North American Fungi

Volume 5, Number 2, Pages 1-6 Published July 2, 2010

Collema quadrifidum, a new epiphytic species from the Pacific Northwest of the United States.

Daphne Stone¹ and Bruce McCune²

¹30567 Le Bleu Rd., Eugene, OR 97405, USA; ²2082 Cordley Hall, Dept. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2902, USA.

Stone, D., and B. McCune. 2010. quadrifidum, a new epiphytic lichen species from the Pacific Northwest of the United States. North American Fungi 5(2): 1-6. doi: 10.2509/naf2010.005.002 Corresponding author: Daphne Stone, [email protected]. Accepted for publication May 10, 2010. http://pnwfungi.org Copyright © 2010 Pacific Northwest Fungi Project. All rights reserved.

Abstract: A new species, Collema quadrifidum, is described from the Pacific Northwest. This small, foliose species has distinctive square, 4-celled spores.

Keywords: Collema occultatum, , lichenized fungi, Quercus garryana, epiphyte, Oregon, Siskiyou Mountains.

Introduction: The genus Collema is well based on location in a narrow habitat. Other represented in the wet, moderate climate of the species are known to have a broad geographic Pacific Northwest (Brodo et al. 2001, Goward et range. al. 1994, McCune and Geiser 2009), yet because of the difficulty in identification, the species have The authors collected this tiny species while not been fully explored. Collema species produce surveying oak woodlands in southern Oregon. On no lichen acids and many of their characters are first collecting it, we thought it might be young highly plastic. Often species determination is thalli of Collema nigrescens, which frequently 2 Stone & McCune. Collema quadrifidum, a new epiphytic lichen. North American Fungi 5(2):1-6 grows adjacent to it on the oaks, but once we June 2004, McCune 27442 (OSC); Josephine Co., observed the square spores, we realized it might east of Murphy, on ridge in small grassy opening be an undescribed species. Several other small, in Douglas fir forest, on Quercus garryana, 652 square-spored species have been described, but m, 42°18'32.4" N, 123°14'13.7" W, July 2002, this one has characters that set it apart from Stone 5384 (OSC); Jackson Co., east of Ashland, them. south of Buckhorn Springs, oak forest on steep hillside above creek on Quercus garryana, 921 Materials and Methods: Collections from BG, m, 42º5'29.264"N, 122º31'52.899"W, June 2002, ASU, LISU and our personal herbaria were Emerson CJE1009 (OSC); CALIFORNIA, Trinity examined. Material was studied using standard Co., north of Weaverville, across creek from East light microscopy. Lichen nomenclature follows Weaver Creek Campground, on Quercus Esslinger (2007). garryana on dry hillside savanna, 820 m, 40º46'16.32"N, 122º55'20.99"W, July 2008, Results Stone 7528.2 (OSC). CANADA, BRITISH COLUMBIA, Saltspring Island S, W of summit of COLLEMA QUADRIFIDUM D. F. Stone & Mt. Tuam. 48º 43.8' N, 123º 29.6' W, 480-500m, McCune sp. nov. (Figs. 1-6) on trunk of Quercus garryana, October 2000, Tønsberg 28842 (BG). Thallus foliaceus, insolitus, ad 3.5 mm, atro- brunneus ad olivaceus; lobi rotundati, ad 1.5 The new species is named after its distinctive mm lati, circa 225 µm crassi, margine square spores. incrassato. Hyphae medullae longae, laxae, cyanobacteriorum () catenae. Isidia MYCOBANK NUMBER: MB516785 sorediaque deficientia. Apothecia vulgaria, ad initium immersa, elevatescentia, ad 0.6 mm Thallus: Foliose, to about 3.5 mm diameter; lata, discus rufus. Excipulum proprium lobes irregular, olive in shady habitats to dark subparaplectenchymaticum. Asci octo-spori; brown or black in exposed situations (Figs.1-2). sporae quartarum cellarum aequarum Lobe edges rounded, to 1.5 mm wide, about 225 rotundatarumque, forma quadrata, 12.5 x 12.5 µm thick, thicker and rounded on the margin. µm, duobus parietibus septatis Thallus with an overall strong eggshell-textured perpendicularibus; incoloratae. surface at 40x, with parts that appear stretched and nearly smooth. Medulla of long loose hyphae HOLOTYPE: U. S. A., OREGON, Douglas and chains of cyanobacteria with a lot of County: Bushnell-Irwin Rocks ACEC, Coast noncellular gelatinous space between. Photobiont Range, 12 km W of Winston. Grassy ridges and chains of the cyanobacterium Nostoc. Isidia and slopes with conglomerate outcrops; scattered soredia lacking. Quercus garryana, Arbutus menziesii, and Pseudotsuga menziesii; on Q. garryana at 600 Apothecia common, initially sunken, becoming m, 43.12400ºN, -123.56100ºW, December 2006, partially immersed with thalline margins raised McCune 28536 (OSC). above the thallus to broadly adnate margins; apothecia to approximately 0.6 mm wide, disk ISOTYPES: US, UPS. reddish brown. The proper margin is subparaplectenchymatous (Fig. 5 and Fig. 7). OTHER SPECIMENS: U. S. A., OREGON, Spores 8 per ascus, of 4 cells making a squarish Umatilla Co., confluence of North Fork and South shape 12.5 – 15 µm broad and long, with two Fork Umatilla River, on Populus trichocarpa in perpendicular septa dividing the spore into (2-3)- riparian forest, 708 m, 45º43.51' N, 118º11.28' W, 4 roughly equal cells, colorless (Fig.3). Habitat: Collema quadrifidum is epiphytic, on Range: The known range so far includes coastal bark of Quercus garryana Newb. trees in oak British Columbia; the inland side of the Coast savanna. It typically occurs on open grassy Range and Siskiyou Mountains of southern hillsides and ridges where soils are thin and Oregon south into the Trinity Mountains of annual grasses and mosses dominate. In eastern northern California; east to the Blue Mountains Oregon, it is epiphytic on the boles of large of northeastern Oregon; at elevations between Populus balsamifera L. ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & 480 and 920 meters. A. Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw trees in a riparian area. Stone & McCune. Collema quadrifidum, a new epiphytic lichen. North American Fungi 5(2):1-6 3

Discussion: Collema quadrifidum could be Brodo, I.M, S. D. Sharnoff, and S. Sharnoff. confused with several other small epiphytic 2001. of North America. Yale University species of Collema that have abundant apothecia Press, New Haven and London. (Table 1). The species C. ceraniscum, C. multipunctatum and C. laevisporum are not Degelius, G. 1954. The lichen genus Collema in found in the Pacific Northwest, and have Europe: Morphology, , Ecology. submuriform spores (Degelius 1954, Degelius Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis 13(2): 1-499. 1974, Swinscow & Krog 1986). Collema conglomeratum is a foliose to subcrustose Degelius, G. 1974. The lichen genus Collema species with 2-celled spores. Collema occultatum with special reference to the extra-European has subfoliose to subcrustose lobes and the species. Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis. 20(2). spores are usually rectangular with three 1-215. transverse septa and one or two longitudinal septa (Degelius 1954). Collema occultatum var. Esslinger, T. L. 2007. A cumulative checklist for populinum is known from Alabama, Arizona, and the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied California (Degelius 1974) and is separated from fungi of the continental United States and the typical variety having definite lobes (Degelius Canada. North Dakota State University: 1954). Unlike C. quadrifidum, however, the cell http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/esslinge/c walls of its spores are irregularly thickened so hcklst/chcklst7.htm (First Posted 1 December they fill in spaces between the rounded cells, 1997, Most Recent Update 27 August, 2009), giving the spores their rectangular shape Fargo, North Dakota. (Degelius 1954; Table 1). The proper margin in C. occultatum is euparaplectenchymatous. Collema Goward, T., B. McCune, and D. Meidinger. 1994. calliobotrys is crustose with many immersed The Lichens of British Columbia. Part 1. Foliose apothecia with a euthyplectenchymatous proper and Squamulose Species. British Columbia exciple. Its distribution in North America is in the Ministry of Forests. Crown Publications Inc., southern United States (Degelius 1974). Victoria, B.C.

Acknowledgements: We thank Clint Emerson, McCune, B. and L. Geiser. 2009. Macrolichens Palmira Carvalho (LISU), ASU and BG for of the Pacific Northwest, 2nd Edition. Oregon sharing material of Collema occultatum and State University Press. Corvallis, Oregon. related species. Swinscow, T. D. V. & H. Krog. 1986. A new Literature Cited: species in the genus Collema from east Africa. Ahti, T., Editor. 1990. William Nylander's Lichenologist 18(1): 63-70. Collected Lichenological Papers. Vol. I: doi:10.1017/S0024282986000087 Introduction and Lichenological Papers 1852- 1862. J. Cramer, Stuttgart & Berlin. 4 Stone & McCune. Collema quadrifidum, a new epiphytic lichen. North American Fungi 5(2):1-6

Figs. 1-6, Collema quadrifidum. 1. Habit (McCune 28536); scale bar is 1 mm. 2. Habit, shade form (Stone 6959.1); scale bar is 1 mm. 3. Ascospores (McCune 28536). 4. Section of apothecium (McCune 28536). 5. Proper exciple (McCune 28536). 6. Ascus (McCune 27442). Stone & McCune. Collema quadrifidum, a new epiphytic lichen. North American Fungi 5(2):1-6 5

Fig. 7. The three types of proper margins in Collema, after Degelius 1954 and Swinscow & Krog 1986. 6

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Collema species spore shape spore sketch spore size, # spores/ thallus lobe form range proper apothecia = 10µ µm ascus diameter margin

calliobotrys square to ellipsoid 10.5-17 x 8 to 5 cm or indistinctly USA: southern states T numerous and Tuck. 2-3 transv., 8.5-13 more lobate, crustose India, Nepal, Africa, S. dense, 1-long. 8-celled to subfoliose America immersed or depressed

ceraniscum Nyl. submuriform 20-36 x 2 - 4 3 cm or subfoliose to circumpolar arctic, S to E usually 13-22 more foliose alpine in Europe abundant, cover thallus, sessile

North American Fungi 5(2):1 or on apices

.

coccophyllum cubic or globose* 10-13 x 8 to 2 cm crustose, not Asia including India E numerous and Nyl. 8.5-10.5 lobate, but dense, adnate or sometimes sessile with cushion-like constricted base

conglomeratum narrowly fusiform, (13)15- 8 2 - 10 mm subcrustose to southern Europe, North T dominate thallus Hoffm. acute ends 24(26) x or more foliose America, Asia a new epiphytic lichen 2-celled 3-4.5 (6)

laevisporum rounded square to 15-22 x 8 lobes to 1 hardly apparent, east Africa S to E numerous, Swinscow & rectangular 10-15 mm small, irregular densely Krog lobes clustered

multipunctatum strongly square to 12-17 x 8 to 2.5 cm crustose to southern Europe, N. T to S crowded, Degel. rectangular, 6.5-13 subfoliose, Africa to E immersed to

Collema quadrifidum, submuriform pulvinate subglobose

occultatum rounded 13-22 x 8 to 3 mm subcrustose to USA: Pacific Northwest T sessile or on Bagl. rectangular 9-15 diameter subfoliose to New England, CA to apices, AZ; Europe, sometimes Scandinavia, Russia dominate thallus

quadrifidum rounded-square, 12.5-15 x 8 to 3.5 mm minute foliose USA: Pacific Northwest S usually present, Stone & McCune. Daphne Stone & 4-celled 12.5-15 not crowded McCune

Table 1. Comparison of characters of small Collema species. Sketches after Degelius 1954, Degelius 1974, Swinscow & Krog 1986 and Nylander 1852-1862 (Ahti 1990). Proper margins: E = euparaplectenchymatous, T = euthyplectenchymatous, S = subparaplectenchymatous. * Nylander's

6 illustration shown but Degelius (1974) described it as cubic or subglobose to subglobose. We have not seen authentic material.