arithmetic Sunyani mean of the monthly rainfall totals from at 7° least three rainfall stations within the river Kumasi SOUTH - WESTERN BASIN system. Table 1 shows the selected river Ho flow and rainfall gauging stations used for 6° Koforidua the analysis. Accra Cape CoastCOASTAL BASIN 5° Filling-in of missing gaps using correlation Sekondi 0 100 Km. coefficient 1° 3° 2° Fig. 1. Main river systems in 0°Ghana 1° Missing gaps in both the rainfall and river discharge data were filled-in using data from the monthly rainfall figures for Accra col- synoptic stations with good correlations. lected from CSIR-WRI and the others (Ta- Missing streamflow figures for Twifu-Praso, ble 1) from GMet were used. Generally, the Okyereko and Bamboi stations were filled- rainfall data were collected for the periods in with flow data from Assin Praso, Oketsew 1980 – 2008. Except for the south-western and Bui, respectively, because they gave river system, due to limited availability of good correlation coefficients. data, rainfall figures for the period 1995 –2008 were used. Extraction of high streamflows and corre- sponding rainfall amounts Two main methods are used in extracting TABLE 1 Selected river flow and rainfall gauging stations of the river systems in Ghana River systems Selected flow and rainfall gauging stations River flow gauging stations Rainfall gauging stations Volta Bamboi and Bui Tamale, Wa, Navrongo, Bole and Kete-krachi South-western Twifu Praso and Assin Praso Oda, Dunkwa-on-Offin and Kumasi Coastal Okyereko and Oketsew Accra, Asamankese and Agona Swedru 22 GHANA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOL. 54 high streamflows from the complete stream- Derivation of river discharge from flow du- flow series; the annual maximum series and ration curve the peak-over-threshold methods (Chow et One of the most informative methods of al., 1988). The former method extracts an- presenting the complete range of river dis- nual maximum streamflow from the com- charges from low flows to flood events is plete flow series, while the latter method de- by the use of FDC. The FDC defines the pends on a specified threshold above which relationship between any given discharge all streamflows are high flows (Willems, value and the percentage of time that this 2007). For long duration streamflow series discharge is equaled or exceeded or not (about 50 years), the annual maximum se- exceeded (Smakhtin, 2001; Mays, 2005). ries method is most widely used. However, Generally, FDCs may either be calculated for short duration streamflow series, the use as follows: (1) On the basis of the whole of the annual maximum flows method leads available record period (Vogel & Fennessey, to a lower number of extreme streamflows 1994), or long-term average annual (Sma- values, which can result in less accurate khtin et al., 1997), or (2) on the basis of all flood analyses.
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