A Utumn • March 2019 49/1
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
AUTUMN • MARCH 2019 49/1 early Church is one of gradual separation framework. Jesus, we say, fulfils the from the Jewish faith. Then quite quickly, prophesy of the coming of a saviour. After the proclamation of Christ to the Jewish reading Isaiah in the synagogue, Jesus community was broadened to include the exclaims, this text is being fulfilled today Gentiles. But this brings us to the most even as you listen (Lk 4:21). This does delicate issue of all. How do we articulate not empty the words of Isaiah of their the relationship between Christianity and original meaning, but adds a new Judaism, the new Covenant and the first dimension to them. None of this should be Covenant? An Easter Imperative read as though the New Testament Sometimes in the New Testament itself and replaces or supersedes the Old. Although he Jews shouted, ‘Not this man, but commonly throughout Christian history, Christians believe God is acting to do Barabbas!’ They shouted, ‘If you set the new people of God were understood to something new in Christ, the idea of T him free, you are no friend of replace Israel, the new covenant in Christ fulfilment suggests that God is always Caesar!’ Pilate said to the Jews, ‘Here is taking over the original covenant with faithful to the promises of old. Do not your king.’ The Jews said, ‘Take him away; God’s people. Hebrews 8:13 is unequivocal imagine, says Jesus, that I have come to take him away. Crucify him!’ In speaking of a ‘new covenant’ God has abolish the laws or the prophets. I have made the first one obsolete. And what is These are the words we hear in John’s come not to abolish but to fulfil (Mt 5:17). obsolete and growing old will soon Gospel on Good Friday. What we say and disappear. Combined with the blunt The challenge we have inherited from our think about Judaism in our Easter liturgy, doctrine ‘No salvation outside the history is well illustrated by the Christian what we sing and pray, read and preach, Church’, this is clearly unacceptable. It iconography of Ecclesia and Synagoga demands careful discernment and nuance. effectively excludes and marginalises frequently encountered in the Middle Ages, I hope we have some of the obvious issues Jewish people, treats Jews as a rejected and usually presented in the form of two under control. There was an outcry in people, and gives rise to misguided young female figures. They were carved, 2007 when use of the extraordinary form missionary endeavours directed at the for example, on one of the portals of of the Roman Rite was made more ‘conversion of the Jews’. Right up until the th Strasbourg cathedral in 1230. Ecclesia is generally available. It included a Good 20 century, such thinking has led crowned and dressed in an imperial robe; Christians to antisemitism. Friday Prayer which interceded for the she carries a chalice and holds a staff ‘perfidious Jews’ in their blindness, that But the first covenant stands, since God surmounted with a cross and resurrection they would be brought from their darkness does not take back the gifts he has banner. She looks triumphantly out to the into the light of Christ. This prayer was bestowed or renege on the choice he has world. Synagoga, on the other hand, changed. In the 1970s we used to sing made. The first is not annulled or replaced looks down in defeat, her staff is broken, brightly of JHWH as the God of our by the new Covenant in the blood of she wears no crown and her eyes are salvation, and the original Jerusalem Bible Christ. This is stated by Paul writing to the veiled. The scroll of the Scriptures slips used God’s holy name JHWH (though our Romans (11:29) and affirmed by the from her hand. Lectionary replaced it with ‘LORD’). Out of Second Vatican Council (Nostra Aetate 4). The Passion narrative in the synoptic respect we no longer speak the sacred Instead we are called to recognise that the name of God. one God speaks to all through both Old Gospels relates that, at the moment Jesus and New Testaments. The commandment died, the curtain of the Temple was torn in So there has been a concerted effort to to love God and love our neighbour is the two from top to bottom (Mt 27:51, Mk purge our liturgy of anti-Jewish common property of both testaments. The 15:38, Lk 23:45). This has generally been perspectives. The difficult texts of scripture two covenants are complementary and taken to say that the death and need careful exegesis when they are mutually affirming. Indeed it may be more resurrection of Jesus brought an end to preached, and probably judicious editing accurate to speak of one covenant of Jewish worship in the Temple. when the new Lectionary is prepared. We salvation in which the one God draws both Consequently the figures of Ecclesia and must avoid giving the impression that Jews Jews and Gentiles together. Synagoga are sometimes placed on either in general are responsible for the killing of This is the way we must interpret the side of the crucifixion. Jesus or are the ‘enemies of Jesus’. Some Prayer for Jewish People on Good Friday. of those present in Jerusalem at the time We ask that they will advance in love of It is not a common subject for agitated against Jesus and certain ones God’s name and in faithfulness to God’s contemporary art, but a recent example among the scribes and Pharisees. So, covenant (with them) that the people you shows an edifying change. To should we adjust the Good Friday Gospel to first made your own may attain the commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of say, The crowd shouted… or Pilate said to fullness of redemption. We do not ask Nostra Aetate in 2015, Joshua Koffman the people…? that they be saved by faith in Christ and do was commissioned to make a sculpture for not make them the object of Catholic St Joseph’s University in Philadelphia. It is helpful to remember that Jesus missionary activity. Here the two women are seated together, himself, as well as Paul and the apostles, both wear crowns and carry the scriptures One of the trickiest notions we need to deal were committed Jews. So for example, we (a scroll and a book). They are talking with is ‘fulfilment’. A constant refrain in see Jesus reading the prophet Isaiah in the together and learning from each other. synagogue (Lk 4:16-22) and frequently the Gospels is that this or that took place to teaching there. Christian liturgy has roots fulfil the Scriptures. In Christian prayer, in Jewish prayer forms. The story of the we use the psalms within a Christological 2 LITURGY NEWS Autumn 2019 by Barry M Craig IT TAKES A LONG TIME to change a common The people’s renewed participation in the great mindset. We are still in the process of changing from Prayer of thanksgiving is not always well understood. the mindset that viewed the officiating priest as the The General Instruction of the Roman Missal sole offerer at Mass. That view did not exist in the explains that the priest invites the people to the lifting first few centuries. It appeared in the West as the of hearts in prayer and thanksgiving, and he holds people were rendered unable to participate verbally them together with himself in the Prayer that in the in the liturgy since its texts remained in Latin when name of the entire community he directs to God the they no longer spoke or understood it. The focus on Father through Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit. the priest as the one who offers became stronger Moreover, the sense of this prayer is that the whole with the emergence of the so-called private Mass in congregation of the faithful is joined to Christ in the which indeed the priest was the only participant. In praising of God’s mighty deeds and in the offering of practice the people were pushed to the edges. For the sacrifice (GIRM 78). example, editions of the Roman Missal from 1570 to Thus in fact, the liturgy is the ‘action’ of the whole 1962 did not even include a rite of distributing holy Christ: not just the priest who acts in the name of communion in the Order of Mass itself. (A Christ, but the whole Body of Christ comprised of all communion rite used for the sick outside Mass was those who have been baptised into Christ (see added to the Roman Ritual in 1614 and this was then Catechism, 1136, 1140). Examining the Eucharistic added to the introductory notes in the Roman Missal Prayer will help deepen our understanding of this of 1634.) The private Mass in effect became the norm central liturgical action. even when people were there; they were merely passive on-lookers. Types of the Prayer The liturgy’s prayers actually contradict that view, for In the Churches in the East, the Prayer is called generally the priest speaks in the plural (we and us Anaphora translating as Offering. Each composition and our). However it was only with the reform of is a fixed text. Historically there have been several to Vatican II that the people’s direct verbal participation choose between, some being associated with was restored. By permitting the renewed use of the particular feasts or seasons, but in most Churches vernacular, the Order of Mass formally reintegrated now these have been reduced to a few, perhaps two, the people to the action itself.