January 1965

Information Service

January 1965

Material contributed by DROSOPHILA WORKERS

and arranged by E. NOVITSKI

Material presented here should not be used in publications without the consent of the author.

Prepared at the DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF OREGON EUGENE, OREGON DROSOPHILA INFORMATION SERVICE

Number 40

January 1965 (Issued in 1,100 Copies) 40:2 Table of Contents DIS 40

D. melanogaster stock lists Brazil United States Curitiba ...... 3534 Ames, Iowa. ...... 34: 9 Prto Alegre ...... 36:15 Ames, Iowa (Genetics) ...... 38: 9 So Paulo ...... 34:63 Amherst, Mass ...... 40: 9 Canada Austin, Texas ...... 35: 6 Toronto, Ont ...... 36:16 Baltimore, Md ...... 36: 9 Vancouver, B.0 ...... 36:16 Berkeley, Calif ...... 37:21 Chile ...... 40:24 Buffalo, N. Y ...... 35: 8 Colombia ...... 36:17 Carbondale, Ill ...... 40:11 Czechoslovakia ...... 38:20

Chapel Hill, N.0 ...... 37:22 Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37:30 Chicago, Ill ...... 40:15 Finland ...... 40:20 Cleveland, Ohio (Fenn Coll.) ..... 38:13 France Cleveland, Ohio (West. Res.) ..... 37:24 Clermont-Ferrand ...... 38:21 Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y ...... 37:25 Gif-sur-Yvette ...... 37:31 De Kalb, Ill ...... 37:26 Lyon (Rhne) ...... 40:19 Detroit, Mich ...... 37:26 Strasbourg ...... 37:33 Duarte, Calif ...... 38:19 Germany

East Lansing, Mich. (Agr. Chem) . . . 34:12 Berlin-Buch ...... 37:31

East Lansing, Mich. (Zoology) . . . . 40:18 Berlin-Dahlem ...... 37:32 Emporia, Kansas ...... 40:18 G$ttingen ...... 35:35 Gainesville, Fla ...... 34:13 Hamburg ...... 37:32

Johnson City, Tenn . . . . . . . . . . 38:13 Heidelberg ...... 37:33 Lafayette, Ind ...... 35:11 Karlsruhe ...... 34:33

Lawrence, Kansas ...... 35:11 Marburg Kahn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34:33 Le Mars, Iowa ...... 36:12 Mariensee ...... 37:33 Lexington, Ky ...... 38:10 Miinster/Westf ...... 40:24

Lincoln, Neb ...... 40:18 TUbingen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40:24

Long Beach, Calif ...... 38:12 Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34:35 Los Angeles, Calif ...... 34:14 Great Britain Madison, Wis. (Genetics) ...... 40:13 Bayfordbury ...... 40:2 5

Madison, Wis. (Zoology) ...... 40:12 Birmingham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37:33 Minneapolis, Minn ...... 35:11 Cambridge ...... 37:34 New Brunswick, N. Y ...... 37:27 Edinburgh ...... 37:34 New Haven, Conn. (Biology) ...... 40:14 Glasgow ...... 35:36 New York, N. Y...... 34:26 Harwell, Berks ...... 35:37 Norman, Oklahoma ...... 34:15 Keele ...... 37:35 Oak Ridge, Tenn ...... 38:14 Leicester ...... 37:36

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37:36 Oxford, Ohio ...... 37:27 London . Pasadena, Calif ...... 37: 9 Manchester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37:36 Philadelphia, Pa...... 35:17 Sheffield ...... 34:37 Pittsburgh, Pa ...... 37:28 Greece Rochester, N. Y ...... 40:16 Athens ...... 37:36 38:20 Salt Lake City, Utah (Genetics) . . . 36:14 Thessaloniki ......

Salt Lake City, Utah (Surgery). . . . 34:26 India Stony Brook, N. Y ...... 40:17 Calcutta (1.5.1.) ...... 34:37 Syracuse, N. Y...... 40:17 Calcutta (U. of Cal.) ...... 38:21 Tucson, Ariz ...... 35:32 Hyderabad ...... 37:37 University Park, Pa ...... 34:27 Kalyani, West Bengal ...... 40:22 Urbana, Ill. (Genetics - Psychology) 40:11 New Delhi ...... 40:25 Waltham, Mass ...... 38:10 Varanasi ...... 40:22 Foreign Vepery, Madras ...... 40:23 Argentina ...... 40:27 Israel ...... 37:38 Australia Italy Adelaide ...... 36:14 Milano. ...... 37:39 Brisbane ...... 35:34 Naples (U. of Naples) ...... 40:19 Hobart ...... 40:23 Naples (mt. Lab) ...... 38:21 Melbourne ...... 34:28 Pavia ...... 34:39

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40:26 Sydney ...... 40:19 Roma . . . Austria ...... 35:34 Japan Belgium ...... 37:29 Anzyo, Aichi ...... 36:28 January 1965 Table of Contents 40:3

Chiba-shi ...... 34:40 Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40:34 Hiroshima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35:38 Brazil Kyoto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36:28 Prto Alegre . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36:46

Misima ...... 34:42 Sao Paulo ...... 40:31 Mitako, Tokyo . . . . . . . . . . . . 36:29 Canada ...... 34:63 Osaka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34:43 Chili ...... 40:32 Sapporo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37:41 Colombia ...... 37:59

Tokyo ...... 34:44 Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40:33 Korea France

Kongju ...... 34:45 Cif-sur-Yvette ...... 38:27 Kwangju . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40:21 Lyon (Rhne) ...... 40:31

Seoul, (Chungang U.) ...... 37:41 Germany

Seoul, (National U.) ...... 37:42 Berlin-Buch ...... 37:60

Seoul, (Sung Kyun-Kwan U.) ..... 36:31 Berlin-Dahlem ...... 40:33 34:64 Seoul, (Yonsli U.) ...... 37:42 Marburg ...... Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38:22 Tibingen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40:34 Netherlands Great Britain Groningen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37:44 Bayfordbury, Herts ...... 40:32 Edinburgh Leiden ...... 38:23 ...... 37:60

Utrecht ...... 38:24 London . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40:30

New Zealand ...... 37:44 Sheffield ...... 34:65

Nigeria ...... 38:21 Greece ...... 37:61 Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40:27 India

Spain ...... 35:41 Calcutta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38:27 South Africa Chandigarh, Punjab . . . . . . . . . . 40:33

Johannesburg ...... 36:33 Kalyari, West Bengal ...... 40:34

Pretoria ...... 36:34 Varanas ...... 40:33 Sweden Israel ...... 37:61 Stockholm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37:45 Italy

Uppsala ...... 36:34 Milano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37:61

United Arab Republic ...... 34:47 Napoli ...... 38:27 Other Drosophila Species Stock Lists Japan United States Anzyo, Aichi ...... 37:61 Ames, Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34:56 Misima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34:66

Amherst, Mass ...... 37:54 Osaka ...... 40:31

Baltimore, Md ...... 40:28 Sapporo ...... 40:32

Chicago, Ill ...... 40:28 Tokyo ...... 36:49

Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y ...... 37:55 Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40:32

Dayton, 0 ...... 34:57 Netherlands

DeKalb, Ill ...... 37:55 Groningen ...... 37:62 East Lansing, Mich . . . . . . . . . . 40:29 Utrecht ...... 38:27

Lexington, Ky ...... 4O:29 South Africa ...... 36:50

Lincoln, Neb ...... 37:55 Spain

Los Angeles, Calif ...... 36:42 Barcelona ...... 37:62

New Haven, Conn ...... 38:26 Madrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38:27

New York, N.Y ...... 40:29

Oxford, 0 ...... 37:57

Pasadena, Calif ...... 34:59 Philadelphia, Pa . . . . . . . . . . . 36:44 Pittsburgh, Pa . . . . . . . . . . . . 35:48 Raleigh, N.0 ...... 37:57 New Mutants. Reports of: Richmond, Va ...... 37:57 P. T. Ives ...... 40:35 Rochester, N.Y . . . . . . . . . . . . 35:48 B. H. Judd ...... 40:35 Syracuse, N.Y ...... 40:28 Kalyani University ...... 40:35 St. Louis, Mo ...... 40:30 G. H. Mickey ...... 40:35 Tucson, Ariz ...... 34:61 H. J. Muller ...... 40:35 Waltham, Mass ...... 38:26 H. L. Plaine and Sr. M. B. Aubele. . 40:36 Foreign J. B. Spofford ...... 40:36 Australia R. H. Valencia ...... 40:36 Melbourne ...... 34:62 0. Hess and M. M. Green . . . . . . . . 40:37 Sydney ...... 40:31 A. Pentzos-Daponte ...... 40:39 Austria ...... 34:62 40:4 Table of Contents DIS 40

Research Notes Abrahamson, S. & Meyer, H. U. Use of Minute to facilitate studies of mutations in second chromosomes ...... 40 : 95 Ayala, F. J. Development of incipient sexual isolation between laboratory populations. 40: 75 Ayala, F. J. Improvement of fitness in experimental populations ...... 40: 75 Baker, W. K. A method for the developmental timing of the pattern of variegation . . . 40: 61 Banks, J. L. Surface sterilization of D. melanogaster eggs ...... 40: 55 Barigozzi, C. New data of the transmission of Freckled ...... 40: 64 Barker, J. S. F. A new parasite of laboratory Drosophila ...... 40: 66 Bateman, A. J. ND of chromosome 2, production of iso's and reconstitution of normals from iso's by X-irradiation of 99 ...... 40: 79 Bateman, A. J. X-irradiation of heterozygous attached-X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40: 79 Bateman, A. J. An attempt to induce ND of chromosome 2 by X-raying dc ...... 40: 78 Bochnig, V., Belitz, H. J. and Nthe1, H, Increase in frequency of a detrimental in a laboratory wild stock ...... 40: 45 Brosseau, C. E., Jr. Somatic pairing in structural heterozygotes ...... 40: 71 Brosseau, C. S., Jr. The sequence of loci on BSY y + and yY ...... 40: 71 Browning, L. S. & Altenburg, E. A comparison ot the sterilizing effect of X-rays, quinacrine mustard and azaserine on Drosophila males ...... 4 0: 83 53 Carmody, C. Two unusual strains of the D. willistoni sibling species group ...... 40: Di Pasquale, A. & Zambruni, L. Further data on the manifestation of the "brown spots" character of D.melanogaster ...... 40: 80 Edwards, J. W. & Simmons, J. R. Optic asymmetry and absence of somatic crossing over 86 i n D. melanogaster ...... 40: Fedoroff, N. V. & Milkman, R. D. Induction of puffs in Drosophila salivary chromosomes by amino acids ...... 40: 48 Fujii, S., Kanehisa, T. & Ohnishi, M. On protein analysis in a tumor strain...... 40: 66 Fujii, S., Kanehisa, T. & Ohnishi, M. Biochemical analysis of "Freckled-type melanotic tumor" inducible fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40: 45 Gfeller, S. M. David The action of an autosomal modifier on the pteridine of the mutant, white-blood ( wbl) ...... 40: 77 Glassman, E. & Keller, E. C., Jr. The maternal effect of ma-l + : the effect of hypoxanthine; the effect of lxd ...... 40: 92 Glassman, S. Interaction of ma-i and lxd in the synthesis of pyridoxal oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase ...... 40: 93 Gregg, T. S Day, J. A further note on ovoviviparity in Drosophila . . . . . . . . . . . 40: 85 Gugler, H. D., Kaplan, W. D. & Kidd, K. The displacement of first-mating by second- mating sperm in the storage organs of the female ...... 40 : 65 Halfer, C. Different degree of compatibility in several stocks of D. melanogaster tested with ovary grafting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40: 89 Hess, 0. Mutation and localization studies in the Y chromosome of D. hydei ...... 40: 41 Hiraizumi, Y. & Nakazima, K. SD in a natural population of D. melanogaster in Japan. . 40: 72 Hochman, B. A note on the salivary chromosome 4 in D. melanogaster ...... 40: 67 Holt, T. K. H. & Berendes, H. D. Experimental puffs in D. hydei polytene chromosomes, induced by temperature shocks ...... 40 : 59 Kaneko, A. Differences in the shape of spermatheca of robusta group species in Japan ...... 40: 40 Kessler, S. Mating speed and mating' preference in two species of Drosophila ...... 40: 55 Kikkawa, H. An electrophoretic analysis of amylase gene in D. simulans ...... 40: 72 Kim, K. W. Chromosomal studies of Korean Drosophila species ...... 40: 69 Kitagawa, 0. Heterozygous effect of induced recessive lethals accumulated on second chromosomes of D. melanogaster ...... 40: 55 Kojima, K. & Dalebroux, M. A procedure for analyzing three-point test data when one gene shows low penetrance ...... 40 : 49 45 Krimbas, C. B. Further data on inversion polymorphism of D. subobscura in Greece . . . 40: Lee, W. R. A modified "Maxy" stock that produces only females of the proper type . . . 40: 63 Levine, L. & Kessler, S. Use of the Drosophila maze to study rate of activity . . . . . 40: 61 Lucchesi., J. C. The influence of heterochrornatin on crossing over in ring/rod heterozygotes of D. melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40: 58 Lucchesi, J. C., Mills, S. and Rosenbleeth, R. Relative frequencies of induced TM and RA compound X chromosomes in D. melanogaster females ...... 40: 57 Makino, S., Momma, E., Kaneko, A., Tokumitsu, T., & Shima, T. Drosophiiidae from seven localities in Hokkaido and Aomori prefecture, summer in 1964...... 40: 46 Malich, C. W. & Binnard, R. Observations on Drosophila given a high dose of protons. . 40: 73 January 1965 Table of Contents 40:5

Mather, W. B. The metaphase chromosomes of D. rubida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40: 66

Mazar Barnett, B. K. de. Recessive lethals induced in sperm by X-rays, alkylating S agents and combinations of both . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40: 74 Mazar Barnett, B. K. de. Extreme variability in oviposition rate . . . . . . . . . . . . 40: 74 Meyer, C. F. A reliable cytological method for classification of Drosophila species . 40: 80 Meyer, H. U. & Temin, R. G. A recessive suppressor of Curly found in a third chromosome from a natural population of D. melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40: 62 Miller, D. D., Sulerud, R. L., & Westphal, N. Determinations of D. athabasca Y chro-

mosome types from new localities ...... 40: 47

Mittler, S. AET and radiation induced crossing over in male D. melanogaster ...... 40: 93 Momma, E. The variability of abundance and sex-ratio in natural population of D. nigro-

maculata ...... 40: 60 Mukai, T. Position effect of spontaneous mutant polygenes controlling viability in D. melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40: 53

Mukherjee, A. S. Cytological localization of the white locus in D. hydei ...... 40: 70 Muller, H. J. An improved stock, "vixfor scoring visible mutations that arise at

specific loci in the X of the female ...... 40: 94

Nagle, J. J. Studies on experimental sympatry between two sibling species ...... 40: 82 Narda, R. D. The role of various male stimuli during mating and insemination in

D. malerkotliana Parshad and Paika 1964 ...... 40: 43

Narise, T. The migration of D. ananassae under competitive conditions ...... 40: 84 Norton, I. L. and Valencia, J. I. Genetic extent of the deficiencies formed by com- 9 bining the left end of In(l)y 4 with the right end of In(l)sc ...... 40: 40 Oshima, C. & Watanabe, T. K. Location of recessive lethal genes on the second chromosome of D. melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40: 88 Paik, Y. K. & Geum, J. S. Distrihu ion of natural lethal genes on the second chromosome of D. melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40: 83

Parshad, R. & Duggal, K. K. Drosophilidae of Kashmir, India ...... 40: 44 Patton, J. L. & Heed, W. B. Elevational differences in gene arrangements of D. pseudo-

obscura in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Tucson ...... 40: 69 Pelecanos, M. The mutagenic effect of the duration of treatment with diethyl sulphate

on previously starved adult males ...... 40: 42 Petersen, G. V. & Gardner, E. J. Melanotic tumor associated with failure to pupate in the tumorous head stock of D. melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40: 89 Plaine, H. L. & Baptista, Sister M. Occurrence of the erupt effect in the Su-er tu bw; er + S u _t u + strain of D. melanogaster ...... 40: 56 Sakaguchi, B. & Kobayashi, S. Morphological observations of "sex-ratio" agents of

D. willistoni and D. nebulosa ...... 40: 54 Scharloo, W. Temperature sensitive periods in ciD ...... 40 : 73 Scharloo, V. & Vreezen, V. Selection for increased 4th vein interruption in Hairless. 40: 63 Schneider, I. Inadvisability of using the raft technique for Drosophila organ culture 40: 74 Sharma, R. P., & Natarajan, A. T. Studies on the effect of X-chromosome inversion on

crossing over in 2nd chromosome of D. melanogaster ...... 40: 68 Slizynski, B. M. Differential X-ray sensitivity of spermatogonia in D. melanogaster . 40: 48

Smoler, M. The ineffectiveness of anoxia in promoting non-disjunction ...... 40: 87 Sokoloff, A. A possible maternal effect on quantitative characters in D. pseudoobscura 40: 90 Solima-Simmons, A. & Levene, H. Effect of age and temperature on matings of D. j- i storum ...... 40: 47 Spiess, E. B. D. persimilis from Humboldt County, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40: 52 Strmnaes, 0. & Kvelland, I. Radiosensitivity of sperm ejaculated within 12 hours after irradiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40: 77

Taira, T. Soluble nucleotides in Drosophila ...... 40: 56 Thompson, P. E. The killing and resorption of eggs after injection of Drosophila

females with actinomycin-D ...... 40: 76 Tobari, I. Effects of temperature on the pre-adult viability of lethal heterozygotes

i n D. melanogaster ...... 40: 82

Ullman, S. Epsilon and polar granules in Drosophila pole cells and oocytes ...... 40: 84 van Breugel, F. M. A. Experimental puffs in D. hydei salivary gland chromosomes

observed after treatment with CO, CO 2 , and N 2 ...... 40: 62

Von Halle, E. S. Localization of E-spl ...... 40: 65 Watson, J. E. & Burdick, A. B. The effects of selected background rearrangements on

the v to g region in D. melanogaster ...... 40: 78 40:6 Table of Contents DIS 40

Watson, J. E., Scheinberg, E. & Dittmar, L. A. Effects of ether on fitness traits. . . 40: 64 Whitten, M. J. Factors affecting penetrance of an eye mutant in D. melanogaster. . . . 40: 52 Zambruni, L. Preliminary chromatographic analysis of the "brown spots" character in Drosophila melanogaster ...... 40: 59

Technical Notes Blaylock, B. G. A method for preparing salivary-gland chromosomes ...... 40: 97 Brown, E. H. & Sang, J. H. A simple CO2 anaesthetiser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40:102 Doane, W. W. Use of disc electrophoresis for analysis of amylase isozymes ...... 40: 97 Gallo, A. J. An apparatus for filling vials ...... 40:100 Geer, B. W. A new synthetic medium for Drosophila ...... 40: 96 Hendrix, N. & Ehrlich, E. A method for treating bacterial contamination of Drosophila cultures with antibiotics ...... 40: 99 Lee, W. R. Feeding radioactive isotopes to specific larval stages of D. melanogaster . 40:101

Lewontin, R. C. A cheap, disposable population cage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40:103

Malich, C. W. Thin window holder for particle irradiation of Drosophila . . . . . . . . 40: 99 Mazar-Barnett, B. K. de. A fly holder for injecting Drosophila ...... 40: 98 Mazar-Barnett, B. K. de. A dark medium appropriate for egg counts ...... 40: 96

Strickberger, M. W. & Harth, L. Ready-made heated dispensers for Drosophila medium . . 40:101 Wheeler, M. R. & Clayton, F. A new Drosophila culture technique ...... 40: 98 Wilson, J. A sampler for collecting adults from unetherized population cages ..... 40:102

Announcement ...... 40:103 Personal and Laboratory News ...... 40:104 Bibliography of the Biochemical Genetics of Drosophila ...... 40:105 Directory, Geographical ...... 40:126 Directory, Alphabetical ...... 40:157 (continued on page 6 ) Materials Requested or Available ...... 40: 7 Announcement ...... 40: 7

Directory - Alphabetical (continued from page 164)

Wettstein, D. von Denmark, Copenhagen Wolstenholme, D. R. Germany, TiSbingen Wheeler, M. R. Austin, Texas Woodbury, L. Logan, Utah Wheeler, R. Eugene, Oregon Woods, J. Lebanon, Beirut White, S. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania World, J. P. Madison, Wisconsin Whitmire, S. D. Chicago, Illinois rt- ha1l, 1 Salt Lake City, Utah Whitten, H. J. Australia, Hobart Wright, C. P. Salt Lake City, Utah Whittinghill, M. Chapel Hill, N. C. Wright, E. Y. Baltimore, Maryland Wielen, P. van der Netherlands, Haren Wright, T. R. F. Baltimore, Maryland Wildermuth, H. Switzerland, Zurich Wui, I. S. Korea, Kwangju Wilkerson, R. D. Oak Ridge, Tennessee wuirgier, F. E. Switzerland, Zurich Williams, C. R. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Yamaguchi, E. Japan, Chiba-City Williams, C. Raleigh, North Carolina Yamaguchi, H. Japan, Misima Williams, J. Raleigh, North Carolina Yamazaki, T. Japan, Misima Williamson, D. L. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Yanders, A. F. East Lansing, Michigan Wills, C. J. Berkeley, California Yang, H. L. Austin, Texas Willson, A. Raleigh, North Carolina Yarbrough, K. Raleigh, North Carolina Wilson, F. D. Austin, Texas Yen, T. T. T. Chapel Hill, North Carolina Wilson, J. Riverside, California Yoon, J. Austin, Texas Wilson, L. P. Wellesley, Massachusetts Yoon, K. Austin, Texas Wilson, R. Salt Lake City, Utah Yoon, S. B. Madison, Wisconsin Wilson, S. P. Lafayette, Indiana Yoshikawa, I. Japan, Chiba-City Wind, H. Germany, MUnster Yost, H. T. Amherst, Massachusetts Wing, M. Raleigh, North Carolina Young, S. S. Y. Australia, Sydney Wolf, E. Germany, Berlin Ytterborn, K. Sweden, Stockholm Wolff, M. Washington, D. C. Yuki, S. Japan, Kobe Wolff, S. Oak Ridge, Tennessee Zambruni, L. Italy, Milano Zimmer, K. C. Germany, Karlsruhe January 1965 40:7

MATERIALS REQUESTED OR AVAILABLE

DuWayne C. Englert, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, would. like to receive any reprints that are available in order to build up the departmental library.

C. A. Mourao , Departamento de Biologia Geral - Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, So Jose do Rio Prto, So Paulo, Brash, would be grateful to obtain reprints on speciation in Drosophila and reprints on systematics of Drosophila.

John C. Neeley, Oregon State University, would appreciate a triploid stock with free X-chromosomes from anyone with such a stock.

F. Mainx, Institut f. Allgemeine Biologie, University of Vienna, Wien IX. Schwarspanierstr. 17, would appreciate obtaining strains of Megaselia scalaris (=Aphiochaeta xanthina) from different places as well as strains of other species of Phoridae easily bred in the laboratory.

ANNOUNCEMENT

SEVENTH DROSOPHILA RESEARCH CONFERENCE: May 8 and 9, 1965

In accordance with the decision reached at the 6th (Madison, Wisconsin) Drosophila Con- ference, the next meeting will be held in Seattle, Washington. I have chosen May 8th and 9th as reasonable dates. However, there is still time to change, and I invite any suggestions and objections both as to date and as to the format of the meetings.

Any such suggestions may be sent to: L. Sandler Department of Genetics University of Washington Seattle, Washington 40:8 DIS 40

EVERY THOUGHTFUL STUDENT OF GENETICS will want to add these works to their personal permanent collections

GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

The selected papers of

A. H. Sturtevant

W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco 1961 334 pp., 40 illustrations, 113 tables; $7.50

STUDIES IN GENETICS

The selected papers of

H. J. Muller

Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1962 618 pp. $4.95 paper; $10.00 clothbound

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA Part IV

I. Herskowitz

344 pp., 3305 references, 1957 through 1962 $4.95 hard cover edition McGraw Hill Book Company January 1965 Melanogaster - Stocks 40:9

AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS: AMHERST COLLEGE

Wild Stocks

1 Oregon-R: generation 438 on 64i22, inbreeding 2 Oregon-R: mass culture, from $ #1 at generation 100 3 Oregon-R: mass culture, from $ #1 at generation 200 4 Oregon-R: mass culture, from $ #1 at generation 300 5 Oregon-R: mass culture, from $ #1 at generation 400 6 Oregon-R-C 7 Oregon-S 8 Samarkand 204: inbred for 204 generations; mass culture since 53h4 9 Samarkand 204-125: from $ #8, inbreeding, generation 125 on 64i22 10 Samarkand 204-100: mass culture, from $ #9 at generation 100

Chromosome 1 42 g 3 77 V f 3d 43 g 0 sd 78 vg 2 d 11 B 44 79 vwy g 12 B Bx 3 /y w 80 vs 13 Basc sd 81 vs cm gW 47 82 w 14 Basc/f. 48 lzy 3 m/ f: 83 w/+ 15 Bx 49 lz 3 3 y f:= 84 Wsn 5 /y f:= 16 cm 50 m 85 w e cm ct 51 86 w 17 2 oc/y f:= 18 cm ct sn 52 oc 2ptg/y f: 87 we2sn/y f:= 19 cm ct sn p 88 wy 53 99 k 20 cm ct sn oc/y f:= 54 r f B/In(1)AN 89 wy 2 9 2 21 cm ct sn sn/y f:= 55 ras 2dy 90 Wy2 g 3 22 cm ct 6 sn4 56 ras m/y f: 91 vy 2 g4 23 cm ct 6 sn4 00 ptg/y f:= 57 rb 92 wy g 2 53d 24 cm ct sn sn/y f: 58 rux 2 wy 2 93 9 53d 25 cm ct 6 sn5 f: = 59 ru vs 94 wy sd 26 cm ct sn 36 60 sc At f 1n49 w a y Ct 6 f 95 2 27 cm ct6 snS6a/Y 00 ptg 96 y cSdras f 28 cm ct sn sn 00 ptg/ 61 sd sd/+ y g 2 y 62 sdS8d 98 y ras 2 f 29 cm sn 63 sn/y f: 99 y ra0f/Basc 30 cm sn 3 64 sn2 00/y f: 100 y2 sn ra /y f:= 130 s 31 cm sn 3 ;Ubx e / 65 sn 101 y2 sn 3 ras 4 m/BBasc 6T(2;3)Xa 66 sn2 00 ptg 3 /y f:= 102 y 2 sn ras ClB 32 ct 6 sn3 103 y w cv sn 67 53d 33 ct oc/y f: 68 sn g ctn 34 ocy f 69 sn oc/y f:= Chromosome 2 35 ct n sn~/y f:= 70 so4 36 t/MH 6 71 sn5 00 ptg 3 /y f: 104 a px or 1 37 f car; Ubx 30 e 5 /T(2;3)Xa 72 sn 34 00 ptg/y f: 105 b 38 f od car 73 n 106 b vg bw 5036a1 f:= 45a 2 45a 39 g 74 107 BI/Cy, bw 45a5 2or 45a 40 g 2 sd un od 108 Bl/Ri, bw or 75 2 sp 41 g p1 76 v 109 BI L /Cy, sp

40:10 Melanogaster - Stocks DIS 40

110 bw 133 D 3 7Sb/P8e Chromosome 4 Dl /Ubx 111 ci 134 e R 112 c1 2 px sp/T(Y;2)E 135 Gi Sb/Lw 157 ciDey D 113 cn bw 136 h 158 ci 2 /ey 114 h 137 h st 159 ey p pol 115 L 138 h th st pcu sr 160 spa 116 ltd es (hes) p 117 ne 9 cn bw 139 p Multiple Chromosomes or 140 ri p /T(Y;2;3)F, st 118 4 119 sca 12)CSM5, Cy 141 rsd 161 ras 44 f:;Bl , g it 142 ru h th st cu sr e bw 2 l L P Slh 50k 120 sp or ca (rucuca) 162 +/y f:;vg ;se 121 143 ru h st cu sr e Ca 163 +/y f:=;bw;e;spa pci 4 2 5 vg/CY2L (ruc-th) 164 bw;e 122 sp 5a pol vg 2 sp oi, bw 144 ru h st ss Su 3 bw;e;spa 123 a 165 sp or - ss e 166 cn bw; ni 45a 124 vg 145 ru st ss ca (rusca) ne15 orSOk; ru b no 167 146 se h 168 v5125;se50fr 125 vg 6oh 126 vgnP se ss v5125;se50 e nw 45a5a 147 169 pol 127 vg oi, bw sp 2 148 se ss S s 170 vg 2 ;se ;spa 149 sr Dl Cy, sp /Pm, dp b;DCxF, 45a 2 171 vg bw ss ru h ca/Sb sr 128 sp 150 2 or 151 ss bx Su -ss 172 Cy /Pm, dp b; H/Sb sr 152 th 173 IJbx e 5 /T(2;3)Xa Chromoome 3 153 Th1/D 3 154 rfIvIl/Gi Deficiencies 130 bar-3 155 TM1/Ubx e s 129 1 130 by 156 tx 174 Df(1)8 B/In(1)AN 131 Cu * Df(2)v in stock 122 132 D/Gl * Df(2)vg in stock 123

Inversions

* In(1)AN in stocks 54, 174 * Ins(1)Basc in stocks 13, 14, 99, 101 * In(1)C1B in stock 102 ' 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186 175 In(1)sc 1 , sc 176 In(1)s 1 ;Del Ins sc 49 sc in stock 60 vi In(2)bw(Pm) in stocks 171, 172 * Ins(2) 0in stocks 107, 122, 161, 171, 172, 5e 109, 1199 177 177 In(2)S /Cy, E-S * Ins(2L)t, (2R)Cy in stocks 108, 123, 127, 128 * Ins(3)DCxF in stocks 149, 171 * In(3)MO, Sb sr in stocks 171, 172 * Ins(3)Payne(LVM) in stocks 133, 135 * Ins(3)TM1 3 ri sbd 1 in stocks 153, 154 9 155 * Ins(3)Ubx in stocks 31, 379 134 , 155, 173 January 1965 Melanogaster - Stocks 40:11

Translocations Tril Acids 31d 8 * T(y;")E in stock 112 179 cm ct sn/46,3 31d sc 8 dm B & 6 * T(Y;2;3)9 stock 140 180 cm ct /FM6, jay sc dm B & FM6 178 T(2;3)91 181 ct sn/FM6, y 3 sc dm B & FM6 * T(2;3)Xa in stocks 31, 37, 173 182 sc dm B & FM6 183 g53dvm/P16, sd'Fy y 31 c8 m B & FM6 184 vs cm/FM6, y sc8dm B & FM6 185 y2 g2 /F6, y31 slddm g& F6 186 wy2 g53d sd/FM6, y sc thu B & FM6

URBANA, ILLINOIS: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Behavior Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychology

Forward Selection

1. Negative geotaxis - over 140 generations of selection for performance in mass screening maze. 2. Positive geotaxis - over 140 generations of selection for performance in mass screening maze.

Reverse S e lection

3. Negative reverse - over 90 generations of reverse selection for performance in mass screening maze, beginning at Generation 52 of forward selection for negative geotaxis. 4. Positive reverse - over 90 generations of reverse selection for performance in mass screening, beginning at Generation 52 of forward selection for positive geotaxis.

Inbred (Brother-Sister

5. Negative geotaxis - two separate lines with over 30 generations of inbreeding beginning at Generation 110 of forward selection for negative geotaxis. 6. Positive geotaxis - three separate lines with over 30 generations of inbreeding beginning at Generation 110 of forward selection for positive geotaxis.

CABBONDALE, ILLINOIS: SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY Department of Zoology

No change from Stock List in DIS 38:13 except for the following correction:

Stock No. 10 should read b vg bw instead of B

40:12 Melanogaster - Stocks DIS 40

MADISON, WISCONSIN: UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN Department of Zoology

Wild Stocks 40 ("sz bw e")Y/Y 5 bwe 41 ("sz c,,)YLc/X.Y & y v f=;c 1 Canton-S 42 ("sz lz fI)YLc/l Z f.Y5 y v f= 2 Oregon-R 43 ("sz lz ffl)YLc/lZ3 fY & y v f- 44 ("sz m fn)YLcIm fY & y v Chromosome 1 (x) 45 ("sz y w , ')Y/y wY 5 & y ct f . = 11 B Chromosome 2 12 g 2 13 pn8 61 b nub pr 14 sc B 62 bw 15 sc1Y/y sc =/sc 8 &aY 63 cn 16 so B InS w sc ("Basc") 64 cn bw 17 W 65 dp cm2 18 Wcf - 66 dp cl 19 X y v bb 20 y ac sc pn &y f:= 67 dp T a 68 cn bw s/s 2 (ls) C, InL cn bw sp 21 Y W dptSp b/SM5, al Cy 1t 2 sp 22 cv m f car & Y f: 69 dpt 70 dp Sp pr cn bw sp/S is Cy, InL pr 23 ycvvfc cpbws 24 yDp(y sc )& y f:= 2 v 2 71 dPv2/SMS, a Cy it sp 25 yw s1 1 72 dp 26 y c /y In49 v.YL & y f:/ D 2 ff 73 5 M(2)S7 bw /dp txl Cy, InsO pr cn sp y 5 c YS 74 vg 27 y2 sc B f 1n49 v &y f-= Sl 75 vg bw 28 y51 sc B nS a sc ("y Basc"). 29 y sn W31d 8 Chromosome 3 30 y ./6, y sc dm B 31 y W/YW n 81 e 32 Y 5 X In. E ptg oc snS.YL & sc ct ptg 82 st car.sn X In49 y(no free Y 2 83 tra/T(2;3)M 33 ("TesterT)y ac pn w rb WY g & y f:=;sc /C a 2 2 Chromosome 4 34 ("Tester'?)y w cm wy g car & y f:;sc /Cy 2 2 91 Cat/ciD 35 ("Teer-3")y rb cm ras g & Y f:; R 92 ci gvl ey cv sc 1/Cy 93 spaPOl Sterilizer ("sz") Stocks (36-45) Multiple Chromosomes 36 (’sz+)Y1XY5 101 bw 37 ("sz W,,)YL wY5 a 8 102 sc B In W SM1,Ml, / al 38 ("sz bw,,)YL /x.YS;bW s 2/ dp b Pm ds , c Sb/Ubx e 39 ("sz e")Y/X.Y5 & v f;e 103 X /y f:=;ca K-pn January 1965 Melanogaster - Stocks 40:13

MADISON, WISCONSIN: UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN Departments of Genetics and Medical Genetics

Wild Stocks

b31 y2cv5f at Canton-S a 8 a2 Crimea b32 y sc B InS w sc (Bascy = y Basc) a3 Oregon-R (Chicago) a4 Oregon-R (Madison) Chromosome 2 a5 Oreon_R_I 2 ci al dp b pr c px sp(apl) a6 Oregon-R-I 2 a? Samarkand c2 al dp bpr n vg c 2 a x b mr sp/S a8 Swedish-B Cy it pr Bl on I sp (twelvepi) a9 Urbana C3 b c4 bcnbw Chromosome 1 (X) c5 bprvg c6 c bi B c7 on e 31d b2 br ec rb t4/1, sc8 wa lz B c8 cn bwD b3 car c9 cnbw dO cn vgnP bw b4 cm 2 2 b5 cvf cli Df(2)MB/SM1, al Cy sp b6 ec c12 dp b7 f C13 In(2L)1O2,)1 dsW ep/SM1, a1 2 Cy sp 2 b8 ma-1 c1LI mi/Pm 31d 8 b9 paFM4, y sc dm B blO pn Chromosome 31d 8 3 bit sc cv v dwx/P6, y sc dm B b12 sc cv v f By f: dl bx 34 e b13 sc e cv ct v g f/FN3, y d2 cd dmBl d3 e 4 cc a b14 sc B InS sc8(Basc) d4 e woro b15 scS l B InS a sc 8 /y f: d5 Gl Sb/Ins LVM d6 h (Basc/y f:) 6 b16 d7 Ly Dfd kar ry2 /In3)MRs, M34 ry2 Sb d8 ru h th st cu sr e ca(rucuca) b17 t v 1 b18 v d9 b19 w diO ry b20 wa2(Inbred Sydney) dii se b21 w di2 ss b22 w co1 (Inbred Sydney) d13 st 1 b23 wC (Inbred Sydney) d14 Ubx 30 /D-138 e b24 h b25 Inbred Sydney) Chromosome 4 b26 wsa (Inbred Sydney) D b27 w f el bt /ci D b28 y e2 Ce/sp Cat b29 y cv51 f car/i e3 ciey 2 2 b30 y sc car odsy f g dy ras sn e4 ey Cat D ctJ1) rb ec w pn 1 e5 spa sAl sc In49 ptg oc B 11J1 Y 40:14 Melanogaster - Stocks DIS 40

Multichromosomal g2 ySx.yL In(iEN Y 5 B su-w w bb fl cv;In(3)MRS, M34 ry2 Sb/bx 130 (1;3) f2 sc cv f;q3)MRS, M34 ry X with Y arm attached Sb/Ubx (1;3) f3 v;tra/C(3)X(1;3) hi x+ -YS /Y;bw f4 y f:=;ca K-pn(1;3) h2 f.yS/yL & cc v f f.yL/yS f5 y j=;ru hath t cu sr e 5 3 (1;3) h3 y ct6 and y f:= f6 sc InS00 cc ;Cy/Pm, ds Sb/Ubx (123) Altered Y f7 v;cn;st(1;2;3) f8 y;bw;c;ey(1;2;3;) ii sc..B(BSYL -bb +YSy+)/y v & f9 y f:=;bw;e;ci ey (1;2;3;4) y sU-w w bb flO bw,st(2;3) fli bwU ;s t(2 ; 3) Attached 3 f12 cn bw;(2;3) f13 Cy, sp LPm, dp b;H/Sb sr(2;3) ji A(3L)3, ri;A(3R)3, sr f14 SM1, al Cy sp 2 /Pm, ds;Ubx 13 / Sb(2;3) R Translocations f15 bw;e;ci ey (2;3;4) ki T(1;3)9, cu kar ry26 1 26 Sb Ubx/+ & VV yf:= 26 26 k2 T(1;3)9, cu kar ry 1 Sb Ubx/ru h gi ySx.yL In(i)EN, Y B th st Cu sr e 5 ca & y f:=;ru h th st Cu sr e ca

Special Lethals (Amino Acid Mutants) See Novitski, DIS 37:51 xl Alaful-1 x6 Glufultyrless-1 xli Tyrproless-1 x2 Gluful-i x7 Glufultyrless-2 x12 Tyrproless-2 x3 Gluful-3 x8 Glufultyrless-3 x13 Tyrproless-3 x4 Gluful-4 x9 Tyrless-1 x14 Glufultyroproless-1 x5 Glufulproless-1 xlO Tyrless-2 x15 Phenylfultyrless-1

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT: YALE UNIVERSITY Department of Biology

The stock list remains essentially the same as that appearing in DIS 38:10, with the following changes:

Stock Additions Corrections Removed from List

145 Df(1 55132 spl/In(1) 61 y 2 w a 5C v f 3B 144 Df(l) S m , rst3R/ y, 2 31d 8 31a g pl/FM3, y sc 147 Df(1)w spl(sn )/ Dp(l;3)49 V dm B 1 dp(1)w , cb 148 Df(1)w 593 spl/In(i)sc 51 Trans location dl-49, v f B

160 T(Y;2)C/pr cn

January 1965 Melanogaster - Stocks 40:15

CHICAGO, ]1LINOIS: UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Department of Zoology

Note: Only stocks not commonly carried in other laboratories are listed.

Wild type 33 Ins(1sc 4 dl-49 Sc 8 , y sc4 dl-49 wa. Sc /Y f:= 4 4 8 1 Chicago wild-type 34 Ins(i)s 5, y sc B InS/sc Y/ y f: 35 In(1)sc sc 7

I ') 09 ''J LL1 I -- )L) sc204 37 In(t)sc Si 8 Si a 8 2 Bx 6ma-1 38 Ins(1)sc sc , y Sc car m w sc / 3 Bx In(1)d 149, y w lz 5 8 31d 4 fUS?a/_1J 39 In p(l)c v/Ins(i)sc dl-49, v f 5 l(1)J1, sc 1 /Del(1)24 B sc niLl m4 6 1'ln8 40 In(1)w4 , 7 pn , 41 In(1)y , y 8 pn g 9 pn2 rb Deficiencies - Duplications - X Chromosomes 10 sc 10p -59k13 Vco 11 42 w - Vco 12 : 594y5' 43 25E(1, 1 Df(i)w , y w spl dm; Dp(1;3)w. 13 sc z m - -w 45 14 sc z 44 Df(1)w1 48 1b y w ; Dpi;3)w/y0 w f 15 e bb1/y f:=e 45 Dp(1;2R94b; w rstL/Lwf 16 yacbrpnw spl 46 Dp(i)w 64-a w yY y/sc 8 Y 47 Dp(i;)wm2 17 y ac z ec ct /+; y w f Y Y /yy_/ 18 Y sc Y 48 Dp(1;3) wm264-58a , Su -V/Su-V; Y5 w L + Chromosome 2 49 Dp(i;.3)wm 264-58a + + S L D , Su-V /Su-V ;Y w yY 19 bw 75 20 bw81 21 bw5 2 4 2 Reversed Acrocentrogenic 22 bw /Cy c 4 L sp 23 In(2R)bwV , Cy/al dp b Dl c px sp 50 Bsc8/Ins(i)sc 7 AM 24 In(2LR)ltm3 25 T(2;3)lt m29 Ring-X 26 pr ltd ci 8 . 51 Xci y/sc Y/y v f car Chromosome 3 52 X ,yv/ywf:=

27 mi h th st cu sr e ca Reversed Acrocentric

Chromosome 4 53 RA , y ac sc pn __In () sc 8 /I(i) sc8 13 (C.O.J-3) y ac sc w /sc ., y 28 spa Cat /ci with Y fragments Attached Inversion-X 54 FR-1, S cvLv f/ f:= 29 In(i)AM/M(l)o f 55 yHwY 5y/Y /y w: 30 In(1)EN,.3 60i29 56 FR-1, Y y cv v f/sc .Y/y v f car 31 In(1)rs, y w 4 rs t 3 car bb a 32 In(i)sc , y so f v cv w

40:16 Melanogaster - Stocks DIS kO

Attached X-Y; no free Y Fragments L a 6 2 aaLS 5 /y f: 57 SU_WL wY/S Y 'y /O 73 scf / ac w t fY 7k c Y 2/y ct fY 5 / 58 ywfY/w/o yCL/ ct 59 w spl Y .yS//0 6 .Y 5 /y w := 76 V -13/y ct f.Y 5 1y v bb; bw Altered Complete V's 77 yCL_5/ y f.Y 5 1

60 BS//SU_Wa Multichromosomal 61 sc 4Y y / y v; bw , Ubx '30 e5/Xa 62 V Co/Y5jk 78 In(3LR)Ubx 130 2 63 sc Y: bw /y v; bw 79 SM-1, al Cy sp2/In(2LR)i02 dSW sp 2 Ins(3LP,3RC)Sb e5/Ubx eS Fragments 80 sp ; st 5 C G ca/TM ; i, M ri 81 Su- y .yL y + + S 64 Y cS bw bb /g 2 BY1/y v bb; bw 82 y/sc Y; ru h th st pP Cu sr e 65 YS/2ByL/ f: 83 w; Cy/Pm; CxD/Sb, In(3R)M? Ubx 30 eS/Xa 66 Y 5 : y bb 84 y; In53A, al Csp 2 S + + 67 V y bb -6/g2 5.yL/ y v bb; bw 85 yw/YSfY y ; sv 68 Y bb-7 /g2 .yL/ 86 77 y bb -5/+/B.Y ; Cy/Pm; CxD/Sb, S 69 Y,: bb t/ yg B.YL/Y V bb; bw In3R)Mo 70 YY/sc sc Y y f: 87 yS: y bb-7/g2 B.Y L/± Cy/Pm; CxD/Sb, S /y v fY In(3R)Mo 71 YS ff 72 sc Y /y v f bbY /y f:

ROCHESTER, NEW YORK: UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER Department of Biology

Wild Stocks Chromosome 2 Multichromosomal

120 Canton stocks - L y;bw bw Oregon-R (3 inbred strains) Pm /Cy L yv;Y ;bw Ps Sco/C L y;sC Y;bw Chromosome 1 Sco/Cy L y ct v;ru h

Chromosome 3 Translocations a ywv Y ot f - Drop/Ins(3L)OR) T 1 (1;2) 2 In(1)b , sl bb [AN Pr Drop/Ins(3L)OR) T 2 (1:3) (1096) In(1) m y w rucuca T2(i;3), ru Ca (1698) e ca (1697) In(1)sc4, In(1)Km T2(1;3)K, ru In(i)w T2(i;3)K, th st In(1)EN, y/y f: T (1;3) Ks C In(i)rst 3 , y rs 1 Car bb T?2;3), C Pm;Sbk In(1)49, In(1)B , y sc v T(2;3), Mo /Cy L T(3;4)(Dubinin 2)/DCXF CU_ X /FMk January 1964 Melanogaster - Stocks 40:17

STONY BROOK, NEW YORK: STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK Department of Biological, Sciences

Wild Stocks Chromosome 3

001 Oregon-R 301 e 002 Swedish-B 302 se 303 ruhthstcusre ca Chromosome 1 304 bar-3

101 w 102 w a 103 w 401 ey 104 y ct ras f 105 f/ Multichromosomal 106 ec ct 6 c/Cl a 501 Cy pr cn/Pm; H/Sb-C 107 Ins(1)sc sc , B w R 502 Cy sp/al dp b pr cn c px sp; ci ey Chromosome 2 503 dp;e 504 pr cn;by 201 al dp b pr cn c px sp/Cy sp 202 al b pr cn c px Sp/Cy pr cn sp Translocations 203 ap /Cy 601 T(2;3)M/ st cu sr e 5 Pr ca 204 b vg k 205 bw 602 T(2;3;4)bw /Ins(2LR)Cy 206 dp V2 207 Ins(2L,2R)Cy bw /al dp b pr cn c px sp + + 208 c px sp 901 tu bw; er (Su-er) 902 tu 12 (Milan) 903 tu B 3 (Milan)

SYRACUSE, NEW YORK: SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY Department of Zoology

Wild Stocks

34 strains each derived from a Syracuse wild inseminated female 9 strains each derived from a South Lancaster, Mass., wild inseminated female 3 Florida strains

Polygenic crossveinless strains

10 strains selected directly from progenies of individual wild inseminated females from various places 6 strains selected indirectly (sensitivity to crossvein defect production at 36.5 0 C), then directly det, selected 40: 18 Melanogaster - Stocks DIS LjO

EMPORIA, KANSAS: KANSAS STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE

Wild Stocks V vg pol m Oregon-R s bw Multichromosomal 2 Canton-S g al b c sp bvg v;w 6 2 10 y ras f SM ;Cy/Pm;Ubx /Sb su -s v Chromosome 3 y w m Attached-X w w mf ye a w h n 3 m se 1z 3 /y f: Bwx a 8 w sc 5 B InS th f fu/y f: e w Chromosome 2 e Translocations sat se ss k e ro ct 3 dp lt/T(Y;2)A b Chromosome Li T(1;4)B 5 /y f: 5 37h cn ri pr/st, T(Y;2;3)F 2 2 ras en ey

EAST LANSING, MICHIGAN: MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Zoology

Wild Stocks cm pk cn bw;e(2;3) g SD w;bw;st(1;2;3) Oregon-B. f b pr Cy/Pm;H/In(3r)Mo, Sb, Urbana m sr(2;3) R Crimea pn Chromosome 3 y;bw;e;ci ey (1;2;3;4) Samarkand rb Swedish-B y ca Attached-XY Canton-S Bsc st m /FF43 se w y.YL y/O/yw/o e se Chromosome 2 h th st cu sr e ca Attached-X w (ru lost) a w bw y m fly w e w dp Nultichromosomal w i cn bw Closed-X w Cy/Pm bw;st(2;3) ci br vg v;bw(1;2) X , yv/ywf:=

LINCOLN, NEBRASKA: UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA Zoology and Physiology Department

Virus-caused CC sensitivity: several stocks. anesthesia, see McCrady and Sulerud, 1964): several stocks. Dly (delayed recovery from CC January 1964 Melanogaster - Stocks 40:19

NAPLES, ITALY: UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES Istituto di Bio1oioia Generale e Genetica

Chromosome 1 Chromosome 2 Chromosome 3

Bisignano b cd Si a 8 Canton sc B InS w sc b cn vg Sb/+ Lecce v bw Sb/In(3R)1(3)Na Oregon-R w ci se a Pavia Wbf cn st Roma Wbi cn bw Scioize w Cy/Pm Multichromosomai co w. pr 1 w;vg w pr en w vg y

LYON, FRANCE: UNIVERSITE DE LYON Facult6 des Sciences

Oregon-R Lyon Champeti'eres (inbred) Aigrie

SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA: UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY Department of Animal Husbandry

3 strains from N.S.W. and Victoria

Chromosome 1 Chromosome 2 Chromosome 3 e ii In2 rst 3 b b PEI w Cy/Pm w j y net vg

Multichromosomal

sc 51 B InS wa sc 8 ;Ins SM1, al 2 Cy Sp 2 /dp b Pm ds33k;C Sb/Ubx 130 e5;pol

40:20 Melanogaster - Stocks DIS 40

TURKU, FINLAND: UNIVERSITY OF TURKU Department of Genetics 2 Wild Stocks 133 ra 5 Chromosome 2 134 rb 1 Canton-S rb cx 201 a12 Cy, In4 lt/b pr Bl lt 3 cn2 135 2 Oregon-K 136 rsc & y f: 4 InCyR L sp 3 Oregon-R-S 137 5 202 ap /vd, In2LR 4 Samarkand (Inbred) 138 sc 203 Bl L /Cy sc cv 204 bw2 139 2 Chromosome 1 140 sc cv v f 6 205 cnt InCyR g p /InsS px sp X 141 s ec v ct v 206 dp Sp on /5 Cy cn (homoz. InCyR) ' Si 101 B g fly SCa B 207 ds 384 /Cy(2L) dp 2 b pr 102 bb In-49, v w sc 208 In(2L)Cy, al ast 3 b pr (Cy not 103 bictg 2 142 so w cv present) e ec 143 209 NS, b mr/Cy 10LI br w 2 t / 2v 2 5111, y sc8 144 sn 210 pr cn ix/SM5, al Cy 1 sp a S B 145 211 rl 2 105 Bx 146 212 stw2 106 car 147 213 stw vg 6 2 107 cm ct sn & 148 214 vg y f:= 149 w WY 108 ct6 150 WY Chromosome 3 109 cv 151 y 110 cv dx sn 152 y ac v 301 BdG/In(3R)C, 1(3)a ycv 302 bv 111 cv lz/C1B 153 Ml 34e 112 cv en 154 yIn49B & 303 bx bxd 121 /Th1, M ri sbd 1 113 cv sn Iz/C1B Y f: 304 c by 114 ec 155 y 1n49 f car 305 D Sb/InLP Dfd InRF ca 115 ec ct v f & f: 306 e 116 ec cv 156 y sn bb 307 Gi Sb/LVM 117 f 157 y 308 h th 0 cp in ri 1 sr e 5 ca/In(3LR) 118 158 y w cv Ubx , Ubx e ("hinca") 119 159 z 309 In(3LR)Ubx ri Ubx 1 e/Th1, M ripsb 120 g f afl - 121 f B & Closed-I 310 In(3R)Anp , ss Me i sbd 122 g fsd 311 In(3R)D, st Dl /In(3R)P , st 1(3)W ca 2 123 In(l)dl 49, y 160 X C, cv v f/C1B 312 In(3R)P (homozygous) 124 In)1)sc 8 , y 313 Me, InL Sb/ru h D InsCXF 125 In(1)sc ',,pc Chromosome Y 314 Pc/T(2;3)M pp a 2 126 so , 5, '15 (ru) h th st cp in ri ss bx sr Ins( a 5 1 so ,w B 191 f.YS/YL - e /TM1, Me ri sbd In(1)w & 316 ru h th st cu sr e 5 ca ("rucuca") m4 192 In (1) w xtra Y ru h th st Cu sr e 5 Pr ca/T(2;3)M4 127 31d 8 317 oc 318 Sb Ubx/T(2;3)Xa 128 lz/FM3, y sc 193 sc Y/y ac so 1 dm B 1 ptg & y f:= 319 Scx/TM1, M4 ri sbd lz m/C1B v f 2B 320 se ap 129 194 TT/ a 130 m 2 a bb 321 se rt th/M, InL 131 mg 195 & X.YL/ 322 ss bxd e 5 /T(2;3)X 2 st sr H ca/In(3R)P , st 1(3)W Ca 132 M y 9 X.YL (Neuhaus) 323

January 1964 Melanogaster - Stocks 40:21

324 th st cp in ri p 602 Df(2)MS-8/SM1, al 22Cy sp 22 325 th st c in fi pp bx sr e 5 /Th1, M 603 Df(2)MS-0/SM1, al Cy ri pP sbd ("thrie") 604 Df(2)r11 a cf/Pm ds 3 326 th st cp in ri V ss bxd sr e 5 /Th1, M6 ri pp sbd Translocations 327 W Sb/InsCXF 701 T(Y;2)B/b Chromosome 4 702 T(Y;2)C/cn 703 BI T(2;3)A ru h D TA ss e 5 /Payne 401 ci U T(2;3)Antp (ee 50) 402 ci 704 al T(2;3)101 sp /Cy L sp 403 spa 705 ru h T(2;3)101 e ro ca/Payne, Dfd ca T(2;3)M (see 314, 317) Mu1tichromosonal 706 T(2;3)rn (several stocks with different marker combinations) 501 bw; e (see 318, 322) 502 Cy/Pm; D/Sb ( T(2;3)Xa 503 In(3)T(2;3)AntU/Cy; Sb Triploid 2 a 31d 8 801 y sc w ec/FM4, y sc dm B;cn;h 601 Df(2)MS-4/SM1, a1 2 Cy sp 2

}OJJANGJU, KOREA: CHUNNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Department of Biology.

Wild Stocks 7 v 19 ex Chromosome 4 8 20 pd Whc 1 Chin (Korea) 21 pr 35 bt 2 Kwangyang (Korea) 10 y 22 rh 36 ci 3 Kwangju (Korea) 23 vg 37 ci gvl bt 4 Naju (Korea) Chromosome 2 39 ey 5 Oregon-s Chromosome 3 40 p01 6 Oregon-R 11 b 41 spa 7 Tolsan (Korea) 12 b vg 24 aa h 25 ca Attached-X 13 bw 2 Chromosome 1 14 bw ba 26 cv c sbd br ec/y3d 15 Bl/C, bSa 28 D/Gl 42 sp or gi 1 B 2 29 16 Bl L/SMa1 30 h Inversions 2 cm 2 Cy it sp 31 ru 3 ec 50S1 8 4 rg 17 c 32 st 43 a 5 Sc cv v f 18 Cy/Pm 33 th 6 svr 34 thstcp 40:22 Melanogaster - Stocks DIS 40

VARANASI 5, INDIA: BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY Department of Zoology

Wild Stocks Chromosome 3 a) Canton-S se cu b) Oregon seah c) Kerala ss d) Cuttak Ly/D 3 e) Varanasi es st Chromosome 1

Cl C 2 x ey y Cl w. w 1 Multichromosomal a Wbl + + 8 D + w fs 13 - y ac sc B;bw ;st c e Y/3 w & y f:;bw Co S L 102 - Y X InEN 1n49 yY ;st (no free Y) 82 - y scSi B 1n49 ct sc8

Chromosome 2 b pr vg vg Sp 2 2 g 49 - dp ab /s li Cy 1 In L t y B - fes ms(b)cn sp/dp x Cy cn txl 1 2 135 - S fes ms ta cn mr crs/p Cy p 2 g 67 - lsTdp Sp ms ta c crs/S Cy Bl cn L sp g 45 - dp Sp cn bw sp/S (1st) Cy, In L cn bw sp Cy D

KALYANI, WEST BENGAL, INDIA: KALYANI UNIVERSITY Department of Zoology

Wild Stocks al Calcutta University (Originally from Oregon Stock)

Chromosome 1 Chromosome 2 Chromosome 3 Chromosome 4 2 ci vg dl se h el ey bi y a b2 w d2 e2 ciW b3 B January 1964 Melanogaster - Stocks 40:23

HOBART, TASMANIA: UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA Botany Deoartment

Wild Stock Multichromosomal

Canton-S (strain bw;st from Tasmania) ; C/Pm;H/Sb v;e ro Chromosome 1 w;cn bw

l Special Y6 apr ec CVCta : B 387 y8 snoc Ind y f: so BInSw sc F 42 sc .Y/ac n Chromosome 2 C LC LC ,y ct oc ptg c r F 117 ("p snocty") Y ptg Y and Y 1 bc y ct ;1n4) sn n cn bw ct 1 oc ptg car X2 fj wt/Xa, T(2;3) F 266 Sc 8 Y/snocy g; and y ct In 1n49 Sn wi n 1 oc ptg car F 267 sc8Y/snocy + ; and Sc 8 1 y ct X2 4e3 ct In 1n49 sn rh bw

Chromosome 4 2 ey

VEPERY, MADRAS 7, INDIA: MADRAS VETERINARY COLLEGE Department of Animal Genetics

Wild Stocks Chromosome 2 Attached X

Oregon-K 6bcnbw 2 11 ScSlBInSwaSc8&yvf:= Madras 7CyB1L l2scctvf car &yvf:= 8 dp b cn bw Chromosome 1 9 vg Multichromosomal

1 m 51 Chromosome 3 13 bw;st a 8 2 sc BInSw Sc 14 vg;e51 8 10 e 15 y Sc 1n49 Sc ;bw;st 4w 5 w 40:24 Melanogaster - Stocks DIS 40

MIINSTER (WESTF.), GERMANY: INSTITUT FUR STRAHLENBIOLOGIE DER UNIVERSITAT

Wild Stocks normal (Berlin wild) b pr vg

Chromosome 1 Multic irornosomal 8 c2 Si so Y /X 2B & y f: y sc 51 In-49 sc;bw;st In-49 v sn B f: y sc In-49 sc ;bw;st pp yS In &LY N v y . (scE ? y) (no free Y)

TUBINGEN, GERMANY: MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FUR BIOLOGIE

Stocks listed in DIS 38:25 with the following numbers are no longer kept in culture: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 16, 18.

New Stock: sc bb w 61a

SANTIAGO, CHILE: UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE, DEPARTAMENTO DE GENETICA Instituto de Biologia "Juan Nod"

Wild Stocks 11 w Chromosome 3 12 wmf 1 Chilln 13 y 22 D/Gl 2 Oregon R-C 23 ell 3 Rape! Chromosome 2 24 Dl Sb/LVM 4 Santiago 25 se 5 Swedish free of inv. 14 b 26 st 6 Valdivia 15 b vg 16 bw Chromosome 4 Chromosome 1 dp 17 2 18 L2 27 ey 7 B 19 L2 /Cy 8 Bx 20 S/Cy;En-S Multichromosomal 21 vg 9 my 11 10 v 28 dp;e 29 w;vg January 1965 Melanogaster - Stocks 0:25

NEW DELHI, INDIA: INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Department of Botany

Chromosome 3

1 Oregon-K 1 e 2 st Chromosome 1 (x) Chromosome Lj 1 Si a 8 2 sc B InS w sc 1 ey Si 8 4 y sc 1 InS sc Multichromosomal S 5 y sc B In9 ct (Binsety) 1 bw;s1 8 Chromosome 2 2 y sc 51 InS sc 8 ;Cy/Bl L 2 3 y sc 51 InS sc 8 ;bw;st 1 vg y sc 1 InS sc 8; cn bw 2 cnbw 5 y sc 51 InS sc 8 ;vg 3 bcnbw 6 y gT InS sc ;d h cn bw Lj dpbcnbw 7 sc InS w sc ;Cyh 5 dp b cn 8 y sc I9v s 8 ;dp b bw/dp Cy P1 6 Cycnbw B1 cn L Sp bw 9 sc 8 Y/yB&yf;Bw 0 7 2 8 Cy/Bl L 9 fes ms b cn Sp/Cyo Attached X 10 fes ms cn Sp/Cyo 11 fe Sp ms a n mr(Crs)/Cyo I scB Ins wasc8&yvf: a 8 X ab 1 /S ls 1 Cy, InCy)L 2 2 sc 5 InLJ9vw sc 12 dp a 13 dp b Pm /dp tx Cy, 02 pr cn3 + 3 Y 3 fInL19vw sc &yf: 14 is dp S m ta 2 cn Crs/S Cy it pr Bl Cn L Sp Altered Y with mutants in X-chromosome dptX Sp Cn bw Sp/S 2 (ls)Cy In(L)cn 15 M1 bw Sp 1 13 ' l j1 sc ' (+)I49 v Ptg c /y sc 6 car odsy f g 1 dy8 v ras sn ct cm rb ec w Pn sc (Maxy)

BAYFORDBURY, HERTFORD, HERTS, ENGLAND: JOHN INNES INSTITUTE

Wild Stocks Chromosome 2

1 Bayfordbury 5 Oregon (v marker), 229 7 v 9 bprvg 2 Hampton Hill 6 b pr, 127 8 y w 3 Samarkand Multichromosomal L Teddington 10 Cy L/Pm;H/Sb

40:26 Melanogaster - Stocks DIS LW

ROMA, ITALY: CITTA UNIVERSITARIA Istituto di Genetica

Wild Stocks CS bw Inverted X Chromosomes c6 bw D Al Oregon C7 cn bw 2 I 1 In(l)dl-49, v of f A2 Marzi C8 Sp JL in/SM5, a1 2 Cy I 2 In(l)dl-49, w iz it sp I 3 In(l)d49, y Hw m 2 / Chromosome 1 (X) C9 Tft/Cy fa N 2L I Li In(i)dl 9, y Hw m g / B 1 B Chromosome Df(1) 3 8R B 2 ca1bb I In(1)sc , sc , y sc a 8 5 B 3 sc B InS w sc Dl ca K-pn cv v B Li p D2 GI Sb/LVM I 6 In(1)sc8,AM 8 B 5 r /y f:= D3 HSb sr In(3R)M6 I 7 In(1)sc 8 , sc 31d a B 6 sc cv v f B/y f: D4 H /In(3R), Vno,Vno I 8 In(l)sc 8 , dl-49, 31d B 7 sc z ec D5 ru h st cu sr e ca I 9 In(lsc , dl-49, y 5 0 B8 sw D6 sesske ro vfyf: S bb w D7 st sr e ro ca 110 Ifl(l)WmDf(Y)3 B 9 a 130 BlO D8 st C3 3 8a/In( Bwx , Ill In(l)w , y w rst 3 / Bil w Ubx e cf Dp(l;2R)w /y w f:= Y B12 w 112 l)L8l(l2E_F;lLiB), 8y cp B13 Chromosome L bb81/FM6, 3ld sc dm B/ B14 w r R Sc .Y B15 w cf/ f:= El ci ey B16 we dy/y w:= E2 pal Deficiencies & Duplications e B17 en w /y f:= B18 y159 Multichromosomai Ll Df(l)Nb B19 y L2 Df(Y)Y 51b7 B20 y ac sc pn/y f:= F 1 bw;st(2;3) L3 Dp(1;2R)w a B21 y cv v g f:= F 2 lys re;ss(2;3) L4 Dp(i.)BS(4), y w B22 y fan sn F c ol 3 Cy/Pm;Sb/Ubx(2;3)R sc ' d1-9, v 823 y sc w snl f/In(1) F L sc cv v f ;ci ey (l;Li) rst 3 , rst f F 5 y;pol(l;L X Chromosomes with A Y Arm B24 y w spl rb F 6 y f;ci ey (1;4) Attached p 825 y su-w w bb/y w F 7 y;ru h th st p cu sr spl rb e 5 (lp) Mi x.YL(c_2), y cv v f car B26 y2 v a-1 F 8 y2 c ;lys re(1;2) bb.YL B27 y;bwst(1;2;3) Y31f a F 9 M2 X.Y5 (A-3), sc cv vY 5 B28 y v w f sin/y FlO al I Cy sp/Pm;H/Sb sr M3 X-(FR-1), Y5 y cv v f YS In(3R) M(2;3) M I X.(P-7), In(l)EN, Y 5 y f l29 2 a a B29 /y su-w w bb/ sc 8 Y Triploid Attached - XY B30 XX/O;X.Y 2 a Gi y1259 /, w w f Ni XYL.X 108_9) su-w a y Chromosome 2 w y .YS a Translocations N2 XY5 Y1 (ll5-9, y 2 Cl bcncbw wa 2 a C2 b cn v bw Hi T(1;4B5 (16 Al), y2 cv N3 xYS.YL(110_8 y su-w C3 81 LCy v B c?/y f w a yS yL y 2 2 a C4 81 L /SM, al Cy H2 T(2;3)bw , bw /Cy NL XY3 su-w a Yl291), y it w yS,1L y

January 1965 Melanogaster - S ;ocks 40:27

L + + N5 ySx.yL Ins(1)EN, di-49, Y car I V P2 bw bb YS ) P3 YC:bw (X;w a a su-w aw abb Altered Y BSYY+ 'y PS BS /y 2 su-w w bb Su-Var P6 BSY (BSYL.bbYS +

BLINDERN, NORWAY: UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Institute of General Genetics

Wild Stocks 20 g I car & y f:= 38 al dp b pr2c p 60 ri 21 o car s/Cy2al it 61 se r9k B/In(I)J\N L sp 62 st 1 Amherst iso- 22 2 2 Canton-S 23 sc cv f 39 b j pr cn 63 st e Florida 26-24 24 sc5 40 bw 64 ye 3 a 8 4 Florida 10 25 sc B InS w sc 41 cnbr26 5 Formosa, Japan 26 w 42 dp Chromosome 4 w m I 43 f x sp 6 Lausanne-S 27 D 7 Oregon 28 w 44 j 65 ar/eyR e 5 8 Oregon R-C 29 w 45 66 ci 2ey Oregon iso- 30 46 L ICY 67 ey 9 Y 6 31 y ec ct v 1 47 M(2)z/Cy L 10 Oslo 2 11 Samarkand 32 y pn 48 M(2)0j4/Cy al Multichromosomal it L p (inbred) 33 y w 51 a 12 Swedish-b-6 49 Pm/y, l it 68 sc 8B InS w (Swedish-b Altered Y's L sp sc ;cn bw;e cleaned of 50 p 7 n 69 bw;st inversions) 34 sc ;w 51 5 ICY 70 cn bw;e 52 vg 71 cn bw;ru h st 13 Woodbury 35 y sc YAsc 8 B InSw sc p sse Chromosome 1 Chromosome 3 72 Cy/Pm;H/C SbR Chromosome 2 73 y;bw;e;ci ey 14 Bx3 c 6 15 ec ct v g3 /C1B 36 a12 Cy, InL, 31t 3 / 54 e wo ro Deficienc i es and 16 1 b pr Bi l g1 3 Translocations 2 S In Cy R L sp 56 Gl SbLVM 17 fa 8 18 1 B od car & 37 al dp b pr c 57 iv Hn h 74 Df(1)N2 /1-49, y Y f:= px sp 58 m 2 fl Hw m 19 1 od sy car 59 p 75 Df(2)Px , bw sp/Cy L 76 T(2;3)Cy

BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA: UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Laboratorio de Gentica I

The same stocks as in the Laboratory of Genetics of the Argentine Atomic Energy Commission. 40:28 Drosophila Species - Stocks DIS 40

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

Teelucan tb 34 st pe Jap D. americana 7 19 2 20 tb gp Wild Stocks Chromosome 1 Multichromosomal Chromosome 4 40e Jap 1 Independence 8 ap 35 b;pe wj 21 cd 36 b;th gp';cd;e 2 Anderson 9 40a dy 10 37 b;sv t tb gp 2 ;cd pe 2 Others 11 y ec ch dy Chromosome 5 38 b;sv t tb gp ;pe 39 cd;B 3 pe 4 Ja p cd;es pe 3 cn Chromosome 2 22 B p 40 4 o 23 esB 41 cd;pe 12 b bk dt 24 es pe 42 cn;pe pe;gl D. texana 13 va 25 pe 43 m 26 ru 44 "scut "(II);pe Jap 5 New Orleans Chromosome 3 27 ru st B3 pe 45 S/+;B' pe 28 ru st es mh B 46 td 2 v48a;pe D. virilis 14 gp 29 ni s mh 47 st B 48 w;pe is S/+ 30 Ja p V48b 16 31 st es pe 49 v ;pe Wild Stocks sV 2 17 sv t tb p 32 st mh 50 w;cd;pe 6 Pasadena lethal-free 18 sv tb gp 33 st pe

SYRACUSE, NEW YORK: SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY Department of Zoology D. subobscura D. simulans Additional Wild Strains wild strain C from A. Prevosti 6 wild strains from Florida D. funebris crossveinless polygenic strain D. hydei v.t.i. from A. Prevosti B. willistoni B. pseudoobscura D. virilis 2 wild strains from Florida D. willistoni

HALT D'IORE, MARYLAND: JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY al D. funebris a4 B. simulans, La-3 a8 B. simulans, New Orleans a2 B. hydel a5 D. simulans, La-4 a9 D. simulans, South Africa a3 D. simulans a6 D. simulans, Lima, Peru, a 0 alO D. virilis a7 D. simulans, Lima, Peru, a January 1965 Drosophila Species - Stocks 40:29

EAST LANSING, MICHIGAN: MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Zoology D. robusta: East Lansing 1964 D. virilis: Yale D. melanica: East Lansing D. pseudoobscura: Yale 1964 D. immigrans: East Lansing 1964 D. pseudoobscura: Rochester D. virilis: California D. funebris: Yale

NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK: COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY Department of Zoology

D. eguinoxialis Trinidad (2) Orinocan race Venezuela (2) Wild Strains: eoraohical British Guiana (4) Andean-Brazilian race Panama (2) Brazil strains) Venezuela (2) (3 British Guiana Brazil (2) (12) Mexico (1) Colombia (3) D. persimilis Puerto Rico (1) Trinidad (2) Transitional strains Wild: 3 strains Venezuela (4) Andean-Brazil (9) D. pseudoobscura Sex-Ratio Calypso race Wild: 3 strains Puerto Rico (1) British Guiana (1) D. willistoni D. paulistorum Trinidad (1) Wild Strains, geographical Wild Strains; geographical Centro-American race (by races) Brazil (4) Panama (1) Puerto Rico (1) Amazonian race Sex-Ratio Guianan race British Guiana (3) Brazil (1) Colombia (2) British Guiana (1) Panama (1)

LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY: UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY Department of Zoology

D. affinis: Lexington, Kentucky D. busckii: Lexington, Kentucky U. putrida: Lexington, Kentucky D. hydei: Lexi;ii.'o Kituck D. robusta: Lexington, Kentucky 40: 30 Drosophila Species - Stocks DIS LIO

ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI: WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Department of Zoology

D. robusta Notation of arrangements as in Carson, H. L., 1953 Genetics 38:168.

Stocks homozygous for gene arrangement Stock designation X 2 2 Stock origin Standard SS SS SS New York BF-5 ii 35 SS Big Fish Lake, Minnesota TA 32 ii Si Lake Tsala Apopha, Florida St e-17 ii is SS c-66 (Ri-C) is 3S SS Chadron, Nebraska

Other Species D. lacertosa UTL No. 25313, Sapporo, Japan D. micromelanica (various) D. americana Meramec Standard D. melanica (various) D. buzzatii (various) D. melLanura (various) D. carsoni Bridgewater, Vt. 1957 D. niercatorum (various) D. colorata Petoskey, Mich. D. nigromelanica (various) D. crucigera Mt. Tantalus, Oahu, Hawaii D. paramelanica (various) D. euronotus (various) D. repleta (various) D. immigrans (various) D. stalkeri (various)

LONDON, ENGLAND: UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON Department of Zoology

D. subobscura Inbred Lines m ct bnt v sc s th mt ey mj Chromosome Li oc thma B, K & NFS (struc- pm ct sn . p1 pp pt turally homozygous) v w sc/v wco so Inverted order sj otp p1 pp & several others y ni Chromosome 5 Wild Stocks Chromosome 2 Chromosome 3 ch ar Edinburgh ma mt mj ch cu Galilee th ma mop ho ch/Ba ant N nt fd ch/Ba 2 st Chromosome 1 Standard order +/gs ch kk lEa rn nt Bx s th mt eywt

D. hydei vg D. simulans Jer + January 1965 Drosophila Species - Stocks 40:31

SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA: UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY Department of Animal Husbandry

D. ananassae (as in DIS 39:67) D. persimilis (as in DIS 37:58) D. montium (as in DIS 37:58) D. pseudoobscura " it D. nebulosa it it D. simulans is to

OSAKA, JAPAN: OSAKA UNIVERSITY Medical School, Department of Genetics

D. virills

Chromosome 2 Chromosome 5 st B 3 pe 1 Kaidema (Japan) 6 e 9 2 Pasadena (USA) 10 st es Chromosome 3 Chromosome 1 Multichromosomal 7 cn 3v 4 11 v;es (1;5) a 4w Chromosome 4 5y

D. simulans Wild Stocks Chromosome 1 A (USA) 3v net 7 jvse 5 2 B (USA) 4 yw 6 net b py sd pm 8 jv st se 9 Hh pe

LYON, FRANCE: UNIVERSITE DE LYON Facult des Sciences

D. funebris D. busckii

SÃO JOSE DO RIO PRETO, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL: GOVERNO DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO Faculdade de Filosofia, Cincias e Letras, Dept de Biologia Geral

D. sturtevanti - Jamaica, Cuba, Porto Rico, Guadalupe, Santa L6cia, Trinidad, Colombia, Peru, Mexico, Honduras, Panama, Guiana Britanica, Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, Maranho, Espirito Santo, Guanabara, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso, Goiás). 40: 32 Drosophila Species - Stocks DIS LTO

SANTIAGO, CHILE: UNIVERSIDAIJ DE CHILE Instituto de Biologia "Juan No", Departamento de Gentica

D. busckii: Chile (La Serena) D. camaronensis: Chile (Azapa) D. funebris: Chile (La Serena, Valdivia, Tierra del Fuego y Punta Arenas) D. gasici: Chile (Arica), Bolivia (Cochabamba), Colombia (Bogota) D. gaucha: Brazil (M. Capoes, C. de Jordan and Taimbas), Argentine (Crdoba) U. hydei: Chile (Camarones, and El Tabo), Bolivia (Cochabamba) D. immigrans: Chile (El Tabo and Valdivia) D. mercatorum: Chile (Arica) D. niesophragmatica: Bolivia (La Paz), Peri. (Machu-Picchu, Cuzco) U. pavani: Chile (Copiap, Vallenar, La Serena, El Tabo, ViBa del Mar Olmua, Bellavista, Arrayan, Los Alpes, Colbiim, Los Quenes, Chilldn), Argentine (Mendoza) D. simulans: Per6 (Lima), Chile (Arica) D. viracochi: Perd (Machu-Picchu), Colombia (Bogota) U. virilis: Chile (Santiago)

SAPPORO, JAPAN: HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology

D. auraria: race A; Sapporo(1), Okoppe(1), U. busckii: Sapporo(1) Oshoro(1), Fuyushima(1) U. htstrioides: Sapporo(2) D. lutea: Sapporo(1) U. histrio: Sapporo(i), F'uyushima(1) U. virilis: Sapporo(3), Okushiri(i) D. ananassae: India(i) D. immigrans: Sapporo(i) D. sordidula: Sapporo(15) D. funebris: Sapporo(2), Akan(1) D. sp. like sordidula: Nopporo(i), Uoya(i) D. brachynephros: Sapporo(l), Nopporo(i) D. lacertosa: Sapporo(2), Fuyushima(5), D. unispina: Sapporo(1) Doya (2) D. nigromaculata: Sapporo(2), Uryi(i) D. moriwakii: Nopporo(i), Yamada-Onsen(l) D. testacea: Naebutoro(1), Uryu(i) D. sp. like okadai: Nopporo(i) Parascaptomyza pallida: Yamada-Onsen(2)

KWANGJU, KOREA: CHUNNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Department of Biology

U. auraria: Type C (5 strains) U. rufa D. immigrans U. virilis D. brachynephros D. suzukii D. nigromaculata U. angularis D. bizonata D. busckii

BAYFORDBURY, HERTFORD, HERTS, ENGLAND: JOHN INNES INSTITUTE Department of Genetics

D. simulans

January 1965 Drosophila Species - Stocks

TURKU, FINLAND: UNIVERSITY OF TURKU Institute of Genetics

D. simulans Chromosome 3

Wild Stocks iv se st pe st De

VAPANAS, INDIA: BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY Department of Zoology

Wild Stocks V blo ct ss a (a) D. bipectinata (Calcutta) vs (b) D. ananassae (Howrah) Chromosome 3 it to (Andhra) Chromosome 2 it to (Kerala) Px PC stw it (Mughalsarai) cu b se px pc it (Bhagalpur) Cu se stw PC (C) D. malerkotliana b e stw px (d) D. nasuta cu b stw (e) D. immigrans iC b px iC Se pc Mutants of D. ananassae b Cu UnloCated mutants Chromosome 1 se ic dCt yvsv Cubw sp Y Ci a arch

CHANDIGARH, PUNJAB, INDIA: PANJAB UNIVERSITY Department of Zoology

D. melanogaster (4 strains) D. suzukii D. iambulina D. takahashii D. malerkotliana (2 strains) D. punjabiensis D. kikkawai D. ananassae (3 strains) D. immigrans D. nepalensis D. bipectinata (2 strains)

BERLIN-DAHLRM, GERMANY: UNIVERSITAT BERLIN Institut filr Genetik der Freien 72 D. funebris - wild 74 D. hydei - wild 76 D. virilis - wild 73 D. busckii - wild 75 D. simulans - v 40:34 Drosophila Species - Stocks DIS 40

KALYARI, VEST BENGAL, INDIA: KALYARI UNIVERSITY Department of Zoology, Genetics Laboratory

D. ananassae Wild Stocks

1 Kalyani (Kln Cp) 3 Ranaghat (Rgt) 5 Dhakuria (Dka) 2 Ichapur (I Pr) 4 Calcutta (Cal po) 6 Sahaganj (Sgnj)

OSAKA, JAPAN: OSAKA UNIVERSITY Medical School, Department of Genetics

D. ananassae (USA) D. funebris (Japan) D. hydei (Japan)

TUBINGEN, GERMANY: MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUTE FR BIOLOGIE

For complete list, see DIS 39:73.

The following species listed in DIS 39 are no longer kept in culture: D. miranda D. paulistoruni

New Species

D. bifurca D. fulvimacula D. nigrohydei D. repleta, glass

Mutant stocks of D. hydei listed in DIS 39 with the following numbers have been lost or discarded: 14, 15, 16.

New Stocks of D. hydei

Chromosome 1 7 prune 15 Notch-Tiibingen-1: Df(1) 8 tomato 16 Notch white-deficience: Df(1) 1 cherry-tomato 9 tomato-2 17 yellow-Tubingen-2 2 cherry-tomato-2 10 tomato-rood 3 forked ii vermilion-Tubingen-3 4 forked-2: In(1) (homozygous inviable) 5 miniature-63i 12 white-mottled-1: Tp(1) 18 tube-proximal 6 miniature-63j 13 white-mottl6d-2: In(i) 19 tube-distal 14 white-mottled-3: In(i)

LOUVAIN, BELGIUM: THE UNIVERSITY Janssens Laboratory for Genetics

D. americana D. subobscura (Icussnacht) (Standard Homozygous) D. subobscura (Belgium) D. virilis January 1965 U. MELANOGASTER 40:35

NEW MUTANTS

Report of P. T. Ives 6oh 6oh e : ebony Ives, 60h. Arose spontaneously in the vg;se stock and has a medium strong phenotype. 63d29 63d29 gl : glass Ives, 63d29. Induced simultaneously with and not yet separated from a T(2;3) by Cobalt-60 gamma rays. Eye much reduced in size, nearly colorlg 9with a typically glassy surface. The developmental viability of homozygous T(2;3)91 is generally low when in competition with heterozygotes but is very good in pure culture.

Report of B. H. Judd

white-zeste mottle The description of this mutant in DIS 39:60 stated that the white locus change is located left of w; this is incorrect. ane structure analysis ch shows that the change in the white locus is located right of w and probably right of w white-zeste light Fine structure analysis of this mutant shows the change to ch be located to the right of w and probably also to the right of w . The description in DIS 39:60 stating that the change is left of w is incorrect.

Report of Kalyani University

held out Spontaneous from wild stock collected from Kalyani after Lfth generation. Wings held out horizontally. Recessive; linkage group not yet established.

Renort of G. H. Micke

vs 13: vesiculated 61j Mickey 61j10. 1-16.3. Arose from wild type male treated with radio fregency energy. Uniform expression in both 6tales and females. Originally reported as bw (DIS 38:28) and symbol changed to bu-w (DIS 39:58). Determined as allele of vesiculated by M. J. Fahmy (personal communication) RK2.

Report of H. J. Muller

spx, ln:spreadex Chromosome 1; derived from X-rayed spermatozoon; recessive; wings spread widely apart and often directed somewhat downwards, as in Dichaete; abdomen of female tends to be narrow and shrunken but usually has sufficient fertility for maintenance as homozygous stock; arose simultaneously with inversion that is judged by its crossing over properties to be similar in length to In49 but with both of its breaks somewhat to the right f those of In49. Existing stocks, transmitted to Oster, consist of spx, In alone and y spx, In f car.

Tul: Turned-up-like Of spontaneous origin, chromosome 1; heterozygote with wings like those of heterozygous Tu, that is, slightly but usually definitely turned up near ends but not twisted; hemizygote and homozygote more extreme, viable and fertile, with wings usually wrinkled, also as in Tu, and sometimes held somewhat apart; not located exactly but between g and f at about 50 (±3). By a curious coincidence our stock "Maxy- Tu" (f36 of our DIS 31 list), which was constructed with the intention of having Tu in the non-multiple-recessive X and which was thought to have been so made, was much later found not to have Tu as planned but to mimic this result by reason of having Tul l unknown previously to the tests in question, in the homologous chromosome. 40:36 Melanogaster - New Mutants DIS 40

We: Wedge eye Of spontaneous origin, chromosome 3; lethal when homozygous; viability, fertility and classifiability good when heterozygous. Eye reduced to a small ver- tical wedge with the point downwards, much smaller than homozygous Bar. Location one to several units to the right of claret, i.e. near right end of III, so as to cross over fairly 6ften from Dichaete when that is associated with CXF Inversion complex. Exists in well-balanced form in stock containing In3RC e 13e in chromosome homologous to its own.

gy: gouty legs Of spontaneous origin, chromosome Li; recessive, viable, fertile, and usually classifiable as homozygote; shortening and thickening of the legs, more especially of the metatarsi of the hind legs, which are often swollen. This mutant behaves as an allele of a previously undetected recessive feature of Dominant-eyeless, in- asmuch as the compound of the latter with gy manifests the gy phenotype in at least as extreme form as that of homozygous gy. It is therefore very probable that gy is located close to the point in IV, identified by Bridges, at which the break occurred into which the transposed section of chromatin associated with Dominant-eyeless was inserted.

Report of H. L. Flame and Sister M. Baptista Aubele

ove: overetherized Plaine and Aubele, 1964b. Recessive on second chromosome; not localized. Spontaneous in one male of Swedish-b erupt strain; recovered in isogenic progeny derived from this male. Wings held perpendicular to longitudinal axis of body, giving the appearance of flies which have been overetherized. Wings of newly emerged flies expand to normal position within one hour (x = 4 5.8 mm., standard error = 2.08); permanently elevated to perpendicular position within thirty minutes to one hour after expansion (x = 36.9 min., standard error = 1.13). Flies capable of weak wing vibrations but incapable of flight. Lack of coordination of first two pairs of legs apparent from time of emergence; morphology of legs apparently normal. Completely penetrant; uniform expression in both sexes. Mutant viable; females fertile; males successful in mating with mutant females but lack or have lowered mating ability with females of wild- type and other mutant strains. Maintained in homozygu condition in Swdish-b erupt X background and in heterozygous state balanced over dp Cy, InsO5 pr cn

Report of J. B. Spofford

Su-V: Suppressor of Variegation Spofford, 61c. 3-41.3 Pub. 1962, Genetics 47: 986-987. Isolated from Dp(1 ; 3) .58a stock. Reduces mutant effect (sometimes completely) of w, rst, fa, spi, nd and dm variegation of the corresponding loci within Dp(1 ; 3) v 264 *58a Also reduces w variegation f I n (1) wm4 and rst variegatip of In(1)rst . Enhances* so variegation of In(1)sc and y variegation of In(1)y . Semi- cominant, heterozygotes distinct. Maternal effect, Su-V/+ offspring of Su-V/Su-V clearly distinguishable from Su-V/+ offspring of Su-V/+ mothers and the latter clearly distinguishable from +/Su-V offspring of +/+ mothers. Slightly less fertile as homozygotes. Viable in both sexes.

Report of Ruby M. Valencia

fwwr: furrowed Valencia, 1959 1-38.3. The mutant described in DIS 33:100 as wr: wrinkled has been found to be an allele of furrowed. January 1965 Melanogaster - New Mutants 40:37

sd spa : scalloped-spatula Valencia, 1959 1-51.5 The mutant described in D]IS 33:99 as spa: spatula has been found to be an allele of scalloped. Interacts with Bx when both are in heterozygous condition. Cytological examination showed chromosome probably normal, although there was an undefinable "disturbance" around the locus.

En-sd: Enhancer of scalloped Valencia, 1963 When Sdspa (spatula) females were mated to Beadex (Philadelphia stock b 16), a few of the sons were found to be almost wingless, while the rest were typical spatula. When these wingless males were mated to attached-X females, one-half of the sons were wingless, thus indicating an autosomal dominant enhancer of scalloped. The autosome has not yet been identified. En-sd does not enhance Bx or Bx

DROSOPHILA SPECIES

NEW MUTANTS

hydei

Report of 0. Hess and M. M. Green

to: tomato Hess 6 3g4 1-48.0 (locus by Green). Eye color bright reddish orange darkening to dull brown with age. Phenotype inseparable from that of previously described ch (1-115) of Spencer. X-ray induced as single ci. RK1

to 2 : tomato-2 Green 63k5 1-48.0. Inseparable from to. X-ray induced as single ci. RK1

t0 3 : tomato-3 Green 63k7 1-48.0. Inseparable from to. X-ray induced as single ci. RK1

to4 : tomato-4 Gloor 62g 1-48.0 Inseparable from to. X-ray induced as single ci. RK1

pn: prune Green 63j31 1-13.4. Dark maroon eye color. Possible homologue of pn in D. melanogaster. X-ray induced as single ci. BX1

f: forked Gloor 64c 1-86± (locus by Green). Bristles twisted and gnarled as in f of D. melanogaster for which it is good homologue. X-ray induced in as single F 1 ci. RK1

forked-2 Green 6311 In(1). Bristles forked; phenotypic allele of f. Crossing over between m and ch reduced to about 18%; expected 50%. Crossing over to left of rn nearly normal. Homozygous inviable. X-ray induced as single ci. RK2 Lost.

f 3 : forked-3 Green 6315 In(1). Bristles forked; phenotypic allele of forked. Crossing over reduced over entire X. Between m and ch crossing over reduced to 3-5%; expected 50%. To left of m, crossing over rare, only occasional doubles found. X-ray induced as single ci. RK2

Sp: Spread Green 63j25 1-?. Wings held at angle from body. Occasionally overlaps wild-type. Probably localized to right of ci. X-ray induced as single ci. RK2 / 40:38 Drosophila Species - New Mutants nis Lj

wml: white-mottled-1 Green 6318 Tp(1) Eye color dark red mottled. X-ray induced as single ' 1 /w female. Salivary cytology (by A. S. Mukherjee) suggests X heterochromatin including NOR inserted into section 17A (Berendes Map).

wffl2: white-mottled-2 Green 63112 I(1) Eye color yellow-orange mottled. Strongly modified toward wild 2 by additional Y. w c1c low viability, very late hatching. X-ray induced as single w /w female. Salivary cytology (by A. S. Mukherjee) suggest pen- centric inversion with one break in heterochroniatin, one break just after doublet 17A1,2. Also includes an insertion of heterochromatin at 9A,B.

wm :white-mottled-3 Green 64b12 Tp(1) Eye color of heterozygous wm /w between that of '- and Homozygous feales and hemizygous males phenotypically nearly normal. X-ray induced as single w 7w female. Salivary cytology (by A. S. Mukherjee) shows insertion of heterochnomatin at 17A as in w

w631: white-631 Green 63112 1-19 Eye color snow white. Malpighian tubules and testes sheath also w. X-ray induced as single d. RK1. Lost.

w6 : white-6a Green 6a1 1019. Inseparable from w 631 Recovered as single w lt/w+ from X-rayed wild-type g. RK1. Discarded.

w6 : white-64b Green 64b2 1-19. Inseparable from w 631 Recovered as single w lt/w+ from X-rayed wild-type cf. RK1. Discarded.

Nt1: Notch-Tllbingen-1 Green 6315 1-22.3. Df(i). Phenotype homologous to Notch in D. melanogaster. Homozygous and hemizygous lethal. Recovered as single female. X-ray induced.

Df1)w, N: white Notch Deficiency Hess 64g25 Df(1) Notch phenotype inseparable from NT-1 ; N/w show phenotype of white, indicating that the deficiency also includes locus of white. Homozygous and hemizygous lethal. X-ray induced, irradiation of +7+ which was crossed with w/&. Recovered as single F 1 female. Salivary cytology (by A. S. Mukherjee) shows loss of bands from 16C-17A inclusive (Berendes' map).

cht: cherry-tomato Hess 63b22 1-115.7. Inseparable from ch. X-ray induced as single c. RK1

cht2: cherry-tomato-2 Green 63k 1-115.7. Inseparable from ch. X-ray induced as single d. RK1

963k: garnet-63k Green 63K7 1-32.5. Inseparable from g. X-ray induced as single d. RK1. Discarded.

vti: vermilion-TUbingen-1 Hess 62b2o 1_7.4. Inseparable from v. X-ray induced as single d. RK1

vt2: vermilion-Tllbingen-2 Hess 63c6 1-7.4. Inseparable from v. X-ray induced as single d. RK1

vt3: vermilion-Tllbingen-3 Green 63k30 1-7.. Inseparable from v. X-ray induced as single d, homozygous inviable, possibly In(1). RK1 January 1965 Drosophila Species - New Mutants 40:39

63i: : miniature-63i Green 63i31 1-59.6. Inseparable from m. X-ray induced single d. RK1. 63j m : miniature-63jen 6 j4 1-59.6. Inseparable from m. Complemgta with + m and m6 - - ; mb3J/m and m 3 /m near6bit separable from wildtype. 2 m/m gave no in crossovers in 1594 progeny indicating m not dy allele. X-ray induced as single d. Rh.

ytl: yellow-TUbingen-1 Hess 621 1-38.8. Inseparable from y. Homologue of y 1 of D. melanogaster, i.e. yellow body and bristles. X-ray induced as single d. RK1

yt2: yellow-Thbingen-2 Hess 62i30 1-38.8. Inseparable from y. X-ray induced as single d. RK1. 64a y. yellow-64a Green 64a30 1-38.8. Inseparable from y. X-ray induced as single d. RK1. Discarded. 64b y :yellow-64b Green 64b6 1-38.8. Inseparable from y. X-ray induced single g. RK1. Discarded.

ydb: yellow-dark bristle Green 63j30 1-39.0. Yellow body color omewhat darker than that of y, snd black istlesdb Equivalent to it of D. hyd and y of D. melanogaster. y/y and/y are -in phenotype; therore y functional allele of ab both y and lt. y/y gave 2 y /4, 152 progeny with y localized to the right of y, presumably allelic to It. RK1. Lost.

subobs cura

Report of A. Pentzos-Daponte

Cherry mutants in a wild population of Drosophila subobscura in Northern Greece. During the course of a study the aim of which was the genetic analysis of the chromosomal polymorphism of D. subobscura in the wild, flies of a vernal and autumnal population had been trapped on the Sheikh-Sou hill (altitude 120 in), in the outskirts of Thessaloniki. Among the captured flies there were few individuals the eye-color of which was "cherry-like". These flies were isolated and cultured for several generations. Subsequently, virgin females from the "cherry-like" cultures were mated with males of a cherry stock. Neither the F 1 nor the F 2 of these crosses have shown any sign of segregation; hence it is assumed that the originally captured "cherry-like" flies were genuine cherry mutants. 40:40 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

Kaneko, A. Hokkaido University, Japan. The identification of closely related species Differences in the shape of spermatheca may be made by careful examinations of slight of robusta group species in Japan. With differences of external characters. A study of one text-figure. the male genitalia is to be the most satisfactory way to separate the closely related species, while the structure of female ovipositor varies to some extent. The differences in shape of the spermatheca sometimes help in identification of species. In Japan, Drosophila belonging to robusta group had been divided into the following four species: D. sordidula, D. lacertosa, D. moriwakii and D. okadai. Kaneko, Tokumitsu and Takada separated D. sp. like sordidula from D. sordidula as a new specié. Although the two species were very similar in external characters and genitalia, they were different in both karyotypes and sexual isolation. More recently, one more species very close to D. okadai was found by Kaneko, as a new member of robusta group. It is not always possible to identify accurately female members of robusta group, namely D. okadai and D. a. like okadai, some of D. sordiduj.a and D. .. like sordidula and D. lacertosa, on the bases of external - characters and egg-guide. sordidula sp. like sordidula The shapes of spermathecae in the six species of robusta group as mentioned above, varied remarkably from one another, as shown in the Figure. In living and alcohol-fixed specimens, the degree of transparency in spermathecae of these six / species is to be arranged in descending order: 1) D. sj. like sordidula 2) D. sordidula, 3) D. moriwakii, 4) D. . like okadai, 5) D. lacertosa and 6) D. okadai. However, the sper - matheca of D. okadai is not always transparent. Of course, after preparation (boiling the abdomen in 107 sodium hydrox- sp. like okadai Iinoriwakii ide, clearing in phenol, soaking in oil of creosote, mount- ing by balsam), the spermathecae of all species became very pellucid and the internal structure can be easily observed. No apical round hollows were found in D. okadai,D. moriwakii H and D. . like sordidula. Such differences in spermathecal / shape as described above are helpful in identifying the female in robusta group in Japan. Figure: showing spermathecae of six species in robusta group lacertosa okadai

Norton, I. L. and J. I. Valencia. Oak The salivary gland chromosome break points of Ridge National Laboratory. Tenn. Genetic In(1)y4 are between 1A8 and 1B1 on the left and extent of the deficiencies formed by com- between 18A3 and 4 on the right (i.e. = In(1) bining the left end of In(1)y 4 with the 1A8-B1;18A3-4). In(l)sc 9 is broken between 1B2 right end of In(1)sc 9 . and 3 on the left and between 18B8 and 9 on the right (i.e. = In(1)1B2-3;18B8-9). Thus, the recombinant, I n (1) y4L, sc 9R is deficient for salivary bands 1B1 and 2 as well as 18A4 through 18B8. This recombinant is y (ydef or y 4 ?) and ac d, but it survives in combination with 1(1) J-1. To check the genetic extent of the proximal deficiency, I n (i) y4L, s c9R was made heterozygous to the following mutants: fu and fu D9 (59.5), hdp (59.5), bkl (59.9), obl (60.1), crk (60.1), ton 2 (60.1), bk 2 (60.6), thi (60.7) sby-61 (60.8), pph-61 (61.0), smd (61.1), coc (61.5) and meg (61.9). Mutant phenotypes were obtained only with sby-61, smd, and coc. Thus Df(1)18A4. B8 is approximately one unit long; furthermore the relative position of pph-61 is in error. We wish to express our gratitude to M. G. and O.S. Fahmy for generously supplying us with the selection of mutants that so completely cover this region. January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:41

Hess, Oswald. Max-Planck Institut fUr During the growth stage of the primary sper- Biologie, Germany. Mutation and local- matocytes five sites of the Y chromosome of D. ization studies in the Y chromosome of hydei form loops, which in principle are organ- D. hydei. ized in the same way as the loops of lampbrush chromosomes in Amphibian oocyte nuclei. Accord- ing to their different morphology the five loops are called threads (F), pseudonucleolus (P), clubs (K), tubular ribbons (T), and noose (S). For the localization the long arm of the Y chromosome is divided into ten equal segments which are designated 1-10 starting at the kinetochore. The loci of the loops have been mapped as follows (fig. 1): threads in segment 10 or 9, pseudonucleolus in segment 9 or 8, tubular ribbons in segment 2 or 3, clubs in segment 1, and noose on the short arm. By X irradiation the following X.Y-transiocation chromosomes have been induced: (s,K,T) w lt a) T(X,Y), 340/7:

b) T(X,Y), 340/2: Y (SK) w lt

c) T(X,Y), 290/1: Y . w it

d) T(X,Y), 340/10: w lt.Y The four translocation chromosomes possess a complete euchromatic arm of the X which is marked by white light; the heterochromatic arm is lost. The translocated Y chromosome fragments differ in respect to the loops which they possess. Translocations a, b, and c have kinetochores from the Y chromosome, translocation d from the X chromosome. Males and homozygous females have normal viability; males without an additional complete Y chromosome are sterile. Besides these X.Y-translocations one Y-autosome translocation and one Y fragment have been induced by X rays:

e) T(Y,A), vermilion-1: Y,K,T).A and AY(P,F) Y (SKT) f) The translocation chromosomes of the autosomal translocation segregate independently, because the autosomal break point lies next to the kinetochore. Both translocation chromosomes of this reciprocal translocation can, therefore, be crossed into other stocks. The Y fragment includes segments carrying the organizers for the tubular ribbons, the clubs, and the noose. The distal part of the long arm containing organizers of threads and pseudonucleolus are lost. In addition, two mutants of one of the loops, the threads, have been induced by X-irradiation (fig.2). In the first mutant, called "tube-proximal", the normally compact proximal sections of the threads are changed into tubes, whereas the distal diffuse sections are un- changed (fig. 2b). In the second mutant, "tube-distal", the distal sections are changed into two K knots of narrow tubes and the proximal compact sections are not 7 altered (fig. 2c). It has proved YS possible to build up stocks in which all the males have Y chromosomes carrying the mutation tube- proximal, and stocks in which all the males have the mutation tube- 6 P Fig. 1: Diagram of the Y 8 I chromosome of D. hydei, showing the ....4 loci of the five spermatocyte loops. / yL 10 Explanations: 5, noose; K, clubs; T, tubular ribbons; P, pseudonucle- yL olus, F, threads, YS, , short and long arm. 40:42 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

Fig. 2: Loops in the spermatocyte nucleus of normal (a), tube-proximal (b) and tube-distal, (c) male. Explanations: ddF, diffuse distal (normal), dsF, tubular distal sections (tube-distal) of the threads; pkF, proximal compact (normal), psF, proximal tubular sections (tube-proximal) of the threads; N, nucleolus. For other abbreviations, see fig. 1.

Pelecanos, N. University, Thessaloniki, Previous communications have shown the impor- Greece. The mutagenic effect of the dur- tance of diethyl sulphate as a mutagenic agent. ation of treatment with diethyl sulphate (Pelecanos 1962, Pelecanos and Alderson, 1963). on previously starved adult males. Moreover, the mutagenic activity of above mentioned chemical has been studied in detail by the same workers and the data obtained are already in press. The present report describes ttie results of some preliminary experiments the aim of which was twofold: 1. Study the effect of the duration of treatment upon the yield of mutations induced by the feeding of diethyl sulphate. 2. Assess whether a prior starvation treatment of the adult males would alter the frequency of induced mutations. In all our previous experiments, newly emerged Oregon-K males were treated immediately after collection, while in the present two series of experiments, they have been either fed for 24 hours in an ordinary medium, or starved for 24 hours before the treatment. The same diethyl sulphate solution has been used throughout each experiment despite the different rate of hydrolysis over the different periods of treatment. The method used for feeding the flies has been described elsewhere (Pelecanos and Alderson 1963). After the treatment the males were tested for sex-linked recessive lethal mutations by the Muller-5 method. Each male was individually mated to two females for three days; only the first brood is recorded here. The results are gathered in Tables I and II. Table I shows that when a 24 hour starvation preceded the treatment, there was essentially a linear relation between the duration of treatment and the mutagenic effect. On the contrary, when newly emerged males have been fed for 24 hours in an ordinary laboratory food medium January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:43

before treatment, the data obtained (Table II) are entirely different. There is no sign of linearity as regards the relation between the treatment's duration and the yield of mutations induced; furthermore, the frequency of mutations itself is significantly lower in all three cases where data so far available, allow comparisons. (For l2 2 hr, 24 hr, and 36 hr. treatments, the X2 values and the probabilities are respectively: X 1 '4.25 P<0.05, X...6.6 PO.ol, X=l2.9 P

Table I. The mutagenic response to adult feeding of diethyl sulphate, when newly emerged males have been starved for 24 hours before treatment. Duration of No. of chromosomes No. of lethals lethals per cent Treatment tested 12 hours 1,079 68 6.30 Concentration of 24 hours 743 84 11.30 D.E.S. 0.57 36 hours 567 117 20.63 48 hours 1,040 282 27.10

Table II. The mutagenic response to adult feeding of diethyl sulphate, when newly emerged males have been fed in an ordinary medium for 24 hours before treatment. Duration of No. of chromosomes No. of lethals lethals per cent Treatment tested 12 hours 786 17 2.16 Concentration of 24 hours 1,141 33 2.89 D.E.S. 0.57 36 hours 987 85 8.61

Note: D.E.S. stands for diethyl sulphate (ethyl sulphate).

The most likely explanation appears to be that when previously fed, the flies do not eat enough from the treatment medium which obviously they dislike. It is also reasonable to as- sume that flies resist better to hunger when the treatment's duration is shorter; our results are clearly in favor of such an explanation. Thus, a previous to the treatment starvation appears to be an important factor which has to be considered when using diethyl sulphate as a mutagen by the adult feeding method. References: Pelecanos, M. Induced 6ogonial lethals. DIS 36:107, 1962. Pelecanos, M. and T. Alderson. The mutagenic response to adult feeding of diethyl sulphate in Drosophila. DIS 37:116, 1963.

Narda, R. D. Panjab University, India. The direct observations on the courtship be- The role of various male stimuli during havior of males in Drosophila malerkotliana mating and insemination in D. malerkot- reveal that the male approaches the female, liana Parshad and Pika, 1964. taps the tarsi of her middle-leg with that of his fore-leg, vibrates his wings, circles in the case of non-receptive female and postures at her rear end. To study the extent of the role played by each act in preparing the female for coition, as well as to find out the effect of light, experiments were designed eliminating the various factors one by one. Ten four-day old virgin females and 10 males of the same age but either without fore-leg tarsi or wings were kept for 48 hours in a half-pint milk bottle with standard Drosophila food at 25± 1 0 C in a room with fluorescent tube lighting. The light was eliminated by running the experiment in closed cardboard boxes which were early checked for the purpose. Ten trials for each set of experiment along with a control were run simultaneously. After the required period the females were checked for insemination through the presence of sperms in their spermathecae and ventral receptacles. Whereas the normal males inseminated 42% females in light, only 7.293% were fecundated in total darkness. Further, since the percentage insemination again increased to 39.796 when 1/4 pint milk bottles were used the possibility of vision as a major stimulant is ruled out. It rather helps in bringing the mates together. The removal of fore-leg tarsi in males decreased the insemination to 40:44 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

29.348% as against 44.7067 in the control. The wingless males fecundated only 7.071% females as compared to 39.175% in the control. Again, when tarsiless and wingless males were kept with the normal females, not even a single was fecundated. These studies indicate that tapping and wing vibration of the male, of which the latter seems to be more important, are the essential factors to stimulate the female for copulation. The other acts like sight, circling and posturing seem to be of accessory nature.

Parshad, R. and K. K. Duggal. Panjab Collections of Drosophilidae made from three University, India. Drosophilidae of places, viz., Srinagar, Pahalgam and Gulmarg, Kashmir, India. in the Kashmir Valley from June 18, 1963 to July 22, 1963, revealed twenty species, two belonging to the genus Scaptomyza and eighteen to Drosophila. Of the latter, one each belonged to the subgenera Dorsilopha and Pholadoris, eleven to the subgenus Sophophora and the remaining five to the subgenus Drosophila. Three out of these, D. (Pholadoris)ebonata, D. (Sophophora) epiobscura and D. (Drosophila) pentaspina are novo while Scaptomyza pallida, S. graminum, D. busckii, D. helvetica, D. pulchrella, D. brachynephros, D. testacea and D. curviceps are being reported for the first time from India. The frequency distribution of the various species at the three places is given in Table 1.

Table 1. Frequency distribution of the various species of Drosophilidae in the Kashmir Valley

S. No. Name of the species Frequency distribution at Srinagar Pahalgam Gulmarg Total no. 5300 ft. 7000 to 8000 ft. 8900 to 9400 ft. of flies above sea above sea level above sea level level

- 9 5 9 5 1. Scaptomyza pallida - - - - 3 2 3 2 2. Scaptomyza graminum - - -

- 1 - 1 - 2 3. D. busckii - 2 - 5 24 4. D. ebonata sp. novo 5 16 - 8 - 6 30 - 27 3 3 5. D. helvetica - 3 6. Drosophila epiobscusa 12 46 18 67 sp. novo - - 6 21

- 744 110 221 277 965 7. D. bifasciata - 167 8. D. melanogaster 111 165 2 4 2 - 115 169 - 65 211 9. D. nepalensis 7 8 58 203 - 10. D. suzukii 20 82 282 1488 5 6 307 1576

- 1 - - - 1 11. D. pulchrella - - - 1 12. D. ananassae - 1 - - - - - 28 21 13. D. kikkawai 28 21 ------1 8 14. D.rufa - 2 5 - 2 15. D. jambulina - 2 ------1 - - 1 16. D. brachynephros - -

- 1 6 2 6 17. D. curviceps - - 1 - 46 48 18. D. immigrans 37 42 9 6 - - - 1 - - 1 19. D. testacea - - - 1 1 23 20. D. pentaspina sp. novo 1 10 - 12

Grand total 209 349 530 2522 145 291 884 3162 January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:45

Bochnig, V., Hi J. Belitz and H. Nthe1 The Berlin wild-stock of D. melanogaster has Institut ftr Genetik der Freien Univers- been reared in our laboratory for more than 30 itt Berlin. Increase in frequency of a years. In 1958 we derived from this stock some detrimental in a laboratory wild stock. sublines which have since been kept in mass cultures. All of them had good viability. At that time we found in one of these sublines 3 out of 21 males tested to have a detrimental in heterozygous condition in the second chromosome. Of these 3 males, 8 balanced stocks (1/Cy) were established, 6 of them behaved as lethals and 2 as semilethals. These 8 factors were allelic. But in the 28 combinations necessary to test the allelism the frequency of surviving compounds varied greatly, and was in most cases higher than expected, even in crosses between lethals. The survivors were entirely sterile, however. As these and further experiments suggest (Belitz, in preparation), the genetical background seems to determine whether the factor in question acts as a lethal or as a semilethal and whether or not the fitness of the heterozygotes is high. Beginning in 1961, fecundity, fertility and longevity in the same subline decreased, giving at last a stock with extreme low viability. A new genetical analysis yielded the following results: 85 males were tested for second-chromosome detrimentals. In 83 males each second chromosome contained a semilethal, in the other 2 one second chromosome had a lethal, the other one a semilethal. These factors, so far tested, proved to be allelic to the detrimentals found in 1958. But the newly isolated homozygous animals are fertile in some cases. Third-chromosome detrimentals were looked for in 57 males, but no one was found.

Krimbas, C. B. College of Agriculture, Some data suggested the possibility of seasonal Greece. Further data on inversion poly- changes in frequencies of structural types of morphism of D. subobscura in Greece. chromosome E in Fames population (Greece) of D. subobscura (Krimbas, 1964, Evolution-in press). In order to investigate this point it has been decided to study big samples of this population in spring and late summer. An impor - tant spring sample (N=216) has been studied by analyzing the males' genotype, crossing them to homozygous females for Standard order in all their chromosomes. In chromosome A,A2 showed a net increase in frequency compared to the preceeding years. J3+4 was not found this time. The chromosome E frequencies were similar to the late summer ones of last year, in this way disproving a cyclical seasonal change. In chromosome U,UI+2+7 showed a net increase in frequency, while in chromosome 0,OST decreased. Chromosomes A2 seem to have size decreasing capacities in regard to AST. Also UI+2+4 seem to be size increasing, while UI+2+7 size decreasing. These differences are still not statistically significant to the 57 level. Only the genotypes for chromosome U showed a net departure from Hardy-Weinberg (0.01< P< 0.001) in having heterozygotes more than expected and less homozygotes. Fitnesses have been estimated (ratio between observed and expected) for the six main genotypes: UI+2/UI+2=0.42,UI+2+4/UI+2+40.78,UI+2+7/UI+2+7 = 0.25, UI+2+4/UI+2 1.21, UI+2+7/UI+2+4 = I.05,MMM UI+2+7/UI+2 I.46. A fitness surface has been constructed with these values, which showed a maximum at the point UI+2 freq=0.35;UI+2+4 freq=0.40 and UI +2+7 freq'0.25, W0.9962. The actual population lies quite near to the maximum (UI+2 freq= 0.32,UI+2+4 freq0.48,UI+2+7 freq0.20, W=0.9929). This shows that our fitness estimates are not very far from reality.

Fujii, S., Kanehisa, T. and Ohnishi, M. After the co-working of Kanehisa with Prof. Kobe University, Japan. Biochemical Barigozzi and co-workers, Universita Di Milano, analysis of "Freckled-type melanotic tu- the 0.3 M NaC1-eluted fraction which can induce mor" inducible fraction. "Freckled-type tumor", from D.E.A.E. cellulose column-chromatography, was tested for the presence of nucleic acids. This fraction has a maximum adsorption at around 280 mP and minimum at 260 m4. So far from the fraction from 15 gr. wet weight flies, purified by some organic solvents, DNA or RNA could not be found in this fraction. There is no incorporation of p 3 2 in this fraction, though the other two fractions from the chromatography incorporate this isotope. 40:46 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

Makino, S., E. Momma, A. Kaneko, T. Toku- Collections were made during the period July to mitsu and T. Shima. Hokkaido University, August, 1964 in five different localities of Japan. Drosophilidae from seven locali- Hokkaido: Esan, Doya, Nisama, Gunnai and Toikan- ties in Hokkaido and Aomori prefecture, betsu, and in two localities of Aomori prefec- summer in 1964. ture: Okuyagen and Imabetsu. A total of 7,188 specimens were collected by the use of fermented banana, at one hour intervalsfrom sunrise to sunset for three successive days. They were represented by 37 species as given in the accompanying table. Among them, new species designated as Drosophila . like sordidula and Drosophila like okadai were found to occur in robusta group. Remarkable was the fact that D. lacertosa constituted 80.9 per cent of all flies collected in Toikanbetsu, the northern part of Hokkaido.

Numerical data of Drosophila species collected in seven localities of Hokkaido and Aomori prefecture, summer 1964. Localities Imabetsu Okuyagen Esan Gunnai Doya Nisama Toikanbetsu Total Species

Mriiota variegata - 1 - 5 1 1 - 8 Leucophenga

quadripunctata 2 ------2

L. ornatipennis 1 ------1

L.sp. 1 ------1

Chymomyza sp. 2 ------2

Parascaptomyza pallida - 10 - - - 2 - 12

Scaptomyza apicalis 1 - - 2 - 2 - 5

Drosophila alboralis - 1 - - - - - 1

- D. sexvittata - - - I - - 1

D. trivittata 1 ------1 D. histrioides 12 40 1 2 8 1 - 64

D. coracina 48 16 - 82 59 186 - 391

D. bifasciata 7 33 - - 31 44 52 167

- D. hilvetica - - - - - 1 1

- D. suzukii - - - 2 - - 2

D. lutea 2 ------2

D. magnipectinata - - - 1 - - 2 3

D. auraria race A 12 - 70 - 23 42 - 147 D. auraria race B 90 29 76 626 1208 390 2 2421

- D. auraria race C - - - - 3 - 3

D. brachynephros - - 1 22 - 22 1 46

D. unispina 2 - - - - - 1 3

D. nigromaculata 10 - 2 100 91 304 19 526 D. testacea 24 15 1 21 23 68 18 170

D. histrio 4 21 - 4 - 2 - 31

D. funebris - - - - 9 - 5 14

- D.pengi - - - - 1 - 1

D. ezoana - - - 1 - 2 13 16

- D. sordidula - 3 - 6 - 2 11 D. lacertosa 36 59 5 259 110 12 2043 2524

D. moriwakii 12 109 - 49 119 12 127 428

D. okadai - 2 - 68 - - 62 132

D. sp. like sordidula 8 6 - - - - - 14

D. sp. like okadai ------29 29

D. sp. I 1 ------1

D. sp. II - - - 1 - - - 1

D.sp. III - - - - 2 - - 2

D. sp. IV - - - - - 3 - 3

D. sp. V ------1 1 Total 276 345 156 1252 1688 1095 2376 7188 January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:47

Solima-Simmons, Angela and Howard Levene. Previous experiments (Malogolowkin, Solima- Columbia University. Effect of age and Simmons and Levene, in press) led us to check on temperature on matings of Drosophila the effect of temperature and age on sexual iso- istorum. lation. The experiment was performed using Ellens (1957) Chambers with two strains (Simla H and Elena L) of the Amazonian and one (Apoteri Y) of the Orinocan race, all tested against Bahia 6 (Andean-Brasilian) kept for several years in the laboratories. The flies were aged 5, 10 or 20 days and tested at 20 C and 25 C. The percentages of heterogamic matings are:

days Simla H Elena L Apoteri Y 5 10 20 5 10 20 5 10 20 temp. 20 C 2 0 13 0 5 8 30 33 36 25 C 0 0 0 5 0 3 21 16 17

There seems to be little effect of age but lower isolation at lower temperature. Previous values obtained in the experiment cited above (ca. 10 days, 25 C) were 0, 3, 10 percent respectively. For the actual percentage of total matings (heterogamic and homogamic) there is comparative- ly little effect of age and temperature. A comparison of the total matings of both the new and the old data give the following percentages: Simla H vs Bahia 6 Elena L vs Bahia 6 Apoteri Y vs Bahia 6 Previous 20 70 18 65 37 97 Present 58 61 63 81 69 79

The results could be explained by a better adaptedness of the Orinocan and especially the Ama- zonian flies- to laboratory conditions. Their mating activity is now closer to the older Bahia 6 strain. Research supported by NSF Grant NSF-GB-1906.

Miller, Dwight D., Ralph L. Sulerud and As pointed out by Miller and Roy (1964), D. ath- Neal Westphal. University of Nebraska. abasca has three widespread Y chromosome types: Determinations of D. athabasca Y chro- large J-shaped Type 1, medium near-V Type 2, and mosome types from new localities, large V-shaped Type 3 (with X 1 and X 2 ). Compared with the X-chromosome of this species, which in primary spermatocytes has segments in ratio of about 5:1:4 (Miller and Stone, 1962), Type 1 may be described as having a segment ratio of 5:1:2, 5:3, or 5:2; Type 2 as 3:1:2 or 3:3; and Type 3 as essentially 5:1:4 (like the X). Re- cent collections of our own, supplemented by those of others who have kindly provided us with specimens and cultures, have made it possible to extend observations of Y chromosome types in this species (for new material we are grateful to Miss Judith Barkley and Dr. Edward Novitski, University of Oregon; Professor Th. Dobzhansky and Mrs. Olga Pavlovsky, Rockefeller Institute; and Dr. Philip T. Ives, Amherst College). The widespread, generally western Type 1 has now been determined from additional western localities: British Columbia (Okaneghan, Victoria), Idaho (Boise), Minnesota (Hallock, Halstad), New Mexico (Raton Pass), Oregon (Eugene, Siuslaw Nation- al Forest), and Washington (Mt. Baker National Forest, San Juan Islands). Type 2 has been encountered at Amherst, Massachusetts, and Northfield, Minnesota. A new type, designated Type 5, has been found in material from Seguim Bay, Washington (Olympic Peninsula). This is a nearly V-shaped chromosome intermediate between Types 2 and 3 (segment ratio 4:1:3 or 4:4). 40:48 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

Fedoroff, N. V. and R. D. Milkman. Syra- In view of the role of small molecules in enzyme cuse University. Induction of puffs in induction and the relationship of gene activa- Drosophila salivary chromosomes by amino tion to enzyme induction and to puffing, we acids, have been investigating the effects of amino acids on puffing in D. melanogaster salivary chromosomes. Glands are excised from third-instar larvae grown at 18 0 and incubated separately in Ringer's solution containing the test substance and in plain Ringer's solution. After a given interval, puffing patterns are compared. The production of a puff with 0.03M tryptophan at site 68D on III-L has been reported (Biol. Bull. 127, in press). Puffing at 68D is never observed in controls. It was also reported that methionine and tyrosine appear to have no effects. A study of the comparative effects of d- and l-tryptophan also showed differences. However, although one might expect that a puff would appear either regularly or not at all, d-tryptophan causes smaller and less frequent puffs (207 vs. 857 of nuclei observed) than l-tryptophan. In the case of both methionine and tryptophan there appears to be an increase in the frequency and extent of puffing at site 50F on II-R; this puff, however, shows relatively high variability, and some uncontrolled factor may be involved. In similar experiments, l-histidine produced no significant changes in the puffing pattern. The results are summarized in table below.

Amino acid Concentration Hours in added (moles/liter) Ringer's Results 1-histidine 0.05 1 No significant change it 0.10 1 it 1-methionine 0.06 1 50F ? it 0.20 1 50F ? 1-tryptophan 0.03 1/2 No change it 0.03 1 Puff at 68D (50F 7) d-tryptophan 0.03 1 Small puff observed at 68D occasionally 1-tyrosine 0.0022 1 No significant change

These results are differential results: immersion in Ringer's solution for the durations noted produced a variety of changes in the puffing pattern. Only those ascribable to the amino acids are reported. Absence of visible puffing does not, of course, imply the absence of local changes in rates of RNA synthesis. The present survey continues in an attempt to learn more about the turning on and off of genes. (work supported by NSF Grant G-24023 and NSF Undergrad- uate Research Participation Project).

Slizynski, B. M. Institute of Animal Slizynska found that in regard to the effects Genetics, G.- B. Differential X-ray sens- of irradiation there was a profound heterogen- itivity of sperinatogonia in Drosophila eity between tales as well as between the germ melanogaster. cells of individual males in brood. Heterogen- eity between the males would arise if at the time of treatment some males have more spermatogonial mitoses than the others. Heterogeneity between the germ cells of individual males can be reduced to the fact that in the testis some spermatogonial cells are in a susceptible stage (metaphase) while the majority of cells are in a resistant stage. The question was studied cytologically and the following results were obtained. Among 129 2-3 days old males of y w stock there were 25 males in which there were no mitotic divisions in the testes, 23 males had mitoses in the apex cells and 81 males had spermatogonial mitotic divisions in the cysts. Among the males of this last category there were 51 with 4 or less dividing spermatogonial cells, 14 males with 5-7 divisions per testis, and 16 males with 8-16 divisions of spermatogonial cells per testis. Thus the highest sensitivity to treatment in brood is expected to occur in about 127 of males. This figure will be doubled if two last classes of frequency of mitoses are taken as resulting in high sensitivity. January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:49

Kojima, K. and M. Dalebroux. North Caro- During the Drosophila Research Conference at lina State. A procedure for analyzing Madison, Wisconsin (1964), Dr. R. Hillman of three-point test data when one gene shows Temple University called Kojima's attention to low penetrance. an article in DLS (Tsukamoto; DIS No. 38:91-93). The article deals with an estimation procedure of recombination fractions in three-point test with a low penetrance gene. Dr. R. Hillman applied Tsukamoto's method to his data, and obtained an uninterpretable result. An algebraic examination starting from the tables in Tsukamoto's article leads his four formulae to the following results:

Formula (1) = 100 instead of R 1 , 1+/ R 1 J l0O-R1

Formula (2) = 100 instead of R 2 , 1+/ R 2 lOO-R2,/

Formula (3) = 507 instead of R 1 ,

and

Formula (4) 100 , instead of R 2 . 1 + /(100-R 1 ) (100-R 1 + yR 1 ) R 1 (lOOy + R 1 -yR 1 )

Thus, it seems that the four formulae by Tsukamoto do not give the estimates of recombination fractions as intended. The rest of this note will deal with a correct procedure for estimating two recombination fractions and one penetrance value in three-point test. The formulae for approximate sampling variances of the estimates will be given. Consider a stock with mutants a, b, and x at three loci. The x is assumed to have a low penetrance. Denoting their wild-type alleles by k's, an F 1 hybrid of this stock with a wild stock is a/-4-, b/+ and x/±, and its phenotype is of wild type. When the F 1 (the sex of this individual must be female in the case of Drosophila) is backcrossed to the triple mutant stock, segregation occurs at the three loci. There are eight phenotypic classes. The first problem is to determine whether locus x is located between the a and b loci or at the outside of the a-b segment. A test for this distinction can be performed by the following procedure. As in Table 1, pool the observed numbers of animals according to four paired phenotypic classes. The difference, YU-ZX, is expected to be zero when the order of the loci is x-a-b and a positive value when the order is a-x-b. The magnitude of the latter value is given at the bottom of Table 1, and the sybols used will be defined later. The departure of YU-ZX may be tested by the following X statistic with one degree of freedom:

X = 4(YU- 1/2 M) 2 /M

where M = YU + ZX. After the order of the three loci is determined, one can proceed to estimate the values of recombination fractions and penetrance. Symbols to be used are as follows: p : the recombination fraction between the left-most and center loci. q : the recombination fraction between the center and right-most loci. y : the fraction of x/x individuals which appear as wild type (penetrance index). 40:50 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40 x-a-b arrangement: All phenotypic classes, their expected and observed numbers are given in Table 2. Compute the following;

+ n + n + n4, B = n 1 + n 2 + n 5 + n6 , n2 + n4 + n6 + A = n 1 = N N - N The expected values of these quantities are E(A) = p (l-y) + 1/2 y E(B) = q E(Q) = 1/2 (1 + y) Thus, the estimates are given by 2Q - 1

pA = (2A-y)/2(l-y)A A for the x-a segment

B for the a-b segment In other words, y and q can be estimated directly, and the estimate of p is compounded with the estimate of y. The sampling variances for the q and y are computed by

B(1-B)/N for

4Q(1-Q)/N for 'y The sampling variance for the p is more complicated, but approximately given by

(n+n)(n+n 4 (n6 +n)(n+n 3 A(l-A + Q(l-Q)- 2(l-2A) A 2 (1 A) I (l-y) ( N N a-x-b arrangement: As in the case of x-a-b, the phenotypic classes, their expected and observed numbers are given in Table 3 for this case. Compute the following; 1 + n 2 + n + n4 1 + n + n + n6 = n2 + n4 + n 6 + B = n A n N N N Their expected values are E(A) = p(l-y) + 1/2 y E(B) = q(l-y) + 1/2 y E(Q) = 1/2(1 + y) In this case, the estimates of both p and q are compounded with the estimate of y, and they are

2Q-1

A A A p (2A-y)/2(l-y) for the a-x segment

A A A q (2B-y)/2(l-y) for the x-b segment TheAsampl,ng variance of y is given by 4Q(1-Q)/N, and the approximate sampling variances of p and q are

January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:51

(n57)(n2+n4) 1 A(1-A) + (1-2A) 2 2(1-2A) (no8)(ni+n3)1 Q(1-Q) - (1 A ) )2 N(l4)2 (14 2 N2 and E 3 +n7 )(n 2 +n6 ) (n4+n8 )(n i +n5 )}] (1-2B)2 Q(1-Q) - 2(1-2B) j (n 1 B(l-B) + - (1t.)2 N(l )2 (1.4) N 2 - N 2 respectively.I (This work was partly supported by Public Health Research Grant GM 11546 from the Division of General Medical Sciences. The junior author is a member of the European Atomic Energy Community).

Table 1. x-a-b or a-x-b

Paired x++ x+b xa+ xab and and and and Total Phenotypes +ab +a+ ++b +++

observed X Y Z U N numbers

(Yu-ZX)= 0 for x-a-b E 2 E(YU-ZX) p(l-p)(1-2q)(1-y)N for a-x-b

Table 2. x-a-b arrangement

Phenotypes Expected Numbers Observed Numbers

x + b 1/2 pq(l-y)N n 1

+ a + 1/2 pq N + 1/2q(1-p)yN n2

X + + 1/2 p(l-q)(1-y)M n 3

+ a b 1/2 p(l-q)N+1/2 (l-p)(l-q)yN

x a + 1/2 q(l-p)(1-y)N n5

+ + b 1/2 q(l-p)N+ 1/2pq yN n6 x a b l/2(l-p)(l-q)(l-y)N

+ + + 1/2(1-p)(l-q)N+ 1/2 p(l-q)yN n8

Total N N 40:52 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

Table 3. a-x-b arrangement

Phenotypes Expected Numbers Observed Numbers

+ x + 1/2 pq(l-y)N n 1

a + b 1/2 pq N + 1/2(1-p)(l-q)yN n 2

+ x b 1/2 p(l-q)(1-y)N n 3

a + - 1/2 p(l-q)N + 1/2 q(l-p)yN

a x + 1/2 q(l-p)(1-y)N n5

+ + b 1/2 q(1-p)N + 1/2 p(l-q)yN a x b 1/2 (l-p)(l-q)(l-y)N n 7 + + + 1/2 (1-p)(1-q)N + 1/2 pq yN n, Total N N

Spiess, E. B. University of Pittsburgh. During July, 1964, persimilis was collected from D. persirnilis from Humboldt County, Calif. the Redwoods Forest of Humboldt County, Califor- nia (town of Weott). With 188 chromosomes identified the frequencies of arrangements from chromosome III are as follows: Klamath 78.27., Mendocino 13.87., Humboldt* 3.87., Standard 1.17., Co - wichan 1.57., Whitney 1.17., and Unknown* 0.57.. We are tentatively designating the more common arrangement of two heretofore rare or unknown arrangements as "Humboldt" since we discovered it first in our cultures, took photographs with its heterozygote KL/HU*, and corresponded with Professor Dobzhansky (Rockefeller Institute) as to the arrangement's identity with that described by him (with C. Epling, 1944, Carnegie Institute Washington Pubi. #554). Professor Dobzhansky agreed that this arrangement was likely to be his Humboldt arrangement. The exact banding pattern will be reported soon, but briefly it is an independent inversion of the Stan- dard sequence of approximately the same length as the well known KL but displaced more proxi- mally by about 15 bands than KL. The "Unknown*" arrangement however is a single step inversion from KL (overlapping) and had not been observed at the time of our correspondence with Dobzhan- sky, so that the correct naming may be decided later. In fact this latter "Unknown" may well be identical with Dobzhansky's Humboldt and the arrangement we designated above as H umboldt* may be a new arrangement. In either case, the frequency of the latter is much higher than observed before (3.87.); if it is truly a newly formed arrangement, it can hardly be ephemeral to the population.

Whitten, M. J. University of Tasmania. Penetrance of witty (DIS 38:31) in the homo- Factors affecting penetrance of an eye zygous state depends both on background modi- mutant in D.melanogaster. fiers and the environment. A novel method, involving the truncated normal distribution, and utilizing the fact that asymmetric flies are produced, has been applied to measure the genetic and environmental contributions to penetrarice. Initially it was thought that wi arose spontaneously in a Cy j stock. However the evidence suggests that all individuals in the stock were homozygous for wi and that penetrance was reduced to near zero by the large complement of modifiers reducing the activity of wi. Removal of certain modifiers on the same 1 inkage group as wi results in the dominant form. Penetrance of this form is then dependent on modifiers on Chromosome 3 and 1 and (or) 4. It is believed that wi first occurred as a dominant in a natural population and a system of modifiers (dominance modifiers) was selected to reduce it to recessivity. Subsequently the penetrance of wi was reduced to near zero by the accumulation of further modifiers (penetrance modifiers). It has not yet been determined whether the two classes of modifiers are mutally exclusive. January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:53

Carmody, George. Columbia University. Two new strains of the D. willistoni sibling Two unusual strains of the D. willistoni species group have been found that provide a sibling species group. potential bridge between the gene pools of D. equinoxialis and D. paulistorum. The first strain was collected near Girardot, Colombia. It produces fertile offspring with the following three strains of D. paulistorum: Angra (Andean-South Brazilian Race), Maranguape (Andean South-Brazilian Race), and Salvador (Centro- American Race). This last cross produces fertile offspring only when Girardot femals are mated with Salvador males; the reciprocal cross produces no offspring at all. No offspring are produced in crosses of Girardot with 13 geographical strains of D. equinoxialis. However, crosses with three otlier D. equinoxialis strains (Belem 0, Iana, and Puerto Rico) produce offspring which are sterile - both males and females. The second strain, called Belem K, was collected in Belem, Northeastern Brazil. It is completely interfertile with the Girardot strain. Belm K produces fertile offspring with at least six geographical strains of D. equinoxialis: Belem 0, Icana, Puerto Rico, Simla I, Skeldon, and Tef. Crosses of Belem K with ten other strains of D. equinoxialis give no off - spring. Belem K is interfertile with only one strain of D. paulistorum: Maranguape. No other cross between Belem K and D. paulistorum produces even sterile offspring. Preliminary sexual isolation data that was gathered using the "male choice" method shows both strains about as isolated from D. paulistorum as from D. equinoxialis, with the Girardot strain slightly more highly isolated from D. equinoxialis than from D. paulistorum and the Belem K strain slightly more isolated from D. paulistorum than from D. eguinoxialis. This high sexual isolation together with the fact that these two strains are geographically separated suggeststhat those crosses which can be obtained in the laboratory almost certainly do not occur in nature. The salivary chromosomes of these two strains show polymorphism for inversions in chromosomes II and III. The banding pattern of chromosome III is unique in each of these two strains and both are different from that of either D. paulistorum or D. equinoxialis. In addition the salivary chromosomes of the hybrids have many inversions in all three chromosomes. Chromosome pairing in these hybrids is good, with only short regions apparently unpaired. Mapping of the inversions and unpaired sections is currently in progress. Research supported by NSF Grant GB-1906 to Prof. Howard Levene and NIH Grants 2TI-GM216- 05 and 5T1-GM216-06.

Mukai, T. National Institute of Genetics, Spontaneous polygenic mutations affecting via- Japan. Position effect of spontaneous mu- bility were accumulated under the minimum pres- tant polygenes controlling viability in sure of natural selection in 104 second chromo- D. melanogaster. somes which were derived from a single second chromosome. In Generations 25, 32, 52, and 60, homozygous viabilities of these chromosome lines were estimated. In addition the viabilities of flies carrying random combinations of these chromosomes were estimated and the correlation coefficient between the sum of homozygote viabilities and the corresponding heterozygote viability was calculated for each generation. The estimated values were positive and highly significant. On the other hand, in Generations 32 and 60, the viabilities of heterozygotes between these experimental chromosomes and a chromosome supposed to be idential to the original chromosome were estimated and the correlation coefficient between homozygote and heterozygote viabilities was calculated for each generation. The results showed significantly negative values. From these results it can be said that newly arising mutant polygenes clearly show overdomin- ance in homozygous genetic background when the chromosomes carrying them are combined with the original normal chromosome, but are heterozygously deleterious in trans-phase heterozygotes. These phenomena are significant in clarifying the mechanism by which natural populations carry genetic variation. The results are highly reliable because those conclusions were drawn on the basis of counting approximately 3 million flies. (This work has been supported by PHS grants GM-7836 and RH-34). 40:54 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

S Sakaguchi, B. and S. Kobayashi. National It has been demonstrated by Poulson and Saka- Institute of Genetics, Japan. Morpholog- guchi (1961) that the infectious agents respon- ical observations of "sex-ratio" agents of sible for the maternally transmitted "sex-ratio" D. willistoni and D. nebulosa. condition (SR) in D. willistoni and D. nebulosa are minute spirochetes, presumably Treponema. In order to investigate the form, fine structure and life cycles of the SR agents, the SR spirochetes, electron microscopical observations are now underway. The results so far obtained may be briefly described. Females of SR strains of D. willistoni and D. nebulosa were used as a source of the SR spirochetes. The hemolymphs taken from the females were either diluted with Drosophila Ringer or treated with 27 phosphotungstic acid (for negative stain). The diluted hemolymphs were placed on grids and then fixed by osmium tetroxide vapor. The forms of the SR spirochetes are very variable; the two species of the spirochetes cannot be clearly distinguished (Figure 1). The size of the spirochetes can be estimated to be of

Figure 1. Electron micrographs of SR agents of D. willistoni and D.nebulosa. A and C: SR agent of D. willistoni (A: fixed by osmium vapour, X 12,000; C: negative stain, X 16,000). B and 0: SR agent of D. nebulosa (B: Fixed by osmium vapour, X 12,000; D: negative stain, X 13,000). b: bud, br: branch, v: vesicle. the order of about 8 to 16 microns in length and 0.15 to 0.08 microns in diameter. In most instances the spirochetes show irregular undulations running along the filaments, as represented in the photographs. A striking morphological feature is a vesicle ranging from 0.8 to 1.2 microns in diameter. These vesicles may occur at any point along the filament. Furthermore, they form one to four minute granules (buds) which may develop into young spirochetes. It is suggested that the vesicles play an important role in the cycle of duplication. It is interesting that the filaments are occasionally branched. This feature has so far been found in no other spirochete species. In some spirochetes treated with 27 ammonium sulfate the filament appeared to be double coiled, each coil approximately 5 millimicrons thick. (This work has been supported by Grant GM-10238 from U. S. National Institute of Health). January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:55

Kessler, Seymour. Columbia University. Ethological (sexual) isolation in Drosophila is Mating speed and mating preference in two believed to result from an interaction between species of Drosophila. two factors; sexual drive and mating discrimin- ation (Mayr, 1946; Spieth, 1951); the exact nature of the relationship between these two factors, however, has never been clearly understood. It has been supposed by Mayr (1963, p. 101) and others that flies, particularly females, that are slow to mate would exercise greater dis- crimination in mate selection than fast ones. This implies that an inverse relationship may exist between mating speed and discriminatory ability. This position has been tested by means of multiple-choice sexual isolation tests utilizing mutant strains of D pseudoobscura (gl) and D. Lsimilis (or) that have been selected both for slow and fast mating speed. Preliminary results show no support for this position; the isolation indices for tenth generation flies being 0.97 for the fast line, 0.89 for the slow line and 0.86 for controls. Further studies are currently in progress. Research supported by NSF Grant NSF-GB-1906 to Pro- Lessor Howard Levene and NIH Grants 2T1-GM216-05 and 5T1-GM216-06. References: Mayr, E. 1946. PNAS, 32:57-59; 1963. Animal Species and Evolution. Spieth, H. T. 1951. Behaviour, 3:105-145.

Kitagawa, 0. Tokyo Metropolitan Univer- More than sixty lethal free second chromosomes sity. Japan. Heterozygous effect of in- were extracted from the heterozygous population duced recessive lethals accumulated on of D. melanogaster which was maintained for six second chromosomes of D. melanogaster. months. Male flies with normal viability when homozygous were irradiated by 500 r of X-rays. Thirty four second chromosomes carrying induced recessive lethals were obtained. Double and triple lethals were accumulated in cis-phase on second chromosomes through recombination of females with two or more lethals in trans-phase. In this experiment, 40 normal, 34 one, 15 double and 9 triple lethal strains were used. Via- bility of wild phenotype flies were determined by the Cy-Pm technique. Following results are obtained:

No. of lethals No. of Mean no. of Preadult viability per zygote crosses flies per cross (Cy/Pm = 1.0000) 0 64 417.7 1.0100+.01924 1 108 702.6 .9942±.01587 2 122 364.7 .9842±.01379 3 102 465.2 .9728±.01352 4 51 523.3 .9580±.01839 5 20 494.4 .9377±.02934 6 6 632.7 .9177+.06658

Hand in hand with the increase of the number of lethals per zygote, the viability decreased rapidly. This synergistic interaction between lethals is very relevant to the problem of the maintenance of genetic loads in natural populations.

Banks, J. L. The Ohio State University. To establish axenic cultures of D. melanogaster Surface sterilization of D. melanogaster or to harvest early embryonic stages aseptically, eggs. surface sterilization of eggs is necessary. A technique similar to that of Mitsuhashi and Mar - amorosch, 1963, using 0.17 Hyamine's solution for a period of time up to 5 mm. does not interfere with embryonic development. Reference: Mitsuhashi & Maramorosch. Aseptic Cultivation of Four Virus Transmitting Spe- cies of Leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 22(4):165-173, Oct.-Dec.1963. 40:56 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

Plaine, H. L. and Sister M. Baptista Three series of eggs and larvae of the Su-er tu Aubele. Ohio State University. Oc- bw; er + S u _t u + strain were collected over a curence of the erupt effect in the twenty-four hour period on the surface of corn- Su-er tu bw; er + Su_tu+ strain of meal-dextrose media and exposed to X-irradiation D. melanogaster. at ±12 hours of age. The disks of media containing irradiated eggs and larvae were placed on the surface of the same type of media in standard size milk bottles and incubated at 25±1 C. Eyes of adult flies were scored upon emergence as extreme erupt, weak erupt, or normal. Irradiation was carried out with a Norelco MG 150/10 industrial X-ray unit having a 2.5 mm beryllium window and a maximum output of 150 kv. The delivered dose in air for all series was 1000 r (±57) at 140 kv, 5 ma, distance 36 cm. Series 1 and 2 received 108-116r/ mm. with additional filtration of 0.019 mm aluminum, while series 3 was irradiated inside a lucite chamber with no additional filtration at a dose rate of 37-39 r/min. Evidence of the phenotype characteristic of extreme erupt was found consistently in all of the irradiated series (Table 1), while all series subjected to X-irradiation differed significantly from the non-irradiated controls of the same strain. Further studies as to the nature of this erupt response are in progress.

Table 1: The erupt eye effect in irradiated and non-irradiated series of the Su-er tu bw; er + S u _t u+ strain.

Phenotype of eyes (7.) Treatment Total Normal Extreme erupt Total erupt series 1 1027 74.6 5.4 25.4 X-irradiated series 2 594 74.1 5.2 25.9 1000 r series 3 1087 75.8 6.2 24.2 non-irradiated controls 1511 99.7 0 0.3

Taira, T. National Institute of An attempt was made to make a map of soluble nu- Genetics. Japan. Soluble nucleotides cleotides more complete /nucleotide composition in Drosophila.* as a function of stage of development/. Among many analytical techniques previously tested, the following combination technique was found to be best: hot 50% alcohol for an extraction, charcoal as an adsorbant for fractionation and paper chromatography and electrophoresis for separation and identification. The treatment with a charcoal adsorbant was done in the cold. A final quantity of nucleotides of at least 0.1 micromoles is required for a clear identification. In the course of development of Oregon-R, the total relative amounts of nucleotides per dry weight in larvae, pupae and adults are given as 293, 39 and 336 respectively. For convenience the total density units of total extracts at each stage of development is expressed as: (E 2 6 0 - E310) x (total volume) LE=extinct 1 oa7/ as being equal to the relative total quantity of nucleotides. As for the individual nucleotides, uridine diphosphate acetyl- glucosamine is detected in pupae and adults, but not in larvae. Oligonucleotides are found at stages from larvae to mid-pupae, but not in adults. Nucleosides, such as uridine and inosine, are detectable in larger amounts in larvae than in adults, but are not found in pupae. Soluble nucleotides in larvae are scarcely detectable. Therefore, it is clear that the value 293 in larvae is represented mostly by_non-nucleotide substances, namely the nucleosides described above and other /nucleosides/ in small quantities. On the contrary, in adults soluble nucleotides represent the majority of the value 336. These results suggest: (1) soluble nucleotides in Drosophila begin to appear in pupae but are not found in larvae, and (2) the correlation between the appearance of uridine diphosphate acetyl glucosamine and the disappearance of oligonucleotides in pupae may be very close to cell differentiation of adult organs. In the near future these data and those of typical mutant strains of Drosophila will be published as a map of soluble nucleotides. Editing was required to make this paper more readable in English.

January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:57

Lucchesi, J. C., S. Mills and R. Rosen Lindsley (1958) has proposed that in males pair - bleeth. University of Oregon. Relative ing and subsequent (spontaneous) exchange involv- frequencies of induced TM and RA compound ing X and Y heterochromatin "are conditioned by X chromosomes in D. melanogaster females. non-homologous but heterochromatin-specific for - ces." On the other hand, Lucchesi (1964) has offered arguments supporting the view that in females pairing and subsequent (induced) exchange involving an attached-X and Y chromosomes are conditioned by homology. The present experiment was undertaken to further investigate pairing affinities of X and Y heterochromatin. Females of the following constitution were obtained: ,yL, SL BS Ia. In (l) sc 8 L , ENR, y cv y.yL/x

/X y.ys y Y L. S + b. it y y S + SL SL 5 ha. yx.yS L In(l)EN, B f v w y.yL y / XY .Y , y Y Y B

+ 11 / xY ' Y 5 , y Y Y y

These were treated with 3000r of X-irradiation, mated to suitable males, and brooded for five 3-day broods. TM chromosomes would result from breaks in the centric heterochromatin of each homologue; RAs would most likely involve a break in the distal X-heterochromatin (I) or in the YS arm (II) of the inverted chromosomes and a break in the centric region of their homologues (Novitski, 1954). In order to determine the true number of compounds formed, corrections have to be effec- tuated that will take into account those compounds which were induced and then lost due to meiotic crossing over. The observed frequencies of TMs and RAs in broods 1 and 2 represent 137 and 157 of the actual number of compounds induced in ocytes, respectively. In broods 3, 4, and 5, the observed frequencies of TMs and RAs represent 167 and 307 of the compounds actually induced in ogonia. These figures were calculated using the tetrad analyses of Novitski (1951) and Sandler (1954) for compounds and our own tetrad analyses for inversion heterozygote tetrads in which the events producing a compound were superimposed on crossing over. In addition, the assumptions that the tetrad distribution in the inversion heterozygotes and in the TMs is E= .05, E1=.60, and E 2 .35, whereas in the RAs it is E0=.44, E 1 =.12, and E 2=.44, were made. We results of the experiment are given in the following table:

P TM s * RA s * N** Freq. TMs Freq. RAs Ratio TMs/RAs I a. 21 74 109,100 192x10 6 678x10 6 .284 b. 121 54 61,312 1973 " 880 " 2.241 II a. 22 6 213,180 103 " 28 " 3.666 b. 152 61 262,464 579 " 232 " 2.492

* corrected (see text) corrected (x4) Fully realizing that an uncomfortable number of assumptions were made to obtain the tabulated figures, we maintain that some trends are still worthy of notice: (1) The frequency of TMs is greater in those cases where the non-inverted chromosome was XY L .Y S (lb and lIb). This may indicate that Y L of the inversion folds back and preferentially pairs with yL of the non-inverted chromosome and/or that Y S of the non-inverted chromosome folds back and preferentially pairs with X-heterochromatin to the left of the centromere of the inverted chromosome. In the case of Ia and ha, the same preferential pairing relationships would make the formation of TMs more difficult. (2) The frequency of RAs is greater when the distal heterochromatin on the inverted chromosome is that of sc8L. This observation cannot readily be explained on the basis of homology and may reflect a greater breakability of X vs. Y-heterochromatin. (3) The higher frequency of RAs induced in lIb than in ha may be a function of the longer heterochromatic segment available to the left of the centromere of the non-inverted chromosome in lIb. This physical difference apparently masks the fact that YS may have greater pairing affinity for y 5 , in the case of ha, than it would have for Y L , in the-case of hib. The same trend is seen in lb vs. Ia. Here, the lessened degree of difference indicates that X-heterochromatin (of sc8) 40:58 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

S pairs more readily with Y 5 than Y 5 would with Y This may not be as peculiar as it may seem if one considers that in normal situations, the X and Y are pairing partners. This research was performed in Prof. E. Novitski's laboratory and was supported by the NSF URP program.

Lucchesi, J. C. University of Oregon. The presence among the Eugene stocks of a large The influence of heterochromatin on cross- number of tandem metacentric (TM) lines, synthe- ing over in ring/rod heterozygotes of D. sized for other purposes by Drs. E. Novitski and melanogaster. L J. Peacock, has afforded the opportunity to study the influence of pericentric heterochromatin on the crossing over properties of ring X-chromosomes. The TM lines had been 9btained bX irradiating females Lof the constitution XY, y 2 su _ wawayS.YT y + (Par k er )/ xyL, In(l)sc'-sc 81 , EN", y f v(or m) cv yY y. Two different inverted chromosomes, derived from two separate stocks of In(l)EN, had been used. TM's bearing one or the other of these inverted chromosomes will be referred to as (A) or (B) in the following presentation (series 17- and 19- of Novitski and Peacock). Virgin females from each of 5 (A) and 9 (B) TM lines (all heterozygous for the markers y, cv, v (or m) and f) were crossed to males bearing the fertility tester Y-chromosomes of Bras- seau; the fertility of ring-bearing sons with each of the various Y-testers determined the amount of Y heterochromatin present in a given TM (and, therefore, in the ring X-chromosomes derived from it), measured in terms of fertility factors. Using the representation for a normal Y + + + + + c + +, where the first five + signs indicate kl-5 through kl-1, c is the centromere and the next two + signs are ks-1 and ks-2, the following distribution was obtained: C - - ( 3), - - - - + c - - (5), - + + - + c - - (1) and . + + + + c - - (5). Ring chromosomes from each of the above four types were used in the following crosses: XC(from TM (A) or (B)), y cv v (or m) / f x sc cv v f B / Y. Each cross consisted of 12 or 24 pair matings, brooded for three 3-day broods. Care was taken concerning uniformity in age of females and temperature. The results are presented in the following table:

Rod cd0 Ring dd Pat. cfci0 Pat. dd

Ring Type* C.O. 7. c.o. C.O. 7. c.o. (kl-1 tokl-5) n.c.o. n.c.o. 87 32 (A) 4.6 2.3 77 3405 2.3 iT8 1340 187 55 + - - - 10.3 4.1 85 3447 2.5 - 1635 1300 169 36 (B) 9.3 2.7 87 3127 2.8 1657 1302 124 20 + - + + - 12.0 3.3 70 1681 4.2 910 590 24 + + + + + 96 3.8 67 1683 4.0 883

Refers to the number of Y factors present in the pericentric heterochromatin of the ring chromosome.

The results of crosses involving rings derived from type (A) TM chromosomes suggest that an increase in pericentric heterochromatin results in an increase in the frequency of crossing over. Furthermore, this increase is of greatest magnitude in region IV which, significantly perhaps, is the region adjacent to heterochromatin in both the ring and the rod chromosomes. Rings derived from type (B) TM's show an increase in crossing over with added heterochromatin of a much lower level, of magnitude. The following table presents recombination frequencies for each individual region studied; the rings containing no YL fertility factors are used as the reference base; the Table also includes a comparison of one of the (B) rings with the (A) series January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:59

I II iii: iv (y to cv) (cv to v/rn) (v/rn to f) (f to centr.) Ring type Rods Rings Rods Rings Rods Rings Rods Rings (A) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.30 + - - - - 2.02 1.40 2.05 1.95 2.25 1.14 3.84 3.39 (B) 1.79 0.96 1.96 0.92 1.7 1.19 3.8 1.72

(B) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 + - + + - 1.13 1.18 1.40 1.56 1.40 1.10 1.00 1.00 + + . . + 1.02 1.47 0.93 1.00 1.10 1.84 1.15 1.27

The difference in the results obtained with type (A) and type (B) rings may be explained in the following manner. By chance, or because of the use of different inverted chromosomes in the original TM synthesis, the (B) rings may have a segment of unspecified X or Y heterochromatin large enough to render them less sensitive to additional heterochromatin. This working hypothesis may be tested by a systematic search among type (A) TM's for rings which lack all of the Y fertility factors, yet yield high crossing-over values (of the order of 107); and conversely, among type (B) TM's for rings yielding low crossing-over values (of the order of 4 or 57). Cytological estimates of relative size may be useful to determine the presence of unspecified X or Y heterochromatin. (XyL)c chromosomes will be sent to the Drosophila Stocks Center of the Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, from where they would be available to anyone who might want to use them as balancers for special stocks. This research was supported by PHS grant 5T1 GM 373-05 and NSF grant GB 1332.

Zambruni, L. University of Milan. Owing to the peculiar manifestation of the bsp Preliminary chromatographic analysis of character, it seemed useful to investigate if the "brown spots" character in Drosophila differences in free-ninhydrinpositive substances melanogaster. could be correlated with the changes of metabolic pattern in the female following copulation. According to the method described by Fox et al. (1959), two-dimensional chromatograms of virgin and mated females (5 days old) were obtained. The quantitative analysis of the free-ninhydrin reacting components showed that the tyrosine amount does not change after mating in bsp females, while an increase occurs in the Sevelen females (control). This finding points to a correlation between tyrosine and brown spots formation, because it can be suspected that part of this substance is utilized for the formation of brown pigment. -

Bolt, Th. K. H., and H. D. Berendes. During the entire third larval instar abnormal Genetisch Laboratorium, The Netherlands. puffs can be induced in the salivary gland chro- Experimental puffs in D. hydei polytene mosomes by transferring the larvae from 25 to chromosomes, induced by temperature 35 C. for 1 hour. These abnormal puffs (located shocks, at 32A, 36A, 48C, 58B, 81B and 85B respectively, according to the cytological map of Berendes, 1963), are also induced in cells of the stomach, midintestine and Malpighian tubules. Also, in salivary glands transplanted from early third instar larvae into the abdomen of adult females, abnormalities in the puffing pattern are induced by temperature shocks. After 3 days of implantation, the flies were shocked for 1 hour, and after 3 weeks of implantation for 1/2 hour. Both experiments revealed the same abnormal puffs as found after treatment of normal larvae. 40:60 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

Momma, E. Hokkaido University, Japan. A preliminary note on a survey of Drosophila The variability of abundance and sex-ratio population in the University Botanical Gardens in natural population of D. nigromaculata. investigated during ten successive years from 1953 to 1962 are presented here. Monthly collections except in three years, 1953, 1955, and 1959 were routinely carried out by the same methods with the use of banana traps during seasons. Flies were collected on three successive days near the end of each month. On each day of collection, flies were collected at one-hour intervals from sunrise to sunset. During seven years, 20,820 flies representing 38 species were collected. D. nigromaculata was one of the two abundant species, of which the other was D. auraria, showing the rate of 26.36%. Sex-ratio of this species was 129. The results are presented in Table 1. Data in Table 1 seem to indicate that the variability of sex-ratio shows no relation to annual activities. In general, this species showed a trimodal seasonal activity with three peaks in May, July and September. Sex-ratio showed seasonally low in inactive periods between the three peaks. A bimodal diurnal activity with two peaks in the morning and in the evening was observed in this species. In inactive periods between the three active ones, the male diurnal activity decreased especially toward evening.

Table 1: Percentage frequencies of abundance and sex-ratios of D. nigromaculata in Drosophila populations sampled from the University Botanical Gardens at Sapporo during the seven years. No. of flies of Frequency in a Relative nigromaculata given period frequency Sex-ratio 1954 1209 52.4 22.0 126 1956 846 22.5 15.4 97 1957 503 15.4 9.2 114 1958 682 35.4 12.4 137 1960 586 27.3 10.7 132 1961 1109 24.2 20.2 153 1962 554 19.6 lO 147

Total 5489 26.4 - 129 Sex-ratios during a day Morning Noon Evening May 1215 45.8 22.1 164 176 190 145 June 288 11.6 5.3 88 110 80 63 July 1149 20.4 20.9 112 106 109 120 August 633 11.1 11.5 90 104 90 65 September 1830 47.4 333 142 146 120 153 October 374 31.8 6.8 140 138 123 176

Von Halle, E. S. Oak Ridge National Lab., In a stock of y 2 su-w pw spl; T2;3)Xa, E-spl/+ Tennessee. Localization of E-spl. (4elshons, 1956, DIS 30:157) a y su _ wa w spl; E-spl non-Xa male was found and a stock was established. E-spl is homozygous viable and appears wild type in the absence of spl. Matings of spl/spl females by spl; +/SM1, Cy; E-spl/ Ubx 13 males indicated that the mutant is on chromosome 3. A further attempt to localize the mutant was made by crossing spl;E-spl females to ye h Ui Cu bx e 5 ro ca males (stock from R. F. Grell). spl/+; ye h th cubx e 5 ro ca/E-spl virgins were then backcrossed to homozygous marker males, and non-spl crossover males were selected and crossed individually to homozygous spl virgins. The progeny were examined for the presence or absence of E-spl. These results indicate that E-spl is close to ro on the linkage map. Ten crossovers between e 5 and seven crossovers between ro and ca included no crossovers between ro and E-spl. January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:61

Levine, Louis and Seymour Kessler. The The Drosophila maze has to date been utilized City College of New York and Columbia to study either geotaxis (Hirsch and Erlenmeyer- University. Use of the Drosophila maze Kimling, Jr. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 1962; Dob- to study rate of activity. zhansky and Spassky, P.N.A.S. 1962) or phototaxis (Hadler, Biol. Bull. 1964). However, the maze can also be used to study the rate of activity of different mutants and species of Drosophila, and to select for faster and slower running of the maze. In preliminary experiments involving the mutant orange (or) of D. persimilis, it was found that some 937 of the flies ran the maze in a 24 hour test period. In the case of the mutant glass (gi) of D. audoobscura, some 597 of the flies ran the maze in the same time interval. Data gathered at two hour intervals show that for the or flies, some 907 of the flies that ran the maze did so in the first eight hours. When using gi flies, only some 607 did so during the same period of time. Selection for fast and slow running of the maze have been initiated. It has been possible to select for increased speed of running the maze in both or and gi flies. However, only in the case of gi flies was the total percent of flies completing the maze in the test period also increased. Results of selection for slow running have not thus far been fruitful. The pattern and percent of running the maze appears to be stable despite six generations of selection. Experiments are now in progress to test the maze running characteristics of wild populations of these two species and the hybrids between them. Research supported by NSF grant GB-1906 to Professor Howard Levene of Columbia University.

Baker, William K. University of Chicago. In order to obtain more critical evidence on the A method for the developmental timing of time during development when the pattern of po- the pattern of variegation. sition-effect variegation is laid down in the eye anlage, a genetic scheme was devised in which twin spots resulting from induced somatic exchange and variegated pigmentation caused by position effect could be scored in one and the same eye. The rearrangement causing white variegation was Dp(wm)264_58a, an insertion of the white region into the base of 3L. Larvae of the following genotype were exposed to X rays 40 hrs. after the eggs were deposited: Y S y w + rb + f Dp(wm) + wa ec +sn+' III A somatic exchange will produce a twin spot in the eye consisting of a patch of "white" (wa rb) tissue next to a patch of echinus tissue, these spots being located in a background of wa_pi g _ mentation and normal facet arrangement. The presence of Dp( wm) will cause an area of wild-type pigmentation in the same eye. When twin spots were induced by irradiation at 40 hrs. the size and shape of the twin spots were much the same as that of the variegated tissue. The accompanying figure il- lustrates one such eye. Although the precise shape of the CL echinus area is difficult to delimit by visual inspection, 6AJ its general outline is obvious. The areas of different + pigmentation can be delimited quite precisely. The ambi- guities in the outline of the echinus area prevented the ec full utilization of the experimental design, which had incorporated the homozygosis for Y 5 , in the white member of the twin spot, to see if there was a sector effect of additional heterochromatin when the variegated tissue par- w r tially covered both members of the twin spot. A series of eyes similar to the one pictured have provided the critical evidence that the pigment potentialities of the developing variegated eye anlage are determined during the end of the first larval instar. (Studies supported by an NSF Senior Postdoctoral Fellowship). 40:62 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

van Breugel, F. M. A. Genetisch Laborator- Third instar larvae of D. hydei were treated ium. The Netherlands. Experimental puffs with sublethal doses of carbon monoxide (3 hours in D. hydei salivary gland chromosomes ob- in 100 percent CO at 25 0 C). Salivary glands served after treatment with CO, CO2, and from treated larvae were inspected for changes N2. in puffing pattern. No changes were found immediately after treatment. However, subsequent exposure to air produced six large puffs not normally seen in larvae. These puffs begin to appear after 15 minutes, attain rapidly their maximum size and revert to normal slowly within several hours under aerobic conditions. They are located at 32A, 36A, 48C, 58B, 81B, and 85B following the chromosome map by Berendes (Chro- mosoma 14, 1963). In an attempt to find out whether these puffs are induced by lack of oxygen, larvae were similarly kept for 3 hours in pure (commercial quality) 02, N 21 or CO 21 or submerged in Ringer solution (30-40 larvae in 1 ml in hermetically sealed container). Whereas pure oxygen had no effect on the puffing pattern either during or after treatment, the remaining agents induced exactly the same puffs in the same manner as CO, i.e., the puffs became visible shortly after exposure to air following treatment. Furthermore, if 3 hours of CO 2 was immediately followed by N 2 (1/2 hour), the puffs did not begin to form until some time after removal from the N2 atmosphere. In larvae deprived of oxygen for a shorter time (under 3 hours), these "recovery" puffs will be present for a shorter period also. Tentatively, it may be concluded that these special puffs are somehow connected with respiration. The fact that the same puffs are obtained also by temperature shock (Holt and Berendes, DIS 40) suggests that temperature treatment may act via the respiratory system (cf. Ritossa 1964, Exp. Cell Res. 35).

Meyer, Helen U. and Rayla G. Temin. In an experiment in which chromosomes 2 and 3 University of Wisconsin. A recessive from nature were made homozygous with the aid suppressor of Curly found in a third of the Cy-Oster and the Me inversions, the chromosome from a natural population of classes (Cy/2; Me/3), (Cy/2; 3/3), (2/2; Me/3) D. melanogaster. and (2/2; 3/3) were expected in..a 4:2:2:1 ratio in the absence of any viability mutations. In about 1500 such tests, one case was found in which only the first and last classes were present. The latter appeared to have the normal wild phenotype. This was inconsistent with the presence of a recessive lethal on either or both chromosomes, but suggested instead a translocation or some type of epistasis. Testing for a translocation, by crossing Cy/2; Me/3 with cn bw; e, yielded negative results. Other such testcrosses, using instead the non-Cy, non-Me sibs as parents, unexpectedly gave rise to Cy progeny. Twenty-four such "wild-type" males, bred individually, gave 778 Cy to 771 non-Cy offspring. The 1:1 ratio suggested that the wild-type flies belonged, in fact, in the Cy, non- Me class, their phenotype being suppressed by a recessive gene on the 3rd chromosome. This agreed with the observation of a nearly 2:1, rather than a 4:1, ratio of Cy:non-Cy progeny in repetitions of the original inbreeding cross, Cy;Me x Cy;Me. The actual counts from 9 such tests were 257 Cy;Me to 119 "wild type." When the 3rd chromosome was extracted from the original stock and made homozygous in the presence of Cy-Oster/Pm from another stock, the Cy phenotype was again suppressed. This test showed, furthermore, that the original 2nd chromosome from nature was not required for the effect. A recessive lethal in chromosome 2 was shown to be responsible for the absence of the non- Cy genotypes in the original culture. Such lethals occur with a frequency of about 25 percent in nature. Therefore the flies originally classified as wild type were in fact of the composition Cy/lethal 2; suppressor-Cy/suppressor-Cy. They are of good viability and can be kept in stock in the above form. January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:63

Lee, William R. The University of Texas. The "Maxy" stock (Muller and Schalet, 1957, DIS A modified "Maxy" stock that produces 31:144) used for detection of specific-locus mu- only females of the proper type. tations in the X-chromosome regularly produces only one type of female and male. In experiments where sperm are treated with a mutagenic agent, males of the F 1 generation are useless except to detect the absence of a marked Y as is possible in a modified "Maxy" stock described by Lee (1963, DIS 38:87-88). Therefore, for some experiments it is desirable to produce only females of the proper type to increase the effi- ciency of scoring and to provide virgins for the crosses necessary to make a balanced stock for testing for X-chromosome lethals in the F 2 and succeeding generations. To accomplish this a stock was made with the following composition: sc 8 .Y.B/lJ1 s cJ 1 () In49 Fl g BM1, In! "Multiple from the Maxy Stock of Muller and Schalet (1957)." When virgins from this stock are crossed with males of the composition, IN49 v ptg oc Fl BM1In, the unwanted class of females is killed by Fl being homozygous and all males are killed either by lJl or the 1 in "Multiple Maxy Chromosome." It was feared that the use of both lJl and Fl would greatly reduce the viability; however, this stock has been found to have good viability in our laboratory and gives a normal ratio of males to females. Fl is known to act as a dominant or semi- dominant in some stocks (Muller and Zimmering, 1960, Genetics, 45:1001-1002); however, in the stocks reported here (as a result of selection by the author when these stock were initiated) it acts as a recessive. Non-disjunction produces sterile vermilion males and garnet females. The latter can readily be distinguished from vermilion garnet females produced by a garnet mutation in the treated chromosome. The v in the treated chromosome also makes the scoring for other eye colors more objective. The possibility of fertile males in the F1 generation being produced by non-disjunction from a female that has a Y is eliminated by using sc 8 .Y.BS in the parental stock and discarding any BS females when collecting virgins. The modified "Maxy" stock described in this report has also been useful in our laboratory in producing automatic virgins for the scheme described by Lee (1963) of detecting loss of either the X or Y chromosome in combination with detecting mutations at specific loci. In both the breeding scheme reported here and the one previously reported (Lee, 1963), mutations are induced in the 1n49 v ptg oc Fl BM1 chromosome. The spontaneous rate of recessive lethals for this chromosome has been found to be 0.157 (9,155 chromosomes tested) and only 2 visibles have been found in 20,900 F 1 females. This investigation was supported by Public Health Service Research Grant GM11449-02 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences).

Scharloo, W. and W. Vreezen. Genetisch A gap of the 4th vein is one of the features of Laboratorium der Rijksuniversiteit, Leiden, H. This interruption responds easily to a tem- The Netherlands. Selection for increased perature change when the vein is almost complete, 4th vein interruption in Hairless, but with larger interruptions changing the expression by temperature becomes increasingly difficult. The same character in ci is very difficult to change when the 4th vein is nearly complete, but can easily be altered at more extreme expression (Scharloo, 1962). In preliminary experiments it was found that selection for more extreme 4th vein interruption in H leads to accumulation of modifiers which cause a 4th veing interruption even in the absence of H ("assimilation" of the mutant character). Assimi- lation never occurred in long term selection for ciD fourth vein expression (Scharloo, 1962 and DIS 38). With the purpose of testing whether the assimilation of the H 4th vein interruption is a property associated with the H mutant, 4 selection experiments were done. H and the new mutant HJ7c(obtained from H. Gloor) were introduced in the backgrounds of the Pacific and Kaduna cage populations. All lines responded rapidly to selection for larger 4th vein interruption. The first assimilated flies appeared in all lines between generations 4-6, but the speed of further increase in frequency and expression differed widely. Introduction of chromosomes with dominant markers showed that factors on both large autosomes are involved. The frequency dis- tributions of H expression show large variability in the first generations of the experiments when expression still overlaps with wild type, and very low variability when more extreme expression is reached. This confirms the conclusion of the temperature experiments that change is relatively easy in the neighbourhood of wild type. The introduction of chromosomes with dominant markers revealed that differences in modifiers also have larger effects when the 4th vein is almost complete. DIS 40 40:64 RESEARCH NOTES

Watson, J. E., E. Scheinberg, and L. A. We were interested in assessing the effects of Dittmar. Purdue University. Effects of etherization on the fitness of very young D. ether on fitness traits. melanogaster imagos, so the following experiment was run: Two wild-type strains of D. melanogaster were chosen; (1) WiOl is a laboratory wild stock which had been subjected to etherization periodically since 1955 and (2) WSB is a strain derived in 1963 from a collection in the wild and had never been exposed to ether, having been maintained by mass adult transfer. The ether treatment consisted of a 15-20 second uniform exposure to males and females at ages of 3-4 hours. Four types of matings were made: 1-9 and d non-etherized (N.E.), 2-9 andd etherized (E.), 3-9 (N.E.) and g (E.), 4- (E.) and c5 (N.E.). Twenty single pair matings for each strain x mating were made. The females laid eggs on caps spread with a charcoal media while in inverted 1/2 pint milk bottles. Each 48 hours the caps were replaced until 4 successive broods had been isolated from each parental pair. The experiment was thus analyzable as a 2 x 4 x 4 factorial experiment with 20 observations per cell. A cursory look at the analysis of variance yields the following information - Eggs laid: There is no significant difference between (or among) strains or matings in the total number of eggs laid. The brood fraction of the variance is highly significant which is what one expects due to the known maternal-age-effect on number of eggs laid. It appears that etherization has a stimulatory effect on the onset of egg lay for although the differences are not significant (at o!=.05) in the crosses where one or both of the parents were etherized the mean number of eggs laid is 2 to 3 times that of the control value. This holds true, however, only for the first 48 hours, after which an adjustment in the respective means occurs such that the 8 day totals for each strain x mating are essentially equal. Egg hatchability: A significant difference in percent hatch was obtained between WiOl and WSB. WiOl had an overall hatch percent of 90.1% while the non-previously etherized strain yielded 85.27,. That this difference was not due to undetected and unanalyzed lethals present in this "natural" wild strain can be supported by the observation that the unetherized control matings of each strain yielded essentially the same hatch percentages. The significant differ - ence arose because in the Number 4 matings (only etherized) of the WSB strain, the hatch per - centages were noticeably lower than those obtained for W101. This holds across all four broods. This result is of interest and will be studied further. Also, the fourth brood percentages of the WSB strain are lower than those for W101, in both etherized and control matings. This could be due to the non-acclimatization of this strain to laboratory conditions. Sex Ratio: In a sub-analysis of this experiment no significant differences were detected in the sex ratios of the progeny obtained. A more detailed analysis of this data is in progress. (We wish to acknowledge the use of the facilities of Dr. A. E. Bell and the Population Genetics Institute).

Barigozzi, C. University of Milan, Italy. New data have been collected proving that Frd New Data of the transmission of Freckled. behaves erratically as a non entirely mendeliz- ing unit. New investigations have been brought about to know more precisely its localization, and, provisionally, it can be taken that its locus may be between brown (104.5) and speck (107.0), thus near the right tip of the 2nd chromosome. The localization, on the other hand, in some crosses is not possible, owing to unexpected facts. Besides several cases of backcrosses of the type: y +LFd x+ + , where there is a low recombination between the markers and Frd in the female, and no recombination in the male, several others have been found, which can be classified as follows: a) considerable or very high frequency of recombination in males, even in proportions of 50 and 1007., giving rise to symmetrical complementary classes; b) recombinations in the male in presence of inversions on the homologous chromosome (Cy L and Pm), sometimes with statistically significant differences between the complementary classes; c) complete lack of one of the complementary classes, which often denotes lethality of the chromosomes originally carrying Frd; d) loss of Frd in offspring of crosses, where its presence was expected in the 507, of the individuals; e) sudden changes in expressivity and penetrance of Frd, followed by loss of the unit. All these phenomena have been found in both sexes. The findings point to a peculiar behaviour of Frd, interpretable as a changing relationship between Frd and the carrier chromosome. January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:65

Gugler, H. D., W. D. Kaplan, and K. Kidd. The sperm storage organs of D. melanogaster f e- City of Hope Medical Center, California. males are non-elastic and non-contractible, pro- The displacement of first-mating by sec viding room for only one-fifth of the volume of ond-mating sperm in the storage organs of sperm initially deposited in the uterus by the the female, male. Lefevre and Jonsson (1962) showed that one mating normally fills these organs to capacity, leaving no space for the storage of sperm from a second mating. Although the fecundity of twice-mated females did not significantly ex- ceed that of once-mated females, the majority of their progeny derived from sperm of the second mating. By means of females mated first to one-day old untreated Canton-S males and secondly to Canton males whose sperm had been labeled with tritiated deoxycytidine we were able to observe directly the displacement of the unlabeled by the labeled sperm in the spermathecae and ventral receptacles of the females. The sperm were labeled by placing 16-hour old larvae upon food containing a total activity of 200 c from the presence of tritiated deoxycytidine. The sperm utilized by these males for their first matings contained about 907 labeled sperm bundles. Virgin females, 24-hours old, were mated with 24-hours old non-labeled virgin males, the time of mating was observed and immediately thereafter, without etherization, the female was removed to another vial and presented with a virgin labeled male. The interval between the first and second mating was noted. After observing the second mating the females were taken and squash preparations were prepared of the spermathecae and ventral receptacles. Radioauto- graphs were prepared from these squashes from which the presence of labeled and non-labeled sperm could be noted. Precise timing of first and second matings was obtained in three cases of a total of 30 females with which the study was started. In all those cases more than half of the sperm of the spermathecae and ventral receptacles appeared to be from the second mating. The shortest interval between the second mating and fixation of the female reproductive tract was 20 minutes. It, therefore, may be concluded that within 20 minutes sperm from the second mating can replace first-mating sperm in both these storage organs. The accompanying figure shows the ventral receptacle of the female killed 20 minutes after the second mating.

4 ...... . ...... ' .--- . - ....’’.. . . . 4 . . .. s_I,. .0, ) ..__,,'* ..._,_, .'t' . l

Legend:

- Ventral re- ., % ceptacle g - -. . - . ' ; ... from female inseminated . first with

...i NO 1 1 , p unlabeled and secondly with labeled % . sperm (a, AA tissue level; . .. ._.I,. . b, level of photographic 1 . - .,*__ - film) * ' _t -’

I a b DIS 40 40:66 RESEARCH NOTES

Mather, Wharton B. University of Queens- land, Australia. The metaphase chromosomes of D. rubida.

In DIS 34, E. B. Lewis and Linda Smith Riles described and illustrated a technique, modified from mammalian chromosome methods, for preparing D. rnelanogaster metaphase plates from the larval brain. The great advantage of this technique is that preparations with many metaphase plates are obtained and the position of the centromere in each chromosome is pinpointed because the sister chromatids tend to separate. Thus, V chromosomes appear as X-shaped bodies and rod chromosomes as V- shaped bodies. With this technique metaphase plates have been obtained which clearly show that the chromosome number of the tropical Australasian species D. rubida of the immigrans group consists of 1 pair of V's, 2 pairs of rods and 1 pair of dots. In the photograph only one of the dots is split in- to two chromatids.

Barker, J. S. F. University of Sydney, In April, 1963, some small Hymenoptera were Australia. A new parasite of laboratory observed in our laboratory. The numbers rapidly Drosophila. increased, and they were then found to be present in a number of population cages. Examin- ation of empty pupal cases from these cages showed a proportion to have a small circular hole in the operculum, indicating that they had been parasitized. Parasitized pupae were found in cages containing D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. pseudoobscura, and D. nebulosa. In an attempt to control the infestation, adult Drosophila of stock populations were transferred to clean population cages. While removing the media jars during cleaning of the old cages, individual Hymenoptera females were observed apparently ovipositing in newly formed pupae. Three such pupae were taken after the female moved away, and were placed individually in small vials at 25 C, 65-707, relative humidity. 29 days later, one adult Humenoptera emerged from each of two of these pupae. There was no emergence from the third. G. E. J. Nixon, Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London, kindly identified the parasites as Hymenoptera Proctoterupoidea - Spilomicrus spp. Species of this genus have not, I believe, previously been recorded as parasites of Drosophila. Adult Spilomicrus showed strong positive phototaxis, and the infestation was readily controlled by the use of light traps. It is assumed that the parasites entered the laboratory from a natural population, but there has been no re-infestation this year.

Fujii, S., T. Kanehisa, and M. Ohinishi. Eggs or pre-third instar larvae were analyzed Kobe University, Japan. On protein an- for soluble protein by mean of electrophoresis alysis in a tumor strain, and D.E.A.E. column-chromatography. A remarkable increase of Albumen fraction was found in the tumor strain (tu st). This fraction from tumor individual, comparing to a control (Oregon R), has a unique part eluted by NaCl 0.lM. Further, a remarkable decrease of a fraction which has a maximum adsorption at 260 mu was clarified in the alkalien-soluble fraction of PH 4.5 precipitates from the Albumen fraction above mentioned which showed a qualitative difference by Tiselius-electrophoresis. January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:67

Hochman, Benjamin. The University of I am presently occupied with the salivary chrom- Tennessee. A note on the salivary chromosome analysis of a substantial number of spon- osome 4 in D. mel a nog a ster.* taneous and induced lethals situated on the fourth chromosome of D. melanogaster. Genetic evidence indicates that several of these lethals are deficiencies and, as expected, the salivary chromosomes of some of them lack one or more of the bands found on a normal fourth chromosome. Through the use of these aberrations it is hoped to eventually map most or all of the lethal loci, as well as the visibles, that have been detected on chromosome 4. While the literature contains a few drawings of the fourth chromosome as it appears in salivary gland cells (e.g. Bridges, 1935 and Slizynski, 1944), I have been unable to locate a published photomicrograph of 4 that bears sufficient resemblance either to the aforementioned drawings or to what can be observed with the microscope. Utilizing (with some modifications) the method of Dr. J. Schultz as described by Nicoletti (DIS 33:181-182), I have obtained preparations that exhibit the banding details shown on the accompanying photograph. If this picture is compared with the commonly reproduced Bridges' drawing (J. Heredity 26: 60-64) a close agreement in banding pattern is readily discerned. Most of the darker lines in Slizynski's drawing (J. Heredity 35:322-324) of a greatly stretched fourth chromosome can also be matched to those appearing in the photograph. In the illustration shown nearly all of the right arm of 4 can be seen extending from the chromocenter (at the left). (The proximal region of another chromosome is also in view). Additional chromocentric material may be observed adhering to the distal part of 4R (right, top). Unless the squash pressure is adequate both ends of 4R may remain embedded in the chromocenter giving the chromosome a C - shape and making cytological work virtually impossible. Although the left arm of 4 is not visible in this cell, it is seen frequently in our preparations. Its general appearance is much like that noted by Slizynski. The arrows (A-F) superimposed on the photograph indicate the doublet bands that mark the

beginning of each of the six subdivisions of the 102 division namely 102Al,2, Bl,2 ... Fl,2. The two arrows labeled 101 point to the last dark band in division 101 (Fl,2 ?). A closer inspection of the figure rgeals hat one of the homologues lacks 102A1,2. The genotype of the dissected larva was M(4) a, ci . This Minute is viable over ci D and it also uncovers ci. One may tentatively conclude that the A 8 C Minute and cu- bitus interrup- tus (recessive) loci are in or near band 102A1, 2. Dr. M. J. Fahmy, in whose laboratory M (4)63a was discovered, reports that the chromosome in question is deficient for bands 101 F6,7 and 102Al,2 (pers. comm.).

*work supported by U.S. Public Health Service Research Grant GM 11627-02

Legend: The moderately stretched right arm of salivary chromosome 4 from a larva with the genotype M(4)63a/ciD 40:68 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

Sharma, R. P. and A. T. Natarajan. Indian The present investigation was carried out to Agricultural Research Institute, India. get information about the mode of action of Studies on the effect of X-Chromosome in- hetero- and homozygous X-Chromosome inversion version on crossing-over in 2nd chromosome on crossing-over when both the homologues of of Drosophila tnelanogaster. the second chromosome are normal and when they are heterozygous for invfsion. A complex X- Chromosome inversion (sc In-S sc 8 ) obtained from 01 stock, having a recessive yellow body, has been used throughout the study. Two types of experiments were conducted. The females were with either hetero- or homozygous X-Chromo- some (i) inversion, whereas for the second chromosome the genetic constitution of the females was + + . L 2 +/ dp b cn + bw in the first experiment, Cy + + + +/dp b cn bw in the second experiment respectively. Cy, a wing marker gene is associated with two long inversions, i.e., Cy Ins (2L+2R). These females were mated separately with the dp b cn bw/dp b cn bw males. It is evident from table 1 which includes data from the first experiment that there is .a significant increase over control in crossing-over in the presence of hetero- as well as homozygous inversion, but inspite of involving the whole or arm of the chromosome, it is restricted only in certain regions, mainly region b-cn, centeromeric region. The difference between the cross-over value of hetero- and homozygous inversions is not statistically significant. In the second experiment when 2nd chromosome was having Cy Ins (2L+2R), no cross-over in the case of control (X-Chromosome without inversion) has been observed, but it is clear that the centromeric region viz. b-cn, shows an increase in cross-over value in the presence of both hetero- and homozygous l inversion (table 2). The results obtained (a) cross-over increase in only certain regions of the chromosome (b) enhancement in cross-over frequency in the presence of homozygous inversion, argues against the "mechanical hypothesis" proposed for interchromosomai effect.

Table 1. Analysis of the single cross-over in the cross + + + L 2 +/dp b cn bw y X dp b cn bw/dp b cn bw cf

Si. Treatment Total dp-b b-cn cn-L 2 L2 -bw No. (X-Chromosome) No. Mean of Mean of Mean of Mean of scored cross over7, cross over7 cross over70 cross over'/. 1. +1+ (control) 2226 18.00±0.975 3.65±0.314 6.39±0.573 15.33±1.408 SI 8 2. y sc In-S sc I + + + + 2310 17.39±0.863 7.84±0.657 10.19±0.665 14.06±1.569

3. y SC In-S sc 8 / SI y SC In-S sc 8 1084 16.31±1.407 7.15±0.721 9.94±1.528 14.16±1.582

Table 2. Analysis of crossing-over in the cross Cy/dp b cn bw X dp b cn bwldp b cn bw cf

S.No. Treatments Parental types Recombined types Cy ++++I dp b cn bw/ Cy ++ cn bw/ dp b ++/ Cross-over70 dp b cn bw dp b cn bw dp b cn bw dp b cn bw

1. +1± (Control) 712 655 - - - 2. y sc 51 In-S sc8 /-i-+ 1538 1201 22 20 1.53

3. y sc Si1 In-S sc 8 / y sc In-S sc 8 821 612 10 10 1.39 January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:69

Patton, J. L. and W. B. Heed. University On April 12 and 26, 1964, D. pseudoobscura of Arizona. Elevational differences in males were collected from four different eleva- gene arrangements of D. pseudoobscura in tions and habitats in the Santa Catalina Moun- the Santa Catalina Mountains, Tucson. tains near Tucson and crossed to laboratory virgin females containing the Standard (ST) gene arrangement kindly supplied by Dr. Th. Dobzhan- sky. A total of 100 pair matings were made from each locality and an attempt was made to analyze both homologues of chromosome III by scoring at most six larvae from each pair. Thus, the ideal number of chromosomes from each. locality is 200; the table shows that all pair matings were not successful. Soldiers Trail is at 3000' in the Lower Sonoran Desert of paloverde and sahuaro. Molino Basin is at 4500' in the Upper Sonoran Chaparral of juniper, pion pine and scrub oak. Windy Point is at 6000' in the Upper Sonoran Oak-Pine Woodland. Organization Ridge is at 7200' in the Transition Zone of almost pure Ponderosa pine. April 12 at Windy Point and Organization Ridge was the earliest possible collecting date for 1964. There is no significant difference of inversion frequencies between dates within any locality and there is no significant difference between adjacent elevations. However, the inversion frequencies in every other elevation are significantly different at the 5% level using a 4 x 2 contingency test. The Arrowhead (AR) and Chiricahua (CH) inversions both steadily increase in frequency with increase in elevation and at 7200 feet they do so at the expense of Pikes Peak (PP) which was also increasing in the same direction. The elevations of greatest diversity of genotypes are also the areas probably most ecologically diverse for pseudoobscura, Molino Basin and Windy Point, the Pikes Peak gene arrangement being the indicator.

N AR ST CH PP Soldiers Trail April 12 106 77.35 16.04 4.72 1.99 April 26 92 80.44 11.94 5.44 2.18 Total 198 78.79 14.14 5.05 1.01

Molino Basin April 12 142 82.41 8.44 6.33 2.82 April 26 56 83.93 7.14 5.36 3.57 Total 198 82.82 8.08 6.06 3.03

Windy Point April 12 64 85.96 1.56 7.80 4.68 April 26 116 85.34 2.58 7.76 4.32 Total 180 85.56 2.22 7.78 4.44

Organization Ridge April 12 44 86.34 2.28 11.38 April 26 130 89.23 2.31 8.46 Total 174 88.51 2.30 9.19

Kim, K. W. Chunnam National University, In order to examine the karyotype and its intra- Korea. Chromosomal studies of Korean specific variation, a number of strains of sev- Drosophila species. eral different species of Korean Drosophila were investigated. Larval ganglion smear method were used for the determination of the metaphase chromosome configuration. 5 species were checked, among which D. immigrans Sturtevant (Kwangju strain) is quite similar to type 1 reported by Clayton and Ward (1954), but differs from it in having J-shaped chromosome instead of V-shaped chromosome. The karyotype of D. brachynephros Okada (Chin strain) consists of 5 pairs of rod-chromosomes and a pair of dot-chromosomes, and this is the same configuration of D. transversa Fallen. The remaining 3 species, D. melanogaster Meigen, D. aurania Peng, D. virilis Sturtevant were identical with the karyotypes reported by previous workers.

40:70 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

Mukherjee, A. S. Max Planck Institut fur Analysis of the salivary gland chromosomes of Biologie, Germany. Cytological localiza- white-mottled-1 (m), white-mottled-2 ( wm_2) tion of the white locus in D. hydei. and white-mottled-3 (wm_3) shows that although the three mutants differ phenotypically from each other in their extent of mottling, the distal break is, in every case, between 17A3 and 17A4 (numbering of bands and segments is according to Berendes, Chromosoma, 14, 1963). This breakpoint is close to a heavy doublet, the 17A(1-2). M-1 3 While the and m are cases of transposition of the heterochromatic arm of the X chromosome and nucleolar organizer into the region of the distal break (17A3-17A4), the wm2 involves a compound double inversion. Other breakpoints are given below: and w 3 : Proximal break is in the heterochromatin most likely at the end of the euchromatic arm between the centromere and the band segment 1A (In hydei one arm of the X is wholly heterochromatic: Figure 1). The difference between the two mutants may be the consequence of differential transposition of the hetero- .IC chromatin. wm2: Set I: Distal break same as above; proximal break is between lA and the centro- A 4, .4.: - mere; Set II: Break 1= between 9A4 and 9Bl; T -. Break 2- in the heterochromatic arm, this - last break shifts the centromere to the re- - . gion 9A4-9B1 and perhaps splits the nucleolar organizer (Figure 2). Frequent heterochromatinization is observed extending from the break to about 16D4 :i on the one hand, and 17A6 on the other. When- ever heterochromatinization is found the 17A w - (1-2) is always involved. These results, together with the finding that white-deficiency (wd686) shows a de- / 7_'Ihh)1I%t letion for the bands from 16D3 to 17A(l-2), - strongly suggest that 17A(1-2) is the white locus. The doublet nature of the white locus and the Notch phenotype of the deficiency Figure 1: X-chromosomes of w / wm. ( w(1686, male lethal), suggests a homology Arrow indicates the suggested white between this region in this species and that locus, in D. melanogaster.

- IL

. . .

, ;: ..

a..

m-2 m-2 Figure 2: X-chromosomes of w Lw January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:71

Brosseau, G. E., Jr. University of Iowa. Somatic pairing and crossing-over in Drosophila Somatic pairing in structural heterozy- have been known and studied for a long time. gotes. However, little or no information is available concerning somatic synapsis in structural heterozygotes. The nature of pairing of structurally dissimilar homologues should give additional insight into the mechanism of somatic pair - ing and permit comparisons with meiotic pairing. Neuroblast squash preparations from larvae bearing chromosomal aberrations were examined to determine how well these chromosomes would pair somatically. No counts were made and relatively few (15-30) figures of each type were studied. Three different heterozygotes were examined: Lns(2L+2R)Cy/B1, In(3LR) Ubx 1 /Tp(3:3) Vno and T(2:3)Xa/In(3LR)Ubx 1 3 0 . In general, somatic synapsis was fairly regular in all of the structural heterozygotes when compared to the control (Oregon R), although some incomplete synapsis and even asynapsis was observed. Incomplete synapsis was never seen in the Oregon R preparations. Pairing was least complete in T(2:3)Xa/Ubx, although it was fairly good here also. The chromosomes always paired as "bivalents," never as a multivalent. A bivalent with one arm paired and the other unpaired was often seen; pairing was usually complete in the other bivalent in these cells. Complete asynapsis of one bivalent was occasionally seen. It is, of course, impossible to identify chromosome arms in these preparations and thus to determine which arms are paired with each other; however, it does seem apparent that a good deal of nonhomologous pairing must be occurring. Pairing in the inversion heterozygotes appeared to be quite good, however, without any indication of inversion loops as would have been found in the salivary gland chromosomes. Thus nonhomologous pairing is the rule with inversion heterozygotes. As in the case of the translocation, some incomplete synapsis and asynapsis was observed. Although specific chromosomes are difficult to identify, in the Ubx/Vno heterozygote a shift in the position of heterochromatin has occurred and thus it was possible to see in a few favorable prophase figures that when incomplete synapsis occurred, it is the normal 2nd chromosomes which are paired and the aberrant 3rd chromosomes which are experiencing difficulty in synapsis. When the inversions pair, they show the typical somatic "chiasmata. 11 No indication was found that somatic synapsis occurs best or preferentially in heterochromatin. While these observations do not comprise a thorough analysis of the somatic pairing of structurally dissimilar chromosomes, they should be of interest to workers interested in somatic crossing over and related phenomena. It seems clear that somatic synapsis in neuroblast cells (and presumably other mitotically active somatic cells) is very different from meiotic synapsis or even pairing in salivary gland chromosomes. Extrapolations from knowledge concerning pairing in these latter cells to account for various events occurring in mitotic cells should be made with caution. (Supported by USPHS Grant RG 06508-05).

Brosseau, G. E., Jr. Uniersity of Iowa. BSYy+ was obtained by crossing over between The sequence of loci on B Yy and yY. BSY and bwYy, which in turn is derived frm yY by the transfer of y from yL to YS . B Y was originally derived from an induced detach- ment of an attached-X, followed by the introduction of T(1:4)B 5 by crossing over and subsequently deleting the euchromatin between BS and the proximal heterochromatin. Thus this very useful marked Y chromosome has a history of several induced and spontaneous alterations. It would be useful to know, therefore, whether the sequence of the known Y-linked loci (the fertility factors and bb) has been altered by any of these changes. While the exact sequence of these loci has never been determined for a normal Y chromosome, it is known for y+ The sequence of Y chromosome loci can be ascertained by analyzing exchange products between the X and Y chromosomes recovered as detachments of the attached-X. If the sample of detachments includes an array of exchange points along the length of the Y, an unequivocal ordering of the loci can be made by means of standard tester stocks. A number of detachm e nts (115) involving exchange with BSYy+ was available from another study. Analysis of these detachments reveals the following sequence: BS, kl-5, kl-4, kl-3, kl-2, kl-1, bb, ks-1, ks-2, y. The position of the centromere cannot be determined by this technique however, it is assumed to lie between + + + ~ bb and K1-1. This sequence is identical to that of y Y except that in y Y, y is distal to kl-5 and YS has no X derived terminal markr. Therefore, it seems likely that the various alterations which occurred in going from y Y to B 5Yy were restricted to the regions of the Y distal to the fertility gene complexes. Supported by USPHS Grant RG 06508-05. DIS 40 40:72 RESEARCH NOTES

Hiraizurni, Yuichiro and Kyoko Nakazima. From the beginning of July, 1963, wild flies of National Institute of Genetics, Japan. D. melanogaster from a natural population in SD in a natural population of D. melano- Ohdate City were ccllected periodically till the gaster in Japan. end of November, 1963, when fly collection became impossible because of the cold temperature. The City of Ohdate, Akita Prefecture, is located in the northern part of the Mainland of Japan (Honshu), about 400 miles to the north of the Gen- etics Institute in Mishima. A person residing in Ohdate City had been engaged in fly collections since July, 1963, but the earliest time when D. melanogaster appeared in that area was the end of August. Males collected from the Ohdate population (constitution: l'2 for the second chromosome) were individually mated with virgin en bw females. From the F1 progeny of each cross, five males were collected and mated individually to en bw females. In the F2 generation we expect the ratio of phenotypically en bw to wild flies to be 1 : 1 if the l and 2 chromosomes behave normally. In fact, this was so for about 600 tested males. However, there were 8 exceptional cases. In these exceptional males some of the wild second chromosomes behaved as if they carried the segregation-distorter (SD) locus, i.e., they revealed extreme excess of + flies in the F 2 generation (practically 1007 instead of its expected value of 507w). The number of tested males, SD-carrying males and the time of fly collections are presented in Table 1. As can be

Table 1: The number of tested and SD-carrying males, and the time of fly collections in 1963. No. of tested males No. of SD males Time of Collection

12 0 Aug. 23 - Aug. 28 120 2 Sept. 3 - Sept. 7 63 1 Sept. 12 - Sept. 15 230 2 Sept. 23 - Sept. 27 73 1 Oct. 4 - Oct. 10 57 1 Oct. 17 - Oct. 20 48 1 Oct. 30 - Nov. 3 O 0 Middle of Nov. 1 0 End of Nov. Total 604 8 fly collections were continued but no melanogaster was captured

seen, SD-carrying males were found throughout the season. Some of the SD+ chromosomes in the Ohdate population were insensitive to the action of SD, or there were systems suppressing SD- action. Salivary gland chromosome examination revealed that all of the 8 SD-bearing chromosomes carry two overlapping inversions, one involving the sections from 52A to 56F and the other from 55E to 60E. (These are approximate; exact determinations have not yet been made.) The former inversion is identical to that found in SD-72 and SD-5. This inversion is also fairly commonly found in natural populations of D. melanogaster and is called Nova Scotia (In (NS)). One hundred and ninety-three wild, SD+, second chromosomes from the Ohdate population were examined as to whether they carried any inversions. Only 11 were found to carry In (NS), and the remaining 182 were free of any inversions. Many genetic tests are in progress in the author's laboratory, and it is hoped that the present investigation will give a hint on the origin and evolutionary history of SD, as well as on the mechanism of SD action.

Kikkawa, H. Osaka University, Japan. An By using an agar-gel electrophoresis which was electrophoretic analysis of amylase gene improved by Ogita (DIS 37:142), there were found in D. simulans. two types of amylase isozymes, viz., A my F and AmyS among eight strains of D. simulans. A genetic analysis showed that these amylase isozymes are controlled by allelic and co-dominant genes located near plum gene on the second chromosome of this species. January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:73

Malich, C. W. and R. Binnard. NASA Ames Inseminated females of a strain of D. melanogas- Research Center, California. Observations ter homozygous for dumpy were exposed in three on Drosophila given a high dose of protons. sets of 100 each to 30,000 rads of 50 Mev protons, a week after eclosion and three days following mating. Each set was transferred to a separate bottle immediately following treatment, and two hours later all the flies were par- celed out into nine vials. These P 1 were transferred to fresh food about every three days. Some were remated after three days to compare the fertility of females having fresh sperm to those having only the original irradiated sperm. The flies were very lethargic after the irradiation but recovered in a few hours. While many eggs were laid in the early broods, only four hatched. Neither the flies with fresh sperm nor those with treated sperm produced any larvae after the third day, indicating heavy damage to the oocytes and oogonia. Three larvae from the second brood of one set pupated, but these died before eclosion. One larva from the first (two hour) brood of another set produced a phenotypically normal female which eclosed much later than normal. This single F1 offspring when mated to untreated males gave 49 F 2 males and 50 F 2 females. All four expected classes were present in the second generation in roughly equal numbers, and no evidence for radiation induced mutation was found. It is extremely unlikely that the irradiation was so non-uniform that any of the flies ex- caped the high dose of 30,000 rads. The proton beam was scattered by 1/8" of carbon to produce a nearly constant flux over a circle of diameter 1 1/2 11 , and only the central 1" disk was used. In addition, the beam was oscillated rapidly (several hundred cps) to smooth out any minute irregularities. The dose delivered corresponds to approximately 1260 protons per square micron, so that each chromosome should have received multiple hits. The median life of the flies after this dose of protons was shorter than normal, half dying in 18 days compared to the shortest period of 21 days observed for virgins under similar crowded conditions. Fourteen days after eclosion 222 of the original 300 were alive, 172 lived 17 days, 121 lived 20 days and 3 were alive at an age of 32 days. The food was rather damp and since this dumpy strain gets stuck easily, the environmental conditions may have affected the life- time more than the radiation. Consequently we conclude from this series only that the sterilizing effect was virtually complete. Degenerative effects associated with high radiation doses were evident in five flies sacrificed for histological studies. Two flies dissected 17 days after treatment had degenerate ovaries and their oogonia were vacuolated and necrotic. Live motile sperm were seen in the seminal receptacle of the fly taken from a vial with mates, while no sperm were found in one which had been without mates for a week. The three flies which lived 32 days were dissected, and showed more advanced degeneration of the ovaries and the oogonia than the younger pair. No sperm were seen in these flies, which had been without mates for 10 days. Further work with lower doses has suggested other non-reparable damage produced by protons, and some biochemical effects on the brain of adults are being investigated.

Scharloo, W. Genetisch Laboratorium der Scharloo and Nicuwenhuis (DIS 37 and 1964) re- Rijksuniversiteit, The Netherlands ported that the temperature sensitive period Temperature sensitive periods in ci . (T.S.P.) of ciD lies after puparium formation, and they found no evidence for an influence of the genetic background. However, new experi- D ments with two long inbred ci lines having oppositely directed temperature reactions revealed that the genetic background can affect the localization of the T.S.P. in development. Unpig- mented prepupae were transferred from 27.5 0 to 17.50 . In both lines the T.S.P. for the 4th vein interruption ended before pupariurn formation. A further experiment on an inbred line related to the H-stock of our earlier experiments showed again a T.S.P. starting several hours after puparium formation. The T.S.P. for the 5th vein interruption was invariably located after puparium formation in all lines. It is perhaps relevant that the 5th vein had an interruption of about the same size at

27.5 0 , and was complete at 17.5 0 , in all lines. Further, both strains with a 4th vein T.S.P. before puparium formation, show a change of expression in that part of the scale where expression and temperature have a linear relation. In both stocks with the T.S.P. after puparium formation, the expression is less extreme and is changed through the expression range where a marked facilitation of change occurs (see Scharloo 1962).

40:74 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

de Mazar Barnett, Beatriz K. Comisin Nac- A comparison was made of the frequencies of sex- ional de Energfa Atomica, Argentina. Re- linked recessive lethal mutations induced in cessive lethals induced in sperm by X mature sperm by (a) X rays, (b) two alkylating rays, alkylating agents and combinations agents and (c) a post-irradiation 30 minutes of both. after administration of the chemicals. The alkylating agents used, a nitrogen mustard (NITROMIN) and a polyethylene-imine (THIO TEPA) were injected intra-abdominally in a 0.4"L saline solution and the irradiation dose was 800r in all cases. For the experiments, one day old Oregon-R males were treated and 24 hours later mated to "Basc" females, left for one day and then discarded. The females were allowed to oviposit for two additional days. Standard recessive lethal tests were made with the F 1 females. The results obtained in the F 2 are shown in the table. Taking into consideration these results, as well as others from combined treatments carried out at different intervals, the effect of combined treatments with alkylating agents and X-rays is at least additive with the nitrogen mustard but not with the polyethylene-imine, in which case no combined treatment has ever induced a recessive lethal frequency as high as that induced by the chemical alone.

Alkylating X rays Alk. a. X rays agent 30 m interval

No. chrom. 7det. No. chrom. T0let. No. chrom. 70let.

NITROMIN 788 1J4 1084 1.92 951 4.94 (7xl02M)

THIO TEPA 983 12.00 1084 1.92 693 6.63 (3xl02M)

deMazar Barnett, Beatriz K. ComisiSn Nac- An attempt is being made to establish the fre- ional de Energia Atomica, Argentina. Ex- quency of dominant lethals induced in mature or treme variability in oviposition rate. nearly mature oocytes of females treated with various combinations of X-rays and chemical mutagens, in the hope of elucidating previous data on recessive lethals induced by these agents. Individual females were mated in vials containing a special medium for egg counts (see note in this issue DIS) and were allowed to lay eggs for 36 hours (this time had to be used since it was the period used previously for the recessive lethal tests). It was found that a variable proportion of the females did not lay eggs at all during the 36 hour period (though most of them did finally lay eggs later). This was true of all groups including the controls. In addition, there was an extreme variation in the number of eggs laid by the individual females, again in all groups. In some treatments, the range was from 1 to 100, in others 1 to 50, etc. and the distribution of egg number was rarely a normal one.

Schneider, Imogene. Yale University. In- In a recent review, the observation was made advisability of using the raft technique that although insect organs have been cultured for Drosophila organ culture, in hanging drops and on solid media for in vitro differentiation studies, there has been no report in the literature of using the rayon raft technique for this purpose, the latter being a very common practice in vertebrate organ culture (M. Martignoni in Insect Physiology, Oregon State Univ. Press, 1963). This technique was attempted a number of times in culturing D. rnelanogaster organs (cephalic ganglia with attached eye-antennal discs, salivary glands, testes and ovaries) using not only rayon rafts but also rafts of nylon monofilament cloth, perforated cellophane and millipore filters. Regardless of the material which served as the raft, the end result was unsatis- factory. Except for testes and ovaries from young third instar larvae, all the above-mentioned Jnuary 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:75

organs, whether from third instar larvae, prepupae, or pupae, immediately flattened out when placed on such rafts. After 24 hours in culture most organs were so distorted that it was difficult to visualize their original outlines. None of the organs survived as long as their controls in hanging drops, nor was there, with few exceptions, any significant differentiation. Millipore filter rafts had one further disadvantage in that it was extremely difficult to see the explants against the solid white background. Placement of Drosophila organs at an air in- terface within the culture chamber should therefore be avoided since such an arrangement pro- motes neither long survival nor extensive differentiation and as such is decidedly inferior to complete submersion of explants in a liquid medium.

Ayala, Francisco J. Columbia University. Two strains of D. birchii from Cairns, Australia, Development of incipient sexual isolation and from Popondetta, New Guinea (Ayala, 1965a), between laboratory populations. were crossed in both directions. Two populations were started with 150 pairs of F 1 hybrids each, one being maintained at 25 C and the second at 19 C. The technique of maintaining the populations has been described elsewhere (Ayala, 1965b). After 48 weeks of "natural's selection (about 16 generations at 25 0 and 10 generations at 19 C) samples were taken from both populations, and crossed to each of the parental strains in the two possible directions. The test was made by placing 109 and lOd together in a 1/2 pint bottle for 10 days, and then the females were dissected and examined for presence of sperm. The results are given in table 1. (The control crosses give 907 or more insemination). The two hybrid

Table 1: Sexual preferences between two hybrid experimental populations and their parental strains. Per cent Cross -. tested inseminated inseminated Hybrid population 25 x Cairns 64 14 22 Hybrid population 25 x Popondetta 57 26 46 Hybrid population 19 x Cairns 55 40 73 Hybrid population 19 x Popondetta 60 31 52

populations show a similar moderate degree of sexual isolation with the Popondetta parental strain. However their behavior with the Cairns parental strain is strikingly different, the 25 0 population showing 0fairly high isolation and the 19 0 very little. The difference in isolation of the 25 0 and 19 populations with Cairns is highly significant (2r30, P<<.00l), and the difference between the behavior with Cairns and with Popondetta is significant at P<.Ol for the 250 hybrid population and at P<.05 for the 19 0 population. The two populations have, then, evolved different degrees of sexual isolation with respect to the parental strains. Since the populations were kept completely separated, sexual isolation has evidently arisen as a by-product of genetic divergence. Literature: Ayala, F. J. 1965a. Sibling species of the Drosophila serrata group. Evo- lution, in press. Ayala, F. J. 1965b. Relative fitness of populations of Drosophila serrata and Drosophila birchil. Genetics, in press.

Ayala, Francisco J. Columbia University. Two experimental populations, one maintained at Improvement of fitness in experimental 25 C and the second at 19 C, were started with populations. 150 pairs of founders taken from mass culture stocks of the Popondetta strain of D. serrata. The technique of maintaining the populations has been described elsewhere (Ayala 1965), the relevant factor being that strong competition exists 40:76 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

both between the adults and during the immature stages of development. The populations reached equilibrium between the 8th and the 15th week, and thereafter oscillated around the same level. After 52 weeks samples were taken from both populations and from the original mass culture stocks, and a new generation was produced at 25 C under uncrowded conditions. From this progeny different amounts of flies were placed in 1/2-pint culture bottles, and transferred regularly to fresh bottles (3 times a week at 25 C, twice at 19'C). A total of 10 transfers were made at 25 0 for each level of parental density, and 6 transfers at 19 C. The mean number of flies produced per bottle are presented in Table 1. In all the six cases studied the flies

Table 1: Mean number of flies produced per food unit by two experimental populations and their parental stocks. Number of flies produced per bottle 25 C 19 C Number of Experimental Diffe- Experimental Diffe- Parents Population Control rence population Control rence 100 396 363 33 233 208 25 300 423 381 42 1000 513 495 18 477 379 98 1500 543 497 46 from the experimental populations produced more progeny than the controls. It seems likely that, under the action of strong natural selection, new genotypes have been selected in the experimental populations which improved their fitness, as measured by the number of progeny produced per food unit. Reference: Ayala, F. J. 1965. Relative fitness of populations of Drosophila serrata and Drosophila birchii.. Genetics, in press.

Thompson, Peter E. Iowa State University. In the course of tests of the effect of actino- The killing and resorption of eggs after mycin-D on crossing-over, females were injected injection of Drosophila females with actin- with about 0.25 microliter of dissolved material omycin-D. at concentrations of 10 and 50 microgram/milli- liter. Injection was via the thorax. Neither concentration had a marked effect on survival under sterile conditions. while the 10-gamma solution did not reduce fertility, the 50-gamma solution invariably led to a permanent or temporary cessation of egg laying. In the 50-gamma series, females were inseminated during their first imaginal day and injected at 1 1/2 days. Each female laid 2-5 eggs soon after treatment, after which oviposition ceased for at least 6-7 days. Following this lapse, roughly one-third (37/124) of the females showed a recovery of fertility. The pattern of crossover effect after recovery was comparable in its time scale to effects of the 10-gamma treatment, heat treatments, etc., as if no marked retardation of survivng oocytes were involved. This included the observation of multiple rare exchanges, presumably gonial in origin, in individual females from the tenth day on. Females examined early in the sterile period show degeneration of all advanced egg stages, and the ovary is distended with decomposition products. At day 6 (about 4 1/2 days after injection) most of this debris has been resorbed and oocytes up to about stage 3 or 4 can be seen. Again, the rate of development of these surviving oocytes must be nearly normal, for their mat- uration is complete in some females within another two days, at the return of fertility. A more thorough treatment of this aspect is projected, hopefully to establish a time scale of oogenesis similar to that found by Welshons and Russell (PNAS 1957) in their irradiation of Dro- sophila males. (Research supported by U.S.P.H.S. Grant GM 08912). 40:77 January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES

Stromnaes, t5istein and Ingerid Kvelland Unmated D. melanogaster males from an Oslo wild- University of Oslo, Norway. Radiosens- type stock were irradiated with 3000 r of X-rays itivity of sperm ejaculated within 12 when the males were either 12, 24 or 72 hours hours after irradiation. aid, and then mated individually to virgin M5 (Muller-5) females. All matings were observed and recorded. Copulating females were immediately isolated and after impregnation transferred to egg laying tubes. Thus, the frequency can be calculated of sex-linked recessive lethals in individual sperm ejaculates. Analysis of the data (Table 1) indicate that the frequency of sex-linked lethals increase with age of males at time of irradiation. This is in agreement with previous findings.

Table 1: The frequency of sex-linked recessive mutations in successive ejaculates after irradiation. Ejaculate sequence First Second Third Total Series 1/N 7 1 1/N 7 1 1/N 7 1 1/N 7 1 12 A 665/9137 7.28 70/1168 5.99 11/138 7.97 755/10575 7.14 24 A 1356/16563 8.19 422/6795 6.21 117/2277 5.14 1918/26067 7.36 72 A 795/9259 8.58 286/3635 7.86 61/603 10.11 1145/13523 8.47

It can also be seen from the table that all age groups of males have a lower frequency of lethals in their second ejaculate than in the first ejaculate. The data are not consistent in the third mating for the three age groups of males. The 24 hour old males (Series 24 A) exhibit a further lowering in the frequency of lethals from the two previous matings; while the younger as well as the older males (Series 12 A and 72 A) have a higher frequency of lethals in their third ejaculate than in their second ejaculate. The data for 12 and 24 hour old males (Series 12 A and 24 A) are in agreement with previous findings, while we have no data directly compatible with those obtained in Series 72 A. The data have not been analyzed in detail yet, but a preliminary examination of the data suggests that for the youngest age group of males (Series 12 A) the frequency of lethals in the first ejaculate depends on the time after irradiation. Thus, first ejaculates available for fertilization the first eight hours after irradiation exhibit a higher frequency of lethals than do first ejaculates available for fertilization eight to twelve hours after irradiation.

Gfeller, S. M. David. University of Oregon. The action of an autosomal recessive factor The action of an autosomal modifier on the (Clancy, 1964, DIS 39:65) which affects the pro- pteridine of the mutant, white-blood ( wbl). duction of the pteridine eye pigments (Clancy, 1962, Gen. 47:948-949) in Drosophila is being studied with respect to the mutant, white-blood (wb), a temperature sensitive allele of the white series. Preliminary experiments involving comparative measurements of the fluorescing pigments resolved by paper chromatography (Hadorn & Mitchell, 1951) reveal that at both 25 C and 18 C all of the pteridines are significantly reduced in wbl when homozygous for the modifier. A similar result is obtained with a stock homozygous for the modifier, but otherwise wild type in appearance and constitution. bl Comparative measurements have also been made at both temperatures on the compounds of with vermilion (v) and scarlet (st), genetic blocks to ommochrome formation. The pattern of action of the modifier is not the same with these two compounds, nor is it the same as that found with w 11 alone. The above patterns are quite consistent in flies from five to sixteen days of age. All measurements were made on head pigments of male flies derived from stocks in which the female parents were attached-X and wild type with respect to wM. Preliminary experiments involving males derived from stocks in which the mothers were also wb] have given results which indicate the possibility of a maternal effect with respect to the interaction of the pteridine modifier and the eye color mutant. (Work supported by training grant No. 5T1-GM-373 and research grant CM09802, USPHS). 40:78 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 1O

Bateman, A. J. Christie Hospital, Man- dp b cn bw/b pr vg dd were irradiated with 1000 chester, U. K. An attempt to induce ND and 1500 rad and mated to 2L dp.2R px , daily of chromosome 2 by X-raying c?g. for 12 days. The matings were very infertile: 4000 mated produced only 68 progeny. Ex-- pected ND phenotypes in the progeny were dp px (from nullo-2 sperm) and b (from diplo-2 sperm). Only 4 such flies were found among a total of 68. It would seem that nullo-2 and diplo-2 sperm is non-functional. Moreover, no progeny have been produced from irradiated sperm with the normal complement from which chromosome 2 has then been lost at first cleavage. Perhaps the 4 expected gametic classes are not formed at meiosis in 2L.2R eggs, or are formed in unequal proportions so that nearly all hap- bid egg nuclei are 2L or 2R. This would explain the moderate yield of progeny (17 proven) with one paternal iso-2, all from X-raying pre-meiotic stages. Of the remaining 47 progeny, 7 were proved to contain a (spontaneously reconstituted) dp px chromosome. Of the remainder the majority were proven tripboids, and were produced with equal readiness from pre- or post-meiotic irradiation of sperm. It seems an open question whether these are due to spontaneously produced diploid eggs or to dispermy in a 2L.2R egg with loss of one paternal chromosome 2.

Watson, J. E. and Allan B. Burdick. Pur- In studies dealing with the nature of crossing- due University. The effects of selected over in the miniature-dusky region on the X- background rearrangements on the v to g chromosome the data presented in table 1, show- region in D. melanogaster. ing the interchromosomal effects of the listed rearrangements, was derived. These data show the alteration effect on the recombination dis- 60k tances between v, dy and g and are presented here for the information of others working in this and other adjacent regions of the X-chromosome. Of interest also is the effect the several rearrangements have on the mean number of offspring produced by a single female. The detailed description of this study may be found in: Watson, J. E., 1963, "A Compar- ative Study of the Inter-locus and Intra-locus Response to Chromosomal Rearrangements in D. melanogaster;" M. S. Thesis, Purdue University Libraries, Lafayette, Indiana.

Table 1. Recombination data derived from v dy 6 g/+ ++ females Coef. of Mean no. Rearrangement Progeny v_dy60k dy601-g coincidence of progeny per female Control 14,199 3.08 ± .15 6.59 ± .21 .034 237 In(2LR)Rvd 5,029 3.09 ± .25 6.16 ± .34 .209 93 tn (2R)Mo k 3,206 334 ± .32 6.36 ± .34 .103 146 In(2LR)dp 3,584 2.93 ± .28 6.86 ± .43 .139 63 In(2L)NS 12,599 4.17 ± .18 6.83 ± .23 .084 238 In(2LR)Gla 5,706 4.45 ± .28 7.12 ± .34 .387 114 Ins(2L+2R)NS 5,885 4.23 ± .26 7.34 ± .34 .164 101 SM5 7,061 4.32 + .24 8.10 ± .33 .000 126

In(3L)D 5,451 3.17 ± .24 6.13 + .33 .094 99 In(3R)Hu 11,766 3.66 ± .17 6.37 ± .23 .269 294 In(3LR)Cx 6,471 3.54 ± .22 7.48 ± .33 .058 175 101 In(3LR)Ubx 7,301 3.48 + .22 7.96 ± .32 .495 183 In(3L)Me' 5,475 4.24 ± .27 7.32 ± .36 .235 140 TM3 10,956 4.58 ± .20 7.67 ± .26 .078 288 Ins(3L+3R)P 4,660 4.06 + .29 8.37 ± .40 .063 83

(2L+2R)NS-TM3 4,383 4.02 ± .33 9.54 .43 .049 115 SM5-Ubx' 01 1,727 4.17 + .48 10.42 ± .74 .000 69 SM5-Cx 1,375 5.45 ± .61 11.05 ± .85 .000 65 SM5-TM3 1,706 5.80 ± .57 10.79 ± .77 .094 11 SM5-P 3,873 5.55 ± .37 12.14 ± .52 .077 76 (2L+2R)NS-P 8,961 5.65 ± .24 12.39 ± .35 .096 172 The underlined values differ significantly from the control at cz = .05. January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:79

Bateman, A. J. Christie Hospital, Man- The attached-X used had arisen in progeny from chester, U. K. X-irradiation of hetero- sc ec cv/ct v g which had been irradiated. zygous attached-X. It was homozygous for sc ec and by, and heterozygous for ct v and g. were irradiated with 4000 rad or kept as unirradiated controls. The progeny of eggs laid on days 7-11 after irradiation were scored for homozygosis for ct v and g, with the following results:

Homozygous for

Total Ty ct v g Detachments

Control 1167 81 80 39 None as 7. 6.9 6.9 3.3

4000 rad 534 38 81 56 10 as 7. 7.1 15.2 10.5

Increase over Control 0.2 8.3 7.2

It is seen that 4000 rad produces a 3-fold increase in c-o between g and the centromere. The increase in homozygosis for v is the same as for g, meaning that there has been no change in c-o between v and g. The absence of any change in homozygosis for ct means that c-o between ct and v must have decreased by an amount equal to the increase proximal to g. These results confirm those presented in DIS 37:68 in respect of segments ct - v - g and add the additional information that X-rays enhance c-o near the centromere (to the right of g). The controls show relatively low homozygosis for ct. This is in all probability due to some parental attached-X being homozygous +ct

Bateman, A. J. Christie Hospital, Man- For these experiments we used an iso-chromo- chester, U. K. ND of chromosome 2, pro- some stock (2L dp. 2R px) supplied by the In- duction of iso's, and reconstitution of stitute of Genetics at Pavia. dd' of the stock normals from iso's by X-irradiation of were mated to irradiated of constitution dp b cn bw/b pr vg. The progeny obtained were dp px (from nullo-2 eggs) b + P<(from diplo-2 eggs) dp +PX (egg with 2R iso) and b px (egg with 2L iso). The greatest yields were obtained over the first 8 days of laying after doses of 2-6 K rad. Nullo-2 eggs accounted for 66% of all progeny and diplo-2 eggs for 97. This is the ratio found for X-ray induced ND of the X chromosome. We were surprised to find 25% of all progeny were from iso-2 eggs (50/50 2L and 2R). Triploid progeny were very rare. These induced iso's are homologous to attached-X, which however are rarely produced by irradiation. Of the diplo-2 eggs, only 5% were homozygous at the centromere. By contrast, 257, of the iso's were homozygous at the centromere. It is concluded that 25% of the iso's arise by misdivision of the centromere (sensu lato) and 757, by centric fusion (sensu lato). Reciprocal matings, with irradiation of 2L dp.2R px , freely produced flies of constitution dp px/b. Thus a normal second chromosome has been reconstituted from two iso's. The reconstituted chromosome does not appear to be deleterious. The heterozygotes are fertile and the homozygotes viable and fertile. The ease of reconstitution is suggestive of a close association between the centromeres of the isos (which are of course homologous) with X-ray induced c-o within the centromeric zone.

DIS 40 40:80 RESEARCH NOTES

Meyer, G. F. Max-Planck Institut fur The recently demonstrated lampbrush-like modi- Biologie, Germany. A reliable cytolog- fications of the Y chromosome within the genus ical method for classification of Dro- Drosophila are both phase and species specific sophila species. (Hess and Meyer, 1963; Meyer, 1963) and can, therefore be used as a reliable taxonomic cri- terion. Numerous representatives of several subgroups have been examined and the results demonstrate the strict species specific evolution of the Y heterochromatin in primary spermatocytes. For observation of the functional structures of the Y chromosome in living spermatocytes testes are dissected in Drosophila Ringer (also last instar larvae V ’ ’ - J - ' --,-' can be used), transferred into a drop of 1 "a Drosophila Ringer on a slide and covered .3 with a cover glass Surplus Ringer is 4 4 f then removed by filter paper until the go- l! nad ruptures and spermatocytes flow out No strong pressure should be applied to \Y '' the cover glass in order to prevent severe mechanical damage of the cell nuclei Ob- . servations are made with a phase contrast micros It could be demonstrated that RIM / .. 7f even closely related species such as D. melano aster and D. simulans or D. 3- and D. neohydei can be easily distinguished - 'i by the cytological method described above. I The figures demonstrate some species specific functional structures of the Y chro- -ii . mosome in the hyi subgroup and the use fulness of this 'cytotaxonomical" method .P even for routine work. 107 t1I References: t t Hess, 0. und G. F. Meyer: Portug. icta v) Biol. A, VII:29(1963); Meyer, G. F.: Chromosoma (Berl.) 14:207 !L (1963)

A -- v P Legend for figures:

S * Functional structures of the Y chromosome -- in primary spermatocytes. A) D. bifurca, -J B) D. nigrohydei, C) D. neohydei, D) D. hydei

Di Pasquale, A. and L. Zambruni. Univer- Experiments have been undertaken in order to in- sity of Milan, Italy. Further data on vestigate if the manifestation of the bsp char- the manifestation of the "brown spots" acter (caused in the female by copulation) de character of Drosophila melanogaster. pends on the spermatic fluid. bsp females have been operated inserting into the vagina parago- nia homogenate, other inactive substances, or no fluid at all, but the needle only. These females never showed spots, but a similar phenotype consisting of brown masses spread throughout the body. Matings of bsp etherized females produced a significant decrease in the frequency of brown spots. Copulations interrupted before the beginning of ejaculation caused the appearance of brown spots. These observations empha- size the existence of a mechanical stimulus correlated with the copulatory act, independently of the spermatic fluid. January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:81

Kurokawa, H. Tokyo Metropolitan Univer- Extensive Drosophila surveys have been made dur - sity. Variability in the genitalia of ing last summer in some localities on Hokkaido. Drosophila auraria found in nature. Among the flies collected, a few females of D. auraria produced many F2 offspring showing variable characteristics in male genitalia. Almost all of the F2 males have many bristles, ranging from 11 to 16 in number, on their 6th sternites. Submedian process with a median notch of the novasternum is apparently different in shape from those of three races, A, B and C. The size of this part is considerably greater than in race A, but smaller than in race B. In many cases it has been found that the flies show asymmetry (or irregularity) in this shape. In some flies, an apical spine is found in either tip of the bifurcated process, and no spine is found in the others. The aedeagus is very similar in shape to that of race A. It is conjectured that the flies first collected in Hokkaido might be interracial hybrid.

Ohba, S. and Y. Kataoka. Tokyo Metropolitan In four experimental populations of bottle type, University. The behavior of a recessive the frequencies of a recessive eye color gene, gene, cn, in artificial populations of D. cn, have now been followed for more than 80 weeks. virilis. The mutant used occured spontaneously in a wild D. virilis strain (Tokyo) in 1961 and was kept together with its wild allele in the same vial as a mixed stock. In experimental populations all live flies, both old and newly emerged, were etherized and classified for sex and eye color, then transferred to a new bottle twice a week. Two kinds of culture media, 207 and 10% yeast medium, were used for each pair of populations. At the beginning the gene frequency of cn and of its wild allele was equal, 50%. After 80 weeks, the cn frequency exhibits no remarkable decrease or increase. At a glance, it seems to be in equilibrium at the level of 50-607. (20% yeast medium) or 40% or so (10% yeast medium), though some fluctuations occur from time to time. Furthermore, precise examination indicates that regular rhythmic changes may occur in all populations, and that the cycle of these rhythmic changes coincides with generation intervals in each population. Another experiment in which populations have been kept in a plastic cage for more than 40 or 60 weeks gives similar results. Using 10% yeast medium, we can find a slow decrease in the cn frequency (less than 1% per generation) in the cages of high initial frequency (757.), but no significant change if initial frequency is low (107.). In populations with an intermediate initial frequency (507. or 257,) only doubtful changes were observed.

Okada, T. Tokyo Metropolitan University. As reported in DIS 38:38, the males of the Negative correlation between the develop- species belonging to the suzukii, takahashii, ment of hooked scaly bristles and of sex- and ficusphila species subgroup of the melan- combs. ogaster species group and also the males of Drosophila (Tanigasterella) gracilis Duda, possess a special kind of hooked scaly bristles on the tibia and/or on the metatarsus of the middle leg. Applying R-technique of finding relationship between two characters over all species examined, it was estimated that the development of this special kind of bristles is negatively correlated with that of the sex-combs on male fore legs. The correlation coefficient calculated, classifying each character in three classes, is -0.64 (p,O), for the species of the melanogaster group and D. (T.)gracilis. Si- multaneous occurrence in a species of both characters, which are similar secondary sexual char - acters, seems to be a homeotic expression of sex-combs on the homonymial organs. Furthermore, it can be assumed that the high development of sex-combs on the fore legs prevents the expression of the homeotic effect upon middle legs to produce scaly bristles through the phenomenon of.enantiomorphosis or compensation of body materials. 40:82 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

Tobari, I. National Institute of Radio- With the aim of clarifying the mechanism through logical Sciences, Japan. Effects of tern- which deleterious genes are retained in natural perature on the pre-adult viability of populations, viabilities of heterozygotes for lethal heterozygotes in D. melanogaster. lethal genes were examined under different temperatures. Three hundred fifty-five second chromosomes were extracted at random from a laboratory population which had been kept in a constant temperature room at 25 C for about one year before the experiment. Cy/Pm viability test showed that of these 355 chromosomes 15.5 percent were lethal, 8.7 percent semi-lethal, 9.9 percent subvital and 65.9 percent normal. The allelic rate of the lethal chromosomes was 8.8 percent and the number of nonhomologous lethal chromosomes was 24. Pre-adult viabilities of lethal heterozygotes relative to normal heterozygotes were tested at three different temperatures (17 C, 25 C and 29 C) by using the 24 lethals obtained and 31 normal chromosomes taken at random. Every lethal chromosome was tested in combination with 10 different normal chromosomes. The testing scheme employed is as follows:

P Cy/122 Ni/Ni Cy/N

F 1 Cy/N 1k/Ni Cy/N1

Frequency (1-q) q (1-q') q' 1: lethal chromosome N: normal chromosome k = 1,2, 24. j = 1,2, 15. i = 1,2, 10. The relative viability (v) of a lethal heterozygote is estimated by q(1-q')/q'(l-q) and the selection coefficient for viability by 1-v. The mean selection coefficients obtained for 17 C, 259 C, and 29 C were 0.0245, 0.0253 and - 0.0148 respectively. These figures indicate that lethal heterozygotes are at a selective disadvantage at 17 C and 25 C, but they are selectively favoured at 29 C on the average. From the result of analysis of variance for selection coefficient, it can be seen that the effect of temperature is significant at the 57 level. The effect of interaction between lethals and temperatures is also significant. These results show that the degree of dominance of lethal genes are highly dependent on the temperature at which flies are cultured.

The effects of experimental sympatry involving Nagle, James J. North Carolina State. the sibling species D. arizonensis and D. mo- Studies on experimental sympatry between two sibling species. javensis baja were studied. Five population cages were analyzed. Cages 1 through 4 were initiated with equal numbers of males and females of both species. Cage 5 was initiated with male and female interspecific F1 hybrids. Cages 1, 2, and 5 were analyzed cytologically using salivary gland chromosomes, and Cages 3 and 4 were analyzed by use of mutant eye markers. In Cages 1 through 4 both species coexisted for the duration of the experiment (approximately 11 generations). Only in Cage 1 did a trend toward replacement seem imminent. The dominant species was baja, which represented 90.8% of the population. Interspecific F1 hybrids and recombinant backcross types were produced in low frequencies in the mixed populations, even though a choice of mates was available. However, a hybrid swarm was not produced. This is attributed to a lack of luxuriance in the hybrids. Hence, a non-coadapted hybrid complex was in competition with the coadapted complexes of the parental species. This non-coadapted hybrid complex obviously had a lower adaptive value than either parental complex. In Cage 5 a "hybrid" population flourished for more than 12 generations. It is hypothesized that heterosis exists in certain recombinant types which, once formed, constitute the initiators of a hybrid swarm such as that demonstrated by Mettler (1957) using different races of the same two species. Sterility and semi-sterility were found to exist among the males of F1 hybrids. This reduced reproductive capacity is no doubt a contributing factor to the low adaptive value of the hybrids when they are competing with the parental species. January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:83

It is further hypothesized that the heterosis which would lead to the production of a hybrid swarm is functional only in those recombinant types which do not also contain poorly adapted combinations in other parts of the genotype (such as factors affecting fertility). As a result, the probability of obtaining "good" male and female recombinant types in a population consisting predominantly of the parental species is very low. This is thought to be due to (1) the low frequency of interspecific hybrids (2-37 of the population), (2) the low adaptive value bestowed upon these types by their non-coadapted gene complex, and (3) the greatly reduced fertility of hybrid males. Thus, a reproductive barrier exists between the parental species beyond the one dealing with the initial production of F 1 hybrids. If the second barrier (production of highly fit heterotic recombinants) is hurdled, the production of a hybrid swarm, or more correctly an intro- gressed population, would result.

Paik,Y. K., and J. S. Geum. University Twenty-nine lethal genes extracted from Korean of Texas. Distribution of natural lethal natural populations were localized by use of genes on the second chromosome of D. mel- three recessive marker genes. The distance be- anogas ter. tween marker genes and lethal genes was adjusted by Kosambi formula. The results are as follows: Non-allelic Distribution Collection loci Left Middle Right S62 17 4 11 2 K62 12 2 5 5

It can be seen that the lethal genes of S62 population are distributed in the central region (X 2 = 10.0, d.f. = 2, P 0.01 - 0.001). However, the lethals of K62 population seem to be randomly distributed (X 2 1.5, d.f. = 2, P = 0.3 - 0.5).

Browning, L. S., and E. Altenburg. Uni- Males of Muller's Maxy stock were treated with versity of St. Thomas, Texas. A compar- X-rays, quinacrine mustard and azaserine and in- ison of the sterilizing effect of X-rays, dividually mated (in vials) to Maxy females quinacrine mustard and azaserine on Dro- (2 to 3 per male). The males were transferred sophila males. to new food vials with fresh virgins every third day for several such broodings. The dose of X- rays was 3000r or 5000r and that of the quinacrine sufficient to give a 2 to 3% lethal rate in mature sperm. The azaserine was weakly mutagenic (about lL lethal inducing). In the present experiments, the X-rays produced a drastic drop in fertility in the third brood (8-10 days after treatment) from which there was a large measure of recovery in the fourth brood. In the case of chemical treatments, there was no such definite brood pattern. The effect of the three agents on the fertility of the Maxy males is shown in the following table: No. Brood No. Fertile Agent (and days) cM Cultures Percent X-rays 1 (1-4) 793 739 93 2 (5-7) 748 633 85 3 (8-10) 712 208 29 4 (11-14) 635 470 74 Quinacrine 1 721 332 46 2 507 201 40 3 279 127 46 4 191 109 57 Azaserine 1 432 241 55 2 388 237 61 3 252 202 80 4 214 74 35 40:84 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

These results might indicate that the reduced fertility of the males after the chemical treatments is due to a toxic effect on their soma (reducing their life span and fitness to mate), rather than a sterilization of the germ cells at a sensitive stage (as in the case of X-rays), since the viability of the cultures undergoes considerable reduction from one brood to the next after the chemical treatments. With the X-rays, there is no such drastic drop in the viability.

Narise, Takashi. University of Chicago. It is probable that the mode of migration of The migration of Drosophila ananassae flies in a heterogeneous population is quite dif- under competitive conditions.* ferent from the mode of migration in homogeneous population, even though the strains in the former population have their own migratory activity genetically as shown by Sakai et al. (1958) and Narise (1962). From this point of view, an experiment was conducted with four strains of D. ananassae in order to find out the mode of migration under competitive conditions. Two of four strains were so called light ananassae which have yellow body color and collected in Pogo Pogo (L-pp), Tutuila, American Samoa, and Majuro (L-maj), Marshall Islands. The other two strains were so called dark ananassae having black body color, and collected in Pogo Pogo (D-pp) Tutuila, American Samoa, and Rarotonga (D-rar), Cook Islands. Two kinds of experiments were conducted: 1) migratory activity of light and dark ananassae in a mixed population, and 2) the mode of migration in dark and light ananassae in a mixed population. In the experiments, four migration tubes were connected with each other radially in the former experiment, and eleven radially in the latter experiment. All experiments were conducted in 25 ± 1 C in a dark room. From the results in the first experiment, the following conclusions have been drawn: 1) the migratory activity in light ananassae was stimulated by dark ananassae, while the activity in dark ananassae decreased under the mixed condition; 2) in some combinations, for example D-rar and L-pp, the migratory activity of those strains depends on the relative frequency of both strains in the original tube into which the flies were introduced at the beginning of the experiment, but in other combinations the activity has no connection with the relative frequency in the original tube; and 3) the rate of increasing or decreasing of the activity due to mixing in a strain is quite different, depending on the combination of two strains. In this connection it is of interest to find that the migratory activity of D-rar strain is stimulated by mixing with L-pp, while it loses activity when coexisting with L-maj. In the second experiment, it was found that light ananassae dominated in all tubes in the combinations D-pp and L-pp as well as D-pp and L-maj. However, light ananassae dominated in central tubes, but dark ananassae in the surrounding tubes in the combination D-rar and L-maj as well as between D-rar and L-pp, although the total number of migrant flies in light ananassae is greater than in dark ananassae. From those two experiments, it is expected that light ananassae should be widely distributed in natural populations and dark ananassae should occupy marginal populations or isolated populations. It is also clear that the migratory activity of a strain is affected by other strains in the population and the mode of migration is determined by what kinds of strains co- exist in a heterogeneous population.

Ullman, S. Institute of Animal Genetics. An electron microscopic investigation of the Edinburgh. Epsilon and polar granules in pole cells of D. melanogaster, D. virilis and Drosophila pole cells and oocytes. D. willistoni has revealed, beside the polar granules, the presence of other organelles, the epsilon granules. Polar granules are spherical and lack a bounding membrane. Each consists of a granular, electron opaque cortex surrounding a less dense core. Epsilon granules are ovoid or dumb-bell shaped organelles, bounded by a delicate double membrane. Within a fibrous matrix ill-defined spaces occur. The functions and interrelation- ships of the polar and epsilon granules is still obscure. Preliminary observations suggest that the epsilon granules arise late in oogenesis, from convolutions of the oocyte plasmalemma. January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:85

Gregg, T. G. and J. Day. Miami Univer- It has been observed (King and Sang, DIS 32) sity. A further note on ovoviviparity in that fertilization can, on rare occasion, take Drosophila. place in the ovariole in melanogaster females. It has also been observed (Gregg and Day, DIS 37) that there is considerable variation between strains in the extent to which adult, virgin melanogaster females retain and store mature oocytes. King (DIS 38) has suggested that egg retention and ovariolar fertilization are two conditions that are necessary for the development of ovoviviparity. He further suggested that the interstrain variation in egg retention in melanogaster virgins gives some indication of the genotypes available in Drosophila for the establishment of high egg retention, and the development of ovoviviparity. It may be pointed out that, indeed, not only are the genotypes available in Drosophila for the establishment of high egg retention, but that there is at least one species, D. hydel, where a type of egg retention has been established. Furthermore, this retention occurs not only in virgin females aged beyond the normal mating time, or in females under adverse conditions, but in mated, laying females as well. In melanogaster virgins egg retention results because the females abstain from laying while eggs continue to be produced. In hydei, a large species with a long life cycle, a large surplus of eggs is built up prior to the onset of laying while the female is maturing. After the onset of laying the rate of production of new eggs approximately equals the rate of oviposition. Thus, even in the ovaries of laying females there is a large number (100-150) of fully developed eggs. At the rate of oviposition generally encountered under optimum conditions in the laboratory (40-60 eggs/female/day) a newly produced mature oocyte will remain in the ovary, on the average, two to three days before it is laid. Under adverse conditions the retention time would undoubtedly be increased. Thus far, ovariolar fertilization has not been observed in this species during the course of dissecting approximately 500 females. The retention of eggs in hydei probably explains the capacity that these females have for laying prodigious numbers of eggs in short bursts, since retention would result in a reserve that could be drawn on in times of peak egg laying. It is easy to imagine that such a capacity would be selected for in a species where females routinely lay eggs in environments that are suboptimal for egg deposition, with occasional opportunities arising for the deposition of eggs in choice environments. Most of the data on egg retention in hydei have been obtained from a mutant (w lt) lab stock, but a wild-type lab stock has also been checked. One hundred virgins (one day old) from the w lt stock were separated into two groups of fifty each, and individually placed in vials. The females in one group were mated (i.e. placed with males), and the females in the second group were not. Each females was transferred to a fresh vial every day, and the eggs laid on the previous day were counted. Also, each day several females in each group were sacrificed to determine the number of mature oocytes present in the ovaries, the number of ovarioles present, and whether the female had been inseminated. Females in the mated group were mated to males of approximately the same age, and insemination usually occurred on the seventh day after the eclosion of the female, but never sooner. There is some indication from other experiments that the use of older males can speed the process of insemination by a day or two. An ovariole count of 148 ovaries of various ages showed an average of 21 ovarioles per ovary. There does not appear to be any increase or decrease in the number of ovarioles with age. The average number of mature oocytes present in a three day old female is about twelve. Mature oocytes continue to accumulate until the seventh day when each female contains an average of 125. The average number of eggs laid by twenty-nine females for an eight day per - iod, from day seven to day fifteen, was 58 eggs/female/day. In seven day old females, even if they have been inseminated, most of the ovarioles contain three mature oocytes. However, some of the peripheral ones contain only two, while some of the central ones contain as many as six. The typical ovariole from an inseminated laying female from the ninth to the fif - teenth day continues to contain two or three mature oocytes. The appearance of the ovarioles in the virgin females parallels very closely that in the mated females with the exception that since the virgins are laying very few eggs, there is no turnover of eggs in these ovaries 40:86 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40 after the initial accumulation. After fifteen days, the number of mature oocytes in the ovaries becomes more variable. The fact that the females were kept in separate vials makes it possible to assert with certainty that females that were laying fertile eggs were also retain- ing eggs. There appeared to be an inverse correlation between the number of eggs laid in a day and the number of mature oocytes present in the ovaries at the end of the day, but the data were not sufficient to establish this point. It may also be pointed out that the type of egg retention exhibited by hydei is not necessarily characteristic of large flies with long life cycles. In D. virilis which is very similar to hydei in these two respects, the number of mature oocytes in the ovaries of a seven day old virgin is very small, averaging less than one per ovariole. Average egg retention for several kinds of hydei females are shown in the accompanying table.

Egg Retention in hydei females

7 day old virgins 18 day old virgins 18 day old mated

w It 103/female(349) 87/female(62) 127/female(62) wild Type 124/female(47)

Edwards, J. W. and J. R. Simmons. Utah A developmental problem in such D. melanogaster State University. Optic asymmetry and mutants as eyeless and eyes-reduced is the oc- the absence of somatic crossing-over in currence of structural optic asymmetry in other- D. melanogaster. wise bilaterally symmetrical organisms. Intra- organismal nuclear differentiation by means of somatic crossing-over was discovered by Stern in 1936. He found that the frequencies of mosaicism in heterozygotes varied from 0.0 to 6.0 percent in the head-thorax and from 4.6 to 20.0 percent in the abdomen. The presence of minute factors increased the frequencies by 0.0 to 22.3 percent in the head-thorax and by 8.0 to 36.6 percent in the abdomen. Det4arinis (Genetics 44:1101-1111) reported that, barring the less common events such as somatic mutations and somatic crossing-over, the same genetic constitutions occurred on corresponding sides of bilaterally symmetrical organisms. He concluded that, consequently, asymmetry must have resulted from differences in external and internal environmental factors. So- matic crossing-over is an established phenomenon, however, and genetic factors have been shown to increase its frequency. Also Baron (J. Exp. Zool. 70:461-490) had stated that sets of modifiers were present on all chromosomes, particularly the second and third in flies homozygous for ey 2 . Thus, it seemed desirable to test critically for the possible occurrence of the "less common" phenomenon of somatic crossing-over. If this were occurring, structural optic asymmetry would result from nuclear differentiation by means of somatic crossing-over. Fur- ther, although all nuclei were homozygous for the eyeless genes, the recombination of genetic modifiers in the second and third chromosomes (and in the X-chromosomes of females) would yield asymmetrical phenotypes. To test this possibility, the second and third chromosomes were marked with bw and st genes. Six kinds of experimental crosses (all progeny were homozygous for ey4 ) and two kinds of control crosses (progeny were ey 4/+ or +1+) were made. The following genotypes rsulted: (1) bw/+;st/st;ey/ey 4 (2) bw/bw;st/+;ey4 /ey (3) bw/+;st/+;ey 4/ey4 (4) bw/+;st/+;ey 1 (5) bw/+;stl+;+I+. Only white ommatidia were scored. The experimental crosses produced 2593 flies. Six had mottled pigmentation (white ommatidia) in one eye. Of a total of 1396 flies produced from the control crosses, one female was observed to have white ommatidia in one eye. Thus, the observed frequencies of mosacism in the experimental and control groups were 0.23 percent and 0.07 percent, respectively. No simple objective method for accurately measuring asymmetry has been devised; however, by using the frequency of flies with ommatidia only on one side of the head, a minimum estimate was possible. Of the 155 progeny so scored, 35 or 22.6 percent had asymmetrical eye structure. Consequently, the conclusion seems justified that somatic crossin-over probably does not play January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:87

a role in the production of structural optic asymmetry in eyeless 4 Drosophila. Furthermore, if somatic crossing were an active factor, asymmetry should not occur in an isogenic strain of eyeless flies. Sofford, however, (Genetics 41:938-959) found that the right-left correlation in an isogenic ey'/ey 4 strain was negligible (coefficients of +0.08 for males and -0.22 for females). Thus, nuclear differentiation by means of somatic crossing-over is not responsible for optic asymmetry in eyeless 4 Drosophila melanogaster.

Smoler, H. University of Wisconsin. The Mottram (1930) found that there was an increase ineffectiveness of anoxia in promoting in the rate of non-disjunction when D. melano- non-disjunction. gaster females were treated with CO 2 . The present experiments were an attempt to learn if anoxia was causing the increase in the rate of non-disjunction. In these experiments yellow apricot virgin females, 12-36 hours old, were exposed to Linde highest purity nitrogen for 1 hour. The treated and control groups of females were mated to yellow; sc 8 .Y males. Experiment I was limited to a control group to serve as a pilot experiment. In experiments I and II the females were mated singly in shell glass culture vials and in experiments III and IV fifteen pairs were mated in 1/4 pint milk bottles. In all experiments the flies were mated on cornmeal, molasses and agar food medium. The flies were transferred to fresh culture bottles every 2 days for a ten day period. Only transfers 1, 4 and 5 (days 0-2, 6-8 and 8-10) were examined. The expected classes of offspring from this mating are yellow females and apricot males, whereas the exceptional flies produced by maternal non-disjunction are apricot females and yellow males, and a double non-disjunctional event would be detected by the presence of yellow apricot females or wild-type males. A total of 32,701 offspring from treated females were compared to 29,488 offspring from control flies, and the results indicate that there is no significant difference in the rate of non-disjunction in the 2 groups, and there was no difference between the tested 2 day broods. The ratio of nullo-X non-disjuncts to double-X is in agreement with that found by other workers.

EXPERIMENT GROUP NORMAL EXCEPTIONS TOTAL PERCENTAGE yd apr +d y/apr I Control 5,234 5,297 2 1 1 4/10,531 .038

Control 1,467 1,445 0/2,912 -- U Treated 1,703 1,722 1 2 1 4/3,424 .117

Control 4,541 4,473 6 1 7/9,014 .078 III Treated 7,075 7,166 6 3 9/14,241 .063

Control 3,429 3,602 2 2/7,031 .028 IV Treated 7,627 7,408 4 4/15,035 .027

Control 14,671 14,817 10 1 2 13/29,488 .044 Total Treated 16,405 16,296 11 2 4 17/32,701 .052 40:88 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

Oshima, C. and T. K. Watanabe. National A total of one hundred and five recessive le- Institute of Genetics, Japan. Location thal chromosomes of various origins (64 chromo- of recessive lethal genes on the second somes isolated from Kofu-Katsunuma natural pop- chromosome of D. melanogaster. ulations, 18 chromosomes isolated from Suyama- Juriki natural populations and 23 chromosomes obtained by Dr. Mukai as spontaneous lethals) was tested to determine the locus of individual lethal genes on the second chromosome by crossing with the balanced dominant marker Sp Bi L/Cy strain. Five kinds of inversions (In A, B, K on the left arm; In C on the right arm; a pericentric inversion 0) were detected in natural lethal chromosomes. Seventy natural lethals and all spontaneous lethals were found to be single lethal genes on the second chromosome. The remaining 12 lethal chromosomes seemed to have double, multi- locus and synthetic lethals. If the lethal genes from natural populations are grouped according to their location on the chromosome by the three regions (left 0-40; middle 40-70; right 70-108), the distribution found was 18 in the left, 36 in the middle and 16 in the right region. This concentration of lethal genes in the central region is similar to that of recessive visible mutant genes on the genetic map of the second chromosome. On the other hand, spontaneous lethal genes seemed to be distributed randomly; 6 in the left, 7 in the middle and 10 in the right region. This distribution of spontaneous lethal genes may be similar to that reported for natural lethals by Paik (1960) and Seto (1963).

Table 1. Comparison of autosomal inversions and their locations, that have been found in natural populations of Japan and other countries, as well as in laboratory stocks.

Chromosome Natural populations Natural populations Laboratory stocks in Japan in U. S., Mexico (Bridges) and Hawaii (Warters)

In(2L)A: 26A-33E 2 L In(2L)B: 22D-34A In(2L): 22D-34A In(2L)t: 22D-34D In(2L)K: 22D-26B 2 R In(2R)C: 52A-56F In(2R): 51D-56F In(2R)NS: 52A-56F 2 LR In(2LR)D: 36F-49B In(3L)E: 63A-74C In(3L)A: 63B-72E In(3L)P: 63C-72E 3 L In(3L)F: 66C-71B In(3L)B: 66C-70B In(3R)G: 89D-96A In(3R)B: 89E-96A In(3R)P: 89C-96A In(3R)H: 92D-100F In(3R)C: 92E-10OF 3 R In(3R)I: 93D-98F In(3R)A: 94C-98F In(3R)Mo: 93E-98F In(3R)J: 96E-98F In(3R)C: 86B-92F

Table 2. Types of inversions and their frequencies in Japanese natural populations. Population Suyama Katsunuma Kofu Inversion & standard Frequency (7) 2L (standard) 84.5 68.0 67.0 In(2L) A 0.5 0.0 0.5 In(2L) B 15.0 32.0 32.5 2R (standard) 100.0 79.0 73.0 In(2R) C 0.0 21.0 27.0 3L (standard) 97.5 89.5 92.0 In(3L) E 2.5 8.5 6.5 In(3L) F 0.0 2.0 1.5 3R (standard) 82.0 61.0 63.5 In(3R) G 2.5 18.0 11.0 In(3R) H 15.5 10.0 14.0 In(3R) I 0.0 11.0 11.0 In(3R) J 0.0 0.0 0.5 January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:89

Halfer, C. University of Milan, Italy. A different degree of comptatibility between Different degree of compatibility in genotypically different stocks of D. melanogaster, several stocks of Drosophila melanogaster, tested using the method of ovary grafting, has tested with ovary grafting. been already observed in the first series of experiments (DIS 37). In a later investigation, I took into consideration, as recipients, not only the two wild tumorous stocks: tuA 2 and tuB 3 , but also the wild stock Varese, which is completely tumourless and the almost tumourless mutants vermilion and yellow white. In this way I obtained, besides the combinations between the different genotypes, as donors and as recipients, also combinations between donor and recipient of the same genotype. Only the larval survival after grafting and the percentage of graft attaching has been considered. tuA2 (28-457) and vermilion (39-827) yielded consistently high rates of survival, irre- spective of the genotype acting as donor, while the other three stocks: tuB3 (1-127), Varese (2.7-97) and yellow white (0-2.87) showed a very low survival in almost all cases. From these considerations it is quite clear that this is a case of host specificity, where the host genotype only is importrnt in these grafting experiments, being the genotype of the donor of no influence. The graft attaching was always good, even in the cases of genotype showing a poor compatibility with the graft. Grafting experiments were carried out also with heterozygotes obtained from reciprocal crosses between the stock vermilion (with a high rate of survival) and the three stocks: tuB3, Varese and yellow white (with a low survival). They showed always a rather good survival rate (about 407). The different behaviour of homozygotes and heterozygotes supports the view that the host specificity is genetically controlled.

Peterson, G. V. and E. J. Gardner. Utah Over a period of years it was observed that State University. Melanotic tumor asso- large abdominal melanotic tumors appeared in ciated with failure to pupate in the tu- mature larvae of one tumorous head stock of morous head stock of D. melanogaster. D. melanogaster. These tumors were rarely, if ever, seen in the adults. The melanotic tumors first became visible 102-125 hours after hatching. Normal time of puparium formation was found to be approximately 102 hours. Some larvae from the strain carrying melanotic tumors and the lethal factor lived 200 hours or longer but never pupated. About half of all larvae that failed to pupate did not develop visible melanotic tumors. The lethal effect was observed in about 33 percent of the larvae when the abnormal condition was first observed. It decreased at each generation with the proportion of tumorous larvae remaining between 35 percent and 65 percent of the total number of lethals. Crosses with a stock bearing inversions on the second and third chromosome have indicated that both chromosomes from the tumorous head stock are associated with lethal or low viability effects. The third chromosome is mainly responsible for the failure of pupation, however. No indication of sex linkage has been found. Crosses with other tumorous-head stocks and wild stocks indicated that melanotic tumor development was not influenced by either of the major genes (tu-1 on the first chromosome and tu-3 on the third chromosome) associated with tumorous head. However, crosses between parents, both of which expressed the tumorous head phenotype and crosses in which neither parent expressed the phenotype did show a significant difference. When they both expressed the tumorous head phenotype, the progeny showed 12.5 percent lethal and 6.5 percent with melanotic tumors compared to 6.0 percent lethal and 1.9 percent with melanotic tumors for the other parental 40:90 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

group. This may indicate that a modifier gene increased the penetrance of the tumorous head trait as well as influencing or being responsible for the lethal effect. Because only a certain proportion of the lethal larvae developed melanotic tumors, it seems probable that the tumor formation is a secondary characteristic resulting from a ring gland defect.

Sokoloff, A. University of California at In a previous report (DIS. 33:162-165) compar- Berkeley. A possible maternal effect on ison was made between measurements of length quantitative characters in D. pseudoob- and width of wing and length of tibia derived scura. from flies whose progenitors had been reared deliberately under different conditions. The statistical tool was the t-test, taking one character at a time in flies reared, say at 24 0 C, but whose mothers had been reared at 160 and 240C and vice versa. It was reported that this test failed to show any maternal effect on the three characters mentioned. Recently, in analyzing some data demonstrating geographic variation in D. pseudoobscura, it became evident that differences between populations derived from different localities (some as close as six miles) cannot be demonstrated if one takes one character at a time but, if one takes two characters, significant differences are easily found when Fisher's Discriminant Function method is applied. In the light of this finding the problem of maternal influence on quantitative characters has been re-examined, applying this, more powerful, statistical method. The technical details can be found in the above reference. A summary of the history of the flies measured is given at the bottom of Table 1, and the results of the statistical analysis can be seen in Table 2. Although not all the possibilities were tested, the conclusions from this analysis are as follows: (1) Flies reared in bottles differ significantly from those reared in vials at both temperatures (compare A-B and F-G variance ratios), even though attempts were made to avoid crowding. (2) As expected, a period of starvation in the larval stages results in flies which are smaller than flies well fed for the whole larval stage (comparisons E-F). In turn, their progeny differ, even though they were reared under identical, non-crowded conditions (comparisons C-D). (3) The temperature prevalent during the development of the progenitors appears to influence the body characters of the next generation when the latter flies are reared at the higher temperature (compare F-G), the bigger mothers producing generally bigger offspring but the reverse situation (B-D) appears to have no effect. These experiments omitted some combinations, owing to time limitations. However, the results suggest that, in studies involving quantitative characters, the history of the preced- ing generation of D. pseudoobscura, particularly if the flies are reared at 24 0C, must be known and specifically stated. (This investigation was supported by Research grant 4501 from the National Science Foun- dation, and in part by grants RG 7842 and RG 8942 from the U. S. Public Health Service).

Table 1. Means, variances and covariances of wing length (x) and tibia length (y) from D. pseudoobscura derived from Grand Canyon, Arizona. Upper block: flies reared at 16 0 C.; lower block: flies reared at 240 C. (for each sample N.50).

- 2 - 2 Sex m s my s coy x xy A 65.924 0.7998 23.612 0.2096 1,588.60 Females B 63.692 1.181 23.100 0.2502 1,501.60 C 63.308 1.080 22.896 0.1604 1,479.34 D 63.372 1.022 23.052 0.1351 1,490.85

A 59.184 0.9108 22.312 0.2010 1,347.54 Males B 57.324 4.2365 21.808 0.7608 1,277.19 C 57.208 0.7935 21.872 0.1824 1,276.99 D 57.680 0.5878 21.988 0.1067 1,294.23 January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:91

E 56.984 0.9789 21.660 0.2322 1,259.71 Females F 57.352 0.9012 21.484 0.1569 1,257.44 C 57.832 1.398 21.788 0.1280 1,285.94 H 58.036 0.8633 22.164 0.1629 1,312.74

E 51.640 1.322 20.560 0.1845 1,083.61 Males F 51.972 1.089 20.244 0.1849 1,073.74 G 52.260 0.7465 20.672 0.1253 1,102.48 H 52.400 1.037 20.764 0.2118 1,110.53

A = F 1 of single females reared in bottles at 16 C. B = F 2 from A reared in vials at 16 C. C = F 2 from E reared in vials at 16 C. D = F 2 from F reared in vials at 16 C. E = mass F 1 reared at 24 C. F F 1 of single females reared in bottles at 24 C. G = F 2 from F reared in vials at 24 C. H = F 2 from A reared in vials at 24 C.

Table 2. Results of the analysis of the data. A B C D Females 66.88 138.36 131.08 at 16 C A 51.17 74.39 72.41 0.126 .0235 B 62.72 2.243 .969 .107 C 90.23 2.72 2.069 D 87.80 1.17 2.51

A B C D 4.96 56.40 26.67 A --- 14.08 47.50 32.66 Males .0136 .0146 at 160 C B 17.07 --- .7378 .7652 .2765 C 57.59 .895 --- 3.3257 D 39.62 .928 4.03

E F G H .825 .982 7.281 E 5.746 6.267 17.066 1.159 21.80 Females F 6.97 6.809 29.53 at 24 C 2.831 G 7.60 8.25 10.642 H 20.69 35.81 12.91

E F C H 2.34 .361 .652 E 9.66 3.80 5.106 3.71 5.01 Males F 11.72 12.18 14.16 at 240 C .0069 G 4.61 14.77 .5253 H 6.19 17.16 .6369 40:92 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

2 n Note: Upper and lower entries in right triangle cells are sums of squares for D between and for D within, respectively X10 3 . The cells in the left triangle show the variance ratios. (For n 1 = 50 and n 2 = 50 a variance ratio of 1.94 is significant at the 0.01 level, and a ratio of 1.60 is significant at the 0.05 level).

Glassman, E. and E. C. Keller, Jr. Uni- The maroon-like (ma-1) eye color mutant lacks versity of North Carolina. The maternal detectable amounts of xanthine dehydrogenase, effect of ma-1: The effect of hypoxan- pyridoxal oxidase (pyridoxal- pyridoxic acid), thine; the effect of lxd. and the ma-1 complementation factor. When ma-1 flies are derived from female parents that carry an ma-l + gene, their eye colors are wild- type and xanthine dehydrogenase activity can be detected, especially in early development (Glassman and Mitchell, Genetics 44:547, 1959; Glassman and McLean, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 48: 1712, 1962). The maternally-affected eye color is observed only in adults that emerge in the early days of hatching. Those that emerge in older bottles have the usual mutant ma-i eye color. This loss of the maternal effect is not due to the age of the mothers, and must be ascribed to changes in the food (Glassman and Mitchell, loc. cit.). Either a substance is being used up or an inhibitor is accumulating. We believe that the latter explanation is true, and that the purines which accumulate in the food are inhibiting the low amounts of xanthine dehydrogenase in the maternally-affected ma-i flies so that little pterdine eye pigment is synthesized. To test this we crossed y f:=; st females to m ma-1; st males and allowed eggs to be laid on three different media: a) the usual Drosophila medium (devised by E. Lewis), b) the usual medium containing 0.17, hypoxanthine, and c) the usual medium containing 0.17,, uric acid. In these experiments the maternal effect did not diminish on the control medium until 10 and 12 days (replicate experiments) had elapsed. On the other media, the maternal effect diminished by 2 and 4 days (replicate hypoxanthine experiments) and by 7 and 9 days (replicate uric acid experiments). Thus, hypoxanthine (and perhaps uric acid) accelerates the disappearance of the maternal effect. Whether these compounds accumulate to a sufficient extent in the food to account for the loss regularly observed, and whether the mechanism is through inhibition of the small amounts of xanthine dehydrogenase remains to be shown. The mutant, lxd, lacks the ma-i complementation activity as well as the pyridoxal oxidase activity. Since these are also lacking in ma-1, we tested the effect of lxd on the maternal effect as follows: 3 3 A. The cross y f:=; ru lxd by females x v f Bx ma-i males produced v f Bx ma-1; ru ixd by/+ males all of whom (94 in the first three days) were maternally affected. Thus, homozygous lxd in the mother has no influence on the maternal effect in the progeny. B. The cross, v f Bx 3 ma-l; ru ixd by/TSS x ru lxd by/D, produces three types of males which were classified and counted during the first three days of emergence. These were: genotype phenotype (number maternally affected) 3 v f Bx ma-1; ru lxd by Only 1 out of 41 v f Bx 3 ma-1; ru lxd by/TSS (or D) 56 out of 56 v f Bx 3 ma-1; TSS/D 22 out of 22 Thus, homozygous lxd in the progeny completely abolishes the maternal effect. We interpret these results as follows: The maternal substance responsible for the maternal effect is the product only of the ma-l + locus. The lxd locus is not involved and thus ixd mothers can have progeny that are maternally affected. This is also true for the ry locus (Glassman and Mitchell, loc. cit.). However, for the maternal effect to be expressed in the progeny, enough product of the ixd+ locus must be available for production of sufficient xanthine dehydrogenase for eye color synthesis to proceed normally. If ixd is in the progeny, then the maternal effect is abolished. This interpretation is in accord with the idea that the lxd, ry, and ma-1 loci code for polypeptides (L, R, and M, respectively) that polymerize with each other. In this scheme, the maternal substance is, or is composed of, only the M subunit; the ma-i complementation factor and the pyridoxal oxidase (these may be identical) are composed of M and L subunits; January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:93

while xanthine dehydrogenase is composed of M, L, and R subunits. The proof of this theory must await purification of these substances, although finding electrophoretic variants of xanthine dehydrogenase associated with each locus would indicate that all three are structural genes for this enzyme. We are currently analyzing three electrophoretic variants which we have found. The idea that the ma-l+ maternal substance is a stable template would also explain the effect of lxd on the maternal effect. This possibility is also being tested by analyzing the amount of the mal+ complementation factor during the development of maternally affected flies.

Mittler, S. Northern Illinois University. A re-examination of the problem (Mittler and AET and radiation induced crossing-over in Hampel DIS 38) of whether AET has any effect male D. melanogaster. upon radiation induced crossing-over in male D. melanogaster indicates that AET does afford significant protection to 9-12 day brood after irradiation. Adult males 2-16 hr. old heterozygous for ru h th st cu sr es ca were injected with 1 X l0 - l. of 30 mg. AET/10ml buffered to pH of 7 and irradiated with 2000r and then back crossed to homozygous "rucuca" females at ratio of 1 male to 3 females. The males were transferred to new group of females every 3 days. Number Males 9-12 day brood 12-15 day brood

Crossover Non /. Crossover Crossover Non 7. Crossover 120 Treated 57 8,502 .666 54 11,361 .473 101 Control 49 5,025 .966 29 4,187 .688

Glassman, E. University of North Caro- The maroon-like (ma-1) and rosy (ry) eye color lina. Interaction of ma-1 and lxd in the mutants lack detectable amounts of xanthine de- synthesis of pyridoxal oxidase and xan- hydrogenase. A strain which is mutant at a thine dehydrogenase. third locus (lxd) has only 20 to 25% normal amounts of this enzyme. Analysis of lxd flies reveals that the level of CRM (the suspected product of the ry locus) is the same in lxd as in wild type, while pyridoxal oxidase (the suspected product of the ma-l+ locus) is absent in lxd. Complementation tests in vitro are in agreement with these findings; thus there is no ma-l + complementation factor in extracts of lxd ry flies while the ry+ complementation factor seems to be present in normal amounts in ma-1; lxd. It seems evident that lxd is deficient in those molecules which are also specifically deficient in ma-1 (such as pyridoxal oxidase and the ma-l + complementation factor) while the molecules missing in ry (such as CRM) seem to be present in normal amounts in lxd. Thus, the + normal production of the ma-1 complementation factor and pyridoxal oxidase must be due to the interactions of the lxd+ and the ma_l+ loci. The paradox of the presence of substantial, though less than normal, amounts of xanthine dehydrogenase in lxd in spite of the absence of the product of the ma-l + locus can be resolved by various hypotheses. One can postulate that the ry, the ma-l + , and the lxd loci code for three different polypeptide chains, designated R, M, and L, respectively. These polypeptides produce different enzyme activities by polym- erizing with each other in different ways. Thus, a polymer of the N and L polypeptides will have pyridoxal oxidase activity, while any polymer containing R polypeptides will have CRM activity. Only a polymer containing R, M, and L polypeptides will have xanthine dehydrogenase activity. On this basis, the in vitro complementation reaction between ma-I and ry extracts would be visualized as an interaction between two large polymers containing ML and R subunits, respectively. The deficiencies observed in lxd flies would be due to a defective L polypeptide which can still react in vivo to yield some xanthine dehydrogenase activity, but which is too defective to yield active ML polymers (pyridoxal oxidase). It is of interest that pyridoxal oxidase has a molecular weight almost as great as that of xanthine dehydrogenase (about 250,000).

40:94 RESEARCH NOTES DIS 40

+Alternatively, one can view the lxd gene as a regulator of the activity of either the ma-I gene or its product. In this case, the pyridoxal oxidase would be a polymer composed of only M polypeptides, CRN would again be any polymer containing R polypeptides, while xanthine dehydrogenase activity would be a polymer of M and R polypeptides. Another possibility is that only the ry+ locus codes for a subunit of xanthine dehydrogenase, while the products of the ma-i and lxd+ loci are regulators or activators, not only of the R polypeptide which forms xanthine dehydrogenase, but also of other polypeptides which form pyridoxal oxidase and other unknown enzymes.

Muller, H. J. Indiana University. An The fertile females of this stock have X-chro- improved stock, "vix," for scoring vis- mosomes of the same composition as those of the ible mutations that arise at specific "Maxy-v" stock (number f30 of the 1957 Bloom- loci in the X of the female. ington stock list in DIS 31), except that in this stock the recessive genes ptg and oc and the dominant B are in the X-chromosome having most of the recessive mutants, while the balancing X-chromosome is supplied with lzS instead of ptg oc. Moreover, the fertile females contain a Y-chromosome, of normal type. The X-chromosome of the fertile males has the composition y oc ptg lz f. As in the stocks "jynd" and "plond" (f72 and f88, respectively, of DIS 31), but even more so because of the additional pressure of the BM1 inversion in one X. the combination of heterozygous inversions in the presence of a free Y causes a high frequency of non-disjunction of the X's, with resultant matro- clinous daughters, bearing both the mother's X's, that can be scored for visible mutations arising in the originally wild-type loci of the non-multiple-recessive X, while at the same time the only fertile sons (in this case, in fact, the only viable sons) are patroclinous. One kind of disjunctionally produced daughter, of phenotype y oc ptg B f, is sterilized by oc, while the other kind, of phenotype lz B, is rendered highly infertile by the lz/lz 5 combination and, if it should breed, would produce virtually no crossovers of a kind that would dis- turb the genetic system. The reproducing individuals are as follows:

males: Y/y oc ptg lz f Jl(+) females: Y/lJi Sc 1n49 v lz5 BM1 ,In 51 2 3 6 8 y sc car odsy B f g 2 dy v ras ptg oc sn ct cm rb ec w pn 1 sc

Any mutant or suspected mutant daughter arising non-disjunctionally can be bred with her brothers for verification and for establishing a balanced stock. The phenotypes of the disjunctionally arising daughters present combinations of peculiarities that keep them from being mistaken, even at first sight, from mutant daughters of non-disjunctional origin. The "vix" stock not only has the advantage over "jynd" and "plond" of giving no disjunctional males. Its normal Y gives rise to more non-disjunction 8 f the X's (more than half of + the daughter being non-disjunctional) than does the ring-Y (Y ) of " jynd". Moreover, the '' unlike the y .Y of "plond", leaves uncovered the deficiency of the left end of the X that arises when, occasionally, the undergo acrocentric attachment with one another, or when one of them exchanges with the Y (see the Valencias and Muller in DIS 23:99-103); it thereby results in the death of these exceptions which when viable are difficult to recognize for what they really are. It is also to be noted that the homozygosity for vermilion of the parental and non-disjunctionally produced females, which was recommended by Altenburg, makes the other eye color mutants here in question more conspicuous. That is, it sensitizes the observer, as it were, to these changes, and although the locus of vermilion is thereby sacrificed so far as the finding of mutations to v is concerned, more is gained than lost by the greater ease and reliability of the scoring for these other loci. January 1965 RESEARCH NOTES 40:95

The loci in the non-multiple-recessive X-chromosome of the "vix" stock in which it is practicable to recognize mutants and test them genetically fall into the following phenotypic categories: eye color, 7 (car, g, ras, cm, rb, w, pn); eye form, 3 (sy, B, ec, although B makes sy and ec more difficult); wing conformation, 3 (od, dy, ct); body color 1 (y, although ptg might perhaps be used also); in addition an extreme "minus" mutation in sc could be recog- nized, and dominants such as N, Bx, Sc, Minutes, Tu and Tul (see my "New Mutants" report in this issue of DIS) would also be detectable. For comparison with visible mutations arising at specific loci in the X of the male, the above mentioned "Maxyvermilion" stock provides a close counterpart to "vix". - In some of the work on specific-locus mutations it is desirable to know how many lethals are arising at the same time, so that the results may be calibrated to a given standard of spontaneous or induced mutation frequency, as was done in earlier work by the Valencias and myself and by Schalet. The "vix" stock lends itself to such tests by merely crossing the females (whose mothers should have been derived by random sampling from the same cultures as supplied the flies for the specific locus tests) to males that have a Y of the type lJ1.Y or sc 8 .Y, in order to "cover" the lJl of the X-chromosome to be tested and thus allow another lethal to be recognizable by the absence of sons having the X under investigation. Of course the mothers of the females thus tested should have been bred individually, so as to prevent pre-existing lethals from being confused with the newly arising ones that are to be scored.

Abrahamson, Seymour and Helen U. Meyer. The most laborious step when breeding for auto- University of Wisconsin. Use of Minute somal mutations is the collection of virgin fe- to facilitate studies of mutations in males in the F2 generation to cross with brothers second chromosomes, of the same, balanced genotype. A new and rather simple method facilitates this step by having the unwanted type of F 2 heterozygous for Minute while the class needed for inbreeding is non-Minute. Due to the fact that the Minute flies have a considerably longer period of development than the desired type of non-Minute, Curly flies, only the latter are present in the F 2 cultures during the first 2-3 days of hatching. By taking advantage of this period one eliminates the need for getting Curly virgin females. Mrs. Gloria Daniels of our laboratory has recently demonstrated that raising the F2 cultures at 16-19 0 C further extends the difference in developmental time between the Minute and the non-Minute flies. The stock used for this purpose ("M") has the composition S M(2)S7 b wD/ dptd Cy,InsO pr cn2 sp and is of good viability. It is not necessary to have special second chromosomes in the P1 generation; wild type or marked chromosomes may be used. The simplest procedure is to cross the P1 generation to the M stock, select Curly F 1 males and then cross these again, individually, to 2-3 virgin females from the M stock. Parents should be removed. In F 2 one should use offspring from the first 2-3 days of hatching. These are usually all of the desired, Curly type, although occasionally a Minute, brown fly may already be present. However, their offspring can readily be identified by these markers when scoring for lethals in F 3 . We prefer to use a somewhat more elaborate scheme and combine this method with H. J. Mul- ler's scheme of "criss-crossed" second chromosome lethals, S, Cy, dptX, and Sp. (Sp is now being incorporated into the "M" stock). The P 1 generation is first crossed to a stock dptX 5p pr cn bw sp/S 2 ls Cy,InL pr cn bw sp. This has the advantage that both types of F 1 males, Cur- lies and non-Curlies, may be utilized. Then one proceeds as described above. A few, late hatching homozygous Curly survivors will appear along with the Minute, brown flies in F 2 . These can be distinguished from the regular Curlies by also being homozygous for pr and sp. Supported by research grants from the National Science Foundation (G-19394) and the Wiscon- sin Alumni Foundation. 40:96 TECHNICAL NOTES DIS 40

Geer, B. W. Knox College. A new Sang's (1956) Medium C or modifications of synthetic medium for Drosophila. Medium C have been used extensively in nutritional and genetic studies of Drosophila with excellent results. However, it is sometimes necessary or desirable to replace casein with an amino acid mixture. Many amino-acid mixtures have been tested by this laboratory to determine their adequacy for the diet of D. melanogaster and the following medium was found to be the best.

Amino Acids mg mg L-Arginine.HC1 80 RNA 100 L-Cystine 30 Cholesterol 30 L-Glutamic acid 840 ThiamineHCl 0.2 Glycine 40 Nicotinic acid 1.2 L-Histidine.HC1 100 Riboflavin-5 1 -phosphate, Na 1.0 DL-Isoleucine 300 Calcium pantothenate 1.6 L-Leucine 200 PyridoxineHC1 0.25 L-LysineHCl 190 Biotin 0.03 DL-Methionine 80 Folic Acid 1.0 DL-Phenylalanine 130 Choline chloride 8.0 DL-Threonine 200 FeSO4 1.0 L-Tryptophan 50 CaC1 2 1.29 L-Tyrosine 80 MgSO4.7 H 2 0 24.6 DL-Valine 280 MnSO4H 2 0 1.29 NaHCO3 100 Other Components KH 2 PO4 183 Agar 1500 Na 2 HPO4 189 Sucrose 1000 Water to 100 ml

Flies have been cultured on this medium by serial transfer under germ-free conditions for several generations. Preparation of the medium is as follows: Dissolve the RNA in an amount of phosphate buffer solution equivalent to 0.4 of the final volume. Mix the buffer-RNA solution and all of the amino acids except cystine and dissolve the amino acids by gentle heating. After neutralization with dilute NaOH, add the B-vitamins, salts, and choline. Add cholesterol as a suspension prepared by dissolving cholesterol in warm 957 ethanol, adding water, and removing the ethanol by autoclaving for ten minutes. Dissolve the cystine in a minimal amount of 1 N HC1 and add. After a final neutralization, add sucrose and agar. Adjust the final volume to 100 ml by adding water. Sterilize the medium by autoclaving at 15 pounds of pressure for 15 minutes. The reports of Hinton, Noyes, and Ellis (1951), Sang (1956), and Salmon (1964) were especially useful during the development of this medium This work was supported by NSF Grant No. GB-2239. References: Hinton, T., D. T. Noyes, J. Ellis, Physiol. Zool., 24, 335 (1951). Salmon, W. D., J. Nutrition, 82, 76 (1964). Sang, J. H., J. Exp. Biol., 33, 45 (1956).

Mazar-Barnett, Beatriz K. de. Comisin When a dark colored background is needed for Nacional de Energla Atomica, Argentina. counting eggs, caramelized dextrose has proved A dark medium appropriate for egg counts. to be very convenient. It is non-toxic, and one spoonful per Kg of standard cornmeal-molasses-agar medium is enough to obtain a dark even color. January 1965 TECHNICAL NOTES 40:97

Blaylock, B. Cordon. 1 Oak Ridge National A modification of a method used by Keyl and Laboratory, Tenn. A method for preparing Keyl (Arc. F. Ilydrobiol 56:43-57, 1959) for salivary-gland chromosomes. 2 Chironomus salivary chromosomes produces good results with Drosophila. There are several ad- vantages in this method over most standard techniques. The staining time is short; only two minutes are required. Because there is good resolution of the fine bands on a clear background and the chromosomes spread easily, this is a good method for studying specific regions of the chromosomes. The details of this method follow: 1. Dissect large well-fed larvae in a drop of Shen's solution (9 g of NaCl, 0.42 g of KC1, 0.25 g of CaCl 2 , 1 1 of H 2 0) on a siliconed slide. 2. Immediately transfer the glands to a drop of 3 parts 95% ethyl alcohol and 1 part 45% acetic acid for 30 seconds. (A stop watch is used for timing). 3. Transfer the glands to a small drop of acetic carmine and acetic orcein on a siliconed cover glass for two minutes. The staining solution is 1 part of 1% carmine boiled in 45% acetic acid mixed with 4 parts of 17, natural orcein dissolved in 507,, acetic acid. 4. Absorb the excess stain from the glands with a small strip of bibulous paper making sure that the paper does not come in contact with the glands by using a dissecting needle to hold the glands in place. 5. Immediately place a small drop of 72% lactic acid over the glands. 6. Invert the cover glass on a clean slide and hold it in place while tapping the cover glass several times directly over the glands with the eraser end of a pencil. 7. Fold a sheet of bibulous paper around the slide and press well with the thumb in a rolling motion being careful not to let the cover glass slip. A little experimenting will help determine the amount of pressure to use to obtain the desired amount of spreading. The slide can be studied immediately using phase contrast. The preparations can be maintained for several weeks without sealing; however, the slides can be made permanent by the dry ice technique (Baker, W. K. DIIS 26:129, 1959). 1 Radiation Ecology Section, Health Physics Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 2 Research sponsored by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract with the Union Carbidc Corporation.

Doane, W. W. Yale University. Use of A modification of the acrylamide gel disc elec- disc electrophoresis for analysis of trophoresis method of Ornstein and Davis (1961) amylase isozymes. has been developed in order to analyze amylase isozymes in various Amy strains of D. melanogas ter. The small pore gel, in which separation occurs, consists of equal parts of "Small-Pore Solutions #1 and #2" but altered to include 0.27. Fisher soluble starch (or Connaught hydrolyzed starch). This is done by heating a 0.47,, starch solution in a water bath brought to a boil and, when the solution becomes clear, warming it an additional 3 minutes before cooling. The small-pore solution #2 is then prepared by dissolving 0.14 g. ammonium persulfate in 100 ml. of this starch solution so that the final starch concentration of the gel is 0.27,,. This concentration proved best for quantitative estimates of enzyme activity and also for photographic purposes. Following electrophoresis, gels are removed from their tubes and incubated at 37 C. for given time intervals (from 0 to 45 mm.) in either M/20 Tris buffer, pH 7.2, or M/15 phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. With the latter buffer, Cl ions should be added in order to enhance amylase activity; p-chloromercuribenzoic acid should also be included in order to inhibit glycogen phos- phorylase activity. Immediately after incubation, gels are stained with iodine reagent (Smith & Roe, 1949) diluted to half-strength. This not only stops hydrolysis of starch inside the gel but also stains those regions where enzyme activity does not occur. After 5-10 minutes, gels are rinsed and transferred to 7% acetic acid. Amylase isozymes appear as clear bands in the dark blue gels. These should be photographed immediately as artifacts begin to develop within 15 to 20 minutes. 40:98 TECHNICAL NOTES DIS 40

Wheeler, M. R. and F. Clayton. Since attempts to raise endemic Hawaiian spp. University of Texas; University of Ark- on standard banana or cornmeal media were fail- ansas. A new Drosophila culture tech- ures, a new medium was devised, using several nique. dried breakfast cereals of the high-protein, high vitamin and mineral types. Other D. spp. do extremely well on it. The basic recipe is as follows: 1000 ml distilled water 13.5 to 14.5 g Bacto agar, fine (amount varies with climate) 50.0 g dried Brewers yeast 1 jar (4.75 oz) Gerber's Strained Banana Baby food 10.0 g Kellogg's Special K cereal 5.0 g Kellogg's Concentrate cereal 15.0 g Gerber's High-Protein cereal 15.0 g Kretschmer's Wheat Germ In addition 5 ml of ETOH (957) was used to wet the dry yeast, and 5 ml of propionic acid was used for mold inhibition. To secure good pupation and eclosion, mature larvae were transferred to vials half-filled with lightly moistened sand; larvae burrow down (some spp. to 4.0 inches) to pupate. At edo- sion adults climb upward through the sand using the ptilinum to force a trail. This technique works best for those spp. whose larvae crawl up into the cotton plug when mature. Work supported by NSF Grant GB 711.

Mazar-Barnett, Beatriz K. de. Comision When injecting Drosophila with mutagenic agents, Nacional de Energ{a Atomica, Argentina. it is desirable to do it in as short a peri.od of A fly holder for injecting Drosophila, time as possible, especially when the compound injected is chemically unstable. A lucite plate with 20 small cavities, each of a size to accom- odate one fly, has proved to be quite useful. The flies are kept in a position suitable for injection, as shown in the drawing, and when ready one or two taps of the plate will remove them easily. It is possible in this way to inject about 150 flies in one hour.

A' January 1965 TECHNICAL NOTES 40:99

Malich, C. W. NASA Ames Research Center, The finite range of energetic charged particles Moffett Field, Calif. Thin window holder and their variation in linear energy transfer for particle irradiation of Drosophila, with penetration require special techniques for the treatment of Drosophila. A simple holder has been devised which makes irradiation convenient and uniform for particles having ranges between a few millimeters and a few centimeters. A circular well 1" diam x 0.5 mm deep (for flies averaging 1.0 mm thick) is machined into a lucite disk 1 3/4" diam x 1/2" thick. Eight ventilation grooves 0.015" x 0.015" are milled from this depression to the outside. A cover is made by cementing a thin window over a circular hole 1 1/4" diam in a lucite disk 1 3/4" diam x 1/4" thick. We use Mylar of thickness 0.001" for the window because it is quite strong, handles well and will give a flat surface readily. The window is attached by brushing a small amount of acrylic cement onto the lucite and gently dropping a square of selected Mylar in place. This is trimmed after drying under pressure. John E. Neff of the NASA Ames Research Center suggests stretching 1/2 mil Mylar on an optical flat of glass and cementing this to the plastic ring with Eastman 910 adhesive, to give a very flat, taut window. In use, flies are lightly etherized and placed dorsally in the depression as close together as desired. The window is placed over the flies carefully and taped to the back piece. The flies are slightly compressed, holding them in place and minimizing the depth of the germ cells and its variation from fly to fly. Air is gently blown through the chamber every few minutes with a hypodermic syringe or rubber bulb until the flies recover from the anesthetic. Venti- lation is adequate, since Rosemarie Binnard at the NASA Ames Research Center found no evidence of an oxygen effect in X-ray induced mutations when comparing standard gelatin capsules to these holders. Drosophila will live in them for several hours without forced ventilation, dying on longer containment from apparent dessication. Modification of the holders for contin- uous flow of moist air (or other gases) is simple. Keying of the two pieces to prevent rotation, as done by Jane Duffy at the Institute for Cancer Research, is recommended to prevent damage to the flies during assembly. The thick lucite construction is adequate for most particle irradiations. The nuclear properties of H 1- and C 12 minimize neutron production and bremstralungen, and tests have shown that such secondary reactions contribute less than 1% to the dose in these holders. It is important to have the diameter of the window larger than the beam, so that forward scattering will not contribute to the dose. A double thin window holder has been constructed for comparison, and is preferable for highly penetrating radiations. The double window design is also better for use with X-rays, since the back scatter from thick lucite significantly increases the dose absorbed from the incident radiation and its effective linear energy transfer. We are developing a more sophisticated design which will improve ventilation, increase compression of the flies and permit partial body irradiation. This should be useful with UV as well as charged particles, but the simplicity of the present design makes it preferred for routine work.

Hendrix, Nina, and Elizabeth Ehrlich. It was observed in our laboratory that the University of Oregon. A method for treat- medium of some cultures turned a dark, reddish- ing bacterial contamination of Drosophila brown color after several days, while others cultures with antibiotics, remained the light, yellow-brown color of the original new food. We had also noticed bacterial contamination in cultures sent to us from various laboratories throughout the country including the two major stock centers. Because in some of the cultures with this discoloration marked decreases in productivity were found, it was decided to try to identify the cause of the change in color. By allowing flies from the darkly colored bottles to walk on a Petri dish containing new food and then removing them, it was found that the same dark color appeared on this food. From these dark areas sub-cultures were made with the advice of Dr. Priscilla Kilbourri of the University of Oregon, Department of Biology and using standard bacteriological identification methods, we found the organism apparently responsible for the discoloration to be of the Genus Achromobacter. It was a short, small, Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium. This genus can be found in soil and water. 40:100 TECHNICAL NOTES DIS 40

A sensitivity test was done using discs of broad-spectrum antibiotics and of sulfa drugs. Two drugs - dihydrostreptomycin and tetracycline - were found to have the best inhibitory effects on the bacterial growth. For purposes of decontaminating the cultures, these two antibiotics were incorporated simultaneously into the regular fly media in the following proportions:

dihydrostreptomycin sulfate (Upjohn Co.) 100 micrograms/ml. food tetracycline hydrochloride (Tetracyn Phizer) 30 micrograms/mi. food The procedure for decontamination is as follows: contaminated flies are put onto antibiotic food in bottles or vials. After a good number of eggs has been laid, all the parents are removed. The eggs are allowed to mature on the antibiotic food. After hatching, these new flies are transferred again to plain food without antibiotics, preferably without ether- izing. If it is necessary to select the flies, care should be taken to clean brushes, ether- izers, plates, etc., with 70% ethanol to prevent recontamination. The plain food cultures are then incubated and observed to see if the discoloration appears again. Because the action of the antibiotics used may have unknown and potentially undesirable genetic effects, the drugs probably should not be used for very special stocks. The treatment should be completed in one generation. We have found this method very satisfactory for ridding most of our cultures of all contamination. The productivity of the cultures is much improved with this treatment.

Gallo, A. J. Govrno do Estado de Sao We saw this apparatus in a bacgeriological lab- Paulo, Brazil. An apparatus for filling oratory (Instituto Adolfo Lutz-So Jose do Rio vials. Prto) and we are using it with success in our own laboratory. It is specially useful because we can fill all vials with a standard quantity without dirtying the walls of the tubes. The vial is placed under the apparatus and gets filled when one presses the Mohr pinchcock. Only a wooden basis, a funnel, a piece of latex, a piece of glass tube and a Mohr pinchcock are required. According to the picture, it may be made in a proper size.

FUNNEL 1- ID LATEX TUBE MOHR PINCHCOCI(

GLASS TUBE

VIAL TO BE FILLE

WOODEN BASIS January 1965 TECHNICAL NOTES 40:101

Lee, William R. The University of Texas. In previous work on feeding radioactive isotopes Feeding radioactive isotopes to specific to Drosophila, flies during their entire life larval stages of Drosophila melanogaster. cycle have been kept in contact with or close to media containing the isotope. As a result the proportion of mutations induced by beta rays from the media is high in relation to those induced by the incorporation of the isotope into the genetic material. Pulse labeling can be accomplished by injection; however, results reported by Kaplan et al. (Genetics 49: 701-714) (also observed in this laboratory) show poor labeling of sperm from males injected with tritiated thymidine. Kaplan obtained better labeling by feeding larvae. Cytological considerations indicate the desirable time to feed would be just before synthesis of DNA prior to meiosis. Therefore, it is desirable to pulse label larvae during the first 24 hours of the third instar. To accomplish feeding a radioactive isotope during a specific larval stage, 63 mrñ diameter and 29 mm deep Stender dishes are filled half full of corn meal Drosophila media. A sheet of black satin through which larvae cannot pass is pressed into contact with the surface of the media and is allowed to extend up on the sides of the Stender dish to prevent larvae from crawl- ing over its edge into the media below. 0.05 ml of a solution containing 50 microcuries of phosphorus-32 as inorganic phosphate is pipetted onto the surface of the satin which initially absorbs most of the P-32. The surface of the satin is then sprayed with yeast and the Stender dish allowed to incubate at 34 C for three days. At the end of the three days the satin is covered with a growth of P-32 labeled yeast. Larvae from a three day old Drosophila culture are floated out with a concentrated sugar solution and third instar larvae picked out with a brush. For convenience these larvae are stored in petri dishes on moistened filter paper during the collecting process. The larvae are then washed into a funnel screened with a disk of nylon chiffon. This concentrates the larvae into a cluster which is then brushed onto a 4 cm diameter disk of nylon chiffon. This disk is then transferred by 10 inch tongs to a Stender dish containing the labeled yeast. Larvae are allowed to feed on the labeled yeast for 24 hours; then, the satin containing the larvae on its upper surface is removed with the tongs and placed in a funnel over a jar to collect radioactive materials. The funnel is lined with nylon chiffon which retains the larvae but allows the radioactive yeast and bits of media to be washed through. A fine stream of water from a polyethylene squeeze bottle is directed at the larvae and they are washed until further washing does not reduce the radioactivity. The nylon chiffon containing the washed larvae is then placed into a half-pint bottle with Drosophila media for pupation. Radioautographs of sperm from females inseminated by males treated in the above manner with either P-32 or tritiated thymidine showed heavy uniform labeling during the first three days of mating yet the male germ cells had been subjected to radiation from radioactive media for only one day and during the relatively insensitive spermatogonial stage. The 4 mm thick glass of the Stender dishes provides good shielding against the Beta rays of P-32. A wrist film badge worn during these operations has not recorded any significant radiation. This investigation was supported by Public Health Service Grant GM 11449-02 from the Nat- ional Institute of General Medical Sciences.

Strickberger, N. W. and L. Harth. St. A simple dispenser for Drosophila medium is an Louis University. Ready-Made heated dis- ordinary automatic coffee percolator of the 32 pensers for Drosophila medium. cup variety or larger that is sold quite cheaply in hardware stores as tpar t yl coffeemakers (our's cost $10.00). They are fitted with a spigot that easily controls the amount of medium dispensed and they have a warming element which keeps the medium hot and fluid. To use, remove the inside coffee "basket", add the cooked hot medium, and connect the apparatus to electricity. The hot medium will prevent the high voltage "percolator" element from operating and will restrict heating to the low voltage "warming" element. If desired, the high voltage heating element can be permanently discon- nected by reconnecting the wiring so that its circuit is by-passed. In those instances when all of the medium is quickly dispensed through this device, use of the electrical warming element is not necessary. 40:102 TECHNICAL NOTES DIS 40

Wilson, J. University of California at Sampling adults from Bennett population cages Riverside. A sampler for collecting yields the same phenotype frequency as egg adults from unetherized population cages. samples, is faster, and disturbs the popula- t4on only to the extent of removing some adults for a few minutes. The simple apparatus and technique described below gives samples of 100-200 flies in less than a minute if the population is moderately dense. Materials and Assembly: See diagram.

ou±e.r rubber stopper inner rubber stopper -

rou..rted Q.t srviaIkr J , aeter

knot

Air jn5-soe 4eterc5 wail in rubber 5 -I-oppr5

Method: The assembled sampler is inserted in the cage as in the above diagram. The outer rubber stopper is withdrawn ca. two inches. The inner stopper is pushed out of the tube and the outer stopper is immediately replaced. The adults will move into the tube if it is on the lighter side of the cage. The inner stopper is then replaced by pulling the string. The sampling time should be short - 30 to 60 seconds - to obtain maximum density of adults and to avoid larvae in the sample. The tube is then withdrawn. Later, the flies may be replaced in the cage in an empty shell vial. The mortality in the sample is 2-37 due to crushing between the stopper and the wall of the tube.

Brown, E. H. and J. H. Sang. Poultry CO 2 was found to be the best anaesthetic for Research Centre, Edinburgh. A simple females being used in egg formation studies. CO 2 anaesthetiser. Unlike ether which inhibits egg production, re- peated tests showed that CO2 had little or no detrimental effect even when females were kept under anaesthesia for some minutes. A simple anaesthetiser was turned from perspex in the form illustrated below. CO 2 is regulated through a simple bubble guage into the base (A) which has the perforated dish (CY fitted into it. The cone shaped top (B) is a push fit on to the base, and is made to accept the culture vials from which the adults are tapped. Its inner dimension fits closely onto the perforated dish. (The scale line represents 2 cm.) January 1965 TECHNICAL NOTES 40:103

Lewontin, R. C. University of Chicago. Population cages can be made cheaply and quickly A cheap, disposable population cage. enough to be disposed of at the end of experiments or even during experiments by making use of the new polyfoam plastic containers made for picnic coolers, milk boxes, etc. The material is light, waterproof, cuts easily, and is extremely cheap. An example is given below of a cage suitable for most standard population experiments. Materials 1 Polyfoam porch milk box, with cover, #40HA. Inside dimensions, 8-1/2" wide x 11-3/4" long x 11-1/2" deep. Wall thickness 1". Glo-Brite Products, 6415 N. California Ave., Chicago 15, Illinois. Cost $2.95 1 Piece of 40 gauge brass mesh 4" x 12" Cost $ .50 1 Piece of broadcloth or muslin 16" x 20" Cost $ .10 Total Cost of disposable materials $3.55

In addition, non disposable materials transferable from cage to cage are: 1 sheet window glass, 13-3/4" x 10-1/2" Cost $ .75 15 polyethylene cups, 1-1/2" diam. x 2-1/4" high @ $.20 each, #1215: Dynalab Corp., Rochester, N. Y. Cost $3.00

Make the cage as follows: 1. Cut height of the box down to 8" (outside dimension). 2. Cut rim off the cover so that the remaining piece fits inside the box. 3. Cut 15 holes in the cut-down cover, each hole slightly larger than a food cup. 4. Put cut-down cover with holes on the floor of the box inside to serve as a rack for the food cups. 5. Cut a hole 4-1/4" x 3-1/2" in end of the box, 2" down from the top. 6. Sew muslin into a sleeve or tube shape 16" long and tape into hole at end of box. Use plastic covered storm window tape or other exterior plastic tape. 7. Cut a hole 3" x 10-1/2" in side of the box and tape wire mesh to inside of this hole. 8. Cover the box with the glass plate and tape around the edges with masking tape.

The whole construction takes about one hour, under primitive conditions. This box is completely fly tight provided the cloth sleeve is carefully doubled and tied after it is used each time. It is much easier to change cups in the cage by reaching through the sleeve than by the usual method of inserting the cups in holes in the cage and the size of the cups in the cage is not critical since they are completely enclosed.

ANNOUNCEMENT * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

SEVENTH DROSOPHILA RESEARCH CONFERENCE: May 8 and 9, 1965

Any such suggestions may be sent to:

L. Sandler Department of Genetics University of Washington Seattle, Washington DIS 40 40:104 PERSONAL AND LABORATORY NEWS Edward H. Brown has accepted a position as Assistant Professor in the Department of Zoology at the University of Illinois in Urbana. He will begin this appointment in February, 1965. From S January to December, 1964, he worked with Dr. James H. Sang of the Poultry Research Centre, Edinburgh, on a Postdoctoral Fellowship.

John Erickson, formerly of the University of Oregon, has joined the staff at Western Washington State College, Bellingham, Washington, where he is starting a new Drosophila laboratory. Re- prints, old and new, would be appreciated.

JohnW. Gowen. In moving our research from Iowa State University to Colorado State University, a new laboratory of Drosophila genetics has been created. The laboratory is tied in closely with investigations having similar objectives - utilizing large populations of viruses, bacteria, mice and dogs. The inheritance studies cover those events which occur spontaneously, in disease and under irradiation or other environmental stimuli within the species named. All studies are integrated together as well as having the worthwhile cooperation of the disciplines in the Col- lege of Veterinary Science and University as a whole. Opportunities for graduate or post-graduate study form a significant part of the program.

T. Kanehisa, University of Kobe (Japan), has returned from the Istituto di Genetica, Universita Di Milano and is continuing work on the tumor-inducing factor of tumor stock Freckled.

Kobe University, Faculty of Science, Biological Laboratory has moved to a new building (Address: 12 Rokkodai-cho, Nadaku, Kobe, Japan).

Ingerid Kvelland is spending two years from October 1, 1964, as a Research Associate at the laboratory of Dr. Doermann, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

Ross J. Maclntyre has received the degree of Ph.D. from the Johns Hopkins University, October 1964, and has commenced a two-year postdoctoral fellowship in the Department of Plant Breeding, Cornell University, under Bruce Wallace. The thesis is entitled "Responses of Esterase-6 alleles of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans to selection in experimental populations." The alleles are shown to reach stable equilibria when populations are initiated at different allele frequencies, and the particular equilibrium is shown to differ in stocks dif- ferently constructed in genotype. Heterosis is concluded to rest upon a polygenic basis, in this case.

George A. Marzluf has received the degree of Ph.D. from the Johns Hopkins University, October, 1964, and has entered upon a postdoctoral fellowship in the Department of Physiological Chem- istry, University of Wisconsin Medical School, under Robert L. Metzenberg. The Ph.D. thesis is entitled "Studies of the Mechanism of Action of the Suppressor of Vermilion of Drosophila melanogaster," and compares the properties of the enzymes extracted and partially purified from the wild type and from suppressed vermilion, respectively.

Per Of tedal is spending the academic year at the Genetics Laboratory, City of Hope, Duarte, California.

Frank Seto, formerly of the Radiation Immunology group, Biology Division of the Oak Ridge Na- tional Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, has joined the faculty of the Zoology Department, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma. He will continue research in Developmental Biology.

University of Sussex. A school of Biology will open at this new University in October, 1965. Part of the University College, London, Drosophila group will move there with Professor J. Maynard Smith, and Professor J. H. Sang's Drosophila Unit, now at the Poultry Research Centre, Edinburgh, will also transfer to this school. Accomodation will be available for post-graduate and post-doctoral research workers interested in the areas now being studied by these two groups (see Directory), and in microbial genetics. This new school will be glad to get reprints of past work in order to supplement its library facilities, and would welcome inclusion in reprint circulation lists.

D. L. Williamson, formerly an NIH Postdoctoral Fellow in Genetics, Department of Biology, Yale University, has joined the Department of Anatomy, Woman's Medical College of Pa., Philadelphia, Pa., as Assistant Professor of Research and is continuing studies on maternally inherited traits in Drosophila. January 1965 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA* 40:105

Morton S. Fuchs

Department of Genetics University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin

Tnt inn

No organism is as well characterized genetically nor is more amenable to sophisticated controlled genetic manipulation as is Drosophila. In spite of this Drosophila has contributed little to our knowledge of major genetical concepts at the molecular level. This fact is even more depressing when one realizes that Beadle and Euphrussi's classical studies on the eye pigments in Drosophila served as the forerunner of modern biochemical genetics. Indeed, of the approximately 100 different enzyme or enzyme systems known to be under genetic control in all organisms, Drosophila can only provide 7 or 8 clear cut examples. Furthermore, as of this writing there is not one example in Drosophila of a biochemical control mechanism under genetic influence. This critique could go on and on, but would only serve to belabor the point.

The reasons for this state of affairs is varied and complex, though perhaps the most difficult barrier has been at the technical level. However, two breakthroughs indicate a re- surgence of molecular genetic studies in Drosophila. The first of these is the isolation of "biochemical mutants" by Novitski and his group (DIS 37:51) and the second is the successful cultivation of Drosophila tissue in vitro by M. Horikawa and A. S. Fox (Science, in press).

Anticipating this renewed interest created by these two formidable tools a bibliography of biochemical and biochemical genetic studies in Drosophila has been prepared. The source for all titles through 1962 has been the "Bibliography of Drosophila Genetics" first edited by H. J. Muller and then by I. H. Herskowitz. Titles from 1963 through approximately April 1964 were obtained from Current Contents. The classification of the papers should not be taken too ser- iously but rather only as a rough guide. It is to be noted this is not nor is it intended to be an exhaustive bibliography. Many times when a series of papers by the same author appeared on the same subject only the last paper was cited. In addition there are no doubt many errors of omission including only the most cursory survey of the non-english written journals.

Originally this bibliography was compiled for the private use of members of our laboratory in order to give a birdseye view of what has been done in Drosophila and hopefully to serve as a guide for future studies. It is hoped it will be of some use to other Drosophologists.

I. Biochemical Studies of Chromosomes.

Aronson, J. 1963. Overlap of the birefringent component of adjacent A regions during the induced shortening of fibrils teased from D muscle. J. of Cell Biology, 19:107-114. Blumel, J. and Kirby, H. 1948. Amino acid constituents of tissues and isolated chromosomes of D. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.), 34:561-566. Calvin, M. and Kodani, M. 1941. The physico-chemical structure of the salivary gland chromosomes II. Proc. nat. Acad. Sd. (Wash.), 27:291-300. Chen, P. 5., Farinella-Ferruzza, N. and Aelhafen-Gandolla, M. 1963. Contents of DNA and RNA in salivary glands of normal and lethal larvae of the mutant "lethalmeander" (lme) of D.m. Exp. Cell Res. 31:538-548. Frolava, S. L. 1944. Study of fine chromosome structure under enzyme treatment. J. Hered., 35:235-246. Gowen, J. W. 1931. Metabolism as related to chromosome structure and the duration of life. J. gen. Physiol., 14:463-472. Ito, K. 1954. The nucleoprotein of salivary gland chromosomes. Jap. J. Genet., 29:71-73. (Japanese with English summary). Kaufmann, B. P. 1952. Cytochemical studies of the action of trypsin. I. Digestion of salivary- gland chromosomes. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.)., 38:464-468.

* Supported by research grants from the National Institutes of Health (GM-11777) and the Wiscon- sin Alumni Research Foundation administered by Allen S. Fox. 40:106 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA DIS 40

Kaufmann, B. P. 1953. Cytochemical studies of the action of trypsin. IL. Analysis of the swelling of salivary-gland cells. J. Cell Comp. Physiol., 41:79-102. Kaufmann, B. P. 1953. Cytochemical studies of the action of trypsin. III. The course of de- formation of salivary-gland cells. Exp. Cell Res., 4:408-425. Koltzoff, N. K. 1941. The participation of the chromosomes in cell-metabolism. DIS 15:27. Mazia, D. 1950. Fiber protein structure in chromosomes and related investigations on protein fibers. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 50:954-967. Mazia, D. and Jaeger, L. 1939. Nuclease action, protease action and histochemical tests on salivary chromosomes of D. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., 25:456-461. McDonough, E. S. and Rowan, M. 1950. A study of the effects of crystalline DNase on the salivary gland chromosomes of D.m. (Abstr.) Genetics, 35:680. McMaster-Kaye, R. 1962. Symposium: Synthetic processes in the cell nucleus. III. The metabolism of nuclear ribonucleic acid in salivary glands of D. repleta. J. Histochem. Cyto- chem., 10:154-161. McMaster-Kaye, R. and Taylor, J. H. 1959. The metabolism of chromosomal ribonucleic acid in D. salivary glands and its relation to synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid. J. Biophy. Bio- chem. Cytol., 5:461-467. Pelc, S. R. and Howard, A. 1956. Metabolic activity of salivary gland chromosomes in Diptera. Exp. Cell. Res., 10:549-552. Plaut, W. 1963. On the replicative organization of DNA in the polytene chromosome of D.m. J. of Mol. Biol., 7:632-635. Rudkin, G. T. 1959. A comparison of the incorporation of tritiated thymidine and cytidine into giant chromosome puffs. (Abstr.) Genetics, 44:531-532. Rudkin, G. T. and Corlette, S. L. 1957. Disproportionate synthesis of DNA in a polytene chromosome region. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 43:964-968. Rudkin, G. T., Corlette, S. L. and Schultz, J. 1956. The relations of the nucleic acid content in salivary gland chromosome bands. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 25; and Genetics, 41:657 658. Rudkin, G. T. and Woods, P. S. 1959. Incorporation of H 3 cytidine and H3 thymidine into giant chromosomes of D. during puff formation. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.), 45:997-1003. Schulman, C. A. 1938. Recent advances in the chemistry of chromosomes. J. Hered., 29:414-416. Schultz, J. 1939. Heterochromatic regions and the nucleic acid metabolism of the chromosomes. Arch. exp. Zellforsch., 22:650-654. Schultz, J. 1956. The relation of the heterochromatic chromosome regions to the nucleic acids of the cell. Cold. Spr. Harb. Sympos. Quant. Biol., 21:307-328. Sengun, A., Woods, P. S. and Gay, H. 1960. tructure of the salivary gland chromosomes as revealed by the pattern of incorporation of H thymidine. (Abstr.) Congr. int. biol. cell., 10th Congr., Pans, pp. 72-73. Serra, J. A. 1947. Composition of chromonemata and matrix and the role of nucleoproteins in mitosis and meiosis. Cold Spr. Harb. Synipos. Quant. Biol., 12:192-210. Sirlin, J. L. and Knight, G. R. 1960. Chromosomal syntheses of protein. Exp. Cell Res., 19: 210-219. Steffensen, D. M. 1963. Evidence for the apparent absence of DNA in the interbands of D. salivary chromosomes. Genetics, 48:1289-1301. Swift, H. and Rasch, E. M. 1954. Nucleoproteins in D. polytene chromosomes. (Abstr.) J. Histochem. and Cytochem., 2:456-458. Yasuzumi, G., Kita, T. and Okazaki, A. 1948. On the molecular structure of salivary gland chromosomes. II. Jap. J. Genet., 23:59-60. (In Japanese).

II. Chemical Constituents.

Albauni, H. G. and Kletzkin, M. 1948. Adenosine tripohsphate from D.m. Arch. Biochem., 16: 333-337. Albaum, H. G. 1949. Adenosine triphosphate from insects. Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc., 44:56-59. Begg, M. and Criuckshank, W. J. 1963. Partial analysis of larval haemolymph. DIS 38:41. Croghan, P. C. and Lockwood, A. P. M. 1960. The composition of the haemolymph of the larva of D.m. J. exp. Biol., 37:339-343. Doane, W. W. 1963. Carbohydrate content of adipose females. DIS 37:73. Fujito, S. 1955. Metals present in the eggs of eye- and body-color mutants of D.m. Jap. J. Genet., 30:44-45. Glassman, E. 1956. The occurrence of urea in D.m. DIS 30:116. January 1965 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA 40:107

Graf, G. E. 1959. Uric acid in D.m. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 28:73-74; and Genetics, 44:513-514. Graf, G. E. and Hadorn, E. 1959.- Untersuckungen iber fluoreszierende Staffe der Hoden von D. z. Natwrforsch., 146:14-17. Hassett, C. C. and Staffey, D. 1955. Fat and water content of D. (Abstr.) Amer. J. Physiol., 183:625. Imaizumi, T. and Kimoto, Y. 1951. Structure of the early developing egg of D. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 26:248. (In Japanese). Imaizumi, T. and Kimoto, Y. 1951. Cytoplasmic constituents of eggs of early developing stages, and their staining properties. DIS 25:106-107. Imaizumi, T., Hirota, T., Iketani, S. and Takanami, M. 1952. Changes of amino acids in the early development of D. eggs. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 27:227. (In Japanese). Kato, M. and Kato, M. 1956. Lipids in some mutants of D.m. DIS 30:123-124. Klee, F. C. and Kirch, E. R. 1962. Thiophosphoric acid derivatives of ethylamine. DL-methionine, and L-proline ethyl esters. III. Biological activities in fruit flies. J. Pharm. Sci., 51:540-543. Keith, A. D. 1963. Analysis of fatty acids of D.m. DIS 38:78. King, R. C. and Wilson, L. P. 1954. Quantitative studies on the phosphorus balance of adult female fruit flies feeding upon yeast. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec., 120:745. Okubo, S. 1957. A phenolic substance in D.m. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 32:256. (In Japanese). Okubo, S. 1957. A glucoside in D.m. DIS 31:150. Okubo, S. 1958. N-acetylhydroxytyramine glucoside in D.m. DIS 32:142-143. Okubo, S. 1958. Occurrence of N-acetylhydroxytyramine glucoside in D.M. Med. J. Ofaka Univ., 9:327-337. Okubo, S. 1958. A phenolic substance in D.m. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 33:320. (In Japanese). Poulson, D. F. 1947. Tron-accumulating cells in the larval gut of D. species. DIS 21:88-89. Rasmuson, B. and Bforkman, D. 1958. The fatty acid content in D.m. DIS 32:150-151. Rees, B. E., 1946. The water and fat content of the larva of D. U. S. Off. Tech. Serv. P. B. Rep. 66108, 7pp. Washington. Seki, T. and Okubo, S. 1958. Dihydroxyphenolic compounds in D.M. DIS 32:157. Seki, T. 1962. Absence of beta-alanine in hydrolyzate of the pupal sheaths of ebony mutant of D. virilis. DIS 36:115. Shiomi, T. and Kitazume, Y. 1956. Changes in glycogen content during early embryonic development in D.m. DIS 30:151-152. Taira, T. and Nawa, S. 1956. Quantitative measurement of riboflavin, folic acid, and uric acid during metamorphosis of some mutants in D.m. DIS 30:153-154. Taira, T. and Nawa, S. 1957. Microdetermination of uric acid in D.M. during metamorphosis. Amer. Rep. Nat. Inst. Genet., Japan, 1956, 7:35-36. Wilson, B. R. 1960. A study of the chemical components of the egg shell of D.M. Diss. Abstr., 20:4267. Wilson, B. R. 1960. Some chemical components of D.m. egg shell. II. Amino sugars and ele - ments. Ann. ent. Soc. Amer., 53:732-735. Wilson, B. R. 1960. Some chemical components of the egg shell of D.m. I. Amino acids. Ann. ent. Soc. Amer, 53:170-173. Wren, J. J. and Mitchell, H. K. 1958. Study of D. lipids by silicic acid chromatography. (Ab- str.) Fed. Proc., 17:339. Wren, J. J. and Mitchell, H. K. 1959. Extraction methods and an investigation of D. lipids. J. Biol. Chem, 234:2823-2828.

III. Chromatographic Analysis.

Baker, W. K. and Spofford, J. B. 1957. A chromatographic analysis of white-variegation in D.M. Genetics, 42:359. Buzzati-Traverso, A. A. 1953. Paper chromatographic patterns of genetically different tissues: a contribution of the biochemical study of individuality. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., (Wash.), 39: 376-391. Blumel, J. 1956. Paper chromatographic and colorimetric analysis of salivary glands of certain diptera. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 25; and Genetics, 41:635. Castiglioni, M. C. 1953. Paper chromatography for fluorescent substances in D.m. DIS 27:87. 40:108 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA DIS 40

Fox, A. S. 1954. Paper chromatographic studies of the effects of the lozenge pseudoalleles and the Y-chromosome in D.m. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 23:40-41; and Genetics, 39: 967-968. Fox, A. S. 1956. Chromatographic differences between males and females in D.m. and role of X and Y chromosomes. Physiol. Zool., 29:288-298. Fox, A. S. 1956. Application of paper chromatography to taxonomic problems. Science, 123:143. Fox, A. S. 1956. Paper chromatographic studies of the effects of the lozenge pseudoalleles on free amino acids and peptides in D.m. Z. indukt. Abstanrm.-u. Vererblehre, 67:554-566. Gloor, H. and Wunderly, C. 1953. Paper electrophoresis of haemolymph from normal and mutant D. larvae. (Abstr.) Heredity, 7:105. Goldschmidt, E. 1954. Fluorescent substances in chromatograms of a mutant stock of D. Nature, Lond., 174:883-884. Graf, C. E. 1958. Paper chromatographic analysis of heterozygotes in D.M. (Abstr.) Proc. lOti Int. Congr. Genet., Montreal, 2:102. Graf, G. E., Fung, S.-T. C. and Gowen, J. W. 1955. Paper chromatographic analysis of hermaphro dite gonads in D.m. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 24: and Genetics, 40:573-574. Graf, G. E. and Hadorn, E. 1957. Chromatographic studies on D. testes. DIS 31:122. Hadorn, E. and Mitchell, H. K. 1951. Properties of mutants of D.m. and changes during development as revealed by paper chromatography. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., (Wash.), 37:650-665. Hoenigsberg, H. F. and Castiglioni, M. C. 1958. Biochemical differences between inbred and outbred lines of D.m. studied by paper partition chromatography. Nature, Lond., 181:1404. Rasmussen, I. E. 1954. Paper chromatography in the study of taxonomic relationship in the genus D. DIS 28:152. Scossiroli, R. E. and Rasmussen, I. E. 1954. Paper chromatography of interspecific hybrids in D. DIS 28:155-156. Scossiroli, R. E. and Rasmussen, I. E. 1957. Paper partition chromatography on interspecific hybrids in the genus D. Z. Verebungsl., 88:427-433. Throckmorton, L. H. 1956. Paper partition chromatography as a means of comparing species within the genus D. (Abstr.) Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., 66:6-7. Throckmorton, L. H. 1960. Comparative chromatography of D. species and other species of D. Diss. (Abstr.), 20:2980.

IV. General Biochemical Studies, Development, and Growth.

Alderson, J. 1961. The mechanism of formaldehyde-induced mutagenesis. (Abstr.) Heredity, 16:238. Allen, N. M. B. 1964. The metabolic and genetic effect of DNA base analogs on D. Dissertation Abstracts 24: February 1964. Amano, T., Toni, M. and Hiroyasu, I. 1950. Studies on the tryptophane metabolism. Med. J. Osaka Univ., 2:45-52. Bartlett, B. R. 1952. A study of insecticide resistance in strains of D.m. Meig. Canadian Entomologist, 84:182-205. Beadle, G. W. and Tatum, E. L. 1941. Experimental control of development and differentiation. Genetic control of developmental reactions. Amer. nat., 75:107-116. Begg, M. and Hagben, L. 1943. Localization of chemoreceptivity in D. Nature, 152:535. Boche, R. D. and Buck, J. B. 1942. Studies on the H+ concentration of insect blood and their bearing on in vitro cytological technique. Physiol. Zool. 15:293-303. Bodenstein, D. 1942. Hormone-controlled processes in insect development. Cold Spr. Harb. Sym- pos., 10:17-26. Bodenstein, D. 1947. Chemical alteration of development in D. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec., 99:34. Bodine, J. H. and Orr, P. R. 1925. Respiratory metabolism. Physiological studies on respiratory metabolism. Biol. Bull. Woods Hole, 48:1-14. Boell, E. J. and Poulson, D. F. 1939. The respiratory metabolism of normal and genetically deficient eggs of D.m. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec., 75 (Suppl.):65-66. Brehme, K. S. 1939. The minute condition as a possible effect of a hormone deficiency. DIS 12 62. Brunet, P. C. J. 1963. Tyrosine metabolism in insects. Annals of the N. Y. Acad. of Sci., 100 1020-1034. Burton, L. 1955. Carcinogenic effects of an extractable larval tumor agent. Trans. N. Y. Acad Sci. (Ser. 2), 17:301-308. Burton, L. and Friedman, F. 1956. Detection of tumor-inducing factors in D. Science, 124:220- 221. January 1965 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA 40:109

Burton, L., Friedman, F. and Mitchell, H. K. 1956. The purification of an inherited tumor- inducing factor in D.m. Cancer Res., 16:880-884. Carnes, R. W. 1963. Allelism of sex-linked "biochemical" lethals. DIS 38:78. Crow, J. F. 1957. Genetics of insect resistance to chemicals. Am. Rev. Entom., 2:227-246. Ellenby, C. 1956. Oxygen consumption and cell size. A comparison of the rate of oxygen consumption of diploid and triploid prepupae of D.m. Meigen. Proc. 14th Int. Zool. Congr., 1953:282-283. Farnsworth, M. W. 1954. Mitochondria in normal and nullo-X embryos of D. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec., 120:808. Farnsworth, M. W. 1959. Studies on isolated mitochondria of minute and wild type D. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 28:69-70; and Genetics, 44:509-510. Farnsworth, M. W. 1959. Procedures for the isolation of mitochondria from adult and larval D. DIS 33:178-179. Farnsworth, M. W. 1957. Mitochondria in normal and nullo-X embryos of D. DIS 31:118-120. Fujito, S. 1956. The relation between tryptophan metabolism and phototaxis in the tan 3 mutant of D.m. Jap. J. Genet., 31:119-124. (Japanese with English summary). Glaser, 0. C. 1948. Quantitative spectrographic analysis of salt metabolism in developing Fundulus eggs and senescent D. (Abstr.) Yearb. Amer. philos. Soc., (1947):135-136. Glass, B. and Plaine, H. L. 1954. A biochemical analysis of factors producing melanotic tumors and erupt eyes in the suppressor-erupt stock of D.m. Proc. 9th Int. Congr. Genet. 1953. (Bellagio). 1163-1167. Glass, B. and Plaine, H. L. Genetic control of tryptophan metabolism in D. Amino acid metabolism. Ed. W. D. McElroy and B. Glass, pp. 940-944. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. Goldsmith, E. D. 1952. The anti-folios and nucleic acid metabolism in the fruit-fly, D.m. (Abstr.) XI mt. Congr. Biochem., Paris p. 470. Goldsmith, E. D. 1952. Anti-metabolites as larvicidal and sterility agents in the insect. (Abstr.) Proc. 64th Ann. Meet. Amer. Assoc. Ent. Goldsmith, E. D. 1953. The effects of 8-azaguanine on the development of the fruit-fly, D.m. (Abstr.) Proc. Amer. Assoc. Cancer Res., 1, No. 1. Goldsmith, E. D. 1956. Inhibition of the growth and development of the fruit-fly, D.m., by analogues of folic acid, purines, and pyrimidines. Proc. 14th mt. Congr, Zool., 1953:275. Goldsmith, E. D. 1956. Inhibition of the development of the fruitfly, D.m., by podophyleotoxin. (Abstr.) X mt. Cong. Ent., Sec. 14, Biol. Control. p. 1192. Goldsmith, E. D. 1957. Podophyleotoxin, podophylein, and podophyleotoxin isopropyl ammonium glutarate as inhibitors of development of the fruit-fly, D.m. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec., 128:556. Goldsmith, E. D. 1958. Cycloserine and development of the fruit-fly, D.M. (Abstr.) Federa- tion Proc., 17:591. Goldsmith, E. D. 1958. Effects of colchicine and demecolcine on the development of the fruit- fly, D.m. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec., 131:558-559. Goldsmith, E. D. 1958. The effect of 5-fluoroorotic acid on the development of the fruit-fly, D.m. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec., 131:559. Goldsmith, E. D. 1958. The effect of 5-fluorouracil on the development of the fruit-fly, D.m. (Abstr.) Proc. Amer. Assoc. Cancer Res., 2:302. Goldsmith, E. D. 1958. Reserpine, a potentiator of the inhibitory action of aminopterin on the development of the fruit-fly. (Abstr.) Proc. Amer. Assoc. Cancer Res., 2:301-302. Goldschmidt, R. B. and Piterniek, L. K. 1956. New experiments on chemical phenocopies. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., (Wash.), 42:299-304. Goodwin, T. W. and Srisukh, S. 1950. Biochemistry of locusts. 3. Insectorubin: The redox pigment present in the integument and eyes of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk.), the African migratory locust (Locusta migratoria migratorioides R. and F.) and other insects. Biochem. J., 47:549-554. Gordon, C. and Sang, J. H. 1941. The relation between nutrition and exhibition of the gene an- tennaless (D.m.). Proc. roy. Soc., B, 130:151-184. Gowen, J. W. and Johnson, L. E. 1946. On the mechanism of heterosis. I. Metabolic capacity of different races of D.m. for egg production. Amer. Nat., 80:149-179. Graf, G. E. 1957. Biochemical-predetermination in D. Experientia, 13:404-405. Grell, E. H. 1958. Genetics and biochemistry of "red cell" in D.m. (Abstr.) Proc. 10th mt. Congr. Genet., Montreal, 2:104-105. Grell, E. H. 1961. The genetics and biochemistry of red fat cells in D.m. Genetics, 46:925-933. Hadorn, E. 1953. Regulation and differentiation within field-districts in imaginal discs of D. J. Embryol. exp. Morph., 1:213-216. 40:110 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA DIS 40 Hadorn, E. 1956. Patterns of biochemical and developmental pleiotropy. Cold. Spr. Harb. Sym- pos. quant., 21:363-373. Hadorn, E. and Kttrsteiner, R. 1955. Biochemical pleiotropy in excretion products. DIS 29:121. Haldane, J. B. S. 1955. On the biochemistry of heterosis, and the stabilization of polymorphism Proc. roy. Soc., 144B:217-220. Hayashi, Y., Senoh, S. and Sakan, T. 1954. Amino acids. XII. The synthesis of DL-3-hydroxy- benzoylalanine. J. Chem. Soc. Japan Pure Chem. Sect., 75:425-427. Hinton, T. 1956. Genes and biochemical pathways influencing growth. (Abstr.) Nat. Res. Counci Committee on Growth, 10th Ann. Rep., 1554-SS:71-72. Hughes, A. M., Becker, G. and Calvin, M. 1959. Effects of deuterium oxide (heavy water) on D.m. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc-Amer., 28:77; and Genetics, 44:517. Imaizumi, T. 1961. Amino-acid metabolism during the embryonic development in normal and lethal embryos of D.m. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 36:383. (In Japanese). Jacob, J. and Sirlin, J. L. 1959. Cell function in the ovary of D. I. DNA classes in nurse cell nuclei as determined by autoradiography. Chromosoma, 10:210-228. Kaji, S. 1958. Experimental studies on the developmental mechanism of Bar eye in D.m. IV. Fa- cet-increasing effect of amino acids and peptides. Mem. Coll. Sci. Univ. Kyoto, Ser. B., 25: 17-22. Kaji, S. 1958. Experimental studies on the developmental rechanism of Bar eye in D.m. V. Ef- fect of metallic compounds on the facet increase of the Bar eyed mutant. Mem. Coll. Sci. Univ. Kyoto., 25:161-164. Kato, M. 1956. Biochemical studies on the mechanism of inducing mutation by means of ultrason- ics vibration. Acta. Sch. Med. Univ. Kyoto., 33:184-214. Kaufmann, B. P., Gay, H. and McElderry, M. J. 1957. Effect of ribonuclease on crossing over in D. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sd. (Wash.) 43:255-261. Kikkawa, H. 1939. Tryptophane metabolism in D. DIS 24:82. Kikkawa, H. 1957. Further studies on the chemical methods to distinguish heterozygous individuals from homozygous ones in D. A correction of the previous paper. Jap. J. Genet., 32:211- 212. Kikkawa, H. 1961. Genetical studies on the resistance to parathion in D.m. I. Gene analyses. Ann. Rep. Scient. Works, Fac. Sd. Osaka Univ. 9:1-20. Kikkawa, H., Ogita, Z. and Fujito, S. 1955. Problems concerning metal absorptivities in D. DIS 29:129-131. Kucera, W. C. 1940. Oxygen consumption in male and female flies (D.m.). Proc. S. Oak. Acad. Sci., 20:131-134. Morita, T. 1957. Purine catabolism in D.m. DIS 31:137. Morita, T. 1958. Purine catabolism in D.m. Science, 128:1135. Morita, T. 1959. Purine metabolism in D.m. II. Ann. Rep. Nat. Inst. Genet., Japan, 1958, 9: 22-24. Morita, T. and Oshima, C. 1958. Purine catabolism in D.m. Ann. Rep. Nat. Inst. Genet., Japan, 1957, 8:13-14. Mujoshi, Y. 1963. Difference in the larval metabolism of NaCl between NaC1-resistant strain and the susceptible strain. DIS 37:108. Nakamura, K., Inaizumi, T. and Takanami, M. 1952. Changes in amino acids during the early development of D. virilis. DIS 26:114-115. Nakamura, K., Imaizumi, T., Kitazume, Y. Shiomi, T. and Takanami, M. 1953. Biochemical studies on embryonic lethal factors in two strains of D.m. DIS 27:108. Nakamura, K., Kitazume, Y., Takanami, M. and Imaizumi, T. 1951. Free amino acids in different developmental stages and constituent amino acids of eggs of D. Papers from the Coordinating Committee for Research in Genetics 12:163. Nolte, D. J. 1951. Secondary genic products. DIS 25:120-121. Novitski, E. 1963. List of "biochemical" mutants. DIS 37:51. Ogaki., M. and Tanaka, E. 1954. Biochemical studies on the mechanism of Bar action in D.m. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 29:170-171 (In Japanese). Ogita, Z. 1960. Genetical and biochemical studies on negatively correlated cross-resistance in D.m. DIS 34:97-98. Ogita, Z. 1960. Genetical and biochemical studies on negatively correlated cross-resistance in D.m. II. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 35:282 (In Japanese). Ogita, Z. 1961. Genetical and biochemical studies on negatively correlated cross-resistance in D.m. III. Genetical studies on actions of mixed insecticides with negatively correlated substances. Botyu-Kagaku, 26:88-93. January 1965 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA 40:111

Ogita, Z. 1961. Genetical and biochemical studies on negatively correlated cross-resistance in D.m. IV. Genetical relationship between ali-esterase activity and insecticide-resistance in D.m. Botyu-Kagaku, 26:93-97. Ogita, Z. 1961. Genetical and biochemical studies on negatively correlated cross-resistance in D.m. II. Relationship between the structure of compounds and negatively correlated activity. Botyu-Kagaku, 26:18-30. Ogita, Z. 1961. Genetical and biochemical studies on negatively correlated cross-resistance in D.m. I. An attempt to reduce and increase insecticide-resistance in D.M. by selection pressure. Botyu-Kagaku, 26:7-18. Oksawa, W. and Tsukuda, H. 1956. Some rates on the utilization of sugars by the adult of D.M. J. Osaka City Univ. Inst. Polytech., Ser. D., Biol., 7:163-171. Olsen, R. E. 1954. The use of the fruit fly, D.m., as a bioassay in detecting minute quantities of benzene hexachloride in plant tissues. Diss. Abstr., 14:1876. Orr, P. R. 1937. Physiological studies on respiratory metabolism. Physiol. Zool. 10:235-243. Parsons, P. A. 1962. A biochemical polymorphism in D.m. DIS 36:106. Plaine, H. L. and Glass, B. 1955. Influence of tryptophane and related compounds upon the action of a specific gene and the induction of melanotic tumours in D.m. J. Genet., 53:244-261. Poulson, D. F. 1935. Oxygen consumption of D. pupae. I. D.m. Z. vergi. Physiol. 22:466-472. Poulson, D. F. 1950. Physiological genetic studies on copper metabolism in the genus D. (Abs- tr.) Genetics, 35:684-685. Poulson, D. F. 1950. Chemical differentiation of the larval mid-gut of D. (Abstr.) Genetics, 35:130-131. Poulson, D. F. 1955. Physiological genetic studies on copper metabolism in mutant strains of D.m. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 24: and Genetics, 40:590. Poulson, D. F., Bowen, V. T., Hilse, R. M. and Rubinson, A. C. 1952. The copper metabolism of D. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.), 38:912-921. Pryor, M. C. M. 1955. Inhibitors of tyrosines. J. Exp. Biol., 32:468-484. Rapoport, J. A. 1947. On the synthesis of gene products in equimolecular quantities. Amer. Nat., 81:30-37. Rudkin, G. T. 1939. The gas exchange of D. larvae. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.), 25:594-599. Sang, J. H. 1958. Metabolic studies using aseptically cultured D.m. (Abstr.) Biochem. J., 69:42P. Scherbakov, A. P. 1935. Metabolic rate and duration of life of D. I and II. Arch. biol. Nauk. 38:639-655. (Russian with English summaries). Scherbakov, A. P. 1937. Metabolic rate and duration of life of D. IV. Different temperatures. Arch. biol. Nauk, 45 (3):73-86. (Russian with English summary). Schultz, J. and Rudkin, G. T. 1948. Absence of a sparing action of tryptophan on nicotinamide requirements of the fly, D.m. (Abstr.) Federation Proc., 7:185. Schweitzer, M. D. 1937. The aerobic respiration of single D. pupae. Genetics, 22:207-208. Sekla, B. 1930. Longevity and metabolism in D.m. "The Laws of Life", Ruzicka Mem. Vol., Prague:279-285. (Czech with English summary). Sobels, F. H. and Tates, A. D. 1957. Chemical induction of crossing-over in D. males. Nature, 179:29. Suzuki, D. T. 1963. Studies on the chemical nature of crossing over in D.m. I. Preliminary results on the effect of actinomycin D. Canadian J. of Genetics and Cytology 5:482-489. Szabo, K., Vajda, M. and Anderko, E. 1962. Genetic variability and its biochemical and physiological effects. Biol. Kozlem., 10:23-34 (Hungarian with German summary). Tatum, E. L. and Beadle, G. W. 1942. The relation of genetics to growth-factors and hormones. Growth, 6 (Suppl):27-37. Throckmorton, L. H. 1962. The use of biochemical characteristics for the study of problems of taxonomy and evolution on the genus D. Univ. Texas Pubi., No. 6205:415-487. Tsukamoto, N. 1959. Metabolic fate of DDT in D.m. I. Identification of a non-DDE metabolite. Botyu-Kagaku, 24:141-151. Tsukamoto, M. 1960. Metabolic fate of DDT in D.m. II. DDT-resistance and Kelthane-production. Botyu-Kagaku, 25:156-162. Tsukamoto, N. 1961. Metabolic fate of DDT in D.m. III. Comparative studies. Botyu-Kagaku, 26:74-87. Tsukarnoto, M. 1962. Comparative studies on the oxidation of DDT in D.m. DIS 26:124. Tsukamoto, N., Ogaki, M. and Kikkawa. 1957. Genetical analyses of resistance to insecticides in D.m. Proc. Int. Genet. Symposia, 1956, Suppl. Cytologia, 442-444. Villee, C. A. 1946. The genetic control of growth metabolism. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., 32:241- 245. 40:112 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA DIS 40

Watanabe, M. I. and Williams, C. M. 1951. Mitochondria in the flight muscles of insects. I. Chemical composition and enzymatic content. J. Gen. Physiol., 34:675-689. Watanabe, M. I. and Williams, C. M. 1953. Mitochondria in the flight muscles of insects. II. Effects of the medium on the size, form and organization of isolated sarcosomes. J. Gen. Physiol., 37:71-90. Wigglesworth, V. B. 1949. The utilization of reserve substances in D. during flight. J. Exp. Biol., 26:150-163. Wigglesworth, V. B. and Beament, J. W. L. 1958. The respiratory mechanisms of some insect eggs. Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 91:429-452. Williams, C. M., Barness, L. A. and Sawyer, W. H. 1943. The utilization of glycogen by flies during flight and some aspects of the physiological ageing of D. Biol. Bull. Wood's Hole, 84:263-272. Wolsky, A. 1956. The analysis of eye development in insects. Trans. N.Y. Acad, Sci., Ser. 2, 18:592-596. Woisky, A. and Kalicki, H. G. 1959. Oxidative metabolism and preparium formation in the ebony mutant of D.m. Nature, Lond., 183:1129-1130.

V. Enzymes.

Abe, K. 1958. Genetical and biochemical studies on amylase in D.m. Jap. J. Genet., 33:138- 145. (Japanese with English summary). Auf Der Maur, P. 1960. Uricase activity in the mutant white of D.m. DIS 34:70. Beckman, L. and Johnson, F. M. 1963. Variations of leucine aminopeptidase in pupae. DIS 38:69. Beckman, L. and Johnson, F. M. 1963. Genetic variations of phosphatases in larvae. DIS 38:70. Beckman, L. and Johnson, F. M. 1964. Variations in larval alkaline phosphatase controlled by Aph alleles in D.m. Genetics, 49:829-835. Beckman, L. and Johnson, F. M. 1964. Genetic variations of phosphatases in larvae of D.m. Nature, 201:321. Billett, F. and Counce, S. J. 1957. The B-glucuronidase content of D. embryos. Exp. Cell Res. 13:427-428. Bodenstein, D. and Sacktor, B. 1952. Cytochrome c oxidase activity during the metamorphosis of D. virilis. Science, 116:299-300. Chen, P. S. and Backmann-Diem, C. 1962. Studies on the transamination reactions in the larvae fat body of D.rn. DIS 36:61-62. Ching, M. 1958. Histochemical detection of two enzymes, lipase and alkaline phosphatase, in the salivary gland nuclei of D. (Abstr.) Proc. Nebr. Acad. Sc., 68:8. Dalms, W. T., Persijn, J. P. and Tates, A. D. 1963. Fine-structural localization of ATPase activity in mature sperm of D.m. Exp. Cell Research, 32:163-167. Danielli, J. F. 1949. The phosphatase of cell nuclei. C. R. Be Cong. mt. Zool. Paris 1948, P. 205. Doyle, U. L. 1948. Phosphatase activity of D. salivary gland cells. Quart. J. micr. Sci., 89: 415-419. Farnsworth, H. U. 1956. Localization of alkaline phosphatase in lethal embryos and larvae of minute (4) and minute (1) o. DIS 30:113-114. Horowitz, N. H. and Fling, M. 1955. The autocatalylic production of tyrosinases in extracts of D.m. Amino acid metabolism, Eds. W. D. McElroy and B. Glass, pps. 207-218. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. Hunter, A. S. and N. de Cediel. 1963. Krebs cycle enzymes. DIS 37:91. Kikkawa, H. 1948. Chromoplasts (plastids) as enzyme producers. DIS 22:71. Kikkawa, H. 1960. Genetic control of amylase in D.m. DIS 34:89. Kikkawa, H. 1960. Further studies on the genetic control of amylase in D.M. Jap. J. Genet., 35:382-387. Kikkawa, H. 1961. Biochemical genetics in the proteolytic enzyme in D.m. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 36:384-385. (In Japanese). Kikkawa, H. 1962. Strain differences in proteolytic enzyme activities in D.m. DIS 36:83. Kikkawa, H. 1963. Agar-gel electrophoretic studies on amylase. DIS 37:94. Kikkawa, H. 1963. An agar-gel electrophoretic study on amylase of D. virilis. DIS 38:88. Kikkawa, H. 1963. The genetic study on amylase in D. virilis. Ann. Rep. Scient. Work Fac. Sci Osaka Univ. 11:41-50. Kikkawa, H. and Abe, K. 1958. Genetic control of amylase in D.m. DIS 32:131. Kikkawa, H. and Abe, K. 1960. Genetic control of amylase in D.ni. Annat. Zool. Jap., 33:14-23. January 1965 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA 40:113

Kikkawa, H. and Ogita, Z. 1962. Biochemical and genetical analyses of amylase in D. by means of agar-gel electrophoresis. Jap. J. Genet., 37:394-395 (In Japanese). Krugelis, E. 1945. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the salivary gland dhromosome of D.m. (Abstr.) Genetics, 30:12. Krugelis, E. 1946. Distribution and properties of intracellular alkaline phosphatases. Biol. Bull. Wood's Hole, 90:220-223. Mutchmor, J. A. and Richards, A. G. 1955. The degradation of hyaluronic acid by extracts of D. tests. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec., 122:440. Mutchmor, J. A. and Richards, A. G. 1956. The degradation of hyaluronic acid by male gonads of D. Canad. J. Zool., 34:200-205. Nash, D. J. and Klopfenstein. 1963. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity in inbred lines. DIS 37: 111. Novikaff, A. B. 1951. The validity of histochemical phosphatase methods on the intracellular level. Science, 113:320-325. Ogita, Z. 1961. Genetical and biochemical studies on ali-esterase in D.m. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 36:391. (In Japanese). Ogita, Z. 1962. Genetic control of ali-esterase activity in D.m. DIS 36:103. Ogita, Z. 1963. Enzyme separation by agar-gel electrophoresis. DIS 37:142. Poulson, D. F. and Boell, E. J. 1946. Cholinesterase in embryonic tissues of D. DIS 20:90. Poulson, D. F. and Boell, E. J. 1946. A comparative study of cholinesterase activity in normal and genetically deficient strains of D.m. Biol. Bull. Wood's Hole, 31:228. Poulson, D. F. and Boell, E. J. 1946. The development of cholinesterase activity in embryos of normal and genetically deficient strains of D.m. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec., 96:12. Patterson, E. K., Dackerman, M. E. and Schultz, J. 1949. Peptidase activities of extracts of salivary gland of D.m. J. Gen. Physiol. 32:607-622. Patterson, E. K., Dackerman, N. E. and Schultz, J. 1949. Peptidase increase accompanying growth of the larval salivary gland of D.m. J. Gen. Physiol., 32:623-645. Patterson, E. K. and Lang, H. M. 1954. Hydrolysis of leucineamide, leucyglycine and leucyl- glycylglycine by peptidases. (Abstr.) Federation Proc. 13:272. Rasmuson, B. and Holmstedt, B. 1958. Resistance to cholinesterase inhibitors of the organo- phosphorous group in different strains of D.m. Ann. roy. Agric. Coll. Sweden.. 24:89-100. Ritossa, F. 1963. Beta-glactosidasd distribution in various organs of D. busckii and melanogaster. DIS 37:122. Rizki, T. M. and Riziki, R. N. 1963. An inducible enzyme system in the larval cells of D.m. J. of Cell Biology, 17:87-92. Seecof, R. L. 1960. The effects of ploidy changes on enzyme activities in D.m. (Abstr.) Genetics 45:1010-1011. Seecof, R. L. 1961. Gene dosage and enzyme activities in D.m. Genetics, 46:605-614. Soliman, A. A. 1953. Histochemical determination of the distribution of alkaline phosphatase in larval tissues of D.m. Proc. Egypt. Acad. Sci., Cairo, 8:83-87. Spirtes, M. A. 1951. Demonstration of the presence of Krebs cycle enzymes in D.m. (Abstr.) Federation Proc., 10:251. Ward, C. L. and Bird, N. A. 1962. Comparative studies of cytochrome c oxidase activity and mutability in two strains of D. Genetics 47:99-107. Ward, C. L. and Bird, N. A. 1963. Cytochrome oxidase activity in chromosome interchange stocks of the Oslo and Iso-Amherst strains of D.m. Genetics, 48:1435-1440. Wright, T. R. F. 1961. The genetic control of an esterase in D.m. (Abstr.) Amer. Zool., 1: 476. Wright, T. R. F. 1963. The genetics of an esterase in D.m. Genetics, 787:801. Wright, T. R. F. and Keck, K. 1961. Quantitative determination of esterase activities after starch gel electrophoresis. Analytical Biochem., 2:610-616. Wright, T. R. F. and Maclntyre, R. J. 1963. A homologous gene-enzyme system, Esterase 6, in D.m. and D. simulans. Genetics, 48:1717-1726. Yao, T. 1950. Cytochemical studies on the embryonic development of D.m. II. Alkaline and acid phosphatases. Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 91:79-88. Yao, T. 1950. Localization of alkaline phosphatase during post-embryonic development of D.m. Quart. J. micr. Sci., 91:89-105. Young, W. J., Porter, J. E. and Childs, B. 1964. Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase in D.: X-linked electrophoretic variants. Science 143:140. 40:114 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA DIS 40

VI. Nucleic Acids.

Abd-el4lahab, A., and Sirlin, J. L. 1959. Nuclear RNA and hormone production in the ring gland of D. Exp. Cell Res., 18:301-312. Altorfer, N. 1953. Teneur en acide ribonucleique de differents genotypes chez D.m. Experien- tia, 9:463-465. Argyrakis, M. P. and Bessman, M. J. 1963. Analysis of the base composition of DNA from D.m. B & B Acta. 72:122. Callan, H. C. 1948. RNA in the D. egg. Nature, 161:440. Caspersson, T., Hamrnarsten, E. and Hammarsten, H. 1935. Interactions of proteins and nucleic acid. Trans. Faraday Soc. 31:367-389. Caspersson, T. and Schultz, J. 1938. Nucleic acid metabolism of the chromosomes in relation to gene reproduction. Nature, 142:294-295. Farnsworth, M. W. 1958. Quantitative studies of DNA in wild-type and minute larvae. DIS 32: 121-122. Freed, J. J. and Schultz, J. 1956. Effect of the Y chromosome on the desoxyribonucleic acid content of ovarian nucleic acid in D.m. females. (Abstr.) J. Histochem. and Cytochem., 4:441. 442. Gay, H. 1960. La localisation cytochimique des acides nucleiques et des proteines ceilulaires et la determination de leur mode d'association. (Abstr.) I Congr. mt. histochim. Cytochim., Paris, 1960. p. 83, Pergamon Press. Gay, H. 1961. Cytochemical localization of cellular nucleic acids and proteins and determination of their patterns of association. Ann. Histochim., 6:467-476. Gershenson, S. M. 1939. The production of directed mutations with the aid of nucleic acid. Visti Akad. Nauk USSR, 1939 (9/10):83-84. Gumlevskaia, N. A. and Sisakian, N. H. 1963. A comparative study of the nucleotide composition of microsomal and soluble RNA in insects. Proc. Acad. of Sci. U.S.S.R. 146:198 (In Russian). Herskowitz, I. H. 1961. The hypothesis of nucleotide sharing by adjacent functional units of DNA (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 30:80; and Genetics, 46:870. Hinton, T., Ellis, J. and Theriault, D. L. 1949. Amino acid and nucleic acid relationships in D. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec., 105:513. Hinton, T. and Ellis, J. 1950. A nucleic acid requirement in D. correlated with a position effect. (Abstr.) Genetics, 35:670-671. Kirby, K. S. 1962. Deoxyribonucleic acids. IV. Preparations of deoxyribonucleic acid from D. eggs. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 55:382-384. Lesher, 5. 1951. Studies on the larval salivary gland of D. I. The nucleic acids. II. Changes in nuclear and nucleolar volumes and their possible significance. Exp. Cell. Res., 2:577-585; 588-596. Lesher, S. 1952. Studies on the larval salivary gland of D. III. The histochemical localization and possible significance of ribonucleic acid, alkaline phosphatase and polysaccharide. Anat. Rec. 114:633-652. Levenbook, L., Travaglini, E. and Schultz, J. 1953. Nucleic acids and free polynucleotide fragments in the egg of D. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec., 117:585. Levenbook, L., Travaglini, E. and Schultz, J. 1955. The effect of the Y chromosome on nucleic acids and polynucleotide fragments in the unfertilized D.m. egg. (Abstr.) 3eme Congr. mt. Biochim. Bruxelles, Resumes des Communications:70. Levenbrook, L., Travaglini, E. C. and Schultz, J. 1958. Nucleic acids and their components as affected by the Y chromosome of D.m. I. Constitution and amount of ribonucleic acids in the unfertilized egg. Exp. Cell Res. 15:43-61. McMaster-Kaye, R. 1960. The metabolic characteristics of nucleolar chromosomal cytoplasmic ribo nucleic acid of D. salivary glands. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol., 8:3650378. McMaster-Kaye, R. and Taylor, J. H. 1958. Evidence for two metabolically distinct types of nbc nucleic acid in chromatin and nucleoli. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol., 4:5-11. Head, C. G. 1961. Isolation and characterization of the deoxyribonucleic acids of D.m. Diss. Abstr., 22:714. Mead, C. G. 1962. The ribonucleic acids in D.m. (Abstr.) Federation Proc., 21:377. Head, C. G. 1962. The relationship of a DNA-associated RNA with euchromatic and heterochromatic derived DNA of D.m. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer; 31:101; and Genetics, 47:970. Mead, C. G. 1964. A DNA associated RNA from D.m. J. Biol. Chem. 239:550-554. Head, C. C. and Fox, A. S. 1961. The characterization of the deoxyribonucleic acids of D.m. DIS 35:89-90. Mead, C. C. and Fox, A. S. 1961. Isolation and characterization of D. DNA. (Abstr.) Fed- eration Proc., 20:353. January 1965 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA 40:115

Mittler, S. 1952. Nucleic acids and tumor production in tu 50 j stock of D.m. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec., 113 (SupplJ:lOO. Morgan, T. H. and Schultz, J. 1942. Investigations of the constitution of the germinal material in relation to heredity. Yearb. Carnegie [nstn., 41:242-245. Morgan, T. H., Schultz, J. Bridges, C. B. and Curry, V. 1939. Investigations on the constitution of the germinal material in relation to heredity. Yearb. Carnegie Enstn. Washing., No. 38:273-277. Morgan, T. H., Sturtevant, A. H. and Morgan, L. V. 1945. Investigations on the constitution of the germinal material in relation to heredity. Yearb. Carnegie Instn. Washing., No. 44: 157-160. Neulat, N. M. 1961. Les variations de la teneur en acide desoxyribonucleique au cours de la pupaison chez D.m. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 253:730-731. Nigon, V. and Daillie, J. 1958. La synthese de l'acide desoxyribonucleique au cours du devel- oppement de la Drosophile. Acta biochim. biophys., 29:246-255. Nigon, V. and Nonnenmacher, J. 1960. Le metabolisme de la thymidine dans les cellules vitel- lines de l'ovaire chez D.m. Meig, C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 251:1583-1584. Nigon, V. and Nonnenmacker, J. 1960. L'incorporation de la thymidine tritiee durant l'ovo- genese de la Drosophile. Developmental Biol., 3:210-224. Noujdin, N. I. 1946. Thymonucleic acid induced mutation. Bull. Biol. Med. exp. USSR, 22:38- 40 (In Russian). Oftedal, P. 1959. Synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid in adult D. Nature, Lond., 184:1961. Painter, T. S. 1945. Nuclear phenomena associated with secretion in certain gland cells with especial reference to the origin of cytoplasmic nucleic acid. J. exp. Zool., 100:523-544. Patterson, E. K. and Dockerman, N. E. 1951. Nucleic acid content in relation to cell size in mature larval salivary gland of D.m. (Abstr.) Federation Proc., 10:231-232. Patterson, E. K. and Dockerman, M. E. 1952. Nucleic acid content in relation to cell size in the mature larval salivary gland of D.m. Arch. Biochem. and Biophy. 36:97-113. Patterson, E. K., Lang, H. M., Dockerman, M. E. and Schultz, J. 1953. The effect of the Y chromosome on the nucleic acid content of the larval salivary glands of D.m. (Abstr.) J. Histochem. and Cytochem., 1:382-383. Patterson, E. K., Lang, H. M., Dockerman, M. E. and Schultz, J. 1954. Chemical determinations of the effect of the X and Y chromosomes on the nucleic acid content of the larval salivary glands of D.m. Exp. Cell. Res., 6:191-194. Perreault, W. G. and Gay, H. 1962. The DNA of D. spermatocytes. (Abstr.) Amer. Zool., 2:436- 437. Pirrung, J. M. and Hassett, C. C. 1950. The effect of beta radiation on the nucleic acid synthesis in larvae of D.m. Med. Div. Res. Rep., No. 3. Chem. Corps. Med. Div. Army Chem. Center, Md. Schultz, J. and Caspersson, T. 1949. Nucleic acids in D. eggs and Y-chromosome effects. Nature, 163:66-67. Schultz, J. and Rudkin, G. T. 1960. Direct measurement of DNA content of genetic loci in D. (Abstr.) Science, 132:1499-1500. Schultz, J. and Service, N. N. 1951. Genetic differences in the requirement for ribosenucleic acid and glycine in D.m. (Abstr.) Federation Proc., 10:245. Sirlin, J. L. and Jacob, J. 1960. Cell function in the ovary D. II. Behaviour of RNA. Exp. Cell. Res., 20:283-293. Taira, T. and Morita, T. 1960. Effects of X-irradiation on the synthesis of nucleic acid in D. Ann. Rep. Nat. Inst. Genet., Japan, 1959, 10:25-26. Tarnavsky, N. D. 1939. On the role of nucleic acid in the production of directed mutations. C. R. Ukr. Acad. Sc., Biol., 1:47-49. Taylor, J. H. and McMaster, R. D. 1955. Studies on nucleic acid metabolism in larval salivary glands of D. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 24: and Genetics, 40:600-601. Travaglini, E., Levenbook, L. and Schultz, J. 1958. Nucleic acids and their components as affected by the Y chromosome of D.m. II. Nucleosides and related compounds in the acid soluble fraction of the unfertilized egg. Exp. Cell. Res., 15:62-79. Travaglini, E. C., and Meloni, M. L. 1962. Extraction and separation of nucleic acids from cesium chloride homogenates of whole cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 7:162-166. Welch, R. N. 1957. A developmental analysis of the mutant 1(2)gl of D.m. based oncytophoto- metric determination of nuclear desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content. Genetics, 42:544-559. Yao, T. 1949. Cytochemical studies on the embryonic development of D.ni. I. Protein sulphy- dryl groups and nucleic acids. Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 90:401-409. 40:116 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA DIS 40

Zalokar, M. 1960. Sites of ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis, in D. Exp. Cell. Res., 18:184-186.

VII. Nutrition.

Bacot, A. W. and Harden, A. 1922. Vitamin requirements of D. I. Vitamins B and C. Bio- chem. J. 16:148-152. Begg, M. 1949. Nutritional requirements of D. Nature, 163:881. Begg, M. and Robertson, F. W. 1950. The nutritional requirements of D.m. S. Exp. Biol. 26: 380-387. Ellis, J. F. 1959. Reversal of an adenine and a cytidine requirement in axenic D. culture. Physiol. Zool., 32:29-39. Fraental, G. S., Friedman, S., Hinton, T., Laszlo, S. and Noland, J. L. 1955. The effect of substituting carnitine for choline in the nutrition of several organisms. Arch. Biochem. and Biophys. 54:432-439. Fuzito, S. 1952. Biochemical genetics on the nutrition in D.m. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 27: 226. (In Japanese). Gardner, T. S. 1948. The use of D.m. as a screening agent for longevity factors. II. The effects of biotin, pyridoxine, sodium yeast nucleate, and pantothenic acid on the life span of the fruit fly. J. Gerontal., 3:9-13. Geer, B. W., 1963. A RNA-protein relationship in D. nutrition. J. Expl. Zool. 154:353-364. Geer, B. W., 1964. Inheritance of the dietary RNA requirement of D.m. Genetics, 49:787-796. Hinton, T. 1952. A quantitative study of folic acid requirements and reversal of aminopterin inhibition in D. Science, 116:708-710. Hinton, T. 1954. The genetic analysis of a nucleic acid requirement in D. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 23:44-45: and Genetics, 39:971-972. Hinton, T. 1955. The genetic basis of a nutritional requirement in D. Genetics, 40:224-234. Hinton, T. 1956. Differences in nucleic acid requirements of various strains of D. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 25; and Genetics, 41:647-648. Hinton, T. 1956. Nucleic acid utilization by D. Physiol. Zool., 29:20-26. Hinton, T., Ellis, J. F. and Nayes, D. T. 1951. An adenine requirement in a strain of D. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., (Wash.), 37:293-299. Hinton, T. and Roberts, M. R. 1952. Apparent Mendelian and non-Mendelian nucleic acid requir- ing "mutants" of D. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 21:34-35; and Genetics, 37:590-591. Jacobs, N. E. 1963. Amino acid utilization of ebony and non-ebony melanogaster. DIS 38:68. Jacobs, N. E. and Brubaker, K. K. 1963. Beta alanine utilization in ebony and non-ebony. DIS 37:91. Jacobs, N. E. and Brubaker. 1963. Beta-alanine utilization of ebony and non-ebony D.m. Science 139:1282. Kalmus, H. 1943. A fractorial experiment on the mineral requirement of a D. culture. Amer. Nat., 77:376-380. Laszlo, S. 1955. Nutritional studies of a mutant strain of D. Master's thesis. University of California at Los Angeles. Masking, R. A. 1939. Egg-laying in D.m. as influenced by sugar content in the food. C. R. (Dokl.) Acad. Sci.: U.S.S.R., N.S. 47:296-299. Northrop, J. H. 1917. Th role of yeast in the nutrition of an insect (Drosophila). J. Biol. Chem., 30:181-187. Rudkin, G. T. and Schultz, J. 1947. Evolution of nutritional requirements in animals: Amino- acids essential for D.m. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec., 99:613. Sang, J. H. 1957. Utilization of dietary purines and pyrimidines by D.m. Proc. roy. Soc. Edinb., 66B:339-359. Sang, J. H. 1959. Circumstances affecting the nutritional requirements of D.m. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 77:352-365. Sang, J. H. 1962. Relationships between protein supplies and B-vitamin requirements, in axeni- cally cultured D J. Nutr. 77:355-368. Schram, A. C. 1960. Studies on the nutrition of D.m. Diss. Abstr., 20:2536. Schultz, J. 1950-1953. Patterns of nutritional requirements in relation to genetic change in D.m. (Abstr.) Nat. Res. Council Committee on Growth: 5th Ann. Rep., (1949-1950), p.179; 6th Ann. Rep., (1950-1951): 146-147; 7th Ann. Rep., (1951-1952): ; 8th Ann. Rep., (1952-1953):163. Schultz, J. 1955. Gene action and patterns of nutritional requirement in D.m. (Abstr.) Nat. Res. Council Committee on Growth: 9th Ann. Rep., (1953-1954):148-149. January 1965 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA 40:117

Schultz, J., St. Lawrence, P. and Newmeyer, D. 1946. A chemically defined medium for the growth of D.m. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec., 96:540. Shiomi, T. and Kitazumi, Y. 1954. Glycogen consumption during the early embryonic development of D.m. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 29:175. (In Japanese). Tatum, E. L. 1939. Nutritional requirements of D.m. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 25:490-497. Tatum, E. L. 1941. Vitamin B requirements of D.m. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. 27:193-197. Villee, C. A. and Lavin, C. I. 1948. Nucleic acids as growth factors in D. J. Biol. Chem., 172:59-66. Wagner, R. P. and Mitchell, H. K. 1948. An enzymatic assay for studying the nutrition of D.m. Arch. Biochem., 17:87-96.

VIII. Pigments.

A. Body pigments. 1. Chemistry.

Kloos, W. E. 1962. A biochemical and physiological study of presumed pleiotropic effects of the yellow and white mutants in D. sionulans and D.m. M.S. thesis; Iowa State University. Rizki, T. M. 1961. Intracellular localization of kynurenine in the fat body of D. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 9:567-572. Taira, T. 1961. Enzymatic reduction of the yellow pigment of D. Nature, 189:231-232. Taira, T. and Nawa, S. 1955. Yellow pigment found in the body of the mutant "red" in D.m. DIS 29:167. Woisky, A., Csik, L. and Fabian, Gy. 1948. Further investigations on the mechanism determining body colour in D.m. Hungarica Acta Biol., 1:1-10.

2. Enzymology.

Graubard, M. A. 1933. Tyrosinase in mutants of D.m. J. Genet. 27:199-218. Ichida, H. and Ohniski, E. 1963. Decreased tyrosinase activity in tumor-bearing individual of tug. DIS 38:73. Jacobs, M. E. 1956. Studies on melanism in D.m. DIS 30:123. Jacobs, M. E. 1957. Influence of desiccation on dopa oxidizing activity and amino acid levels in D.m. DIS 31:124. Jacobs, M. E. 1958. Influence of desiccation on tyrosine-oxidizing activity in D.m. DIS 32:130. Jacobs, M. E. 1959. Relation of sex to dopa-oxidase activity in D.m. DIS 33:140. Jacobs, M. E. 1961. Sex differences and environmental influence on dopa-oxidizing activity in D.m. Biol. Bull. Wood's Hole, 120:157-162. Kuroda, Y. 1957. Comparisons of tyrosinase activity in tumorous and nontumorous strains of D.m. DIS 31:130. Kroman, R. A. and Keith, A. D. 1963. Induction of melanin pigment formation. DIS 38:56. Lewis, H. W. 1955. Genetic control of tyrosinase activity in D.m. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 24; and Genetics 40:582-583. Lewis, H. W. 1960. Genetic control of dopa oxidase activity in D.m. I. Analysis of wild type, sable, suppressor-of-sable, and suppressed sable strains. Genetics 45:1217-1231. Lewis, H. W. 1962. Structural and control genes regulating dopa oxidase activity in D. (Abstr.) Biol. Bull. Wood's Hole, 123:464. Lewis, H. W. and Lewis, H. S. 1957. Thermostability of tyrosinase from canton and sable adults. DIS 31:131. Lewis, H. W. and Lewis, H. S. 1958. Interaction of the tyrosinase-activating systems of Canton 5 and sable adults. DIS 32:135-136. Lewis, H. W. and Lewis, H. S. 1958. Genetic control of tyrosinase systems in D.m. (Abstr.) Proc. 10th [nt. Cong. Genet., Montreal, 2:167-168. Lewis, H. W. and Lewis, H. S. 1959. Quantitative aspects of the genetic control of tyrosinase activity in D.m. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 28:83; and Genetics 44:523. Lewis, H. W. and Lewis, H. S. 1960. Regulation of dopa oxidase by non-second chromosome factors in D.m. DIS 34:90-91. Lewis, H. W. and Lewis, H. S. 1960. Control of dopa oxidase activity by second chromosome factors in D.m. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 29:80; and Genetics, 45:998. Lewis, H. W. and Lewis, H. S. 1961. Genetic control of dopa oxidase activity in D.m. II. Reg- ulating mechanism and inter- and intra-strain heterogeneity. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., (Wash.) 47:78-86. 40:118 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA DIS 40 Lewis, H. W. and Lewis, H. S. 1961. Factors on chromosome II and III involved in the control and regulation of dopa oxidase activity in D.m. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 30:88-89; and Genetics, 46:878-879. Lewis, H. W. and Lewis, H. S. 1962. Effect of phenyithiocarbamide on viability of D.m. strains with high and low tyrosinase activity. Nature, Lond., 196:192-193. Lewis, H. W. and Lewis, H. S. 1962. Identification of a dominant second chromosome factor regulating dopa oxidase activity in D.m. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 31:98; and Genetics, 47:967. Ohnishi, E. 1953. Tyrosinase activity during puparium formation in D.m. Jap. J. Zool., 11: 69-74. Parsons, P. A. and Kroman, R. A. 1960. Melanin inhibitors and the ebony locus in D.M. Hered- ity, 15:301-314. \4olsky, A. and Kalicki, H. G. 1958. Dehydrogenase activity and pupation in normal and "ebony" D.m. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec., 132:520.

B. Eye pigments. 1. Chemistry.

Baglioni, C. 1958. Studies of ommochrome biosynthesis in D.m. DIS 32:110-111. Baglioni, C. 1959. Two new pteridinic pigments in D.m. Experientia, 15:465-467. Baglioni, C. 1958. Two new pteridins, found in D.m. DIS 32:111. Beadle, G. W. and Ephrussi, B. 1937. Development of eye colors in D.: diffusible substances and their interrelations. Genetics, 22:76-86. Beadle, G. W., Tatum, E. L. and Clancy, C. W. 1939. Development of eye colors in D.: Produc- tion of v hormone by fat bodies. Biol. Bull. Wood's Hole, 77:407-414. Blair, J. A. 1961. Conversion of 2_ 14C_pteroyl-L-monoglutamic acid into isoxanthopterin in D-.m. Nature, Lond., 192:757-758. Chan, F. L., Heymann, H. and Clancy, C. W. 1951. Chemical composition of the red eye pigment of D.m. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 73:5448-5449. Chevais, S., Ephrussi, B. and Steinberg, A. G. 1938. Facet number and the v hormone in the bar eye of D.m. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 24:365-368. Clancy, E. B. 1940. Production of eye color hormone by the eyes of D.m. Biol. Bull. Wood's Hole, 78:217-225. Clancy, C. W. and Chan, F. L. 1950. Comparative chromatographic analysis of the 'red' eye pigment in the vermilion group of mutants of D.m. (Abstr.) Genetics, 35:660-661. DeLerma, B. 1955. Value of pteridine nucleic substances as chemical precursors of the red pigment of the eyes of D.m. Meig. Bull. Zool., 22:197-201. Divelbiss, J. E. 1959. A spectrophotometric study of an allelic series at the brown locus in D.m. Master's thesis, Iowa City: State University of Iowa. Divelbiss, J. E. 1959. Possible functional complexity at the bw locus in D. DIS 33:128-129. Divelbiss, J. E. 1961. Structural complexity of the brown locus in D.M. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 30:71; and Genetics, 46:861. Divelbiss, J. E. 1962. Structural complexity of the brown locus in D.m. Meigen, Diss. Abstr., 22:2550. Ephrussi, B. 1942. Chemistry of 'eye color hormones' of D. Quart. Rev. Biol., 17:327-338. Ephrussi, B. and Herold, J. L. 1944. Studies of eye pigments of D. I. Methods of extraction and quantitative estimation of the pigment components. Genetics, 29:148-175. Faber, J. and Hadorn, E. 1963. Non-autonomous pteridine formation induced by implantation of wild-type Malpighian tubules in 2 different lines of ma-1 of D.m. Zeitschrift fUr Vererbungs- lehre, 94:242-248. Forrest, H. S. and Mitchell, H. K. 1954. Pteridines from D. II. Structure of the yellow pigment. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 76:5658-5662. Forrest, H. S. and Mitchell, H. K. 1954. Pteridines from D. I. Isolation of a yellow pigment. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 76:5656-5658. Forrest, H. S. and Mitchell, H. K. 1954. The pteridines of D.m. pp. 143-158. "Chemistry and biology of pteridines." Eds. C. E. W. Walsterholme and M. P. Cameron. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Forrest, H. S. and Mitchell, H. K. 1955. Pteridines from D. III. Isolation and identification of three more pteridines. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 77:4865-4869. Forrest, H. S., Glassman, E. and Mitchell, H. K. 1956. Conversion of 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine to isoxanthopterin in D.m. Science, 124:725-726. January 1965 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA 40:119

Forrest, H. S., Hanly, E. W. and Lagowski, J. M. 1961. 2,4-dihydroxypteridine as an intermediate in the enzymatically catalyzed oxidation of 4-hydroxypteridine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 50:596-598. Forrest, H. S., Hanly, E. W. and Lagowski, J. M. 1961. Biochemical differences between mutants rosy-2 and maroon-like of D.m. Genetics, 46:1455-1463. Fujii, S. 1939. Diffusible substances concerned with eye colour development in D. A review. Jap. J. Genet., 15:160-169. (In Japanese). Fujito, S. 1953. Physiological significance of the brown pigment in D. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 28:165. (In Japanese). Glassman, E. 1957. Studies on maroon-like eye color mutant. DIS 31:121-122. Glassman, E. 1958. Further studies of the maroon-like (ma-1) and rosy (ry) eye-color mutants. DIS 32:123. Glassman, E. 1959. Allelism and complementation of bronzy (bz) and maroon-like (ma-1) eye- color mutants in D.m. DIS 33:135. Glassman, E. and Glass, B. 1955. The relation between tyrosinase-produced quinones and the disappearance of kynurenine in larval extracts of D. DIS 29:120-121. Glassman, E. and Pinkerton, Lo. 1960. Complementation at the maroon-like eye-color of D.m. Science, 131:1810-1811. Glassman, E., Karam, J. D., Keller, E. C. (Jr.) and McLean J. 1962. Gene dosage relation at the ma-1 and ry loci. DIS 36:66-67. Goldschmidt, E. 1958. Cryptic genetic factors changing pterine concentrations of D. eyes. (Abstr.) Proc. 10th mt. Congr. Genet., Montreal, 2:99-100. Goldschmidt, E. and Hadorn, E. 1959. Host-transplant interaction in biosynthesis of D. pteridines. J. Embryol. exp. Morph., 7:316-329. Graf, G. E., Hadorn, E. and Ursprung, H. 1959. Experiments on the isoxanthopterin metabolism in D.m. J. Insect. Physiol., 3:120-124. Green, M. N. 1949. A study of tryptophane in eye-color mutants of D. Genetics, 34:564-572. Hadorn, E. 1954. Transitory appearance of a fluorescent substances in eye-color mutants of D.m. DIS 28:122. Hadorn, E. and Schwinck, I. 1956. A mutant of D. without isoxanthopterine which is non-autonomous for the red eye pigments. Nature, Lond., 177:940-941. Heymann, H. 1948/51. Chromatography of the eye pigment of D.M. (Abstr.) Proc. Ore. Acad. Sci. 2:37. Horikawa, M. 1957. Growth, differentiation and tryptophar metabolism in eye discs of D.m. in tissue culture. DIS 31:124. Hubby, J. L. 1959. Studies on pteridine metabolism in D. Diss. Abstr., 20:1977-1978. Hubby, J. L. 1962. A mutant affecting pteridine metabolism in D.M. Genetics, 47:109-114. Hubby, J. L. and Forrest, H. S. 1960. Studies on the mutant maroon-like in D.m. Genetics, 45: 211-224. Hubby, J. L. and Throckmorton, L. H. 1960. Evolution and pteridine metabolism in the genus D. Proc. Net . Acad. Sci., (Wash.), 46:65-78. Kanehisa, T. 1956. Relation between the formation of melanotic tumors and tryptophane metabolism involving eye-colour in D. Annot. zool. jap., 29:97-100. Kikkawa, H. 1948. Kynurenine as a precursor of riboflavin. DIS 22:72. Kikkawa, H. 1951. Effects of 3,4-dihydroxykynurenine on pigment formation. DIS 25:108. Kikkawa, H. 1953. A new substance inducing an eye color in D. DIS 27:96. Kikkawa, f-I., Ogita, Z. and Fujito, S. 1954. Studies on the pigments derived from tryptophan in insects. Proc. Jap. Acad., 30:30-35. Kikkawa, H., Ogita, Z. and Fujito, S. 1955. Nature of pigments derived from tryosine and tryptophan in animals. Science, 121:43-47. Khouvine, Y. and Ephrussi, B. 1937. Fractionnement des substances qui intervienment dans 'a pigmentation des yeux de D.m. C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris, 124:885-887. Khouvine, Y., Ephrussi, B. and Chevais, S. 1938. Development of eye colors in D.: nature of the diffusible substances; effects of yeast, peptones and starvation on their production. Biol. Bull. Wood's Hole, 75:425-446. Khouvine, Y., Ephrussi, B. and Harnly, M. H. 1936. Extraction et solubilite des substances intervenant dans la pigmentation des yeux de D.m. C. R. Acad. Sd. (Paris), 203:1542-1544. Mitchell, H. K., Glassman, E. and Hadorn, E. 1959. Hypoxanthine in rosy and maroon-like mutants of D.m. Science, 129:268-269. 40:120 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA DIS 40

Morita, T. and Tokuyama, T. 1958. Biochemical genetics on w-locus in D.m. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 33:315. (In Japanese). Nawa, S. 1960. The structure of the yellow pigment from D. DIS 34:95. Nawa, S. 1960. Genetical and biochemical studies on the metabolism of pteridines in D.m.-- the structure of the yellow pigment. Ann. Rep. Nat. Inst. Genet., Japan, 1959, 10:104-105. Nawa, S. 1960. The structure of the yellow pigment from D. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 33:1555- 1560. Nawa, S. and Forrest, H. S. 1962. Synthesis of the yellow Pteridine, isosepiapterin. Nature, Lond., 196:169-170. Nawa, S. and Taira, T. 1954. The eye pigment of D.m. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 29:168. (In Japanese). Nawa, S. and Taira, T. 1954. The relation between eye pigment and pterins in D.m. DIS 28:148. Nawa, S. and Taira, T. 1955. The relationship between eye pigment and pterins of D.m. Ann. Rep. Nat. Inst. Genet. Japan. (1954) 5:36-37. Nawa, S., Sakaguchi, B. and Taira, T. 1956. Genetical and biochemical studies on the metabolism of pteridine. I. The pteridine found in some organisms and its change with development. II. The enzymatic system controlling the metabolism of pteridine. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 30: 306. (In Japanese). Nawa, S., Sakaguchi, B. and Taira, T. 1957. Genetical and biochemical studies on the metabolism of pteridines in insects. Ann. Rep. Nat. Inst. Genet., Japan, 1956, 7:32-35. Nawa, S., Taira, T. and Ophima, C. 1957. Nonenzymatic conversion of the yellow pigment found in D.m. DIS 31:146. Nawa, S., Taira, T. and Sakaguchi, B. 1958. Genetical and biochemical studies on pterine oxidation in D.m. Ann. Rep. Nat. Inst. Genet., Japan, 1957, 8:12-13. Nawa, S., Taira, T. and Sakaguchi, B. 1958. Pterine oxidation in D.m. DIS 32:141. Nolte, D. J. 1952. The eye-pigmentary system in D. III. The action of eye-colour genes. J. Genet., 51:142-186. Nolte, D. J. 1954. The eye-pigmentary system of D. Proc. 9th Int. Cong. Genet. 1953 (Bella- gio), 1158. Nolte, D. J. 1954. The eye-pigmentary system of D. IV. The pigments of the vermilion group of mutants. J. Genet., 52:111-126. Nolte, D. J. 1954. The eye-pigmentary system of D. V. The pigments of the light and dark groups of mutants. J. Genet. 52:127-139. Nolte, D. J. 1954. Homologous eye pigments and genes in species. DIS 28:149. Nolte, D. J. 1955. The eye-pigmentary system of D. VI. The pigments of the ruby and red groups of mutants. J. Genet., 53:1-10. Ogaki, M., Kaji, S., and Tanaka, E. 1953. A study of facet-forming substances in D.m. Zool. Nag., Tokyo, 62:245-249. (Japanese with English summary). Parsons, P. A. and Green, N. M. 1959. Pleiotropy and competition at the vermilion locus in D.M. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., (Wash.), 45:993-996. Rasmuson, B. 1957. Genetic analysis of an isoxanthopterin determining gene in D.m. DIS 31:156. Rasmuson, B., Green, M. M. and Ewerston, G. 1960. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of eye pigments and pteridines in back-mutations of the mutant wa in D.m. Hereditas 46:635-650. Robertson, F. W. and Forrest, H. S. 1957. Genetic variation of isoxanthopterin content in D.m. Univ. Texas Publ., No. 5721:229-237. Schepers, A. M. 1962. An interaction in pteridine metabolism between garnet and brown genes in D.m. DIS 36:114. Schultz, J. 1930. A spectrophotometric study of the pigments in the eye-color mutations of D. Science, 72:406-407. Schwinck, I. 1962. Drosopterin formation and semi-lethality of the mutant rosy in temperature experiments. DIS 36:114-115. Steinberg, A. G. 1939. The Lobe alleles and v hormone. DIS 11:51. Sturtevant, A. H. 1932. The use of mosaics in the study of the developmental effects of genes. Proc. VI mt. Cong. of Genetics, 1:304-307. Taira, T. 1960. A biochemical study on allelism at Henna locus in D.m. Jap. J. Genet., 35: 344-350. Taira, T. 1961. The metabolism of sepiapterin in D.m.; emphasizing its tetrahydro-form. Jap. J. Genet., 36:244-256. Taira, T. 1961. Genetical and biochemical studies on the red and yellow eye pigments of D.m. Jap. J. Genet., 36:18-31. Taira, T. and Nawa, S. 1955. The red eye pigment of D.m. and pteridine derivatives. DIS 29:166- 167. January 1965 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA 40:121

Taira, T. and Nawa, S. 1958. Biochemical genetics on the eye pigmentary system of D. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 33:326. (In Japanese.). Taira, T. and Nawa, S. 1958. No direct metabolic relation between pterines and uric acid, flavins or folic acid in D.m. Jap. J. Genet., 33:42-45. Taira, T. and Nawa, S. 1958. Formation of D. eye pigments. Ann. Rep. Nat. Met. Genet., Japan, 1957, 8:14-16. Taira, T. and Nawa, S. 1959. Biochemical genetics on the formation of eye pigments and the pteridine metabolism in D. IV. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 34:311. (In Japanese). Taira, T. and Nawa, S. 1959. A note on pigmentation in the eye. DIS 33:167. Taira, T. and Nawa, S. 1959. Studies on the formation of D. eye pigments. Ann. Rep. Nat. Inst. Genet., Japan. 1958, 9:21-22. Taira, T. and Nawa, S. 1960. Formation of D. eye pigments and pteridine metabolism. VI. Bio- chemical study on the allelism at Henna locus in D.m. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 35:288. (In Japanese). Tatum, E. L. 1939. Development of eye-colors in D.: bacterial synthesis of v+ hormone. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 25:486-490. Tatum, E. L. and Beadle, G. W. 1939. Effect of diet on eye-color development in D.M. Biol. Bull. Wood's Hole, 77:415-422. Tatum, E. L. and Beadle, G. W. 1939. Development of eye colors in D.; some properties of the hormones concerned. J. gen. Physiol., 22:239-253. Tatum, E. L. and Beadle, G. W. 1940. Crystalline D. eye-colorhormone. Science 91:458. Tatum, E. L. and Haagen-Smit, A. J. 1941. Identification of D. v hormone of bacterial origin. J. biol. Chem. 140:575-580. Thimann, K. V. and Beadle, G. W. 1937. Development of eye colors in D.: extraction of the diffusible substances concerned. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 23:143-146. Throckmorton, L. H. and DeMagalhaes, L. E. 1962. Changes with evolution of pteridine accumu- lations in species of the saltans group of the genus D. Univ. Texas Publ., No. 6205:489-505. Tondo, C. V. and Cordeiro, A. R. 1956. Biophysical genetics. I. Paper electrophoresis separation of the eye pigments and other components of "D". Rev, bras. Biol., 16:519-526. Umebachi, Y. and Tsuchitani, K. 1955. The presence of xanthurenic acid in fruit fly, D.m. J. Biochem., Japan, 42:817-824. Van Atta, E. W. and Van Atta, L. C. 1931. The spectrum analysis of eye color in D. Amer. Nat., 65:382-384. Van Baalen, C. and Forrest, H. S. 1959. 2,6-Diamino-4-hydroxypteridine, a new, naturally occurring pteridine. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 81:1770. Wald, G. and Allen, G. 1946. Fractionation of eye pigments of D.m. J. gen. Physiol., 30:41- 46. Wortman, B. and Wagner, R. P. 1953. The nicotinic acid requirement of D.m. and its relationship to the brown eye pigment. Tex. J. Sci., 5:34-37. Ziegler, I. 1961. Genetic aspects of ommochrone and pterin pigments. Adv. in Genet., 10:349- 403.

2. Enzymology.

Baglioni, C. 1959. Genetic control of tryptophan peroxidase-oxidase in D.m. Nature, Lond., 184:1084-1085. Baglioni, C. 1960. Genetic control of tryptophan pyrolase in D.m. and D. virilis. Heredity, 15:87-96. Burmeister, M. A., Forrest, H. S. and Lagowski, J. M. 1963. Xanthine dehydrogenase activity from mixed extracts of the rosy and maroon-like mutants. DIS 38:55-56. De Luna, J. 1924. Sur la participation dune peroxidase a l'apparition du pigment chez la D.m. Loew. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 178:525-527; 878-881. Forrest, H. S., Lagowski, J. M. and Burmeister, M. A. 1963. Studies on xanthine dehydrogenase. DIS 38: 58. Glassman, E. 1956. Kynurenine formamidase in mutants of D. Genetics, 41:566-574. Glassman, E. 1957. Tyrosinase-produced quinones and the disappearance of kynurenine in larval extracts of D.m. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 67:74-89. Glassman, E. 1960. Genetic complementation between mutants of D.m. lacking xanthine dehydrogenase. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 29:71; and Genetics, 45:989. Glassman, E. 1962. Unexpected presence of xanthine dehydrogenase in combined extracts of maroon- like and rosy eye color mutants in D.m.; a case of in vitro complementation between nonallelic genes. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 31:85; and Genetics, 47:954. 40:122 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA DIS 40

Glassman, E. 1962. Convenient assay of xanthine dehydrogenase in single D.m. Science, 137: 990-991. Glassman, E. 1962. In vitro complementation between nonallelic D. mutants deficient in xanthinE dehydrogenase. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., (Wash.) 48:1491-1497. Glassman, E. and Glass, B. 1955. Kynurenine formamidase in D. DIS 29:119-120. Glassman, E. and Karam, J. D. 1962. Gene dosage experiments involving mutants of D.m. deficient in xanthine dehydrogenase. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 31:85-86; and Genetics, 47:954-955. Glassman, E. and McLean, J. 1962. Maternal effect of ma-l + on xanthine dehydrogenase of D.m. II. Xanthine dehydrogenase activity during development. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., (Wash.), 48:1712-1718. Glassman, E. and Mitchell, H. K. 1959. Mutants of D.m. deficient in xanthine dehydrogenase. Genetics, 44:153-162. Glassman, E. and Mitchell, H. K. 1959. Maternal effect of ma-1 on xanthine dehydrogenase of D.m. Genetics, 44:547-554. Glassman, E., Forrest, H. S. and Mitchell, H. K. 1957. Genetic control of xanthine dehydrogenase in D.m. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 26: and Genetics, 42:372. Glassman, E., Hubby, J. L. and Mitchell, H. K. 1958. Maternal effect of ma-1 in D.m. (Abstr.) Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Genet., Montreal, 2:98. Glassman, E., Karam, J. D. and Keller, H. C. (Jr.) 1962. Differential response to gene dosage experiments involving the two loci which control xanthine dehydrogenase of D.m. 3. Verebungsl. 93:399-403. Grell, H. H. 1962. The dose effect of ma-l + and ry on xanthine dehydrogenase activity in D.M. 3. Verebungsl., 93:371-377. + Grell, E. H. 1962. The dose effect of ma-l +and ry on xanthine dehydrogenase activity in D.m. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 31:87; and Genetics, 47:956. Hadorn, E. and Ursprung, H. 1960. Xanthine-dehydrogenase in different organs of D.m. DIS 34: 83. Kanehisa, T. and Fujita, K. 1960. A relation between the tumor formation and xanthine-dehydrogenase activity in D.m. DIS 34:87. Kanehisa, T. and Fujita, K. 1960. A relation between the tumor formation and xanthine oxidase in D.m. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 35:273. (In Japanese.). Kaufman, S. 1962. Studies on tryptophan pyrolase in D. in. Genetics, 47:807-817. Keller, E. C. and Glassman, E. 1963. Investigation of a strain possessing low xanthine dehydrogenase activity. DIS 38:42. Keller, E. C. and Glassman, E. 1963. Genetic diversity of xanthine dehydrogenase activity levels in wild strains. DIS 38:56. Keller, E. C. (Jr.), Glassman, E. 1964. A third locus (lxd) affecting xanthine dehydrogenase in D.m. Genetics, 49:663-668. Keller, E. C. (Jr.), and Glassman, E. 1964. Xanthine dehydrogenase: Differences in activity among D. strains. Science, 143:40. Keller, E. C. (Jr.), Saverance, P. and Glassman, H. 1963. Paper electrophoresis of xanthine dehydrogenase from D. Nature, 198:286. Morita, T. 1958. Purine contents and xanthine dehydrogenase in D.m. DIS 32:139. Munz, P. 1962. Xanthine d&iydrogenaseactivity in D.m. (Oregon-R). DIS 36:96. Nawa, S., Taira, T. and Oshima, C. 1957. Pterin dehydrogenase and its coenzyme in D.m. DIS 31: 146. Nawa, S., Taira, T. and Sakaguchi, B. 1958. Pterine dehydrogenase found in D.m. Proc. Japan Acad., 34:115-119. Smith, K. D., Ursprung, H. and Wright, T. R. F. 1963. Xanthine dehydrogenase in D.: Detection of isozymes. Science 142:226. Taira, T. 1961. Comparisons of pterine reductase activity between eye-color mutants of D.m. Jap. J. Genet., 36:210-211. Taira, T., Nawa, S. and Oshiona, C. 1957. Pterin dehydrogenase in eye-color mutants of D.m. DIS 31:164. Taira, T. and Nawa, S. 1958. Dopa oxidase in the eye-color mutants of D.m. Ann. Rep. Nat. Inst. Genet., Japan, 1957, 8:14. Taira, T. and Nawa, S. 1961. Biochemical studies on D. pterine reductase. Ann. Rep. Nat. Inst. Genet., Japan, 1960, 11:33-34. Ursprung, H. 1960. Xanthine dehydrogenase in wildtype,white and brown D.m. DIS 34:110. January 1965 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA 40:123

IX. Proteins and Protein Synthesis.

Belitz, H. G. 1954. Ninhydrin-positive substances in imagoes of D. DIS 28:108. Chen, P. S. 1960. Changes in amino acids and proteins during larval development of D. and Culex. XI mt. Kong. Entom. Wein, 1960, 3:201-207. Chen, P. S. and Diem, C. 1960. A sex specific ninhydrin-positive substance found in the para- gonia of adult males of D.ni. DIS 34:75. Chen, P. S. 1961. Effects of genes on protein metabolism. In: Protides of biological fluids, pp. 47-56, Amsterdam: Elsevier Publ. Company. Chen, P. S. and Diem, C. 1961. A sex-specific ninhydrin-positive substance found in the para- gonia of adult males of D.m. J. Insect. Physiol., 7:289-298. Duke, E. J. and Pantelouris, E. M. 1963. Ontogenesis of lymph proteins in D.m. Comp. Biochem. and Physiol. 10:351. Fox, A. S. 1958. ]Irmunogenetic studies in relation to problems of protein synthesis. (Abstr.) Proc. 10th mt. Congr. Genet., Montreal, 2:84-85. Fox, A. S. 1958. The genetics of tissue specificity. (Abstr.) Transplantation Bull., 5:77. Fox, A. S. 1958. Genetics of tissue specificity. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 73:611-634. Fox, A. S. 1959. Genetic determination of sex-specific antigens. J. Nat. Cancer. Inst., 23: 1297-1311. Fox, A. S. and Kang, S. H. 1963. Amino acid incorporation into protein by cell-free preparations of D.m. (Abstr.) Federation Proc., 22:303. Fox, A. S. and Sweeney, E. A. 1961. Chemical structure and time of appearance of the sex peptide of males in D.m. DIS 35:81. Fox, A. S. and Yoon, S. B. 1957. Genetic mechanisms responsible for antigenic differences between males and females in D.m. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 26; and Genetics, 42:370- 371. Fox, A. S. and Yoon, S. B. 1957. Application of agar-diffusion techniques to the analysis of D. antigens. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec., 128:552. Fox, A. S. and Yoon, S. B. 1958. Antigenic differences between males and females in D. not attributable to the Y chromosome. Transplantation Bull., 5:52-55. Fox, A. S., Mead, C. G. and Munyon, I. L. 1959. Sex peptide of D.m. Science, 129:1489-1490. Fox, A. S., Munyon, I. L., Singh, I. P. and Sweeney, E. A. 1962. Genetic determination, amino acid composition and synthesis of the sex peptide of males in D.m. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 31:84; and Genetics, 47:953. Fox, A. S., Yoon, S. B. and Mead, C. G. 1962. Evidence for the persistence in protein synthesis of an information transfer mechanism after the removal of genes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., (Wash.), 48:546-561. Fuscaldo, K. E. and Fox, A. S. 1962. Immunochemical analysis of the effects of heterochromatic- euchromatic rearrangements on a protein in D.m. Genetics, 47:999-1015. Fuscaldo, K. E. and Tambornirw, A. 1963. The resolution of complex protein extracts by means of disc electrophoresis. DIS 38:101. Goldsmith, E. D. and Kramer, S. 1956. Development of protein granules in the fat body of D.m. larvae: normal development. (Abstr.) Federation Proc., 15:78. Hubby, J. L. 1962. Protein differences in D. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer., 31:92-93; and Genetics, 47:961-962. Hubby, J. L. 1963. Protein differences in D. I. Drosophila melanogster. Genetics, 48:871- 879. Kaufmann, B. P., Gay, H. and McDonald, M. R. 1949. Localization of cellular proteins by enzy - matic hydrolysis. Cold. Spr. Barb. Sympos., 14:85-91. Mactntyre, R. J. 1963. Establishment of a protein polymorphism in experimental populations of D.m. (Abstr.) Genetics, 48:898-899. Morita, T. and Oshima, C. 1955. Phenol-reagent - positive substances extracted from larvae and puparia of D. virilis and D. americana. DIS 29:143. Pantelovis, E.M. and Duke, E. J. 1963. The inheritance of lymph proteins in D. Genetical Research, 4:441-446. Shiomi, T. 1958. Changes of free ninhydrin-positive substances in the development of D.m. DIS 32:158. Shiomi, T. 1958. Abnormal protein metabolism in mutants of D. (Review). Jap. J. exp. Morph., 12:54-65. (In Japanese.). Yoon, S. B. 1962. Studies on the effects of X and Y chromosomes on protein synthesis and sperm- atozoal development in D.m. Diss. Abstr. 23:806-807, 40:124 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA DIS 40

X. Radioactive Incorporation.

Faludi, B., Csukas, I., Szeplaky, K., and Daniel, F. A. 1961. Transmission of phosphorus-32 incorporated by parents into descendants of D.m. Nature, Lond., 190:469. Faludi, B., Csukas-Szatloczky, I. and Faludi-Daniel, A. 1961. Gametic transmission to the F 1 larvae of labelled phosphorus incorporated by D.m. Acta Biol., 12:47-58. Fleischer, N. L., King, R. C. and Harnly, M. H. 1957. The effect of 2,4 dinitrophenol upon the uptake, localization and turnover of P32 in adult D. pseudoobscura females. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet., Soc. Amer., 26; and Genetics, 42:369. Fritz-Niggli, H. and Klaas, S. 1960. Incorporation of tritiated thymidine into different tissues of D.m. DIS 34:78. Irwin, R.L. B., Spinks, J. W. T. and Arnason, T. J. 1950. Deposition of P32 in developing D. Canad. J. Res., 28:137-142. Kaplan, W. D. 1960. Autoradiographic and genetic studies of tritiated thymidine in the testes of D.m. (Abstr.) Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer. 29:77; and Genetics, 45:995. Kaplan, W. D. and Sisken, J. E. 1960. Genetic and autoradiographic studies of tritiated thymidine in testes of D.m. Experientia, 16:67-69. Kaplan, W. D. and Gugler, H. D. 1963. Induction of dominant lethals by tritiated thymidine. DIS 37:92. Kaplan, W. D., Tinderholt, V., Gugler, H. D. and Kidd, K. K. 1963. A non-random distribution of sex-linked recessive lethals induced by tritiated thymidine. DIS 37:92. King, R. C. 1952. The uptake and distribution of phosphorus in adult D.m. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec., 113 (Supplj:44. King, R. C. 1954. Studies with radiophosphorus in D. III. The lethal effect of P32-treatment upon developing flies. J. exp. Zool., 126:323-335. King, R. C. 1954. Mutation in D.m. males exposed to B-radiation from neutron-activated phosphorus-bakelite Plaques. Radiation Res., 1:369-380. King, R. C. 1954. Studies with radiophosphorus in D. II. The turnover and distribution of phosphorus in adult D. J. exp. Zool., 125:331-352. King, R. C. 1954. The effect of yeast on phosphorus uptake by D. Amer. Nat., 88:155-158. King, R. C. and Burnett, R. G. 1959. Autoradiographic study of uptake of tritiated glycine, thymidine, and uridine by fruit fly ovaries. Science, 129:1674-1675. King, R. C. and Falk, G. J. 1960. In vitro uptake of uridine-H 3 into developing fruit fly oocytes. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol., 8:550-553. King, R. C. and Wilson, L. P. 1954. Studies with radi'phosphorus in D. IV. Experiments on flies homogeneously labeled with P 32 . J. exp. Zool., 126:401-417. King, R. C. and Wilson, L. P. 1955. Studies with radiophosphorus in D. V. The phosphorus balance of adult females. J. exp. Zool., 130:71-82. Str6mnals, 0. and Kvelland, I. 1963. The induction of minute mutations in D. with tritium- labelled thymidine. Genetics, 48:1559-1565. Wilson, L. P. and King, R. C. 1955. Studies with radicphosphorus in D. VI. The effect of DNP on phosphorus incorporation by adult D.m. J. exp. Zool., 130:341-352.

XI. Tissue Culture. Burton, L. and Friedman, F. 1956. A technique for the tissue culture of D. tumors. DIS 30:160. Grace, T. D. C. 1954. Culture of insect tissues, Nature, Lond., 173:187-188. Hanly, E. W. 1961. Part I. Tissue culture of D. Part II. Pteridines and eye pigmentation in D.m. Diss, Abstr., 22:980. Horikawa, N. 1956. Tryptophan metabolism in the eye discs of D.m. in tissue culture. DIS 30: 122-123. Kuroda, Y. 1954. (The culture of the eye discs of D.) (Abstr.) Zool. Nag., Tokyo, 63:75. (In Japanese). Kuroda, Y. 1954. (The culture of the eye discs of Bar mutant in D.m.) (Abstr.) Zool. Nag., Tokyo, 63:463. (In Japanese). Kuroda, Y. 1954. Tissue culture of eye discs of D.m. DIS 28:127. Kuroda, Y. 1954. The tissue culture of the wing discs in D.m. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 29:163. (In Japanese). Kuroda, Y. 1954. Tissue culture of wing discs of D.m. DIS 28:127. Kuroda, Y. 1956. Synthetic medium for the tissue culture of D. DIS 30:161-162. Kuroda, Y. and Tamura, S. 1955. Tissue culture of melanotic tumors in D.M. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 30:175. (In Japanese). January 1965 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA 40:125

Kuroda, Y. and Tamura, S. 1955. The tissue culture of tumors in D.m. I. The nature of the melanotic tumors and the effect of the metamorphic hormone upon the melanotic growth of tumors. Zool. Mag. Tokyo, 64:380-384. (Japanese with English summary). Kuroda, Y. and Tamura, S. 1955. Effect of metamorphic hormone on the growth of melanotic tumors in D.m. in vitro. DIS 28:133. Kuroda, Y. and Tamura, S. 1955. Effect of PTC (Phenylthiocarbamide) on the growth of tumors in D.m. in vitro. DIS 29:133. Kuroda, Y. and Tamura, S. 1956. A technique for the tissue culture of melanotic tumors of D.m. in the synthetic medium. Med. J. Osaka Univ., 7:137-144. Kuroda, Y. and Tamura, S. 1956. The tissue culture of tumors in D.m. III. The effects of Cu-ion upon the melanotic growth of tumors. Zool. Mag., Tokyo, 65:301-305. (Japanese with English summary). Kuroda, Y. and Tamura, S. 1956. The tissue culture of tumors in D.m. II. The effects of phenithiocarbamide upon the melanotic growth of tumors. Zool. Nag. Tokyo, 65:35-38. (Japa- nese with English summary). Kuroda, Y. and Tamura, S. 1956. Effects of Fe on the melanotic growth of tumors in D.m. in tissue culture. DIS 30:126-127. Kuroda, Y. and Tamura, S. 1956. Effects of DDC (diethyldithiocarbamate) on the melanotic growth of tumors in D.m. in tissue culture. DIS 30:126. Kuroda, Y. and Tamura, S. 1956. Effects of Cu++ on the melanotic growth of tumors in D.m. in tissue culture. DIS 30:126. Kuroda, Y. and Yamaguchi, K. 1955. Effects of the cephalic complexes on the eye discs of D.m. in vitro. DIS 29:133-34. Kuroda, Y. and Yamaguchi, K. 1956. The effects of the cephalic complex upon the eye discs of D.m. Jap. J. Genet., 31:98-103.

XII. Selected Reviews.

Alexander, J. and Bridges, C. B. 1929. Some physicochemical aspects of life, mutation and evolution. Science 70:508-510. Beadle, G. W. 1939. Physiological aspects of genetics. Ann. Rev. Physiol., 1:41-80. Beadle, G. W. 1945. Biochemical genetics. Chem. Rev., 37:15-96. Fox, A. S. 1954. Protein synthesis and genetics. Nature, Lond., 173:350-351. Fox, A. S. 1957. Genes. In: The Encyclopedia of Chemistry, pp. 442-444. Clark, C. L. and Hawley, G. G. (Eds.), Rheinhold Publ. Corp. Fox, A. S. 1959. Problems in genetic control of protein synthesis. (Abstr.) Science, 130: 1417-1418. Gilmour, D. "Biochemistry of Insects." 1960. Academic Press, N.Y. Gulick, A. 1944. The chemical formulation of gene structure and gene action. Advanc. Enzymol., 4:1-39. Hadorn, E. 1954. Biochemical pleiotropy of gene action. (Abstr.) Excerpta Med., 8 (Section 1) :392. Haclorn, E. 1954. Approaches to the study of biochemical and developmental effects of mutations. Proc. 9th Int. Genet. Congr. 1953. (Bellagio). Caryologia, 6 (Suppl.):326-337. Hadorn, E. 1959. Contribution to the physiological and biochemical genetics of pteridines and pigments in insects. Proc. 10th mt. Congr. Genet., Montreal, 1:337-354. Langridge, J. 1962. A genetic and molecular basis for heterosis in Arabidopsis and D. Amer. Nat., 96:5-27. Schmitt, F. 0. 1956. Chromosomes, genes and macromolecular systems. Nature, Lond. 177:503-501. Schultz, J. 1949. Chemical genetics in D. (Abstr.) 115th Meeting Amer. Chem. Soc., 41C-42C. Schultz, J., et al 1949-1955. Report on "Genetics and Cytochemistry" Annu. Rep. Inst. Cancer Res. and Lankanau Hosp. Res. Inst., 1:33-37; 2:30-32; 3:22-25; 4:21-22; 5:21-24; 6:27-30; 7:21- 25; 8:19-24. Schultz, J. 1952. Interrelations between nucleus and cytoplasm: problems at the biological level. In "Chemistry and Physiology of the Nucleus", Exp. Cell Res. Suppl. 2:17-43. N.Y.: Academic Press. Thompson, D. H. 1931. The side-chain theory of the structure of the gene. Genetics 16:267-290. Troland, L. T. 1917. Biological enigmas and the theory of enzyme action. Amer. Nat. 51:321-350. Villee, C. A. 1948. Studies in biochemical genetics in D. J. gen. Physiol., 31:337-345. Waddington, C. H. 1939. The physicochemical nature of the chromosome and the gene. Amer. Nat., 73:300-314. 40:126 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA DIS 40

Wagner, R. P. and Mitchell, H. K. "Genetics and Metabolism" 2nd edition. 1964. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. Wright, S. 1941. The physiology of the gene. Physiology Rev., 41:487-527. - Zamenhof, S. 1943. Proteolytic enzymes and mutations. (Abstr.) Genetics, 28:96.

DIRECTORY

ARGENTINA

Buenos Aires: Atomic Energy Commission, Biology Institute, Telephone No. 70-7711

Kirschbaum, Werner. F. Research Assistant. Leon, Williams N. Technical Assistant. de Marinic, Susana E. (Mrs.) Research Assistant. Mazar-Barnett, Beatriz (Mrs.) Doctora en Ciencias Naturales. Chemical induction of mutations. Munoz, Enzo Ruben Research Assistant. Paz, Carmen (Miss) Research Assistant. Curator of stocks. Pereyra, Edith (Miss) Research Assistant. Valencia, Ruby Marie (Mrs.) Ph.D. Chief of Division. Radiation genetics.

Buenos Aires: Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Labora- torio de Genetica I.

Cacheiro, Nestor Research Associate. Diez, Julio Research Associate. Estevez, Maria Stocks Curator. Negrotti, Teresa C. de Research Associate. Valencia, Juan I. Professor. Head of Department of Biology.

AUSTRALIA

Adelaide. South Australia: University of Adelaide, Department of Genetics.

Hayman, D. L. Ph.D. Lecturer. Recombination, melanogaster. Levy, Anne (Miss) M.Sc. Demonstrator. Population studies, melanogaster. Mayo, M. Jean (Mrs.) Ph.D. Lecturer.

Adelaide, South Australia: University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, Bedford Park. (DIS 38) Brisbane, Queensland: University of Queensland, Department of Zoology, Genetics Laboratory.

Angus, D. B.Sc. (Hons) Graduate student. Chromosomal polymorphism. Butler, Sheridan. Research Assistant. Dines, Janice Research Assistant. Khan, F. M. M.Sc. Graduate student (Pakistan). Cytogenetics. Mather, Wharton B. Ph.D. Reader. Chromosomal polymorphism speciation. Spurway, Rosalyne Research Assistant. On leave Genetics Dept., University of Birmingham during 1965.

Hobart, Tasmania: University of Tasmania, Department of Botany.

Jackson, W. D. Ph.D. Clinal genetics Whitten, M. J. B.Sc. Quantitative and developmental genetics.

Hobart, Tasmania: University of Tasmania, Department of Zoolo (DIS 37).

Melbourne, Victoria: Monash University, Department of Zoology, Telephone No. 544-0611, ext. 2651

Davis, Gale Ph.D. Chromosome behavior. Donnelly, Moyra (Miss) Research Assistant. January 1965 Directory - Geographical 40:127

Melbourne, Victoria: University of Melbourne, Department of Zoology. (DIS 38).

Sydney, New South Wales: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Animal Genetics Division, North Ryde.

Finlay, D. B.Sc.Agr. Canalization. Kindred, B. M. (Miss) B.Sc., M.Sc. Canalization. Rendel, J. M. B.Sc., Ph.D. (Chief). Population genetics, canalization. Sheldon, B. L. B.Sc.Agr., Ph.D. Quantitative genetics; canalization; mutation studies. Young, S. S. Y. B.Sc., Ph.D. Quantitative genetics; canalization studies.

Sydney, New South Wales: University of Sydney, Faculty of Agriculture (DIS 38)

Sydney, New South Wales: University of Sydney, Department of Animal Husbandry, Telephone No. 68-0522, ext. 2184 Barker, J. S. F. B.Agr.Sc., Ph.D. Senior Lecturer in Animal Genetics. Quantitative genetics, population genetics. Frankham, R. B.Sc.Agr. Research student. Quantitative genetics. Jones, L. P. B.Sc. Research student. Quantitative genetics. Podger, R. N. B.Agr.Sc. Research Assistant. Population genetics. Rathie, K. A. B.Sc.Agr. Research student. Quantitative genetics.

AUSTRIA

Vienna: University of Vienna, Department for General Biology, Telephone No. 42-27-67.

Karlik, Anni (Miss) Ph.D. Melanogaster, population genetics. Kunze-Muhl, Elfriede (Mrs.) Ph.D. Subobscura, cytogenetics. Mainx, Felix Ph.D., M.D. Professor. Head of department. Ruderer, Elfriede (Mrs.) Ph.D. Megaselia, genetics. Sperlich, Diether Ph.D. Subobscura, cytogenetics. Springer, Robert Ph.D. Megaselia, genetics.

BELGIUM

Louvain: The University, Parc dArnberg, F.A. Janssens Laboratory for Genetics.

Berckmans, L. (Miss) Secretary. Chandler, B. T. (Mrs.) M.A. Research Assistant. de Crombrugghe, S. A. Ingen. Agronome. Mammalian population. Delcour, J. Ingen. Agronome. Tissue culture. Heuts, M. J. Professor. Genetics; population genetics. Lamborot, M. (Miss) Guest investigator. Sexual behaviour. Lints, C. B. (Mrs.) Research Assistant. Lints, F. A. Ph.D. Chercheur Qualifie au F.N.R.S. Physiological genetics. Merckx, F. E. Technical Assistant. Ringele, M. M. Technician. Schifflers, E. Ingen. Agronome. Temperature choice. Stiers, R. 0. Curator of stocks. Vloeberghs, J. V. Technical Assistant. Wattiaux, J. M. Ph.D. Aspirant au F.N.R.S. Ovogenesis.

BRAZIL

Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo: Governo do Estado de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Telephone No. 2741 and 2179.

Bicudo, H. E. Melara de C. (Mrs.) Assistant Professor. Speciation. Gallo, A. J. Assistant Professor. Taxonomy of Drosophila. 40:128 Directory - Geographical DIS 40

Mourao, C. A. Professor. Speciation. Macias Neto, V. Laboratory Assistant (supported by Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo). Silva, Elza (Miss) Histological Technician. Torres, I. P. (Mrs.) Laboratory Assistant.

Sao Paulo: Universidade de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Dep ,artamento de Biologia Geral, Caixa Postal 8 105 (DIS 37).

CANADA

Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta, Department of Genetics (DIS 37).

Ottawa, Ontario: Canada Department of Agriculture, Genetics Section, A. R. I. (DIS 37).

Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto, Department of Zoology (DIS 37).

Vancouver 8, British Columbia: University of Britisti Columbia, Department of Zoology, Telephone No. 224-1111, ext. 821 Astell, Carolyn (Miss) B.Sc. Graduate student. Biochemical genetics. Chang, Chi-Hyu (Miss) B.Sc. Graduate student. Mutation. Hayashi, Susi (Miss) B.Sc. Research Assistant. John, Fred B.A. Technical Assistant. Mukherjee, Ramen M.Sc. Graduate student. Mutation. Mukherjee, Uma (Mrs.) M.Sc. Research Assistant. Chromosome mechanics. Parry, Dilys (Miss) Undergraduate. Chromosome mechanics. Scholefield, Jane (Miss) B.Sc. Graduate student. Chromosome mechanics. Suzuki, David Ph.D. Chromosome mechanics.

CHILE

Santiago: Universidad de Chile, Departarnento de Genetica, Instituto de Biologia "Juan Noe" Av. Zanartu 1042 Barrera, R. Research Assistant. Human genetics. Brncic, D. Professor. Population genetics. Covarrubias, Edmundo M.D. Research Associate. Human genetics. Del Solar, Eduardo Research Assistant. Ecological genetics. Fenner, Hertha (Mrs.) Technical Assistant. Fernandez, Raul Research Assistant. Cytogenetics. Iturra, Patricia (Miss) Technical Assistant. Koref-Santibanez, Susi (Mrs.) M.D. Research Associate. Population genetics; isolating mechanisms. Palomino, Hernan Graduate student. Ecological genetics. Rojas, Eliana (Miss) Technical Assistant, Secretary.

COLOMBIA

Bogota: University of the Andes, Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics.

Bautista, E. B.A. Research Associate. Spectrophotornetric analysis. Castro, L. Research Assistant. Population genetics. Cortes, B. I. Technician. Eye pigments. Chejne, A. J. Research Assistant. Eye pigments. German, E. Hortobaji B.A. Research Assistant. Sexual and courtship behavior. Granobles, L. A. Student assistant. Population genetics. Hoenigsberg, H. F. D.Sc. Professor of Genetics. Population genetics. Medina, L. Technician. Sexual and courtship behavior. Mojica, T. Student assistant. Population genetics. January 1965 Directory - Geographical 40:129

Navas, Y. G. B.A. Research Assistant. Population genetics. Laverde, A. Technician. Population genetics. Romero, I. F. Technician. Eye pigments. Szekessy, M. M. B. B.A. Research Assistant. Population genetics.

DENMARK

Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, Institute of Genetics, 2A Oster Farimagsgade, K. Telephone No. PA 9255 Andersen, B. (Mrs.) Technical Assistant. Bahn, Erik Ph.D. Population genetics. Frydenberg, Ove Ph.D. Population genetics. Preuss, B. (Mrs.) Graduate student. Population genetics. Sick, Knud Ph.D. Population genetics. Wettstein, D. von Professor. Head of Institute.

FINLAND

Helsinki: University of Helsinki, Institute of Genetics, P. Rautatiek 13, Telephone No. 444562

Lakovaara, Seppo Ph.D. Assistant. Gene action, eye pigments, population genetics. Suomalainen, Esko Ph.D. Professor. Head of Department. Tiivola, Airi (Mrs.) Technical Assistant, Curator of Stocks.

Turku: University of Turku, Department of Genetics.

Hannah-Alava, Aloha (Mrs.) Ph.D. Research Associate. Melanogaster: developmental genetics; mutations. Heinonen, Pirkko (Miss) Cand. Nat. Sc. Research Assistant. Melanogaster: mutations; salivaries. Oksala, T. A. Ph.D. Professor. Head of Department. Melanogaster: mechanism of segregation; interchromosomal effects. Puro, J. Lic. Phil. Assistant Teacher. Melanogaster: mutations. Portin, P. Cand. Nat. Sc. Melanogaster: mechanism of segregation. Savolainen, Salme (Mrs.) Technical Assistant.

FRANCE

Clermont-Ferrand: M. Hovasse Laboratoire de Zoologie et Biologie generale, Faculte des Sciences, Puy de Dome, 7 Avenue Verciugetorix, Laboratoire de Zoologie (DIS 38) ; Laboratoire de Biologie animale (DIS 37).

Gif-sur-Yvette (Seine et Oise): Centre National de la Recherche Scientifigue, Laboratoire de Gentigue volutive et de Biomtrie (DIS 37).

Gif-sur-Yvette: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Laboratoire de Gntique des Virus. Telephone No. 928-51-36 Gay, P. Attache de recherches. CO 2 sensitivity in Drosophila. Hirsch, H. L. (Mrs.) Charge de recherches. CO2 sensitivity in Drosophila. L'Heritier, Ph. Professor. Head of Department. CO2 sensitivity in Drosophila. Ohanessian-Guillemain, A. (Mrs.) Chargee de recherches. CO2 sensitivity in Drosophila. Plus, N. (Mrs.) Matre de recherches. CO 2 sensitivity in Drosophila. Printz, P. Assistant. CO2 sensitivity in Drosophila.

Lyon: Faculte des Sciences, Laboratoire de Zoologie gnrale, 16 quai C. Bernard, Telephone No. 72-05.45 (only the personnel working with Drosophila are listed) Clavel, M. F. (Miss) Technician. Drosophila. David, J. Mal de Conferences. Physiology and quantitative genetics in Drosophila. 40:130 Directory - Geographical DIS 40

Orsay (Seine et Oise): Universit de Paris, Faculte des Sciences, Groupe des Laboratoires de Biologie Exprimentale, Institut de Biologie Exprimentale.

Bernard, J. (Miss) Assistant. CO 2 sensitivity in Drosophila. Bordet, D. (Miss) Stagiaire de recherches. UV mutagenesis in Drosophila. Brun, G. Maitre de Conferences. Proust, J. (Mrs.) Charge de recherches. UV mutagenesis in Drosophila. Prudhommeau, C. Assistant. CO2 sensitivity in Drosophila. Vigier, Ph. Maitre-assistant. CO 2 sensitivity in Drosophila.

Orsay: Universit de Paris, Facult des Sciences, Laboratoire de Biologie Generale.

Bregliano, J. C. Matre-assistant. CO2 sensitivity in Drosophila. Brussereau, F. (Miss) Assistant. CO 2 sensitivity in Drosophila.

Paris: Universite de Paris, Faculte des Sciences, Laboratoire de Zoologie, 7, guai Saint- Bernard, Telephone No. DAN 07 25.

Bocquet, Ch. Professor. Crustacea genetics. Cuzin, J. (Mrs.) Matre assistant. Biometry and population genetics. Guillaumin, M. Maitre assistant. Quantitative genetics and biometry. Petit, C. (Mrs.) Sc.D. Matre de conferences. Population genetics. Teissier, C. Professor, Head of Department. Population genetics and biometry. Thomas-Orillard, M. (Mrs.) Assistant. Quantitative genetics.

Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin): - Faculte des Sciences, Laboratoire de Zoologie. Sigot, Andre Professeur sans chaire. CO2 sensitivity in Drosophila.

Villeurbanne (Lyon): Facult des Sciences, Laboratoire de Zoologie Exprimentalle, 43, Boule- vard de l'Hippodrome (DIS 38).

GERMANY

Berlin-Such: Enstitut fUr experimentelle Krebsforschung, Abt. f. Genetik (DES 38).

Berlin 33 (Dahlem): Institut fUr Genetik der Frelen Universitt Berlin, Rudeloffweg 9. Telephone No. 76 90 640 Bartelt, Jutta Technical Assistant. Melanogaster: radiation genetics. Belitz, Hans-Joachim (Dr.) Research Assistant. Melanogaster: induced mutations. Bochnig, Veronika (Dr.) Research Assistant. Curator of stocks. Melanogaster: physiological genetics, radiation genetics. Haller, Hans JUrgen Graduate student. Melanogaster: radiation genetics. Klden, Birgit Technical Assistant. Melanogaster: radiation genetics. LUers, Herbert (Prof. Dr.) Director. Comparative genetics; mutagens. LUers, Thea (Mrs.,Dr.) Guest Associate. Drosophila neurology. N3thel, Horst (Dr.) Research Assistant. Melanogaster: radiation genetics. Obe, GUnter Graduate student. Cytogenetics. Overbeck, Holde Technical Assistant. Insects: cytology. Struck, Eva (Mrs.,Dr.) Research Assistant. Insects: cytology. Wolf, Erich (Dr.) Associate. Insects: cytology.

Hamburg 13: Zoologisches Staatsinstitut und Zoologisches Museum, von Melle Park 10, Telephone No. 44197 Koske-Westphal, Thea (Mrs., Ph.D.) Studies of hybrids between triploid melanogaster females and X-rayed simulans males. Kosswig, curt (Prof.,Dr.) Director.

Heidelberg: Universitt Heidelberg, Zoologisches Institut (DIS 38). January 1965 Directory - Geographical 40:131

Karlsruhe: Kernforschungszentrum, Strahienbiologie.

Apitzsch, Ursula (Miss) Curator of Stocks. Catsch, Alexander (Prof., Dr.) Drosophila genetics. Dauch, Fritz Dipi. phys. Drosophila genetics. Hotz, Gerhart (Dr.) Bacteriophage genetics. MUller, Adolf (Dr.) Radiation biology. Ufholz, Ilse (Miss) Technical Assistant. Zimmer, Karl GUnter (Prof.,Dr.) Radiation genetics.

Marburg/Lahn: Zoologisches Institut der Universitt, Ketzerbach 63. (DIS 37).

Mariensee Uber Wunstorf: Max Planck Institut fur Tierzucht und Tierernhrung, Entwicklungs physiol. (DIS 37).

Munster 44 (Westf.): Universitt MUnster, Institut fUr Humangenetik. (DIS 37).

Munster 44 (Westf.): Universitt MUnster, Institut fUr Strahienbiologie.

Dittrich, Wolfgang (Prof., Dr.) Radiation biology. Traut, Anneliese (Mrs.) Technician. Traut, Horst (Dr.) Radiation genetics. Wind, Heinz Dipl. biol., radiation genetics

TUbingen: Max Planck-Institut fUr Biologie, Abt. Beermann, Telephone No. 32 47.

Beermann, Wolfgang Physiology of salivary gland chromosomes. Hennig, Wolfgang Fine structure of the Y chromosome of Drosophila hydei. Hess, Oswald Function and structure of the Y chromosome. Meyer, GUnther F. Gametogenesis, light and electron microscopy; fine structure chromosomes. Mukherjee, Ardhendu Gene activity in salivary gland chromosomes. Mukherjee, Sati (Mrs.) Technician. Wolstenholme, David R. Ultrastructure of genetic systems.

GREAT BRITAIN

Aberdeen, Scotland: University of Aberdeen, Department of Zoology (DIS 38).

Birmingham 15, England: The University, Department of Genetics (DIS 37).

Brighton, Sussex, England: University of Sussex, Biology School.

Collett, Janet (Mrs.) M.S. Research Assistant, physiology of aging. Downie, John Stock Keeper. Hastings, Muriel (Miss) B.S. Research Assistant, D. nutrition. Sang, J. H. Prof., Ph.D. F.R.S.E. Physiological genetics, nutrition and tumors. Smith, J. Maynard Prof., B.A. B.Sc. Aging and selection studies.

Cambridge, England: University of Cambridge, Department of Genetics (DIS 38).

Chalfont St. Giles, Bucks., England: Chester Beatty Research Institute, Institute of Cancer Research, Pollards Wood. Telephone No. Little Chalfont 2530.

Fahmy, Myrtle J. (Mrs.) Ph.D. Mutagenesis. Fahmy, 0. G. M.Sc., Ph.D. Cytogenetics. Horwood, P. J. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Massasso, J. (Miss) B.Sc. Research Assistant. Price, J. M. E. (Mrs.) B.Sc. Research Assistant. Still, G. Technical Assistant. Trigg, C. E. (Mrs.) B.Sc. Research Assistant. 40:132 Directory - Geographical DIS 40

Durham, England: Durham University, Zoology Department. (DIS 38).

Edinburgh 9, Scotland: Agricultural Research Council, Poultry Research Centre, Genetics Section. (DIS 38).

Edinburgh 9, Scotland: Institute of Animal Genetics, West Mains Road, Telephone No. NEWington 1081 Auerbach, C. A. D.Sc., F.R.S. Reader. Chemical and induced mutagenesis. Basden, E. B. Research Assistant. Wild species. Brink, N. G. Guest investigator. Mosaicism. Chauhan, N. Graduate student. Variation in eye pigments. Chipchase Birnstiel, M. (Mrs.) Drosophila nucleic acid. Chopra, J. Graduate student. Influence of irradiated medium. Church, R. Graduate student. Biochemical study of Drosophila growth. Clayton, G. Lecturer. Selection. Knight, G. R. Research Assistant. Subobscura salivaries. Leigh, B. Graduate student. Chemical and induced mutagenesis. Modification of radiation induced mutagenesis. Louw, W. Graduate student. Quantitative inheritance. Matthew, C. Guest investigator. Chemically induced mosaicism. Perry, M. Research Assistant. Autoradiography. Robertson, A. D.Sc., F.R.S. Quantitative genetics. Robertson, F. W. D.Sc. Population and physiological genetics. Sen, B. K. Quantitative genetics. Slizynska, H. (Mrs.) Ph.D. Cytological analysis. Slizynski, B. M. Ph.D. Salivaries. Strachan, K. (Miss) Stock Keeper. Waddington, C. H. Sc.D., F.R.S. Professor. General genetics. Watson, W. A. F. Graduate student. Chemically induced rearrangements.

Glasgow, Scotland: University of Glasgow, Department of Genetics, Telephone No. Western 8855, ext. 615 Pontecorvo, G. Professor. Genetics.

Harwell, Didcot, Berks., England: Medical Research Council, Radiobiological Research Unit. Telephone No. Rowstock 393. Calder, J. E. (Mrs.) Technical Assistant. Cox, J. T. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Dyer, K. F. B.Sc. Research Assistant. Lamb, M.-J. (Miss) B.Sc. Radiation and ageing. McSheehy, T. W. B.Sc. Radiation genetics. Pearce, S. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Purdom, C. E. Ph.D. Radiation genetics.

Hertford, England: John Innes Institute, Department of Genetics, Telephone No. 3191.

Harrison, B. J.

Keele, Staffordshire, England: University of Keele, Department of Biology. (DIS 38).

Leicester, England: The University of Leicester, Department of Genetics, Telephone No. 50000 ext. 125. Pritchard, R. H. Professor.

London, E.C.I., England: University of London, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, Department of Zoology, Telephone No. CLE 0661, ext. 103.

Hollings\Qorth, M. J. Ph.D. Lecturer. Temperature physiology and ageing in Drosophila.

London, England: University of London, Birkbeck College, Department of Zoology.(DIS 38).

0 January 1965 Directory - Geographical 40:133

London, England: University College, Department of Biometry, Eugenics and Genetics, Telephone No. Euston 7050. Griineberg, H. Professor.

London, England: University College, Department of Zoology.

Clark, Jean N. (Miss) B.Sc. Research Assistant. Physiology of ageing. Collett,Janet (Mrs.) M.S. Research Assistant. Physiology of ageing. Fielding, C. B.Sc. Research student. Developmental genetics. Rubio, J. Lic. Research student. Selection. Smith, J. Maynard B.A., B.Sc. Reader.

Manchester 20, England: Christie Hospital, Paterson Laboratories, Department of Cytogenetics. Telephone No. Didsbury 8123, ext. 383. Bateman, Angus J. D.Sc. Mutagenesis. Chandley, Ann C. (Miss) M.Sc. Mutagenesis, gametogenesis.

Manchester, England: The University, Department of Botany and Zoology, Genetics Laboratory.

Dearden, Michael B.Sc. Development of eye mutants. Hartshorne, John N. Ph.D. Lecturer in genetics.

Nottingham, England: The University, School of Agriculture. (DIS 37).

Reading, England: The University, Department of Agricultural Botany.

Jones, John K. Lecturer.

Sheffield, England: The University, Department of Genetics.

Boam, T. B. Chief Technician. Stock Keeper. Burnet, B. Ph.D. Lecturer. Developmental genetics; genetics of eyeless and melanotic tumors in Drosophila. Hunt, D. M. Graduate student. Drosophila developmental genetics. Pearson, M. Experimental Assistant. Roper, J. A. Ph.D., F.R.S.E. Professor. Microbial genetics; Aspergillus nidulans.

Sheffield, England: The University, Department of Psychology, Telephone No. 78555, ext. 122.

Moray, N. Ph.D. Lecturer. Behaviour genetics; Drosophila food preferences and activity cycles. Arnold, P. B.Sc. Research Assistant. Behaviour genetics; Drosophila food preferences and activity cycles.

GREECE

Athens: College of Agriculture, Department of Genetics, Telephone No. 564984.

Alevisos, Vassily Stock Keeper. Krimbas, Costas B. Professor, Head of the Department. Population genetics; inversions of D. subobscura; human genetics. Tsacas, Spyros Student. Albumin polymorphism in the domestic fowl.

Thessaloniki: The University, Department of General Bio

Balli, M. (Miss) B.Sc. Stock Keeper. Kanellis, A. Professor, Head of Department. General genetics. Pelecanos, N. Ph.D. First Assistant in Research. Induced mutagenesis. Pentzos-Daponte, A. Dr., Assistant in Research. Population genetics. 40:134 Directory - Geographical DIS 40

INDIA

Calcutta 19: University of Calcutta, Department of Zoology, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road (DIS 38:

Chandigarh, Punjab: Panjab University, Department of Zoology.

Batra, H. N. B.Sc. (Hons.) Graduate student. Chromosomal polymorphism. Narda, R. D. M.Sc. (Hons.) Research Scholar. Cytology, genetics and relationship of D. malerkotliana. Paika, I. M.Sc. (Hons.) Technician, cytology taxonomy and geographical variation. Parshad, R. M.Sc. (Hons.) Ph.D. Lecturer. Cytology, Taxonomy and Genetics. Sharma, G. P. M.Sc. (Hons.) Ph.D. (Pb.) Ph.D. (Edin.) Professor and Head. Cytology, Cyto- genetics and Genetics. Singh, A. B.Sc. (Hons.) Graduate student. Cytology and taxonomy.

Delhi: Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Botany Division, Telephone No. 52081, ext. 6

Natarajan, A. T. Ph.D. Radiation genetics and cytogenetics. Sharma, R. P. M.Sc. Cytology and cytogenetics. Swaminathan, M. S. Ph.D. Head of the Division. Genetics and cytology.

Hyderabad 7, A.P.: Osmania University, Radiation Genetics Project. (DIS 37).

Hyderabad 7: Osmania University, Veterinary College, Department of Animal Genetics (DIS 37).

Kalyani, West Bengal: Kalyani University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Genetics Laboratory.

Chatterjee, Kamalesh M.Sc. Research Scholar, Drosophila, cytogenetics. Manna, G. K. Ph.D., P.R.S., D.Sc., Head of Department. Cytogenetics of insects and mammals.

Madras 7: Veterinary College, Department of Animal Genetics.

Dharmarajan, M. M.A., M.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S., Head. Drosophila species. Narayana Rao, N. M.A., M.Sc. Lecturer. Melanogaster species, ecology; genetics of Drosophila Suguna, S. G. (Miss) M.Sc. Advanced student. Drosophila mutagenesis.

Varanasi-5: Banaras Hindu University, Department of Zoology.

Jha, A. P. M.Sc. Research Scholar. Salivary gland chromosomes ananassae. Kale, P. G. M.Sc. Research Scholar. Male crossing over, ananassae. Ray-Chaudhuri, S. P. Ph.D., F.N.I. Professor and Head of Department. Radiation cytogenetics. Sarkar, D. N. B.Sc. Curator of Stocks. Vasistha, H. C. M.Sc. Research Scholar. Chemical mutagenesis.

ISRAEL

Jerusalem: Hebrew University, Laboratory of Genetics, Telephone No. 26880.

Baker, S. (Mrs.) Laboratory Assistant. Baran, A. Graduate student. Curator of Stocks. Ben-Zeev, Nehama (Mrs.) M.Sc. Assistant. Bernstein, A. (Mrs.) Graduate student. Bernstein-Barzilay, Noemi (Mrs.) M.Sc. Research Assistant: Induced chromosome breakage. Falk, Raphael Ph.D. Lecturer. Induced mutations: viability effects and mechanisms. Friedberg, Esther Laboratory Assistant. Goldschmidt, Elisabeth Ph.D. Associate Professor. Itduced chromosome breakage. Ronen, A. Ph.D. Mutagenesis. Saliternik, Ruth (Miss) Graduate student. Induced crossing-over. Shamay, Ehud Graduate student. Induced crossing-over. Shoham, Y. (Mrs.) Laboratory Assistant. Wahrman, J. Ph.D. Lecturer, Cytogenetics. January 1965 Directory - Geographical 40:135

ITALY

Milano: Universita di Milano, Istituto di Genetica, Via Celoria 10, Telephone No. 230823.

Bairati, A. M.D. Research Fellow. Electron microscopy .of Drosophila cells. Barigozzi, C. D.Sc. Professor of Genetics. Director. Genetics of melanotic tumors of Drosoph- ila (effect of cytoplasm). Del Grande Kravina, A. N. (Mrs.) D.Sc. Assistant. Genetics of melanotic tumors of D. Di Pasquale, A. (Miss) D.Sc. Assistant. Genetics of "brown spots." Dolfini, S. (Miss) D.Sc. Research Fellow. Experimental cytology of Drosophila. Gallucci, E. M.D. Assistant. Induced mutations in Drosophila. Giavelli, S. (Miss) M.D. Assistant. Induced mutations in Drosophila. Halfer, C. (Miss) D.Sc. Assistant. Effect of internal environment on gene manifestation. Locatelli, F. (Miss) Technician. Curator of Stocks. Rezzonico Raimondi, G. (Mrs.) D.Sc. Assistant. Experimental cytology of Drosophila. Sari Gorla, M. (Mrs.) D.Sc. Assistant. Genetics of melanotic tumors of Drosophila. Sironi, C. P. M.D. Assistant. Induced mutations in Drosophila. Zambruni, L. (Miss) D.Sc. Assistant. Genetics of "brown spots."

Napoli: Istituto di Biologia Generale e Genetica dell 'Universitdi Napoli, Telephone 324261.

Bencivenga, L. Research student. Carfagna, N. Research Associate; radiation and population genetics. De Lerma, B. Director. D'Angelo, C. Research student. Megna, F. Curator of Stocks. De Cindio, 0. Research student.

Napoli: International Laboratory of Genetics and Biophysics, Telephone No. 61.51.22.

Buzzati-Traverso, A. A. Professor of Genetics, population genetics. Della Volpe, N. Technical Assistant. Pulitzer, J. F. Dr. Research Assistant. Polytene chromosomes; polygenic mutations.

Roma: Citta Universitaria, Istituto di Genetica.

Arabia, Liliana Fesearch Assistant. Melanogaster cytogenetics. Canuti., Nella Research Assistant. Melarrogaster translocations. Micheli, Aldo Curator of Stocks. Montalenti, Giuseppe Professor of Genetics. General genetics. Nicoletti, Benedetto Assistant Professor. Melanogaster cytogenetics, mutagenesis. Olivieri, Gregorio Research Assistant. Melanogaster c.o. induced in males (On leave 1964-65 in Leiden, Netherlands). Olivieri Mancini, Angela Research fellow. Melanogaster (On leave 1964-65 in Leiden, Netherlands).

JAPAN

Anzyo, Aichi-ken: Nagoya University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Breeding. (DIS 38). Chiba-City: National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Genetics Division.

Imaizumi, Yko Research Member. Population genetics; theoretical. Inagaki, Eiichi Research Member. Drosophila and Bombyx: mutation problem. Machida, Isamu Research Assistant. Drosophila and Bombyx: physical and chemical mutagenesis. Nakai, Sayaka Dr. Research Member. Microbial genetics. Nakanishi, H. Yu Dr. Research Member. Cytology. Nakao, Yoshio Dr. Head of Division. Drosophila and Bombyx: physical and chemical mutagenesis. Nei, Masatoshi Dr. Research Member. Population genetics; theoretical. Saeki, Tetsuya Research Member. Microbial genetics. Shiomi, Toshio Chief of First Lab. Physiological genetics and mutation. 40:136 Directory - Geographical DIS 40

Tobari, Izuo Research Member. Population genetics and mutation problem. Watanabe, Ikuo Research Member. Microbial genetics. Yamaguchi, Eiko Research Member. Drosophila and Bombyx: physical and chemical mutagenesis. Yoshikawa, Isao Research Member. Mutation problem.

Hiroshima: Hiroshima University, Faculty of Science, Zoological Laboratory.

Fukui, K. Undergraduate. Population genetics. Ishikawa, H. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Minamori, S. Dr. Assistant Professor. Population genetics. Morihira, K. Undergraduate. Multiple mating.

Kobe (Mikage): Kobe University, Faculty of Science, Biological Laboratory.

Fujii, S. Dr., Professor. Chromosomal aberrations; salivary chromosomes; developmental genetic Kanehisa, T. Dr., Lecturer. Biochemical genetics of tumor. Kawabe, H. Dr., Assistant Professor. Developmental genetics; variations; human genetics. Kitazume, Y. Research Assistant. Cytochemical studies of lethal mutations. Maeda, Y. Assistant in Research. Mutation; physiological genetics. Magaribuchi, K. Technical Assistant. Curator of Stocks. Ohnishi, Y. Graduate student. Biochemical genetics of tumor. Yuki, S. Research Assistant. Bacterial genetics.

Kobe (Okamoto): Knan University, Biological Institute.

Inouye, I. Research Associate. Developmental genetics. Kaji, S. Dr., Professor. Developmental genetics. Takaya, H. Dr., Professor. General. Watanabe, T. (Miss) Research Associate. Developmental genetics.

Kyoto: Kyoto University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology. (DIS 38).

Misima: National Institute of Genetics, Telephone No. Misima 5-0771.

Hiraizumi, Y. Dr. Research Member. Population genetics. lyama, S. Dr. Research Member. Population genetics. Kawanishi, H. Technical Assistant. Kimura, M. Ph.D., Dr., Head of Department. Population genetics; theoretical. Kobayashi, S. B.S. Research Assistant. Cytoplasmic inheritance; electron microscope. Masuda, H. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Mukai, T. Ph.D., Dr., Research Member. Population genetics; polygenic viability mutation. Nakajima, K. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Nawa, S. Dr., Head of Laboratory. Biochemical genetics; pteridine and nucleic acid. Oishi, K. B.S. Research Assistant. Cytoplasmic inheritance; sex-ratio agents. Oshima, C. Dr., Head of Department. Population genetics; resistance to insecticide and deleterious genes in natural populations. Sakaguchi, B. Dr., Head of Laboratory. Physiological genetics; cytoplasm, sex-ratio. Sakai, K. I. Dr., Head of Department. Population genetics; competition and migration. Sano, K. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Sugisaki, R. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Taira, T. Dr. Research Member. Biochemical genetics; eye pigment formation and metamorphosis. Takahashi, A. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Tokuda, T. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Watanabe, T. K. M.A. Research Assistant. Population genetics; deleterious genes in natural populations. Yamaguchi, H. (Mrs.) Technical Assistant. Yamazaki, T. B.S. Research Assistant. Population genetics; polygeneic viability mutation.

Osaka: Osaka University Medical School, Department of Genetics; and Osaka University, Faculty of Science, Biological Institute.(DIS 38).

Osaka: University of Osaka Prefecture, Department of Biol2.(DIS 38). January 1965 Directory - Geographical 40:137

Sapporo: Hokkaido University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoolo

Kaneko, A. Research Assistant. Geographical distribution; cytogenetics; taxonomy; population genetics. Makino, S. Dr., Professor. Cytogenetics; population genetics. Momma, E. Dr., Assistant Professor. Geographical distribution; cytogenetics; population genetics. Shirna, T. Research Assistant. Geographical distribution; cytogenetics. Tokumitsu, T. Graduate student. Geographical distribution; cytogenetics.

Tokyo (Mitaka): International Christian University, Department of Biology. (DIS 38).

Tokyo: Tokyo Metropolitan University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Telephone No. 717-0111, ext. 360, 371. Ebitani, N. Graduate student. Radiation genetics, biochemical population genetics. Hihara, F. Undergraduate Research Participant. Ichida, H. (Miss) Graduate student. Biochemical genetics, biochemistry. Ikeda, H. Research Assistant. Population genetics, cytoplasmic sex-ratio. Kataoka, Y. (Miss) Graduate student. Population genetics, ecological genetics. Kitagawa, 0. Dr. Research Assistant. Population genetics, radiation genetics. Kosuda, K. Undergraduate Research Participant. Kurokawa, H. Dr., Lecturer. Population genetics of D. auraria, taxonomy. Moriwaki, D. Dr., Professor. Population genetics, gene analysis, radiation genetics. Nonami, K. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Ohba, S. Dr., Assistant Professor. Population genetics, ecological genetics, ecology. Ohnishi, E. Dr., Assistant Professor. Biochemistry, tumor. Okada, T. Dr., Professor. Morphology, taxonomy, ecology. Sasaki, F. (Miss) Research Participant. Tobari, Y. N. (Mrs.) Dr., Research Assistant. Population genetics, heterosis, gene analysis.

KOREA

Kwangju, Chunnam: Chunnam National University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, _2epartment of Biology.

Kim, Ki Won Assistant Professor. Drosophila taxonomy; cytogenetics. Park, Myong Sam Instructor. Biochemical genetics. Wui, In Sun Instructor. Cytogenetics.

Seoul: Chungang University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology

Choo, J. K. Graduate student. Population genetics. Chun, W. S. Graduate student. Geographical survey. Chung, I. 0. (Miss) Research Assistant. Cytology. Chung, J. Y. Research Assistant. Geographical survey. Lee, B. W. Graduate student. Population genetics. Lee, C. S. Lecturer. Cytology. Lee, T. J. Associate Professor. Population genetics, geographical distribution.

Seoul: Seoul National University, Department of Zoology.

Kang, Yung Sun Dr., Professor. Cytogenetics. Chung, Ok Ki Instructor. Genetics. Kim, Yung Jin Instructor. Cytology. Lee, Chung Choo Instructor. Genetics. Choi, Jung Ji Assistant. Genetics.

Seoul: Sung-Kyun-Kwan University, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology (DIS 38).

Seoul: Yonsel University, College of Science and Engineering, Department of Biology. (DIS 38). 40:138 Directory - Geographical DIS 40

LEBANON S Beirut: American University of Beirut, Department of Biology, Telephone No. 292 860, ext. 2411

Burdick, Allan B. Ph.D., Professor and Associate Dean. Melanogaster gene structure. Woods, Jobyna (Miss) M.S. Instructor.

MEXICO

Chapino: Escuela Nacional de Agricultura, Fitotecnia.

Covarrubias, Ramn Cells M.Sc. Teaching of genetics. Ortiz, Marina Lopez (Miss) Student. Laboratory Assistant.

Mexico City: National Commission of Nuclear Energy, Laboratory of Genetics of Drosophila. (DIs 38).

N1'TI-11PT ANn

Groningen: University of Groningen, Department of Human Genetics, Telephone No. 05900-32549.

Anders, G. J. P. A. Ph.D., M.B. Professor. Physiological genetics. Andriesse, S. F. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Nienhaus, A. J. (Miss) Research Assistant. Steensma, K. T. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Stock Keeper.

Haren (Gr.): University of Groningen, Genetics Institute, Telephone No. 45947, area code 05900.

Beardmore, J. A. Ph.D. Professor. Population studies. Delden, W. van M.Sc. Assistant. Fitness. Folkers, W. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Curator. Kramer, W. N. Graduate student. Selection. Oostingh, H.Th. (Miss) Graduate student. Fitness. Pieters, J. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Pui, M.L.L.du (Miss) Technical Assistant. Haar, H.C.ter (Miss) Graduate student. Salivaries. Wielen, P. van der Graduate student. D. andalusiaca.

Leiden: Genetisch Laboratorium der Rijksuniversiteit, Kaiserstraat, 63. Telephone No. 30645

Berendes, H. D. Dr. Salivary glands D. hydei. Boer, M. den Research student. Selection. Gloor, H. J. Professor. Developmental genetics. Holt, T. K. H. Research student. Salivary glands D. hydei. Hoogmoed, M. S. Research student. Disruptive and stabilizing selection. Kuyen, C. J. van Research student. Salivary glands D. hydei. Kulle, A. E. ter Research student. Disruptive and stabilizing selection. Scharloo, W. Dr. Population genetics, developmental genetics. Volkers, W. Dr. Selection on a mutant character. Vreezen, W. Research student. Selection.

Leiden: State University, Department of Radiation Genetics, Wassenaarseweg 62, Telephone No. 58333, ext. 3674. Bie, V. van der (Miss) Technical Assistant. Goedhart, A. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Groot, K. I. de (Miss) Technical Assistant. Klepper, C. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Klerk, T. H. de (Miss) Technical Assistant. Lommerse, M. A. H. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Olivieri, A. (Mrs.) Ph.D. Research scientist, radiation mutagenesis and autoradiography. Olivieri, G. M.D. Research scientist. Radiation mutagenesis and autoradiography. January 1965 Directory - Geographical 40:139

Sobels, F. H. Ph.D. Professor. Differential radiosensitivity and repair mechanisms. Tates, A. D. M.Sc. Research Assistant. Radiation mutagenesis and electronic microscopy. - Wassenaar, M. C. (Miss) Technical Assistant.

Utrecht: Genetisch Enstituut der Rijksuniversiteit, Opaalweg 20, Telephone No. 030-22541.

Oskamp, A. Demonstrator. RUmke, C. L. Ph.D. Professor, Director. Schouten, S. C. M. M.Sc. Assistant Mutagenesis. Tuinstra, H. J. (Miss) Stockkeeper. Vlist, J.v.d. (Miss) Technical Assistant.

NEW ZEALAND

Dunedin: University of Otago, Department of Botany (DIS 38).

NIGERIA

Ibadan: Ibadan University College, Department of Zoology. (DIS 37).

NORWAY

Bergen: University of Bergen, Institute of Anatomy.

Abro, Arnold Assistant Professor. Spermatogenesis, radiation effects.

Blindern: University of Oslo, Institute of General Genetics, P. 0. Box 1031.

Gleditsch, Augusta (Mrs.) Curator of Stocks. Kvelland, Ingerid (Miss) Cand. Real. Research Assistant. Radiation genetics. Strdmnaes, t5istein Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Radiation genetics; Drosophila and fungi.

Oslo: Norsk Hydro's Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello.

Havin, Edel Cand. Real. Radiosensitivity of spermatogonia. Mossige, Jeanne Coyne Research Fellow. Radiosensitivity of sperm. Oftedal, Per Ph.D. Research Director. Radiosensitivity of spermatogonia.

PANAMA

Panama: The Gorgas Memorial Laboratory (DIIS 38).

SOUTH AFRICA

Johannesburg: South African Institute for Medical Research, Department of Entomology (DIS 37).

Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, Department of Zoology.

Hartmann-Goldstein, Ingeborg J. Ph.D. Lecturer. Zaprionus: cytogenetics. Nolte, D. J. D.Sc., Reader in Genetics. Polygenes. Scott, Doreen Curator of Stocks.

Salisbury: University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Zoology Department. (DIS 38). 40:140 Directory - Geographical DIS 40 SPAIN

Barcelona: University of Barcelona, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Genetics. Telephone No. 2212375. Cama, J. Technical Assistant. Curator of Stocks. Fust, M.(Miss) Graduate student. D. subobscura populations. Hernandez, E. (Miss) Technical Assistant. Mnsua, J. L. Graduate student. D. melanogaster populations. Monclis, M. (Mrs.) Research Assistant. Ecology and systematics of Drosophila. Nadal, A. (Mrs.) Graduate student. Lethals in natural populations. Prevosti, A. Professor of genetics. Population genetics. Ribs, G. (Miss) Student. Physiological genetics. Suarez, M. (Miss) Technical Assistant.

Madrid 6: Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (C.S.I.C.), Laboratorio de Genetica.(DIS 37).

SWEDEN

Stockholm: University of Stockholm, Institute of Genetics, Telephone No. 34 08 60/271

Eiche, A. Ph.Lic. Research Assistant. Melanogaster: population genetics and mutations. Gustafsson, Kerstin (Mrs.) Ph.K. Research Assistant, Curator of Stocks. Melanogaster: mutatio Lewenhaupt, Mrta (Miss) Ph.K. Research Assistant. Melanogaster: mutations. Lining, K. G. Ph.D. Professor, Director of the Institute. Melanogaster: population genetics. Nontelius, I. Ph.Lic. Research Assistant. Melanogaster: population genetics. Ramel, C. Ph.D. Research Associate. Melanogaster: interchromosomal effects. Ytterborn, K. Ph.Lic. Research Assistant. Melanogaster: population genetics.

Uppsala 7: University of Uppsala, Institute of Genetics. (DIS 38).

SWTTZERLAND

Bern: Zoologisches Institut der Universitt

Rosin, Siegfried Ph.D. Professor. Population genetics. Tschumi, Pierre Ph.D. Professor. Developmental genetics.

Fiillinsdorf (Post Frenkendorf/BL): Institut fur Biologisch-Medizinische Forschung A. G. (DIS 37.

Zirich: Eidgenssisches Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) Departmen of Zoology, Telephone No. (051) 32 73 30.

Kroeger,Heinrich Dr. Research Assistant. Gene activation in giant chromosomes. Lezzi, Markus Graduate student. Gene activation in giant chromosomes. Petermann, Urs Graduate student. Radiation effects. Schneider-Minder, Annemarie (Mrs.) Radiation effects and cytology. Spring, Hanswerner Graduate student. Radiation effects. Wuirgler, Friedrich E. Dr. Research Assistant. Radiation effects; oxygen effect. Ulrich, Hans Dr. Professor. Radiation effects on nucleus and cytoplasm.

Ztrich: Zoologisches Institut der Universitt.

Altmann, Jacques Graduate student. Salivary glands. Altwegg, Peter Graduate student. Imaginal discs. Baumann, Peter Graduate student. Amino acids. Berger, Hugo Graduate student. Transaminases. Burla, Hans Ph.D. Professor. Taxonomy, ecology, inversion polymorphism. Chen, Pei Shen Ph.D. Professor. Physiology and development. Garcia-Bellido, Antonio Ph.D. Research Assistant. Developmental physiology. Gehring, Walter Assistant. Physiology of differentiation. January 1965 Directory - Geographical 40:141

Goetz, Walter Graduate student. Inversion frequencies in D. subobscura. Grassmann, Anneliese Assistant. Parasitic wasps of Drosophila. Hadorn, Ernst Ph.D. Professor. Developmental and biochemical genetics; lethals. Hanimann, Franziska Graduate student. Amino acids and peptides. Koch, Rudolf Graduate student. Vision and orientation of D. obscura and subobscura. Khner, Andreas Graduate student. Chaetotaxis. Lamprecht, JUrg Graduate student. Imaginal discs. Mindek, Geza Graduate student. Imaginal discs. Nthiger, Rolf Ph.D. Assistant. Imaginal discs. Remensberger, Peter Graduate student. Spermatogenesis. Roeder, Claudia Graduate student. Peptides. Rtegg, Martin Graduate student. Proteins of Drosophila. Singeisen, Christoph Graduate student. Parasitic wasps of Drosophila. Schubiger, Gerold Graduate student. Imaginal discs. Staub, Margrit Graduate student. Salivary glands. Tobler, Heinz Graduate student. Pteridines in development. Waldner, Rosmarie Graduate student. Proteolytic enzymes. Wildermuth, Hansrudolf Graduate student. Imaginal discs.

UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC

Alexandria: University of Alexandria, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Genetics.

Abdou, L. A. B.Sc. Graduate student. Migration. Abou-Youssef, A. M. B.Sc. Graduate student. Migration. Afifi, E. M. B.Sc. Graduate student. Competition. Azmi, S. M.Sc. Graduate student. Selection. Dawood, M. M. Ph.D. Lecturer. Competition. El-Helw, M. R. M.Sc. Graduate student. Relative fitness. El-Wakil, H. H. B.Sc. Graduate student. Competition. El-Zoukka, T. A. B.Sc. Graduate student. Radiation. Hakani, A. S. B.Sc. Graduate student. Mutation. Hamouda, S. M.Sc. Graduate student. Selection. Hegab, H. S. B.Sc. Graduate student. Competition. Mallah, G. S. Ph.D. Dean of the College. Professor. Masri, A. M. B.Sc. Graduate student. Gene arrangements. Mourad, A. M. Ph.D. Lecturer. Population genetics. Mourad, Effat (Mrs.) Ph.D. Lecturer. Physiological genetics. Nassar, M. A. B.Sc. Graduate student. Radiation. Rakha, F. A. M.Sc. Graduate student. On leave, Iowa State College, USA. Roushdy, M. S. B.Sc. Graduate student. Genetic variance. Sherif, N. I. B.Sc. Graduate student. Radiation. Shoeb, Y. Z. Technical Assistant. Soliman, M. H. M.Sc. Graduate student. Competition. Tantawy, A. 0. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Studies on natural populations; population genetics.

UNITED STATES

Alliance, Ohio, 44602: Mount Union College, Department of Biology, Tel. No. (216) 823-15320, ext. 62. Blount, J. L. Ph.D. Professor and Department Head. Mutagenesis; longevity factors.

Ames, Iowa, 50010: Iowa State University, Department of Genetics, Tel. No. (515) 231-3850, ext. Thompson. English, Darrel S. M.S. Graduate Assistant. Mutation. Hollander, W. F. Ph.D. Professor. Melanogaster. Mullins, Judy (Mrs.) Curator of Stocks, Technician. Olberding, Nicholas Undergraduate Assistant. Crossing-over. Thompson, Peter E. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Mutation, Crossing-over. 40:142 Directory - Geographical DIS 40 Amherst, Massachusetts, 01002: Amherst College, Department of Biology, Tel. No. (413) 253-2561 Ext. 314, 315 Casey, Lucy (Mrs.) Curator of Stocks. Research Assistant. Hexter, W. M. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Genetic fine structure and crossing-over. Ives, P. T. Ph.D. Research Associate. Radiation and population genetics. Plaugh, H. H. Professor Emeritus. Mutation and environmental effects. Russell, Phyllis (Mrs.) Research Assistant. Tiffany, Barbara (Miss) Technical Assistant. Yost, H. T. Jr. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Cell particulates and radiation effects.

Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48104: University of Michigan, Department of Zoology, Tel. No. (313) 76401465 Forward, Kay M.A. Research Assistant. Gay, Helen Ph.D. Professor and member of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Chromosome organization, electron microscopy, histochemistry. Kaufmann, B. P. Ph.D. Professor. Cytology and cytochemistry. Perreault, William M.A. Research Assistant. Heterochromatin; RNA Peveling, Elizabeth Ph.D. Postdoctoral Fellow of Carnegie Institution of Washington. Chromo- some structure. Rizki, Rose M. M.A. Research Associate. Developmental genetics. Rizki, T. H. Ph.D. Professor. Developmental genetics. Soliman, Abbas M. Ph.D. Developmental genetics and electron microscopy. Tartof, Kenneth B.A. NIH trainee. Developmental genetics, ribosomes.

Ann Arbor, Michigan: Cytogenetics Laboratory of Carnegie Institution of Washington, University of Michigan, Department of Zoology.

Gay, Helen Ph.D. Staff member, C.I.W. Professor U of M. Kaufmann, Berwind P. Ph.D. Professor. Cytology, cytogenetics, cytochemistry. Peveling, Elizabeth Ph.D. Carnegie Institution Fellow. Electron microscopy. Sparvoli, Elio Dr. Biol. Research Associate. Electron microscopy.

Argonne, Illinois: Argonne National Laboratory, Division of Biological and Medical Research. (DIS 37).

Arlington, Texas, 76010: Arlington State College, Department of Biology, Tel. No. (214) CR 5-32 ext. 28: McCrady, William B. Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Biology. CO2 sensitivity, cytoplasmic inheritance.

Athens, Georgia, 30601: University of Georgia, Department of Zoology, Tel. No. (404) 5432511, Ext. 671 Fortner, Joycie M. (Mrs.) B.S. Research Assistant. Hinton, Claude W. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Chromosome behavior. Kenyon, Alice (Miss) Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Experimental populations. Walker, Leon R. B.S. Graduate student.

Austin, Texas, 78712: University of Texas, Department of Zoology, Genetics Foundation, Tel. No. (512) GR 1-7158. Alexander, Mary Louise (Miss) Ph.D. Research Scientist. Chemical and radiation mutagenesis. Bart, Carol (Miss) B.A. Terminated September 1, 1964. Conine, Donya (Mrs.) B.A. Research Assistant. Chemical and radiation mutagenesis. Elequin, Flora (Miss) M.A. Research Assistant. Radiation effects. Engelking, Anna Belle (Miss) B.S. Research Assistant. Chemical and radiation rnutagenesis. Faberge', A. C. Ph.D. Research Scientist. General genetics. Forrest, Hugh S. Ph.D. Professor. Biochemical genetics. Frye, Sara H. (Mrs.) Ph.D. N.I.H. Postdoctoral Fellow until June 30, 1965. Genetic analysis of the yellow-achaete region. Gerstenberg, Virginia L. (Mrs.) B.A. Research Assistant. Radiation effects, population studie Glanges, Evalea (Miss) B.A. N.I.H. Training Grant Predoctoral Fellow. Chemical mutagenesis. Crossfield, Joseph M.A. N.I.H. Training Grant Predoctoral Fellow. Behavior, evolution. January 1965 Directory - Geographical 40:143

Hoffer, Helen C. (Mrs.) B.A. Research Scientist Associate I. Recombination, cytology. Judd, Burke H. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Recombination, cytology. Kastritsis, Costas B.A. Research Assistant. Evolution. Kuich, Linda L. (Mrs.) M.A. Research Assistant. Evolution. Lagowski, Jeanne M. (Mrs.) Ph.D. Research Scientist. Biochemical genetics. Lee, William R. Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Mutagenesis. LeFever, H. Michael M.S. Research Scientist Assistant II. Recombination, cytology. McKinley, Kay (Miss) B.A. Research Assistant. Chemical and radiation mutageriesis. Milner, Peggy N. (Mrs.) B.A. Research Assistant. Chemical and radiation mutagenesis. Murphy, John B.A. Research Assistant. Evolution. Oden, Carol E. (Mrs.) B.A. Research Scientist Associate I. Mutagenesis. Oliver, Clarence P. Ph.D. Ashbel Smith Professor. Gene control of development. Paik, Jong Kyun Ph.D. Research Associate. Chemical and radiation mutagenesis. Peeples, E. Ed. M.A. N.I.H. Training Grant Predoctoral Fellow. Developmental genetics. Resch, Kathleen (Miss) B.A. Research Assistant. Evolution. Richardson, Richard Ph.D. Research Associate. Quantitative genetics, population studies. Schmidt, Maureen (Miss) Technical Assistant. Radiation effects. Shen, Margaret W. (Mrs.) M.S. Research Scientist Associate II. Recombination, cytology. Simpson, Mary Lyn (Mrs.) Laboratory Research Assistant I. Spieth, Herman T. Ph.D. Research Associate. Behavior, evolution. Stone, Wilson S. Ph.D. Professor. Evolution, gene action, radiation genetics. Torroja, Eduardo Ph.D. Research Associate. Radiation studies. Wagner, Robert P. Ph.D. Professor. Gene action, biochemical genetics. Wheeler, Marshall R. Ph.D. Professor. Taxonomy, evolution. Wilson, Florence D. (Mrs.) B.A. Research Assistant. Radiation effects, population studies. Yang, Hei L. (Mrs.) B.A. Research Assistant. Radiation effects. Yoon, Jong M.A. Research Assistant. Radiation effects. Yoon, Kyung (Mrs.) B.A. Research Assistant. Evolution.

Baltimore, Maryland 21218: The Johns Hopkins University, Department of Biology, Tel. No. (301) 467-3300, ext. 410.

Burkholder, Nancy A. (Mrs.) Research Assistant. Melartogaster: comparative study of induced mutation in males and females. Courtright, James B. B.A. Graduate student. Xanthine dehydrogenase. Faulhaber, Ilse Ph.D. Research Associate. Developmental biology and genetics of lethal mutants (melanogaster). Glass, H. Bentley Ph.D. Professor. Melanogster; population genetics of suppressor systems (erupt'and tumor); gene action of su-er and su-tu tryptophan metabolism in Drosophila; radiation and oxygen effects; comparative effects of mutagens on males and females at different ages. Glass, Suzanne S. (Mrs.) M.A. Research Assistant. Melanogaster; genetic control of tryptophan metabolism in Drosophila and its relation to abnormal growth. Kadel, Byron A.B. Suppressor of Plum. Laufer, Hans Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Differential gene action during development. Leone, Janet G. (Mrs.) B.A. Research Assistant. Xanthine dehydrogenase. Muckenthaler, F. A. Ph.D. Postdoctoral Fellow. Nucleic acid synthesis during oogenesis. Pipkin, Sarah B. Ph.D. Research Associate. Population genetics of polymorphism in D. leban- onensis; ecology of tropical Drosophila species; genetics of closely related members of the D. tripunctata species group; Drosophila taxonomy. Powers, L. M. Stockkeeper of tropical Drosophila species. Ritterhoff, Rebecca K. (Mrs.) B.S. Research Staff Assistant. Melanogaster: comparative study of induced mutation in males and females; effect of very low doses of ionizing radiation; Minutes: recessive lethals and spontaneous visibles in males and females effects of oxygen concentration. Somerville, Delores (Mrs.) Research Assistant. Ontogeny of gene-enzyme systems; esterases. Ursprung, Heinrich Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Imaginal discs; xanthine dehydrogenase. Wright, Eileen Y. (Mrs.) B.A. Research Assistant. Ontogeny of gene-enzyme systems; phenogenetics of embryonic lethals. Wright, Theodore R. F. Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Ontogeny of gene-enzyme systems; esterases and xanthine dehydrogenase; phenogenetics of embryonic lethals. 40:144 Directory - Geographical DIS 40

Bar Harbor, Maine, 04609: The Jackson Laboratory, Tel. No. 288-3373.

Bunker, M. C. Professional Assistant. Cytogenetics. Farley, Beulah (Mrs.) Research Assistant. Stockkeeper. Griffen, A. B. Ph.D. Staff Scientist. Cytogenetics.

Baton Rouge 3, Louisiana: Louisiana State University, Department of Zoology. (DIS 38).

Berkeley, California, 94720: University of California, College of Agriculture, Department of Genetics, Tel. No. (415) 845-6000, ext. 3326.

Arnheim, Norman, Jr. M.S. Graduate student. Brown, Spencer W. Ph.D. Cytogenetics. Dempster, Everett R. Ph.D. Population genetics. Johnson, George R. Ph.D. Population genetics. Sokoloff, Alexander Ph.D. Population genetics; comparative genetics of Coleoptera. Walen, Kirsten H. (Miss) Ph.D. Cytogenetics. Wills, Christopher J. M.S. Graduate student.

Berkeley, California: University of California, Department of Zoology (DIS 38).

Bethesda, Maryland: National Institutes of Health, Genetics Study Section, Division of Research Grants, (DIS 38).

Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University, Department of Zoology, 204 Jordan Hall. (DIS 38).

Buffalo, New York, 14214: State University of N. Y. at Buffalo, Department of Biology, Tel. No. (716) 837-2000, Ext. 2624.

Farnsworth, N. W. Ph.D. Lecturer and Research Associate. Melanogaster biochemistry. Golden, Herbert M.A. Graduate student. Melanogaster, biochemistry, respiration. Jozwiak, Judith (Miss) B.A. Graduate student. Developmental genetics. Luchowski, Elizabeth (Mrs.) B.A. Research Technician.

Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138: Harvard University, Biological Laboratories, Tel. No. (617) UN 8-7600 ext. 2327 Lefevre, George Ph.D. Radiation genetics; reproductive physiology. Levine, R. Paul Ph.D. Mutation and gene action. Nilsson, Maud Bent (Miss) Research Assistant. Reproductive physiology, mutation. Parker, Dorothy (Mrs.) Research Assistant. Reproductive physiology, mutation. Peabody, Ann (Mrs.) Research Assistant. Reproductive physiology, mutation. Taylor, Alexandra (Mrs.) Research Assistant. Reproductive physiology, mutation.

Carbondale, Illinois, 62903: Southern Illinois University, Department of Zoology, Tel. No. (618; 453-2544. Englert, DuWayne C. Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Population genetics. Jensen, Barbara A. (Miss) B.S. Graduate School. Genetic recombination.

Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 17201: Wilson College, Department of Biology, Tel. No. (717) 264-41 , Ext. 238 Holzman, Howard E. M.S. Assistant Professor. Microbial genetics.

Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27515: University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Depart- ment of Biochemistry, Tel. No. (919) 966-1236.

Alston, Larry G. Laboratory Helper. Byers, Helen N. (Mrs.) Administrative Assistant. Cates, Maxine (Miss) B.S. Research Technician Collins, James F. B.S. Graduate student. Developmental biochemistry. Glassman, Edward Ph.D. Associate Professor. Henderson, Ann S. (Miss) M.A. Graduate student. Developmental genetics. Hodge, Lan D. V.M.D. Graduate student. Biochemical genetics. January 1965 Directory - Geographical 40:145

Karam, Jim D. B.S. Graduate student. Biochemical genetics. Kusyk, Christine (Miss) M.S. Graduate student. Tissue culture. Moon, Hong M. B.S. Graduate student. Biochemical genetics. Parrish, Joe L. A.B. Laboratory Technician. Yen, Terrence T. T. B.S. Graduate student. Biochemical genetics.

Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27515: University of North Carolina, Department of Zoology, Tel. No. (919) 933-2077 Judd, Susan Elliott A.B. Research Assistant. Phillips, Beth Johnson (Mrs.) A.B. Predoctoral Fellow. Potthoff, Richard F. Ph.D. Research Associate, jointly with the Department of Mathematical Statistics. Rhodes, Carl D. A.B. Predoctoral Fellow. Schewe, Michael J. Research Assistant. Terry, Angela A.B. Graduate student. Whittinghill, Maurice Ph.D. Professor. Irradiation; chemical mutagens; crossing-over.

Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia, Department of Biology (DIS 37).

Chicago, Illinois: Loyola University, Department of Natural Sciences (DIS 38).

Chicago, Illinois, 60616: Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Tel. No. (312) CA 5-9600,ext. 574. Kung, Hilda H. (Miss) B.S. Research Assistant. Graduate student. Spieler, Richard A. Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Nondisjunction. Whitmire, Stuart D. B.A. Research Assistant.

Chicago,, Illinois, 60637: University of Chicago, Department of Zoology, Tel. No. (312) M13-0800 Ext. 2721 Baker, William K. Ph.D. Professor. Position effect and developmental genetics. Boshes, Roger B.A. Graduate student. Biochemical studies of position-effect variegation. Cohen, Judith A. (Miss), M.S. Graduate student. Protein during development. Felsenstein, Joseph, B.S. Graduate student. Population genetics. Hartman, Antoinette (Mrs.) B.A. Graduate student. Genetics of protein differences in virilis group. Hubby, John L. Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Proteins in Drosophila. Lewontin, Richard C. Ph.D. Professor. Population genetics and ecology. Narise, Sumiko (Mrs.) Ph.D. Research Associate. Biochemical genetics of Drosophila Narise, Takashi Ph.D. Research Associate. Species competition. Shoup, Jane (Mrs.) B.S. Graduate sudent. Electron microscopic studies of the developing compound eye. Sims, Maureen (Miss) B.A. Graduate student. Esterases of Drosophila. Spofford, Janice B. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Parental effects, populations. Swatek, John B.S. Curator of Stocks. Graduate student. Developmental genetics. Throckmorton, Lynn H. (Mr.) Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Pteridine metabolism and protein differences, general Dipteran and Drosophila taxonomy.

Cleveland, Ohio: Fenn College, Department of Biology, Tel. No. Prl-0250, ext. 350 (216).

Clise, Ronald Ph.D. Associate Professor. Population genetics. DeMarinis, F. Ph.D. Professor, Chairthan. Genic action.

Cleveland, Ohio, 44106: Western Reserve University, Department of Biology, Tel. No. (216) 231-7700, ext.2278 Steinberg, Arthur G. Ph.D. Professor. Linkage.

Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 11724: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Genetics Research Unit, Tel. No. (516) My2-6660, ext. 2.

Buchanan, Jennie S. (Mrs. Paul) Curator of Stocks. 40:146 Directory - Geographical DIS 40

Columbus, Ohio, 43210: Ohio State University, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Tel. No. (614) 293-6945. Aubele, Sister M. Baptista B.A. Graduate student. Melanogaster: gene, chromosome studies of erupt. Banks, Judith L. (Miss), B.S. Research Associate. Melanogaster: cell culture in vitro. Briggs, John D. Ph.D. Professor. Melanogaster: cell cultures in vitro, infectious diseases. Brooks, Gretchen T. (Mrs.) M.Sc. Graduate student. Melanogaster: genetics and metabolism of melanotic tumors. Ebersole, Lynn A. A.B. Graduate student. Melanogaster: developmental genetics, wing venation. House, Verl L. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Melanogaster: gene interaction, environmental effects; development of venation. Niederhuber, Sally A. (Mrs.) B.S. Research Assistant. Graduate student. Melanogaster: comparative effects of genetic modifying systems on wing venation. Plaine, Henry L. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Melanogaster: gene action of suppressor-erupt and suppressor-tumor systems.

Corvallis, Oregon: Or e gon State University, Dept. of Zoology, (DIS 38).

Davis, California,95616: University of California, Department of Genetics, Tel. No. (916) 753-4077, ext. 2127. Bowman, J. T. B.S. Graduate student. Reverse mutation. Erway, L. M.A. Graduate student. Fraser, A. S. Ph.D. Professor. Population Genetics. Green, M. M. Ph.D. Professor. Kuhn, J. B.A. Graduate student. Quantitative Genetics. Rundell, Carol (Miss) B.A. Graduate student. Scowcroft, W. R. B.S. Graduate student. Quantitative Genetics.

DeKaib, Illinois,60115: Northern Illinois University, Department of Biological Sciences, Bio1og Research Building, 624 Lucinda Ave. Tel. No. (815) 753-1589.

Arnesen, James F. B.S. Graduate student. Radiation. Mittler, Jeanne E. Undergraduate Research Participant. Radiation Mittler, Sidney Ph.D. Professor. Radiation. Reinhardt, Kenneth B.S. Graduate student. Radiation. Ryan, Corine Undergraduate Research Participant. Radiation. U, Raymond B.S. Graduate student. Radiation. Walsh, Margaret Undergraduate Research Participant. Radiation.

DeKalb, Illinois, 60115: Northern Illinois University, Department of Biological Sciences, Tel. No. (815) 753-145c Bennett, Jack Ph.D. Associate Professor. Comparative and population genetics of D. tripunctata and D. immigrans. Bennett, Katherine W. (Mrs.) Graduate student. D. immigrans. Drewes, Karen Undergraduate Research Participant (NSF) D. tripunctata.

Detroit, Michigan, 48202: Wayne State University, Department of Biology, Tel. No. (313) TE3-1400 ext. 635 Arnold, William J. Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Cytology. DeForest, David Ph.D. Associate Professor. Population Genetics. Mayeda, K. Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Immunogenetics.

Duarte, California, 91010: City of Hope, Department of Biology, Tel. No. (213) 359-8111, ext. 466. Cohn, Cornelia (Mrs.) Laboratory Assistant. Dawson, Hiawatha B.A. Research Technician. Kaplan, William D. Ph.D. Senior Research Geneticist. Mutagenic action of labeled DNA precursor Muller, H. J. Ph.D. Member, Institute of Advanced Learning in the Medical Sciences. Oftedal, Per Ph.D. Associate Member, Institute of Advanced Learning in the Medical Sciences. Oxley, Eldon W. B.A. Research Technician. Seecof, Robert Ph.D. Assistant Research Geneticist, CO sensitivity. January 1965 Directory - Geographical 40:147

Durham, North Carolina, 27706: Duke University, Department of Zoology, Tel. No. (919) 681-0111 ext. 3270 Tonzetich, John B.Sc. Graduate student. Speciation. Ward, Calvin L. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Radiation Genetics; Speciation.

East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University, Dept. of Biochemistry (DIS 37).

East Lansing, Michigan, 48823: Michigan State University, Department of Zoology, Tel. No. (517) 355-0482. Alegria, Mary B.S. Research Assistant. Abnormal sex-ratio. Band, Henretta T. Ph.D. Research Associate. Population genetics. Cattani, Carola H. B.S. Genetic Research Technician. Radiation effects; mutagenesis; fertilization. Gifford, Marilyn J. A.A. Technician. Myszewski, Michael E. M.S. N.S.F. Predoctoral Fellow. Aberrant ratios. Scheidt, Gary Technician. Slatis, Herman M. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Position effects. Yanders, Armon F. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Radiation effects; mutagenesis; fertilization.

Emporia, Kansas, 66802: Kansas State Teachers College, Department of Biology, Tel. No. (316) D12-5000 ext. 283 Dickerman, Richard C. Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Radiation Genetics. Hebb, Shirley (Miss) Laboratory Assistant. McCarty, James Laboratory Assistant. Reddig, Thomas Laboratory Assistant. Russell, Donna (Miss) Research Assistant. Taylor, Elizabeth (Mrs.) Laboratory Assistant. Towne, Linda (Miss) Laboratory Assistant.

Eugene, Oregon, 97403: University of Oregon, Department of Biology, Tel. No. (503) 342-1411 ext. 1423 Aagaard, Jeannette (Miss) B.S. Graduate student. Biochemical genetics. Barkley, Judith (Miss) B.S. Graduate student. Childress, Dinah (Miss) B.A. Graduate student. Clancy, C. W. Ph.D. Professor. Developmental genetics. Clancy, Eleanor B. (Mrs.) M.A. Research Fellow. Developmental genetics. Ehrlich, Elizabeth (Mrs.) B.A. Research Assistant. Characteristics of sex-linked lethals. Farhang, Mark Helper. Farque, Carolyn B.A. Lab Assistant. Gfeller, Sister Marion David M.S. Graduate student. Giesel, Betty Jean (Mrs.) B.S. Graduate student. Greer, Wendy (Mrs.) B.A. Research Technician. Hall, Barbara (Miss) B.A. Research Assistant. Holt, Martha (Miss) B.S. Graduate student. Jost, Patricia (Mrs.) M.S. Graduate student. Biochemical phenotypes. Keith, Alec B.S. Graduate student. Biochemical genetics. Lucchesi, John Ph.D. Postdoctoral Fellow. Chromosome behavior. Novitski, Edward Ph.D. Professor. Chromosome mechanics; physiological genetics. Pasztor, Linda M.A. Graduate student. Peacock, James Ph.D. C.S.I.R.O. Fellow. Chromosome behavior. Roe, Louis Helper. Sendi, Kayondo Helper. Sullivan, Ann Undergraduate Research Participant, summer 1964. Vandling, William E. Undergraduate Research Participant, summer 1964. Wheeler, Ray B.S. Research Assistant.

Evanston, Illinois, 60201: Northwestern University, Department of Biological Sciences, Tel. No. (312) 492-3652. Aggarwal, Surinder K. Ph.D. Research associate; morphology of corpus allatum. Butterworth, Francis M. B.A. N.I.H. Predoctoral Fellow; phenogenetics of apterous. King, Robert C. Ph.D. Ptofessor; comparative oogenesis. Koch, Elizabeth A. Ph.D. N.I.H. Postdoctoral Fellow; phenogenetics of fes. Smith, Patricia A. B.S. N.I.H. Predoctoral Fellow; phenogenetics of fused. 40:148 Directory - Geographical DIS 40

Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701: University of Arkansas, Department of Zoology, Tel. No. (501) Hi3-4511, ext. 562 Bryniarski, Teresa (Miss) B.S. Graduate Assistant. Irradiation of Drosophila virilis. Clayton, Frances E. (Miss) Ph.D. Professor. Irradiation of immature .stages of Drosophila. Guest, William C. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Cytogenetics.

Fort Collins, Colorado, 80521: Colorado State University, Department of Radiology and Rad- iation Biology, Tel. No. (303) 491-8500.

Gowen, John W. Ph.D. Professor. Mechanisms of inheritance and phenotype development. En- vironmental and cytoplasmic effects on inherited disease mechanisms. Stadler, Janice Ph.D. Associate Professor. Genetics of disease and phenotypic development.

Gainesville, Florida, 32601: University of Florida, Department of Zoology, Tel. No. (305) 376-3261, ext. 2185 Wallbrunn, H. N. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Mutation Rates; Mechanism of crossing over.

Galesburg, Illinois, 61401: Knox College, Department of Biology, Tel. No. (309) 343-1121, ext. 236. Geer, B. W. Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Drosophila nutrition. Stallard, Mary Alice (Miss) Undergraduate research student. Vovis, Gerald F. Undergraduate research student.

Harrisonburg, Virginia: Eastern Mennonite College, Dept. of Biology (DIS 38).

Hiram, Ohio, 44234: Hiram College, Department of Biology, Tel. No. (216) 569-3211, ext. 26.

Barber, Bernice (Mrs.) Technical Assistant. Friedman, Lawrence D. Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Mutagenesis. Kiriazis, William Research Assistant.

Houston, Texas, 77006: University of St. Thomas, Dept. of Genetics Laboratory, Tel. No. (713) JA3-6100 Altenburg, Edgar Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Rice University. Chemical and ultraviolet mutagenesis, pseudoalleles. Browning, Luolin S. (Mrs.) Ph.D. Visiting Lecturer, University of Houston. Associate Pro- fessor of Biology, University of St. Thomas. Chemical and ultraviolet mutagenesis, pseudoalleles.

Iowa City, Iowa, 52240: University of Iowa, Dept. of Zoology, Tel. No. (319) 338-0511, ext. 209

Brosseau, George E., Jr. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Genetics of heterochromatin. Ellgaard, Erik B.A. Graduate student. Frankel, Anne (Mrs.) B.A. Graduate student. Gilmore, Gretchen (Mrs.) B.A. Laboratory Technician. Golley, Robert B.A. Graduate Assistant. 1-leerema, Nyla (Mrs.) B.A. Graduate Assistant. Effect of the Y chromosome on crossing over and non-disjunction.

Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, Dept. of Plant Breeding (DIS 38). Johnson City, Tennessee, 37602: East Tennessee State University, Dept. of Biology, Tel. No. (615) 926-1112, ext. 229, 329, 350.

Stevenson, Richard Professor. Population genetics and cytogenetics of D. virilis. Armentrout, Herbert C. M.A. Instructor. Research Associate, cytogenetics. Bashor, Roberta P. (Mrs.) M.A. Assistant Professor. Population genetics and computer pro- gramming. Lawson, Barbara K. (Mrs.) B.S. Graduate Research Assistant. Corry, Martha (Miss) B.S. Graduate student. Hunt, Carol Lee (Miss) B.S. Graduate student. Newby, Christine M. (Mrs.) B.S. Graduate student. Westmoreland, Dennis Undergraduate Assistant. January 1965 Directory - Geographical 40:149

Knoxville, Tennessee, 37916: University of Tennessee, Dept. of Zoology and Entomology, Tel. No. (615) 524-2981, ext. 211. Hochman, Benjamin Ph.D. Associate Professor. Lethals, isoalleles, chromosome 4 analysis. Meiller, Carolyn R. (Mrs.) Technical Assistant. McCune, Thomas B. A.B. Graduate student. Chemical mutagenesis. Rogers, Barry L. M.A. Graduate student. Viability studies. Strickland, Bennie C. (Mrs.) B.S. Research Assistant. Taylor, R. Katherine (Miss) A.B. Graduate student. Time of lethal action.

Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University, Dept. of Biological Sciences (DIS 37).

Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University, Population Genetics Institute, Tel. No. 92-4890.

Bell, A. E. Ph.D. Professor. Population Genetics, selection. Bhat, P. N. M.S. Graduate Assistant. Population genetics. Burns, Martin J. Ph.D. Visiting Professor. Population genetics. Chigusa, Sadao M.S. Graduate Assistant. Mutagenesis and population genetics. Costantino, R. F. B.S. N.I.H. Fellow. Biochemical and population genetics. Dewees, A. A. M.A. Graduate Assistant. Biochemical and quantitative genetics. Gall, G. A. E. M.Sc. Graduate Assistant. Biochemistry and population genetics. Krause, Eliot M.S. Graduate Assistant. Population genetics. Kyle, W. H. Ph.D. Professor. Population genetics. Lange, E. L. B.S. Graduate Assistant. McNew, R. W. B.S. Graduate Assistant. Scheinberg, Eliyahu M.S. Graduate Assistant. Population genetics and applied statistics. Shideler, Doris (Mrs.) Research Assistant. Watson, J. E. M.S. Graduate Assistant. Developmental and biochemical genetics. Wilson, S. P. Ph.D. Professor. Population genetics.

Le Mars, Iowa: Westmar College, Dept. of Biology (DIS 38).

Lexington, Kentucky, 40506: University of Kentucky, Dept. of Zoology, Tel. No. (606) 252-2200 ext. 2796. Carpenter, John M. Ph.D. Professor. Seasonal fluctuations in Drosophila, populations, reproductive potential, gene ecology. Talmage, Sylvia H. (Mrs.) M.S. Graduate Assistant. Stalker, Sharon E. (Miss) Student Assistant.

Lincoln, Nebraska, 68508: University of Nebraska, Dept. of Zoology and Physiology, Tel. No. (402) 477-8711, ext. 2720. Herforth, Robert S. M.S. Graduate student. CO2 sensitivity. Miller, Dwight D. Ph.D. Professor. D. affinis subgroup cytogenetic variation and isolation. Westphal, Neal J. B.S. Graduate student. D. affinis subgroup cytogenetic variation and isolation.

Logan, Utah, 84321: Utah State University, Dept. of Zoology, Tel. No. (801) 752-4100, ext. 437

Coomber, Ralph B.S. Graduate student. Melanogaster genetics. Edwards, James W. Ph.D. Postdoctoral student. Melanogaster: eye abnormalities. Ely, Sandra Hacking (Mrs.) B.S. Graduate student. Melanogaster: eye mutations and environmental alteration of phenotypes. Gardner, Eldon J. Ph.D. Professor. Melanogaster: mutations of the head region. Hawkes, N. Roger M.S. NIH Trainee. Melanogaster: polygenic systems. Jenkins, John B.S. Graduate student. Melanogaster: genetics. Mulkay, Lewis M.S. NIH Trainee. Melanogaster: histology and cytology of developmental stages. Petersen, Gary B.S. Research Assistant. Melanogaster: melanotic tumors. Petri, Graham F. M.S. NIH Trainee. Melanogaster: immunogenetics. Phillips, John P. B.S. NIH Trainee. Melanogaster: biochemical genetics. Remondini, David M.S. NIH Trainee. Melanogaster: fitness and selection studies. Shelton, Ernest E. B.S. NIH Trainee. Melanogaster: biochemical studies. Simmons, John R. Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Melanogaster: biochemical genetics. Woodbury, Loraine M.S. Graduate student. Melanogaster: genetics. 40:150 Directory - Geographical DIS 40

Long Beach, California: Long Beach State College, Dept. of Biology (DIS 38). Los Angeles, California: University of California at Los Angeles, Dept. of Zoology (DIS 37).

Madison, Wisconsin, 53706: University of Wisconsin, Departments of Genetics (G), Medical Gen- etics (MG), and Zoology (Z), Telephone Nos. (608) (G) 262-1682, (MG) 262-3112, (Z) 262-2506.

Abrahamson, Seymour Ph.D. Associate Professor (Z). Chung, Yong Iai M.S. Graduate Research Assistant (MG). Conley, Catharine A. M. (Mrs.) M.S. Graduate Research Assistant (G). Crow, James F. Ph.D. Professor (MG, G, Z). Daniel, Gloria M. J. (Mrs.) B.A. Project Assistant (Z). Denniston, Carter L. B.A. Graduate Research Assistant (MG). Fox, Allen S. Ph.D. Professor (G). Fuchs, Morton S. M.S. Graduate Research Assistant (G). Gonzalez, Frank W. M.S. Graduate Research Assistant (Z). Himoe, Eleanor B.A. Graduate Research and Teaching Assistant (Z). Horikawa, Masakatsu Ph.D. Research Fellow (G). Johnson, Franklin M. M.S. Graduate Research Assistant (G). Kan, James Ph.D. NIH Postdoctoral Fellow (G). Kang, Suk Hee B.S. Graduate Research Assistant (G). Ling, Lee-Nien L. B.S. Graduate Research Assistant (G). Markowitz, Etan B.S. Graduate Research Assistant (MG). Maruyama, Takeo M.S. Graduate Research Assistant (MG). Mattson, Thomas L. M.S. Graduate Research Assistant (MG). Meyer, Helen Unger (Mrs.) Ph.D. Project Associate (MG,Z). Nash, David Ph.D. Postdoctoral Fellow (Z). Parzen, Sheldon D. M.S. Graduate Research Assistant (G). Peterson, Joan B. (Mrs.) B.S. Graduate Research Assistant (Z). Plaut, Walter S. Ph.D. Associate Professor (Z). Plotkin, Harold B.S. Technical Assistant (G). Salverson, Helen (Mrs.) Technical Assistant (G). Scandlyn, Bobbie J. B.S. Graduate Research Assistant (G). Smoler, Martin H. Graduate Research Assistant (Z). Temin, Rayla Greenberg (Mrs.) Ph.D. Project Associate (MG). Wallis, Barbara B.S. Graduate Research Assistant (G). World, James P. B.A. NSF Predoctoral Fellow (MG). Yoon, Sei Byung Ph.D. Project Associate (G).

Marietta, Ohio: Marietta College, Dept. of Biology (DIS 38).

Medford, Massachusetts, 02155: Tufts University, Dept. of Biology, Tel. No. (415) 776-2100, ext. 273 Weisbrot, David R. Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Population Genetics.

Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455: University of Minnesota, Dept. of Zoology, Tel. No. (612) 373-3645 Comstock, Ralph E. Ph.D. Professor. Population genetics. Merrell, David J. Ph.D. Professor. Population genetics.

Moscow, Idaho, 83843: University of Idaho, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Tel. No. (208) TU3-011( ext. 6270 Forbes, Clifford Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Nondisjunction; interchromosomal effects; mutatioi

Newark 2, New Jersey: Rutgers University, Dept. of Zoology (DIS 38). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University, Dept. of Zoology (DIS 38).

New Haven, Connecticut, 06511: Albertus Magnus College, Dept. of Biology, Tel. No. (203) 787-1196 ext. 9 Cullen, Sister Mary Urban, 0. P. Ph.D. Professor. Developmental Genetics. January 1965 Directory - Geographical 40:151

New Haven, Connecticut, 06520: Yale University, Dept. of Biology, Tel. No. (203) 787-3131, ext. 2480; 2687 Counce, Sheila J. (Mrs. R. Bruce Nicklas) Ph.D. Research Associate. Developmental genetics, experimental embryology. Davis, 011ie (Miss) Technician. Doane, Winifred W. (Mrs.) Ph.D. Research Associate. Developmental genetics, insect physiology. Eschenberg, Katherine (Miss) Ph.D. A.A.U.W. Fellow, January 1965-66. (On leave from Department of Biology, Holyoke College, Mass.). Insect oogenesis. Gill, Kulbir Singh Ph.D. Guest. (Goodrich Fellow in Biology, Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut). Developmental genetics. Grabicki, Eugenia (Mrs.) Curator of Stocks and Technician. Grant, Rosemary (Mrs.) M.A. Associate in Research. Hyde, Thomas N.S.F. Undergraduate Research Participant. Host-parasite relations, hereditary infections. Jeavons, Betsy (Mrs.) Assistant in Research. Kambysellis, M. Dipl. Nat. Sci. Graduate Teaching Assistant. Leventhal, Elaine (Mrs.) M.S. N.I.H. Predoctoral Trainee. Developmental genetics and cytology. Poulson, D. F. Ph.D. Professor. Physiological and developmental genetics, her infection. Schneider, Imogene (Miss) Ph.D. Research Associate. Tissue culture and position effects.

New York, New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Vertebrate Paleontology.

Van Valen, L. Ph.D. Evolution.

New York, New York, 10027: Columbia University, Dept. of Zoology, Tel. No. (212) UN5-4000, ext. 529 Carmody, George Graduate student. Population genetics; speciation in Drosophila. Kessler, Seymour Graduate student. Behavior genetics; ethological isolating mechanisms. Levene, Howard Professor. Population genetics. Mathematical genetics. Human genetics. Levine, Louis Ph.D. Research Associate. Behavior genetics; D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis maze running characteristics. Malagolowkin-Cohen, Chana (Mrs.) Ph.D. (do Mr. Moshe Cohen; POB 1064; Tel Aviv, Israel). Sen- ior Researcher in Zoology. D. paulistorum incipient species. Cytoplasmic abnormal sex-ratio in Drosophila. Solima-Simmons, Angela (Mrs.) Ph.D. Research Associate. D. paulistorum: sexual isolation. D. pseudoobscura: genetic drift.

New York, New York: Hunter College, Dept. of Biological Sciences (DIS 37).

New York, New York, 11367: Queens College, Dept. of Biology, Tel. No. (212) IN1-5113.

Hale, Geraldine (Mrs.) B.S. Graduate student. Population genetics. -Kaplan, Martin Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Drosophila tumors. Marien, Daniel Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Population genetics. Wasserman, Marvin Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Cytogenetics, population genetics.

New York, New York, 10021: The Rockefeller Institute, Dept. of Population Genetics, Tel. No. - (212) LE5-9000, ext. 583-584. Anderson, Wyatt Graduate student. Population genetics. Ayala, Francisco J. Ph.D. Fitness of natural and experimental populations; radiation genetics; isolating mechanisms. Dobzhansky, Th. Professor. Population genetics: pseudoobscura, paulistorum, and other species. Ehrtnan, Lee (Mrs.) Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Reproductive isolating mechanisms: paulistorum and pseudoobscura. Pavlovsky, Olga (Mrs.) Research Associate. Population genetics. Sankaranarayanan, Krishna Ph.D. Research Associate. Population and radiation genetics. Spassky, Boris Research Associate. Population genetics, genetic loads. Sperlich, D. Ph.D. Guest Investigator. Population genetics, position effect. Torroja, E. Ph.D. Guest Investigator. Population genetics, genetic loads.

Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma, Dept. of Zoology (DIS 38). 40:152 Directory - Geographical DIS 40

Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556: University of Notre Dame, Dept. of Biology, Tel. No. (219) 284-7075

Anderson, Donald B.A. Graduate Teaching Assistant. Bender, Harvey A. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Physiological and developmental genetics. Klingele, Sister Mary Borgia M.S. Graduate Research Assistant. Developmental genetics. Lovell, Richard H. B.S. Graduate Teaching Assistant. Moskwinski, Theresa (Miss) Curator of Stocks, Technician. Ramanamurthy, C. V. M.Sc. Graduate Teaching Assistant.

Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biology Division, Tel. No. (615) 483-8611 ext. 7-8575. Day, John W. M.A. Research Assistant. Epler, James L. M.S. Ph.D. Radiation genetics. Nucleic acids. Grell, E. H. Ph.D. Chromosome behavior and biochemical genetics. Grell, Rhoda F. Ph.D. Chromosome behavior. Lindsley, Dan L. Ph.D. Chromosome behavior and radiation genetics. Mead, Charles Ph.D. Biochemistry of Drosophila nucleic acids. Norton, Isabel L. (Miss) A.B. B.S. Research and editorial assistant. Roberts, Paul A. Ph.D. Chromosome behavior, developmental genetics. Stewart, Mary C. (Miss) M.S. Research Assistant. Trosko, J. E. Ph.D. Chromosome structure. von Borstel, R. C. Ph.D. Radiation genetics. Von Halle, Elizabeth S. (Mrs.) B.A. Research consultant. Weishons, Wm. J. Ph.D. Gene structure. Wilkerson, Ruby D. (Mrs.) Research Assistant. Wolff, Sheldon Ph.D. Radiation genetics.

Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Radiation Ecology Section, Health Physics Division, X-10, Tel. No. 483-8611, ext. 6-1732.

Blaylock, B. G. Ph.D. Population Genetics, Radiation Ecology. Early, R. C. Research Technician.

Oxford, Ohio, 54056: Miami University, Dept. of Zoology, Tel. No. (513) 523-2161, ext. 261.

Gregg, Thomas G. Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Cytogenetics, radiation genetics. McIntire, Sarah (Miss) B. A. Graduate student. Research Assistant.

Pasadena, California, 91109: California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology, Tel. No. (213) 795-6841, ext. 619 Bacher, Francoise M.S. Senior Research Assistant. Del Campo, Gladys Research Assistant. Curator of Stocks. Fristrom, James Ph.D. Research Fellow. Futch, David Ph.D. Research Fellow. Geiger, H. R. Ph.D. Research Fellow. Lewis, E. B. Ph.D. Professor. Mitchell, Annamarie (Mrs.) Dipl. Lab. Mitchell, H. K. Ph.D. Professor. Saul, George Ph.D. Research Fellow (on leave from Dartmouth, Sept. 1964 to March 1965). Smit, Amelia (Mrs.) Lab. Helper. Sturtevant, A. H. Ph.D. Professor Emeritus. Weber, Ursula Dipl. Lab. Research Assistant.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19144: Hahnemann Medical College, Dept. of Anatomy and Genetics. Tel. No. (215) LOcust 4-5000, ext. 472.

Fuscaldo, Kathryn E. (Miss) Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Genetic Control Mechanisms. Dempsey, Thomas P. M.S. Graduate Fellow. Immunogenetics. McCarron, Sister M. Jeanne C.S.J. NIH Predoctoral Fellow. Immunogenetics. Richmond, Johnathan M.S. Graduate Fellow, Genetic Fine Structure. Fraser, Teresa (Miss) Technician.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase, Dept. of Genetics and Cytochemistry. (DIS 38). January 1965 Directory - Geographical 40:153 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19111: The Institute for Cancer Research, Dept. of Chemotherapy. Tel. No. (215) F12-1000, ext. 288.

Balaban, Gloria (Mrs.) M.A. Research Assistant. Cytology of somatic chromosomes. Carlson, Elof A. Ph.D. Consultant. (Permanent address: Department of Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California). Clash, Ruth (Mrs.) Laboratory Helper. Gurysh, Rosemary A. (Mrs.) B.A. Research Technician. Konarski, Marie (Mrs.) Laboratory Helper. Massimillo, Lorraine (Mrs.) Laboratory Helper. Oster, Irwin I. Ph.D. Assistant Member. Head of Nutagenesis Unit. Oster, Phyllis (Mrs.) Technician. Construction of new genetic stocks; analyses of disarranged chromosomes. Shaw, Betsy Ann (Mrs.) Laboratory Helper. Analyses of mosaically-expressed mutations. Schwarz, Rose (Miss) Research Assistant. Curator of Stocks. Smith, Kathleen P. (Miss) Technician. Effects of chemical mutagens. Sobels, Frederick H. Ph.D. Consultant. (Permanent address: Department of Radiation Genetics; University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands).

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19122: Temple University, Department of Biology, Tel. No. (215) 787-7729 Arking, Robert B.S. NSF Predoctoral Cooperative Fellow. Developmental Genetics. Hillman, Ralph Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Developmental Genetics. Hillman, Nina W. Ph.D. Research Associate. Developmental Genetics. Kasnic, George B.A. Technical Assistant. Pack, Winifred Undergraduate Assistant. Tasca, Richard B.A. Graduate Student. Developmental Genetics.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104: University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. of Animal Biology, Tel. No. (215) 594-7867 - 8.

Gersh, Eileen Sutton (Mrs.) Ph.D. Research Associate. Cytogenetics of melanogaster.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19129: Woman's Medical College, Dept. of Anatomy, Tel. No. (215) V14-1522, ext. 424. Bowler, Josephine A. (Miss) Research Assistant. Lansky, Leonard Technical Assistant. Levitan, Max Ph.D. Professor. Population Genetics, Cytogenetics, Maternal factors. Levy, Jacqueline H. B.S. Research Assistant. Suber, Thomas Technical Assistant. White, Susan (Mrs.) Cytological Assistant. Williams, Carolyn R. (Miss) M.S. Fellow. Williamson, David L. Ph.D. Research Assistant Professor, Hereditary infections.

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213: University of Pittsburgh, Dept. of Biology, Tel. No. (412) 621-3500, ext. 286 - 288. Ashkin, Claire Ruderman (Mrs.) M.S. Technical Assistant. Developmental genetics. Carver, James E.,Jr. M.S. NIH Graduate Trainee in Genetics. Lethals in melanogaster populations. Falk, Catherine T. (Mrs.) B.A. Graduate student assistant. Population genetics. Farrow, Michael G. M.S. NIH Graduate Trainee in Genetics. Selection for mating speed in persimilis. Huston, Linda (Miss) B.S. Graduate student assistant. Developmental and population genetics. Gottlieb, Frederick Jay Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Developmental genetics, control of bristle patterns in melanogaster. Kanfer, Paul S. B.S. Graduate student. Environmental modification of courtship speed in persimilis. Langer, Bozena (Mrs.) Ph.D. Research Associate. Mating propensity, persimilis. Sessi, Jacqueline (Miss) Curator of Stocks. Sherwin, Richard N. B.S. Graduate student. Fitness properties of persimilis. Spiess, Eliot B. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Population Genetics. Spiess, Luretta D. Ph.D. Research Associate. Selection for rate of development, persimilis. Thompson, Clifford F., Jr. B.S. Graduate Research Assistant. Developmental genetics, melanogas ter. Travis, Donald L. M.S. Graduate Research Assistant. Developmental Genetics. 40:154 Directory - Geographical DIS 40

Providence, Rhode Island: Brown University, Dept. of Biology (DIS 38).

Pullman, Washington, 99163: Washington State University, Dept. of Zoology, Tel. No. ED5-3564, ED5-3311 Jokela, T. A. B.S. Graduate student. McDonald, Matilda M. (Mrs.) B.S. Laboratory Assistant. Moree, Ray Ph.D. Associate Professor. Population genetics. Pakonen, Charlotte Z. (Mrs.) B.S. Research Assistant. Walth, Glena D. (Miss) B.S. Laboratory Assistant. Raleigh, North Carolina, 27607: North Carolina State, Dept. of Genetics, Tel. No. (919) TE 45211, ext. 543. Brown, Jean Research Technician. Bruck, David M.S. Graduate Student. Butler, Dan Ph.D. Postdoctoral. Council, Sarah Research Technician. Dalebroux, Marc M.S. Graduate student (EURATOM Staff). Dyson, Gwyn (Mrs.) M.S. Graduate student. Frahm, Richard M.S. Graduate student. Grant, Bruce B.S. Graduate student. Kearsy, Michael Ph.D. Postdoctoral Kojima, Ken-ichi. Ph.D. Professor. Population Genetics. Mettler, L. E. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Population and Cytogenetics. Moyer, Samuel Ph.D. Postdoctoral. Nagle, James M.S. Graduate student. Ohta, Tomoko (Mrs.) M.S. Graduate student. Smith, Diana (Mrs.) B.S. Graduate student. Sinnock, Pomeroy B.S. Graduate student. Williams, George M.S. Graduate student. Williams, Justina (Mrs.) Research Assistant. Willson, Ann (Mrs.) B.S. Research Assistant. Wing, Myrtle (Mrs.) Research Technician. Yarbrough, Karen (Miss) M.S. Graduate student.

Richmond, Virginia: Medical College of Virginia, Dept. of Biology and Genetics (DIS 37).

Ridgefield, Connecticut, 06877: New England Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cytogenetics, Tel. No. (203) 438-6591, ext. 3.

Clausing, Judith Ann (Miss) B.A. Research Assistant. Freeborn, John Technical Assistant. Lundin, Daniel J. Technical Assistant. Mickey, George H. Ph.D. Cytogeneticist - Mutations.

Riverside, California: University of California, Dept. of Entomolo.(DIS 38).

Riverside, California, 92501: University of California, Dept. of Life Sciences, Tel. No. (714) 0V4-2210, ext. 561 - 562. Aubertin, Mary Ph.D. Cytogenetics. Brownstein, Bernard H. Graduate student. McFarlane, Joan L. (Mrs.) B.S. Chief Technician. Parker, D. R. Ph.D. Radiation effects. Prout, Timothy Ph.D. Population Genetics. Rath, Lynette Graduate student. Stavrou, Helen Graduate student. Wilson, Jerome Graduate student.

Rochester, New York, 14627: University of Rochester, Dept. of Biology.

Krivshenko, E. D. B.A. Research Assistant. Krivshenko, J. D. Sc.D. Senior Research Associate. General and comparative Cytogenetics, and Population Genetics. Rowan, Sister M. Joan Graduate student. Cytogenetics. Seiger, M. B. Ph.D. Postdoctoral Trainee in Biology. Behavioral and quantitative Genetics. January 1965 Directory - Geographical 40:155

St. Louis, Missouri, 63104: St. Louis University, Dept. of Biology, Tel. No. T05-2288, ext. 450.

Harth, Linn (Mrs.) Research Assistant. Parato, Tina (Miss) Graduate student. Population genetics. Rau, C. Glennon. Research Assistant. Strickberger, Monroe W. Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Population genetics.

St. Louis, Missouri, 63130: Washington University, Dept. of Zoology, Tel. No. (314) V03-0100 ext. 4365. Carson, H. L. Ph.D. Professor. Experimental and Natural Populations, Selection for parthen- ogenesis. Coughlin, Jean (Miss) Research Assistant. Delgado, Michael M.A. Graduate student. Lethals in D. euronotus. Henslee, Earl M.A. Graduate student. Mating behavior in parthenogenetic strains of D. merca- t 0 rum. Nair, P. M.Sc. Graduate student. Lethals in D. robusta. Prakash, Satya M.Sc. Graduate student. Mating propensity in D. robusta. Steiner, Christine (Miss) B.S. Research Assistant. Stalker, H. D. Ph.D. Professor. Chromosomal polymorphism of natural populations. Cytotaxonomy.

St, Paul, Minnesota: University of Minnesota, Dept. of Animal Husbandry (DIS 37).

Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112: University of Utah, Dept. of Genetics and Cytology, Tel. No. 322-7211. Arp, Afton (Miss) B.S. Graduate student. Bonilla, Carlos B.S. Graduate student. Chamliss, Dorothy (Mrs.) Technician. Cole, Larry K. B.A. Graduate student. Fuller, C. William B.S. Graduate student. Hanks, George D. Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Meiotic drive, sex ratio, Population genetics. Hanly, E. W. Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Developmental and physiological genetics. Helton, Nancye (Miss) Technician. Kuhn, David T. B.S. Graduate student. Meiotic Drive. Webb, Helen S. (Mrs.) Technician. Wilson, Robert Graduate student. Fitness in tumorous head. Wrathall, Jean B.S. Graduate student. Wright, C. Paul M.S. Graduate student.

San Diego, California, 92115: San Diego State College, Dept. of Biology, Tel. No. (714) 286-5000, ext. 5410. Ratty, Frank J. Ph.D. Professor. Radiation effects. Rinehart, Robert R. Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Radiation mutageriesis.

Seattle, Washington: University of Washington, Department of Genetics, Tel. No. (206) 543-2100 ext. 1622. McCloskey, James M.S. Graduate student. Merriam, John Roger M.S. Graduate student. Orem, Joseph Research Technician. Piternick, Leonie Kellen (Mrs.) Ph.D. Research Associate. Rosenfeld, Averil (Mrs.) B.S. Research Technician. Sandier, L. Ph.D. Associate Professor.

Staten Island, New York, 10301: Wagner College, Dept. of Biology, Tel. No. (212) G18-0560.

Annan, Murvel E. Ph.D. Professor. Radiation Genetics.

Stony Brook, New York, 11790: State University of New York at Stony Brook, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Tel. No. (516) 246-5030.

Erk, Frank C. Ph.D. Professor. Physiological genetics, melanotic tumors. (On leave 1964-65 in Edinburgh and Milan). Kernaghan, R. Peter. Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Biochemical genetics, electron microscopy. (September 1, 1965). Levin, Suzanne (Mrs.) M.S. Instructor, Curator of Stocks. 40:156 Directory - Geographical DIS 40 Storrs, Connecticut: University of Connecticut, Department of Genetics, Tel. No. (203) 429-9321 ext. 137, 138 Baldwin, Madeline C. (Miss) B.S. Graduate Assistant. Graduate student. Chovnick, Arthur Ph.D. Professor. Gene structure, gene function, recombination mechanisms. Finnerty, Victoria G. (Mrs.) M.S. Trainee in Cellular Biology, graduate student. Holm, David G. B.Sc. Graduate Assistant, Graduate student. Johnston, Florence (Mrs.) Technical Assistant. Krauss, Marion I. (Miss) B.A. Research Assistant. Mortenson, Lorraine R. (Miss) M.S. Research Assistant. Phelan, James B.A. Technical Assistant. Graduate student. Schalet, Abraham Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Mutation, gene structure. Schwinck, Use (Miss) Dr.rer.nat. Assistant Professor. Biochemical and developmental genetics Singer, Kenneth M.A. Research Assistant. Stewart, Gail (Mrs.) B.A. Research Assistant. Tillinghast, Barbara (Mrs.) Technical Assistant.

Syracuse, New York, 13210: Syracuse University, Dept. of Zoology, Tel. No. (315) GR6-5571, ext. 2159 Fedoroff, Nina (Miss) Student. Puffs. Knapp, Tonja (Miss) B.A. Research Assistant. Milkman, Roger D. Ph.D. Associate Professor. Polygenes; temperature. Phillips, Donald B.S. Research Assistant. Shantha, A. P. (Miss) M.Sc. (Mysore), Graduate student. Puffs.

Syracuse, New York, 13210: Syracuse University, Dept. of Zoology and Science Education, Tel. No (315) GR6-5571, ext. 2587 Druger, Marvin Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Selection; canalization. Kantor, Phyllis (Miss) B.A. Research Assistant. Kelly, Audrey (Miss) B.A. Research Assistant.

Tallahassee, Florida: Florida State University, Dept. of Biological Sciences (DIS 38). Tucson, Arizona, 85721: University of Arizona, Dept. of Zoology, Tel. No. MA4-8181, ext. 323.

Graf, Penny (Miss) B.A. Graduate student. Bacteriology and nutrition. Heed, William Ph.D. Associate Professor. Ecological genetics. Jensen, Robert B.A. H.S. Teacher. Nutrition. Kircher, Henry Ph.D. Associate Professor. Organic chemistry and nutrition. Myren, James B.A. H.S. Teacher. Nutrition. Panciera, Marie (Miss) B.A. Graduate Assistant. Ecology. Russell, Jean (Mrs.) Technical Assistant. Ecology and nutrition. Schlentz, Mary (Miss) B.A. Graduate Assistant. Ecological genetics. University,_Alabama: University of Alabama, Dept. of Biology (DIS 37). Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois, Dept. of Psychology (DIS 38).

Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois, Dept. of Zoology (DIS 38).

Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University, Dept. of Biology (DIS 37). Washington, D. C., 20550: National Science Foundation, Genetic Biology Program, Tel. No. (202) 343-7928. Lewis, Herman W. Ph.D. Wolff, Mary (Mrs.) M.S.

Washington, D. C.: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Biology and Medicine, Tel. No. (301) 973-3681 Edington, Charles W. Ph.D. Geneticist. Radiation and Chemical Mutagenesis.

Wellesley, Massachusetts, 02181: Wellesley College, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Tel. No. (617) 235-0320, ext. 464. Davis, Linda (Miss) A.B. Graduate Assistant. Hormones in immigrans. Wilson, Louise Palmer (Mrs.) Ph.D. Professor. Metabolism of tumors and melanotic growths in melanogaster.

Woodstock, Maryland: Woodstock College, Dept. of Biology, Tel. No. DA8-2101(DIS 38). January 1965 DIRECTORY 40:157 Alphabetical

Aagaard, J. Eugene, Oregon Beermann, W. Germany, Tubingen Abdou, L. A. U.A.R., Alexandria Belitz, H. J. Germany, Berlin Abou-Youssef, A. M. U.A.R., Alexandria Bell, A. E. Lafayette, Indiana Abrahamson, S. Madison, Wisconsin Bencivenga, L. Italy, Napoli bro, A. Norway, Bergen Bender, H. A. Notre Dame, Indiana Afifi, E. M. U.A.R., Alexandria Bennett, J. DeKalb, Illinois Aggarwal, S. K. Evanston, Illinois Bennett, K. W. KeKaib, Illinois Alegria, M. East Lansing, Michigan Ben-Zeev, N. Israel, Jerusalem Alevisos, V. Greece, Athens Berckmans, L. Belgium, Louvain Alexander, M. L. Austin, Texas Berendes, H. D. Netherlands, Leiden Alston, L. G. Chapel Hill, North Carolina Berger, H. Swtizerlnd, ZUrich Altenburg, E. Houston, Texas Bernard, J. France, Orsay Altmann, J. Switzerland, ZUrich Bernstein, A. Israel, Jerusalem Altwegg, P. Switzerland, ZUrich Bernstein-Barzilay, N. Israel, Jerusalem Anders, G.J.P.A. Netherlands, Groningen Bhat, P. N. Lafayette, Indiana Andersen, B. Denmark, Copenhagen Bicudo, H.E.M. de C. Brazil, Sao Paulo Anderson, Donald Notre Dame, Indiana Bie, V. van der Netherlands, Leiden Anderson, W. New York, New York Blaylock, B. G. Oak Ridge, Tennessee Andriesse, S. F. Netherlands, Groningen Blount, J. L. Alliance, Ohio Angus, D. Australia, Brisbane Boam, T. B. Great Britain, Sheffield Annan, M. E. Staten Island, New York Bochnig, V. Germany, Berlin Apitzsch, U. Germany, Karlsruhe Bocquet, C. France, Paris Arabia, L. Italy, Roma Boer, M. den Netherlands, Leiden Arking, R. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Bonilla, C. Salt Lake City, Utah Armentrout, H. C. Johnson City, Tennessee Bordet, D. France, Orsay Arnesen, J. F. DeKalb, Illinois Boshes, R. Chicago, Illinois Arnheim, N. Berkeley, California Bowler, J. A. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Arnold, P. Great Britain, Sheffield Bowman, J. T. Davis, California Arnold, W. J. Detroit, Michigan Bregliano, J. C. France, Orsay Arp, A. Salt Lake City, Utah Briggs, J. D. Columbus, Ohio Ashkin, C. R. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Brink, N. G. Great Britain, Edinburgh Astell, C. Canada, Vancouver Brncic, D. Chile, Santiago Aubele, Sr. M. B. Columbus, Ohio Brooks, G T. Columbus, Ohio Aubertin, M. Riverside, California Brosseau, G. E. Iowa City, Iowa Auerbach, C. A. Great Britain, Edinburgh Brown, J. Raleigh, North Carolina Ayala, F. J. New York, New York Brown, S. W. Berkeley, California Azmi, S. U.A.R., Alexandria Brownstein, B. H. Riverside, California Bacher, F. Pasadena, California Browning, L. S. Houston, Texas Bahn, E. Denmark, Copenhagen Bruck, D. Raleigh, North Carolina Bairati, A. Italy, Milano Brun, G. France, Orsay Baker, S. Israel, Jerusalem Bryniarski, T. Fayetteville, Arkansas Baker, W. K. Chicago, Illinois Buchanan, J. S. Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. Balaban, G. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Bunker, M. C. Bar Harbor, Maine Baldwin, M. C. Storrs, Connecticut Burdick, Allan B. Lebanon, Beirut Balli, M. Greece, Thessaloniki Burkholder, N. A. Baltimore, Maryland Band, H. T. East Lansing, Michigan Burla, H. Switzerland, ZUrich Banks, J. L. Columbus, Ohio Burnet, B. Great Britain, Sheffield Baran, A. Israel, Jerusalem Burns, M. J. Lafayette, Indiana Barber, B. Hiram, Ohio Bussereau, F. France, Orsay Barigozzi, C. Italy, Milano Butler, D. Raleigh, North Carolina Barker, J.S.F. Australia, Sydney Butler, S. Australia, Brisbane Barkley, J. Eugene, Oregon Butterworth, F. M. Evanston, Illinois Barrera, R. Chile, Santiago Buzzati-Traverso, A. A. Italy, Napoli Bart, Carol Austin, Texas Byers, H. M. Chapel Hill, North Carolina Bartelt, J. Germany, Berlin Cacheiro, N. Argentina, Buenos Aires Basden, E. B. Great Britain, Edinburgh Cama, J. Spain, Barcelona Bashor, R. P. Johnson City, Tennessee Canuti, N. Italy, Roma Bateman, A. J. Great Britain, Manchester Carfagna, M. Italy, Napoli Batra, H. N. India, Punjab Carlson, E. A. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Baumann, P. Switzerland, ZUrich Carmody, G. New York, New York Bautista, E. Colombia, Bogota' Carpenter, J. M. Lexington, Kentucky Beardmore, J. A. Netherlands, Haren Carson, H. L. St. Louis, Missouri 40:158 Directory - Alphabetical DIS 40

Carver, J. E. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Dawood, M. M. U.A.R., Alexandria Casey, L. Amherst, Massachusetts Dawson, H. Duarte, California Castro, L. Colombia, Bogota Day, J. W. Oak Ridge, Tennessee Cates, M. Chapel Hill, North Carolina Dearden, N. Great Britain, Manchester Catsch, A. Germany, Karlsruhe De Cindio, 0. Italy, Napoli Cattani, C. N. East Lansing, Michigan de Crombrugghe, S. A. Belgium, Louvain Chamliss, D. Salt Lake City, Utah DeForest, D. Detroit, Michigan Chandler, B. T. Belgium, Louvain Del Campo, G. Pasadena, California Chandley, A. C. Great Britain, Manchester Delcour, J. Belgium, Louvain Chang, C. H. Canada, Vancouver Delden, W. van Netherlands, Haren Chatterjee, K. India, West Bengal De Lerma, B. Italy, Napoli Chauhan, N. Great Britain, Edinburgh Delgado, M. St. Louis, Missouri Chejne, A. J. Colombia, Bogota Del Grande Kravina A. M. Italy, Milano Chen, P. S. Switzerland, Zirich Della Volpe, N. Italy, Napoli Chigusa, S. Lafayette, Indiana Del Solar, E. Chile, Santiago Childress, D. Eugene, Oregon de Marinic, S. E. Argentina, Buenos Aires Chipchase Birnstiel, M. G. B., Edinburgh DeMarinis, F. Cleveland, Ohio Choi, J. J. Korea, Seoul Dempsey, T. P. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Choo, J. K. Korea, Seoul Dempster, E. R. Berkeley, California Chopra, J. Great Britain, Edinburgh Denniston, C. L. Madison, Wisconsin Chovnick, A. Storrs, Connecticut Dewees, A. A. Lafayette, Indiana Chung, I. 0. Korea, Seoul Dharmarajan, M. India, Madras Chung, J. Y. Korea, Seoul Dickerman, R. C. Emporia, Kansas Chung, 0. K. Korea, Seoul Diez, J. Argentina, Buenos Aires Chung, Y. L. Madison, Wisconsin Dines, J. Australia, Brisbane Chun, W. S. Korea, Seoul Di Pasquale, A. Italy, Milano Church, R. Great Britain, Edinburgh Dittrich, W. Germany, Minster Clancy, C. W. Eugene, Oregon Doane, W. W. New Haven, Connecticut Clancy, E. B. Eugene, Oregon Dobzhansky, T. New York, New York Clarke, J. M. Great Britain, London Dolfini, S. Italy, Milano Clash, R. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Downie, J. Great Britain, Sussex Clausing, J. A. Ridgefield, Connecticut Drewes, K. DeKalb, Illinois Clavel, M. F. France, Lyon Druger, M. Syracuse, New York Clayton, F. E. Fayetteville, Arkansas Dyson, G. Raleigh, North Carolina Clayton, G. Great Britain, Edinburgh Early, R. C. Oak Ridge, Tennessee Clise, R. Cleveland, Ohio Ebersole, L. A. Columbus, Ohio Cohen, J. A. Chicago, Illinois Ebitani, N. Japan, Tokyo Cole, L. K. Salt Lake City, Utah Edington, C. W. Washington, D. C. Cohn, C. Duarte, California Edwards, J. W. Logan, Utah Collins, J. F. Chapel Hill, North Carolina Ehrlich, E. Eugene, Oregon Comstock, R. E. Minneapolis, Minnesota Ehrman, L. New York, New York Conine, D. Austin, Texas Eiche, A. Sweden, Stockholm Conley, C.A.M. Madison, Wisconsin Elequin, F. Austin, Texas Coomber, R. Logan, Utah El-Helw, N. R. U.A.R., Alexandria Corry, M. Johnson City, Tennessee Ellgaard, E. Iowa City, Iowa Cortes, B. I. Colombia, Bogota El-Wakil, H. H. U.A.R. , Alexandria Costantino, R. F. Lafayette, Indiana Ely, S. H. Logan, Utah Coughlin, J. St. Louis, Missouri El-Zoukka, T. A. U.A.R., Alexandria Counce, S. J. New Haven, Connecticut Engelking, A. B. Austin, Texas Council, S. Raleigh, North Carolina Englert, D. C. Carbondale, Illinois Courtright, J. B. Baltimore, Maryland English, D. S. Ames, Iowa Covarrubias, E. Chile, Santiago Epler, J. L. Oak Ridge, Tennessee Covarrubias, R. C. Mexico, Chapingo Erk, F. C. Stony Brook, New York Crow, J. F. Madison, Wisconsin Erway, L. Davis, California Cullen, Sr. M. U. New Haven, Connecticut Eschenberg, K. New Haven, Connecticut Cuzin, J. France, Paris Estevez, M. Argentina, Buenos Aires Dalebroux, M. Raleigh, North Carolina Faberge, A. C. Austin, Texas D'Angelo, G. Italy, Napoli Fahmy, M. J. Great Britain, Buckinghamshire Daniel, G. M. J. Madison, Wisconsin Fahmy, 0. G. Great Britain, Buckinghamshire Dauch, F. Germany, Karlsruhe Falk, C. T. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania David, J. France, Lyon Falk, R. Israel, Jerusalem Davis, L. Wellesley, Massachusetts Farqu, C. Eugene, Oregon Davis, 0. New Haven, Connecticut Farhang, M. Eugene, Oregon January 1965 Directory - Alphabetical 40:159

Farley, B. Bar Harbor, Maine Goldschmidt, E. Israel, Jerusalem Farnsworth, M. W. Buffalo, New York Golley, R. Iowa City, Iowa Farrow, M. C. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Gonzalez, F. W. Madison, Wisconsin Faulhaber, I. Baltimore, Maryland Gorovsky, M. Chicago, Illinois Fedoroff, N. Syracuse, New York Gottlieb, F. J. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Felsenstein, J. Chicago, Illinois Gowen, J. W. Fort Collins, Colorado Fenner, H. Chile, Santiago Grabicki, E. New Haven, Connecticut Fernandez, R. Chile, Santiago Graf, P. Tucson, Arizona Fielding, C. Great Britain, London Granobles, L. A. Colombia, Bogota Finlay, D. Australia, Sydney Grant, B. Raleigh, North Carolina Finnerty, V. G. Storrs, Connecticut Grant, R. New Haven, Connecticut Folkers, W. Netherlands, Haren Grassmann, A. Switzerland, Zurich Forbes, C. Moscow, Idaho Green, M. M. Davis, California Forrest, H. S. Austin, Texas Greer, W. Eugene, Oregon Fortner, J. M. Athens, Georgia Gregg, T. G. Oxford, Ohio Forward, K. Ann Arbor, Michigan Grell, E. H. Oak Ridge, Tennessee Fox, A. S. Madison, Wisconsin Grell, R. F. Oak Ridge, Tennessee Frahm, R. Raleigh, North Carolina Griffen, A. B. Bar Harbor, Maine Frankel, A. Iowa City, Iowa Groot, K. I. de Netherlands, Leiden Frankham, R. Australia, Sydney Grossfield, J. Austin, Texas Fraser, A. S. Davis, California GrUneberg, H. Great Britain, London Fraser, T. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Guest, W. C. Fayetteville, Arkansas Freeborn, J. Ridgefield, Connecticut Guillaumin, M. France, Paris Friedberg, E. Israel, Jerusalem Gurysh, R. A. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Friedman, L. D. Hiram, Ohio Gustafsson, K. Sweden, Stockholm Fristrom, J. Pasadena, California Haar, H. C. ter Netherlands, Haren Frydenberg, 0. Denmark, Copenhagen Hadorn, E. Switzerland, Zurich Frye, S. H. Austin, Texas Hakani, A. S. U.A.R., Alexandria Fuchs, M. S. Madison, Wisconsin Hale, G. New York, New York Fujii, S. Japan, Kobe Halfer, C. Italy, Milano Fukui, K. Japan, Hiroshima Hailer, H. J. Germany, Berlin Fuller, C. W. Salt Lake City, Utah Hall, B. Eugene, Oregon Fuscaldo, K. E. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Hamouda, S. U.A.R., Alexandria Fuste, M. Spain, Barcelona Hanimann, F. Switzerland, ZUrich Futch, D. Pasadena, California Hanks, G. D. Salt Lake City, Utah Gall, G.A.E. Lafayette, Indiana Hanly, E. W. Salt Lake City, Utah Gallo, A. J. Brazil, Sao Paulo Hannah, Alava A. Finland, Turku Gallucci, E. Italy, Milano Harrison, B. J. Great Britain, Hertford Garcia-Bellido, A. Switzerland, ZUrich Harth, L. St. Louis, Missouri Gardner, E. J. Logan, Utah Hartman, A. Chicago, Illinois Gay, H. Ann Arbor, Michigan Hartmann-Goldstein, I. J. S. A. ,Johannesburg Gay, P. France, Gif-sur-Yvette Hartshorne, J. N. Great Britain, Manchester Gehring, W. Switzerland, ZUrich Hastings, M. Great Britain, Sussex Geiger, H. R. Pasadena, California Havin, E. Norway, Oslo German, E. H. Colombia, Bogota Hawkes, N. R. Logan, Utah Gersh, E. S. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Hayashi, S. Canada, Vancouver Gerstenberg, V. L. Austin, Texas Hayman, D. L. Australia, Adelaide Geer, B. W. Galesburg, Illinois Hebb, S. Emporia, Kansas Gfeller, Sr. M. D. Eugene,Oregon Heed, W. Tucson, Arizona Giavelli, S. Italy, Milano Heerema, N. Iowa City, Iowa Giesel, B. J. Eugene, Oregon Hegab, H. S. U.A.R., Alexandria Gifford, M. J. East Lansing, Michigan Heinonen, P. Finland, Turku Gill, K. S. New Haven, Connecticut Helton, N. Salt Lake City, Utah Gilmore, G. Iowa City, Iowa Henderson, A. S. Chapel Hill, N. C. Glanges, E. Austin, Texas Hennig, W. Germany, TUbingen Glass, H. B. Baltimore, Maryland Henslee, E. St. Louis, Missouri Glass, S. S. Baltimore, Maryland Herforth, R. S. Lincoln, Nebraska Glassman, E. Chapel Hill, North Carolina Hernandez, E. Spain, Barcelona Gleditsch, A. Norway, Blindern Hess, 0. Germany, TUbingen Gloor, H. J. Netherlands, Leiden Heuts, N. J. Belgium, Louvain Goedhart, A. Netherlands, Leiden Hexter, W. M. Amherst, Massachusetts Goetz, W. Switzerland, ZUrich Hihara, F. Japan, Tokyo Golden, H. Buffalo, New York Hillman, N. W. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 40:160 Directory - Alphabetical DIS 40

Hillman, R. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Kaplan, M. New York, New York Himoe, E. Madison, Wisconsin Kaplan, W. D. Duarte, California Hinton, C. W. Athens, Georgia Karam, J. D. Chapel Hill, North Carolina Hiraizumi, Y. Japan, Misima Karlik, A. Austria, Wien Hirsch, M. L. France, Gif-sur-Yvette Kasnic, G. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Hochman, B. Knoxville, Tennessee Kastritsis, C. Austin, Texas Hodge, L. D. Chapel Hill, North Carolina Kataoka, Y. Japan, Tokyo Hoenigsberg, H. F. Colombia, Bogota Kaufmann, B. P. Ann Arbor, Michigan Hoffer, H. C. Austin, Texas Kawabe, M. Japan, Kobe Hollander, W. F. Ames, Iowa Kawanishi, M. Japan, Misima Hollingsworth, M. J. Great Britain, London Kearsy, N. Raleigh, North Carolina Holm, D. G. Storrs, Connecticut Keith, A. Eugene, Oregon Holt, M. Eugene, Oregon Kelly, A. Syracuse, New York Holt, T. K. H. Netherlands, Leiden Kenyon, A. Athens, Georgia Holzman, H. E. Chambersburg, Pennsylvania Kernaghan, R. P. Stony Brook, New York Hoogmoed, N. S. Netherlands, Leiden Kessler, S. New York, New York Horikawa, M. Madison, Wisconsin Khan, F. M. Australia, Brisbane Horwood, P. J. Great Britain, Buckinghamshire Kim, K. W. Korea, Kwangju, Chunnam Hotz, G. Germany, Karlsruhe Kim, Y. J. Korea, Seoul House, V. L. Columbus, Ohio Kimura, M. Japan, Misima Hubby, J. L. Chicago, Illinois Kindred, B. M. Australia, Sydney Hunt, C. L. Johnson City, Tennessee King, R. C. Evanston, Illinois Hunt, D. M. Great Britain, Sheffield Kircher, H. Tucson, Arizona Huston, L. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Kiriazis, W. Hiram, Ohio Hyde, T. New Haven, Connecticut Kirschbaum, W. F. Argentina, Buenos Aires Ichida, H. Japan, Tokyo Kitgawa, 0. Japan, Tokyo Ikeda, H. Japan, Tokyo Kitazume, Y. Japan, Kobe Imaizumi, Y. Japan, Chiba-City Klden, B. Germany, Berlin Inagaki, E. Japan, Chiba-City Klepper, C. Netherlands, Leiden Inouye, I. Japan, Kobe, Okamoto Kierk, T. H. de Netherlands, Leiden Ishikawa, M. Japan, Hiroshima Klingele, Sr. M. B. Notre Dame, Indiana Iturra, P. Chile, Santiago Knapp, T. Syracuse, New York Ives, P. T. Amherst, Massachusetts Knight, G. R. Great Britain, Edinburgh lyama, S. Japan, Misima Kobayashi, S. Japan, Misima Jackson, W. D. Australia, Hobart Koch, E. A. Evanston, Illinois Jeavons, B. New Haven, Connecticut Koch, R. Switzerland, ZUrich Jenkins, J. Logan, Utah Kojima, K. Raleigh, North Carolina Jensen, B. A. Carbondale, Illinois Konarski, M. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Jensen, R. Tucson, Arizona Koref-Santibaez, S. Chile, Santiago Jha, A. P. India, Varanasi Koske-Westphal, T. Germany, Hamburg John, F. Canada, Vancouver Kosswig, C. Germany, Hamburg Johnson, F. M. Madison, Wisconsin Kosuda, K. Japan, Tokyo Johnson, G. R. Berkeley, California Kramer, W. N. Netherlands, Haren Johnston, F. Storrs, Connecticut Krause, E. Lafayette, Indiana Jokela, T. A. Pullman, Washington Krauss, N. I. Storrs, Connecticut Jones, J. K. Great Britain, Reading Krimbas, C. B. Greece, Athens Jones, L. P. Australia, Sydney Krivshenko, E. D. Rochester, New York Jost, P. Eugene, Oregon Krivshenko, J. D. Rochester, New York Jozwiak, J. Buffalo, New York Kroeger, H. Switzerland, ZUrich Judd, B. H. Austin, Texas Kuhn, D. T. Salt Lake City, Utah Judd, S. E. Chapel Hill, North Carolina Kuhn, J. Davis, California Kadel, B. Baltimore, Maryland Kiihner, A. Switzerland, ZUrich Kaji, S. Japan, Kobe, Okamoto Kuich, L. L. Austin, Texas Kale, P. G. India, Varanasi Kuile, A. E. ter Netherlands, Leiden Kambysellis, M. New Haven, Connecticut Kung, H. H. Chicago, Illinois Kan, J. Madison, Wisconsin Kunze-Miihl, F. Austria, Wien Kanehisa, T. Japan, Kobe Kurokawa, H. Japan, Tokyo Kaneko, A. Japan, Sapporo Kusyk, C. Chapel Hill, North Carolina Kanellis, A. Greece, Thessaloniki Kuyen, C. J. van Netherlands, Leiden Kanfer, P. S. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Kvelland, I. Norway, Blindern Kang, S. H. Madison, Wisconsin Kyle, W. H. Lafayette, Indiana Kang, Y. S. Korea, Seoul Lagowski, J. M. Austin, Texas Kantor, P. Syracuse, New York Lakovaara, S. Finland, Helsinki January 1965 Directory - Alphabetical 40:161

Lamborot, M. Belgium, Louvain Mather, W. B. Australia, Brisbane Lamprecht, J. Switzerland, Zirich Matthew, C. Great Britain, Edinburgh Lange, E. L. Lafayette, Indiana Mattson, T. L. Madison, Wisconsin Langer, B. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Mayeda, K. Detroit, Michigan Lansky, L. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Mayo, M. J. Australia, Adelaide Laufer, H. Baltimore, Maryland Mazar-Barnett, B. Argentina, Buenos Aires Laverde, A. Colombia, Bogota McCarron, Sr. M. J. Philadelphia, Pa. Lawson, B. K. Johnson City, Tennessee McCarty, J. Emporia, Kansas Lee, C. C. Korea, Seoul McCloskey, J. Seattle, Washington Lee, C. S. Korea, Seoul McCrady, W. B. Arlington, Texas Lee, B. W. Korea, Seoul McCune, T. B. Knoxville, Tennessee Lee, T. J. Korea, Seoul McDonald, M. M. Pullman, Washington Lee, W. R. Austin, Texas McFarlane, J. L. Riverside, California Lefevre, G. Cambridge, Massachusetts McIntire, S. Oxford, Ohio LeFever, H. Austin, Texas McKinley, K. Austin, Texas Leigh, B. Great Britain, Edinburgh McNew, R. W. Lafayette, Indiana Leon, W. N. Argentina, Buenos Aires Mead, C. Oak Ridge, Tennessee Leone, J. G. Baltimore, Maryland Medina, L. Colombia, Bogota Levene, H. New York, New York Megna, F. Italy, Napoli Leventhal, E. New Haven, Connecticut Meiller, C. R. Knoxville, Tennessee Levin, S. Stony Brook, New York Mnsua, J. L. Spain, Barcelona Levine, L. New York, New York Merckx, F. Belgium, Louvain Levine, R. P. Cambridge, Massachusetts Merrell, D. J. Minneapolis, Minnesota Levitan, M. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Merriam, J. R. Seattle, Washington Levy, A. Australia, Adelaide Mettler, L. E. Raleigh, North Carolina Levy, J. H. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Meyer, G. F. Germany, TUbingen Lewenhaupt, M. Sweden, Stockholm Meyer, H. U. Madison, Wisconsin Lewis, E. B. Pasadena, California Micheli, A. Italy, Roma Lewis, H. W. Washington, D. C. Mickey, G. H. Ridgefield, Connecticut Lewontin, R. C. Chicago, Illinois Milkman, R. D. Syracuse, New York Lezzi, M. Switzerland, Zurich Miller, D. D. Lincoln, Nebraska L'Heritier, P. France, Gif-sur-Yvette Milner, P. N. Austin, Texas Lindsley, D. L. Oak Ridge, Tennessee Minamori, S. Japan, Hiroshima Ling, L. L. Madison, Wisconsin Mindek, G. Switzerland, Zirich Lints, C. V. Belgium, Louvain Mitchell, A. Pasadena, California Lints, F. A. Belgium, Louvain Mitchell, H. K. Pasadena, California Locatelli, F. Italy, Milano Mittler, J. E. DeKalb, Illinois Lommerse, M. A. H. Netherlands, Leiden Mittler, S. DeKalb, Illinois Louw, W. Great Britain, Edinburgh Mojica, T. Colombia, Bogota Lovell, R. H. Notre Dame, Indiana Momma, E. Japan, Sapporo Lucchesi, J. Eugene, Oregon Monclus, M. Spain, Barcelona Luchowski, E. Buffalo, New York Montalenti, G. Italy, Roma Luers, H. Germany, Berlin Montelius, I. Sweden, Stockholm Luers, T. Germany, Berlin Moon, H. M. Chapel Hill, North Carolina Lundin, D. J. Ridgefield, Connecticut Moray, N. Great Britain, Sheffield Luning, K. G. Sweden, Stockholm Moree, R. Pullman, Washington Machida, I. Japan, Chiba-City Morihira, K. Japan, Hiroshima Macias Neto, V. Brazil, So Paulo Moriwaki, D. Japan, Tokyo Maeda, Y. Japan, Kobe Mortenson, L. R. Storrs, Connecticut Magaribuchi, K. Japan, Kobe Moskwinski, T. Notre Dame, Indiana Mainx, F. Austria, Wien Mossige, J. C. Norway, Oslo Makino, S. Japan, Sapporo Mourad, A. N. U.A.R., Alexandria Malagolowkin-Cohen, C. New York, New York Mourad, E. U.A.R., Alexandria Mallah, G. S. U.A.R., Alexandria Mourao, C. A. Brazil, So Paulo Manna, G. K. India, West Bengal Moyer, S. Raleigh, North Carolina Marien, D. New York, New York Muckenthaler, F. A. Baltimore, Maryland Markowitz, E. Madison, Wisconsin Mukai, T. Japan, Misima Maruyama, T. Madison, Wisconsin Mukherjee, A; Germany, Tubingen Masri, A. M. U.A.R., Alexandria Mukherjee, R. Canada, Vancouver Massasso, J. Great Britain, Buckinghamshire Mukherjee, S. Germany, Tubingen Massimillo, L. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Mukherjee, U. Canada, Vancouver Masuda, H. Japan, Misima Mulkay, L. Logan, Utah 40:162 Directory - Alphabetical DIS 40

MUller, A. Germany, Karlsruhe Pakonen, C. Z. Pullman, Washington Muller, H. J. Duarte, California Palomino, H. Chile, Santiago Mullins, J. Ames, Iowa Panciera, H. Tucson, Arizona Muoz, E. R. Argentina, Buenos Aires Parato, T. St. Louis, Missouri Murphy, J. Austin, Texas Park, H. S. Korea, Kwangju Myren, J. Tucson, Arizona Parker, D. Cambridge, Massachusetts Myszewski, M. E. East Lansing, Michigan Parker, D. R. Riverside, California Nadal, A. Spain, Barcelona Parrish, J. L. Chapel Hill, North Carolina Nagle, J. Raleigh, North Carolina Parry, D. Canada, Vancouver Nair, P. St. Louis, Missouri Parshad, R. India, Punjab Nakai, S. Japan, Chiba-City Parzen, S. D. Madison, Wisconsin Nakajima, K. Japan, Misima Pasztor, L. Eugene, Oregon Nakanishi, H. Y. Japan, Chiba-City Pavlovsky, 0. New York, New York Nakao, Y. Japan, Chiba-City Paz, C. Argentina, Buenos Aires Narayana Rao, N. India, Madras Peabody, A. Cambridge, Massachusetts Narda, R. D. India, Punjab Peacock, J. Eugene, Oregon Nash, D. Madison, Wisconsin Pearson, M. Great Britain, Sheffield Nassar, H. A. U.A.R., Alexandria Peeples, H. E. Austin, Texas Natarajan, A. T. India, Delhi Pelecanos, M. Greece, Thessaloniki Navas, Y. G. Colombia, Bogota Pentzos-Daponte, A. Greece, Thessaloniki Nawa, S. Japan, Misima Pereyra, E. Argentina, Buenos Aires Negrotti, T. C. de Argentina, Buenos Aires Perreault, W. Ann Arbor, Michigan Nei, M. Japan, Chiba-City Perry, M. Great Britain, Edinburgh Newby, C. M. Johnson City, Tennessee Petermann, U. Switzerland, ZUrich Nicoletti, B. Italy, Roma Petersen, G. Logan, Utah Niederhuber, S. A. Columbus, Ohio Peterson, J. B. Madison, Wisconsin Nienhaus, A. J. Netherlands, Groningen Petit, C. France, Paris Nilsson, M. B. Cambridge, Massachusetts Petri, G. F. Logan, Utah Nolte, D. J. South Africa, Johannesburg Peveling, H. Ann Arbor, Michigan Nonami, K. Japan, Tokyo Phelan, J. Storrs, Connecticut Norton, I. L. Oak Ridge, Tennessee Phillips, B. J. Chapel Hill, North Carolina Nthel, H. Germany, Berlin Phillips, D. Syracuse, New York Nthiger, R. Switzerland, ZUrich Phillips, J. P. Logan, Utah Novitski, E. Eugene, Oregon Pieters, J. Netherlands, Haren Obe, G. Germany, Berlin Pipkin, S. B. Baltimore, Maryland Oden, C. E. Austin, Texas Piternick, L. K. Seattle, Washington Oftedal, P. Norway, Oslo Plaine, H. L. Columbus, Ohio Ohanessian-Guillemain, A. France, Gif-sur-Yvette Plaut, W. S. Madison, Wisconsin Ohba, S. Japan, Tokyo Plotkin, H. Madison, Wisconsin Ohnishi, E. Japan, Tokyo Plough, H. H. Amherst, Massachusetts Ohnishi, Y. Japan, Kobe Plus, N. France, Gif-sur-Yvette Ohta, T. Raleigh, North Carolina Podger, R. N. Australia, Sydney Oishi., K. Japan, Misima Pontecorvo, G. Great Britain, Glasgow Okada, T. Japan, Tokyo Portin, P. Finland, Turku Oksala, T. A. Finland, Turku Potthoff, R. F. Chapel Hill, North Carolina Olberding, N. Ames, Iowa Poulson, D. F. New Haven, Connecticut Oliver, C. P. Austin, Texas Powers, L. M. Baltimore, Maryland Olivieri, A. Netherlands, Leiden Prakash, S. St. Louis, Missouri Olivieri, G. Italy, Roma Preuss, B. Denmark, Copenhagen Olivieri Mancini, A. Italy, Roma Prevosti, A. Spain, Barcelona Oostingh, H. T. Netherlands, Haren Price, J. H. E. Great Britain, Buckinghamshir Orem, J. Seattle, Washington Printz, P. France, Gif-sur-Yvette Ortiz, M. L. Mexico, Chapingo Pritchard, R. H. Great Britain, Leicester Oshima, C. Japan, Misima Proust, J. France, Orsay Oskamp, A. Netherlands, Utrecht Prout, T. Riverside, California Oster, I. I. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Prudhommeau, C. France, Orsay Oster, P. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Pui, M. L. L. du Netherlands, Haren Overbeck, H. Germany, Berlin Pulitzer, J. F. Italy, Naples Oxley, E. W. Duarte, California Puro, J. Finland, Turku Pack, W. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Rakha, F. A. U.A.R., Alexandria Paik, J. K. Austin, Texas Ramanamurthy, C. V. Notre Dame, Indiana Paika, I. India, Punjab Ramel, C. Sweden, Stockholm January 1965 Directory - Alphabetical 40:163

Rath, L. Riverside, California Scheinberg, E. Lafayette, Indiana Rathie, K. A. Australia, Sydney Schewe, M. J. Chapel Hill, North Carolina Ratty, F. J. San Diego, California Schifflers, E. Belgium, Louvain Rau, C. C. St. Louis, Missouri Schlentz, M. Tucson, Arizona Ray-Chaudhuri, S. P. India, Varanasi Schmidt, M. Austin, Texas Reddig, T. Emporia, Kansas Scholefield, J. Canada, Vancouver Reinhardt, K. DeKaib, Illinois Schouten, S. C. M. Netherlands, Utrecht Remensberger, P. Switzerland, Zurich Schneider, I. New Haven, Connecticut Remondini, D. Logan, Utah Schneider-Minder, A. Switzerland' ' Zurich Rendel, J. M. Australia, Sydney Schubiger, G. Switzerland, Zuirich Resch, K. Austin, Texas Schwarz, R. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Rezzonico Raimondi G. Italy, Milano Schwinck, I. Storrs, Connecticut Rhodes, C. D. Chapel Hill, North Carolina Scott, D. South Africa, Johannesburg Ribd, C. Spain, Barcelona Scowcroft, W. R. Davis, California Richardson, R. Austin, Texas Seecof, R. Duarte, California Richmond, J. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Seiger, M. B. Rochester, New York Rinehart, R. R. San Diego, California Sen, B. K. Great Britain, Edinburgh Ringel, M. M. Belgium, Louvain Sendi, K. Eugene, Oregon Ritterhoff, R. K. Baltimore, Maryland Sessi, J. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Rizki, R. N. Ann Arbor, Michigan Shamay, E. Israel, Jerusalem Rizki, T. M. Ann Arbor, Michigan Shantha, A. P. Syracuse, New York Roberts, P. A. Oak Ridge, Tennessee Sharma, G. P. India, Punjab Robertson, A. Great Britain, Edinburgh Sharma, R. P. India, Delhi Robertson, F. W. Great Britain, Edinburgh Shaw, B. A. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Roe, L. Eugene, Oregon Sheldon, B. L. Australia, Sydney Roeder, C. Switzerland, Zurich Shelton, E. E. Logan Utah Rogers, B. L. Knoxville, Tennessee Shen, M. W. Austin, Texas Rojas, E. Chile, Santiago Sherif, N. I. U.A.R., Alexandria Romero, I. F. Colombia, Bogota Sherwin, R. M. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Ronen, A. Israel, Jerusalem Shideler, D. Lafayette, Indiana Roper, J. A. Great Britain, Sheffield Shima, T. Japan, Sapporo Rosenfeld, A. Seattle, Washington Shiomi, T. Japan, Chiba-City Rosin, S. Switzerland, Bern Shoeb, Y. Z. U.A.R., Alexandria Roushdy, M. S. U.A.R., Alexandria Shoham, Y. Israel, Jerusalem Rowan, Sr. M. J. Rochester, New York Shoup, J. Chicago, Illinois Rubio, J. Great Britain, London Sick, K. Denmark, Copenhagen Ruderer, E. Austria, Wien Sigot, A. France, Strasbourg RUegg, M. Switzerland, Zuirich Silva, E. Brazil, So Paulo Rmke, C. L. Netherlands, Utrecht Simmons, J. R. Logan, Utah Rundell, C. Davis, California Simpson, M. L. Austin, Texas Russell, D. Emporia, Kansas Sims, N. Chicago, Illinois Russell, J. Tucson, Arizona Singeisen, C. Switzerland, ZUrich Russell, P. Amherst, Massachusetts Singer, K. Storrs, Connecticut Ryan, C. DeKaib, Illinois Singh, A. India, Punjab Saeki, T. Japan, Chiba-City Singh, M. Chicago, Illinois Sakaguchi, B. Japan, Misima Sinnock, P. Raleigh, North Carolina Sakai, K. I. Japan, Misima Sironi, G. P. Italy, Milano Saliternik, R. Israel, Jerusalem Slatis, H. N. East Lansing, Michigan Salverson, H. Madison, Wisconsin Slizynska, H. Great Britain, Edinburgh Sandler, L. Seattle, Washington Slizynski, B. M. Great Britain, Edinburgh Sang, J. H. Great Britain, Sussex Smit, A. Pasadena, California Sankaranarayanan, K. New York, New York Smith, D. Raleigh, North Carolina Sano, K. Japan, Misima Smith, K. P. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Sari Gorla M. Italy, Milano Smith, P. A. Evanston, Illinois Sarkar, D. N. India, Varanasi Smoler, M. H. Madison, Wisconsin Sasaki, F. Japan, Tokyo Sobels, F. H. Netherlands, Leiden Saul, G. Pasadena, California Sokoloff, A. Berkeley, California Savolainen, S. Finland, Turku Soliman, A. M. Ann Arbor, Michigan Scandlyn, B. J. Madison, Wisconsin Soliman, N. H. U.A.R., Alexandria Schalet, A. Storrs, Connecticut Solima-Simmons, A. New York, New York Scharloo, W. Netherlands, Leiden Somerville, D. Baltimore, Maryland Scheidt, G. East Lansing, Michigan Sparvoli, E. Ann Arbor, Michigan 40:164 Directory - Alphabetical DIS 40

Spassky, B. New York, New York Tiivola, A. Finland, Helsinki Sperlich, D. Austria, Wien Tillinghast, B. Storrs, Connecticut Spieler, R. A. Chicago, Illinois Tobari, I. Japan, Chiba-City Spiess, E. B. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Tobari, Y. N. Japan, Tokyo Spiess, L. D. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Tobler, H. Switzerland, Zirich Spieth, H. T. Austin, Texas Tokuda, T. Japan, Misima Spofford, J. B. Chicago, Illinois Tokumitsu, T. Japan, Sapporo Spring, H. Switzerland, Zurich Tonzetich, J. Durham, North Carolina Springer, R. Austria, Wien Torres, I. P. Brazil, So Paulo Spurway, R. Australia, Brisbane Torroja, E. Austin, Texas Stadler, J. Fort Collins, Colorado Torroja, E. New York, New York Stalker, H. D. St. Louis, Missouri Towne, L. Emporia, Kansas Stalker, S. E. Lexington, Kentucky Traut, A. Germany, MUnster Stallard, M. A. Galesburg, Illinois Traut, H. Germany, Minster Staub, M. Switzerland, Zurich Travis, D. L. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Stavrou, H. Riverside, California Trigg, C. E. Great Britain, Buckinghamshire Steensma, K. T. Netherlands, Groningen Trosko, J. E. Oak Ridge, Tennessee Steinberg, A. G. Cleveland, Ohio Tsacas, S. Greece, Athens Steiner, C. St. Louis, Missouri Tschumi, P. Switzerland, Bern Stevenson, R. Johnson City, Tennessee Tuinstra, E. J. Netherlands, Utrecht Stewart, G. Storrs, Connecticut U, R. DeKalb, Illinois Stewart, M. C. Oak Ridge, Tennessee Ufholz, I. Germany, Karlsruhe Stiers, R. 0. Belgium, Louvain Ulrich, H. Switzerland, ZUrich Still, C. Great Britain, Buckinghamshire Ursprung, H. Baltimore, Maryland Stone, W. S. Austin, Texas Valencia, J. I. Argentina, Buenos Aires Strachan, K. Great Britain, Edinburgh Valencia, R. M. Argentina, Buenos Aires Strickberger, M. W. St. Louis, Missouri Vandling, W. E. Eugene, Oregon Strickland, B. C. Knoxville, Tennessee Van Valen, L. New York, New York Strmnaes, 1. Norway, Blindern Vasistha, H. C. India, Varanasi Struck, E. Germany, Berlin Vigier, P. France, Orsay Sturtevant, A. H. Pasadena, California Vlist, J. v. d. Netherlands, Utrecht Suarez, M. Spain, Barcelona Vloeberghs, J. V. Belgium, Louvain Suber, T. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Volkers, W. Netherlands, Leiden Sugisaki, R. Japan, Misima von Borstel, R. C. Oak Ridge, Tennessee Suguna, S. G. India, Madras Von Halle, E. S. Oak Ridge, Tennessee Sullivan, A. Eugene, Oregon Vovis, G. F. Galesburg, Illinois Suomalainen, E. Finland, Helsinki Vreezen, W. Netherlands, Leiden Suzuki, D. Canada, Vancouver Waddington, C. H. Great Britain, Edinburgh Swaminathan, M. S. India, Delhi Wagner, R. P. Austin, Texas Swatek, J. Chicago, Illinois Wahrman, J. Israel, Jerusalem Swift, H. Chicago, Illinois Waidner, R. Switzerland, ZUrich Szekessy, N. M. B. Colombia, Bogota Walen, K. H. Berkeley, California Taira, T. Japan, Misima Walker, L. R. Athens, Georgia Takahashi, A. Japan, Misima Wallbrunn, H. M. Gainesville, Florida Takaya, H. Japan, Kobe Wallis, B. Madison, Wisconsin Talmage, S. H. Lexington, Kentucky Walsh, M. DeKaib, Illinois Tantawy, A. 0. U.A.R., Alexandria Walth, G. D. Pullman, Washington Tartof, K. Ann Arbor, Michigan Ward, C. L. Durham, North Carolina Tasca, R. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Wassenaar, M. C. Netherlands, Leiden Tates, A. D. Netherlands, Leiden Wasserman, M. New York, New York Taylor, A. Cambridge, Massachusetts Watanabe, T. Japan, Kobe Taylor, E. Emporia, Kansas Watanabe, I. Japan, Chiba-City Taylor, R. K. Knoxville, Tennessee Watanabe, T. K. Japan, Misima Taylor, W. Chicago, Illinois Watson, J. E. Lafayette, Indiana Teissier, G. France, Paris Watson, W. A. F. Great Britain, Edinburgh Temin, R. G. Madison, Wisconsin Wattiaux, J. M. Belgium, Louvain Terry, A. Chapel Hill, North Carolina Webb, H. S. Salt Lake City, Utah Thomas-Orillard, M. France, Paris Weber, U. Pasadena, California Thompson, C. F. Jr. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Weisbrot, D. R. Medford, Massachusetts Thompson, P. E. Ames, Iowa Welshons,W. J. Oak Ridge, Tennessee Throckmorton, L. H. Chicago, Illinois Westmoreland, D. Johnson City, Tennessee Tiffany, B. Amherst, Massachusetts Westphal, N. J. Lincoln, Nebraska

(continued on page 6)