Chemistry 217 Chemical Principles I Home Laboratory Manual 2012/14 Course Team Lab Manual Authors: Lawton Shaw, Rob Carmichael, Scott McGavin, and Dietmar Kennepohl Editor: Erna Dominey Cover Photography and Design: Blaise MacMullin and Ian Grivois Visual Presentation: Digital Media Technology Unit Laboratory Manager: Elaine Goth-Birkigt Laboratory Kit Manager: Neil Sexton Laboratory Research Assistant Carmen Allen Laboratory Coordinator: Robert D. Carmichael Home Lab Advisors: Melissa Gajweski Jim Robinson Darinka Rising Klaus Thomson Nyron Jaleel Course Coordinator: Lawton Shaw Photography & Illustrations: Blaise MacMullin, Elaine Goth-Birkigt, Ian Grivois, Neil Sexton, Carmen Allen, and Robert Carmichael Every effort has been taken to ensure that these materials comply with the requirements of copyright clearances and appropriate credits. Athabasca University will attempt to incorporate in future printings any corrections which are communicated to it. Athabasca University students are allowed to make a print copy of this manual from an electronic file. Athabasca University 2012 Printed in Canada SLID#C100312 CHEMISTRY 217 Contents General Information Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3 Organization ........................................................................................................ 4 Home Lab Kit Request ....................................................................................... 6 Safety Pledge ................................................................................................... 7 Receiving and Returning your Chemistry 217 Home Lab Kit .................... 8 Materials to be Provided by the Student ......................................................... 9 Evaluation of Students’ Work ......................................................................... 10 Writing Laboratory Reports ............................................................................ 11 Graphs ................................................................................................................ 22 Getting Started .............................................................................................. 23 Straight-line Graphs ..................................................................................... 24 Checklist ......................................................................................................... 27 Problems ........................................................................................................ 28 Further Reading ............................................................................................ 29 Answers to Problems ................................................................................... 30 Safety ................................................................................................................... 31 Safety Rules ................................................................................................... 32 Some General Advice Regarding Laboratory Work ................................ 34 Medical Information Form .......................................................................... 36 Chemistry Laboratory Accident Form ....................................................... 38 WHMIS ............................................................................................................ 40 Hazard Symbols ............................................................................................ 41 Common Apparatus ......................................................................................... 42 Checklist of Equipment Contained in Each Student Kit ............................. 46 Experiments ........................................................................................................ 49 The Candle Experiment ................................................................................... 51 Block A Experiments Experiment A1: Mass and Volume Measurement ................................... 61 Experiment A2: The Use of a Spectrophotometer† ................................... 79 Experiment A3: Acid-Base Titrations ....................................................... 107 † These labs require formal reports. HOME LAB MANUAL FOR 2012–14 Experiment A4: The Determination of the Universal Gas Constant† ... 127 Block B Experiments Experiment B1: Solutions ........................................................................... 139 Experiment B2: The Determination of an Enthalpy Change Experiment B2: That Cannot Be Measured Directly ............................... 155 Experiment B3: The Reactions and Identification of Experiment B3: Some Common Cations ................................................. 171 Experiment B4: Quantitative Determination of Phosphorus ................ 179 Block C Experiment Project C: The Stoichiometry of a Reaction† ............................................ 191 Appendix Table of Reagents ............................................................................................ 203 Glossary ........................................................................................................... 205 How to Return Your Home Lab Kit .............................................................. 213 Index .................................................................................................................. 216 † These labs require formal reports. CHEMISTRY 217 Acknowledgements The 2012/14 version makes only a few minor corrections to the manual. In the previous 2011/12 version of the CHEM217 lab manual incorporates a major positive change to the home lab kit, the SpectroVis spectrophotometer. The lead author wishes to thank Neil Sexton, Elaine Goth-Birkigt, and Rob Carmichael for their work on the implementation of this improvement. The authors’ gratefully acknowledges all the contributions and suggestions for improvement to the 2003/04, first version of this manual by Christy Tkachuk and Robert Carmichael (Summer 2002). Special thanks to Elaine Goth-Birkigt and Roberta Franchuk for checking all the B1–B4 home-lab experiments (Fall 1995), and again to Elaine Goth-Birkigt, with the help of Neil Sexton and Richie Golonka, for the construction and testing of the simple spectrophotometers (2002). Thanks again to Neil Sexton and Rob Carmichael for their to incorporate the inclusion of the 10 mL short burette in 2009. The author also wishes to thank Blaise MacMullin for all his photography work (Summer 2002). Finally, the candle image photos reprinted on page 51 are courtesy of the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center. Thanks are very warmly extended to Dr. Daniel L. Dietrich, of NASA’s John H. Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, for all the additional information he provided about the candle flames in microgravity. The experiments described in this laboratory manual are mainly variations of similar experiments that may be found described in the laboratory manuals of other universities or in commercially produced lab texts. Each experiment has been modified and rewritten, keeping the particular needs of Athabasca University students in mind. The author acknowledges the following sources: Practical Inorganic Chemistry Manual, University of Essex, 1965. (Exp A1) Rayner-Canham, Geoff. Foundations of Chemistry in the Laboratory. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1983. (Exp. A1) Frantsi, Susan A. Chemistry Experiments: A Student Manual for Off Campus Use. Indianapolis, IN: IUPUI. (Exp. B1 and Safety Pledge) Solomon, Sally, Lee, Alan and Bates, Donald. J. Chem. Ed. 70(5) 411. (Exp. B4) Robinson, E. A., Ronald J. Gillespie, Irma Hoogendoorn, and John E. Bauman, Jr. Laboratory Manual to Accompany Chemistry. Newton, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1986. (Exp. B2) Laboratory Manual, Chemistry 209, Athabasca University. (Exp. A3) Beran, Jo A. Laboratory Manual for Fundamentals of Chemistry. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1981. (Exp. A4) Weiss, Gerald S., Robert K. Wismer, and Thomas G. Greco. Experiments in General Chemistry, 2nd ed. New York: MacMillan, 1985. (Exp. A1) HOME LAB MANUAL FOR 2012–14 Nelson, John H., and Kenneth C. Kemp. Laboratory Experiments for Brown and LeMay Chemistry: The Central Science, 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1985. (Exp. A2) Laboratory Manual, Chemistry 320, Athabasca University. (Exp. A2) CHEMISTRY 217 General Information General Information HOME LAB MANUAL FOR 2012–14 1 2 CHEMISTRY 217 General Information Introduction Athabasca University is very pleased to offer and welcome you to the home laboratory component of Chemistry 217. Although the laboratory component of this course will involve a lot of work, we hope that you will find the experience both intellectually stimulating and enjoyable. One of the benefits of having an all-home laboratory component in a course such as ours is that it gives students the ultimate in flexibility in planning and performing your experiments. If you were to take a course such as Chemistry 217 in a traditional college or university, you would probably be expected to attend a three-hour laboratory session every week for 10–12 weeks. During this time you would complete 10–12 experiments, and would receive somewhere in the order of 30 hours of laboratory instruction. In our course, you will spend 30-40 hours of laboratory time, spread over a time frame of your choosing, and will complete 10 at-home experiments. This includes one introductory “kitchen chemistry” experiment, and 9 home lab experiments