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MYRMECOPHILOUS CRICKET (ORTHOPTERA:GRYLLIDAE)I GREGG H ENDERSOI\ and ROGER D

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MYRMECOPHILOUS CRICKET (ORTHOPTERA:GRYLLIDAE)I GREGG H ENDERSOI\ and ROGER D J. E:\TO~1()1. Soc BRI"I COLLI~IBI , \ ti 3 ( 19S6). DI.C 31. 1986 MORPHOLOGY OF MYRMECOPHILA MANNI, A MYRMECOPHILOUS CRICKET (ORTHOPTERA:GRYLLIDAE)I GREGG H ENDERSOI\ and ROGER D. AKRE Departmcnt of Enlomolog) Was hington State Univcr!>ity Pullman. WA 99164-6432 ABSTRACT Scanning electron microscopy showed that the myrlllccoph il ous cricket. MI'nIlCC0l'ili/1i 1I/(lIlIli Schimmer. retains many structural features CO lll mon to typical gryllid, and ha, reV. of the Illorphological Icatures often associated with myr111 ccophily. Howeve r. the 1110uth parts. particularl) the labrum and epipharynx. arc highly 1110dified for strigilation and trophallaxis. The structurc of the ov ipm.itor is unique in that it can expand greatly to permit the passage of large eggs. This cri cket al so dillers from typi cal gryll ids in having stemmata instead ofcol1lpound eyes. a feature probably re lated to its life in side dark ant nests where it docs not need good vision. Behavioral. ra ther than morphological. attributes arc probabl\ more important in adapting the crickets for life with ant s. INTRODUCTION RESUI:r s AN D DISCUSSION Four species ofM."nlll'col'ili/a Latrei lle. small C .3-4.0 Sensory Apparatus 111m ). apterous crickets. arc found in North America (Hebard 1920). Ml'rlllccopili/a are the only l11 yrmecophi ­ Thc SEM showed that M. 1III/IIIIi ha s morphological lous cric ket> known. Inquil ines. especially myrme­ features cOllllllonly foun d in the rami I) Gryllidae . How­ cophiles. often share a number of characteristics that cver. some pec ula rities of M. 1IIllllili n1<l) bc adaptations to enahl e thel11 to li ve in the hostile but energy- ri ch environ­ myrmccophily. Th e antenn ae of M. IIWlllli arc as long as ment of the ant nest. Oft en the se adaptations include a the body and have a proportionately large scape. The row myrmecoid body shape. a hard cuticle. reduction of of hairs along thc scape Illay help the cricket detec t the certain appendages. and the use of glandul ar secreti ons source of a stimulus (Fig. I). That is. when crickets arc in appeasin g to the ants. The degree of morpholog ical a fixed position it can be del110nstrated that they will chan ge in myrmccophil es is prohably directlv related to follow a visual object with their antcn nae . The hairs on th c dcgree with which th ey have integrated into the colony the scapes signal the angle the ante nnae arc dellected. (Wilson 197 1). M l'rllll'c0l'ili/a lllolllli Sc himme l' retain s helping pinpoint the stimulus. The scnsilla of the anten­ nac occlir in a repetitive t ~lshi o n along the 4-4- + !-.cgmcnts. many of th~ st ructu ra l fcalllres cOll1monly found in the fam il y Gryll idae and docs not possess many of the adapta­ NUn1croll !'. rdi fo rm hairs CO\'cr the en tire surface or lhe tio ns often associated with myrlllecophil y. antennae and probably perceive sound or respond to air The purpose of thi s stu dy was to cxamine the morpho­ displacement vibrations (Haskell 1960) (Fig. 2). Coe lomic pegs. considered to serve a chemosensory log ical leatu res of M . 1III/IIIIi and to relate these li nd ing to the crickets' relationsh ip wi th thcir ant hosts . function. occur at the ra te of about I per segmcnt. The cerci. like the antennae. arc la rge in M . IIIOlllli (Fi g I\IATERIAL AND I\IETHODS 2) . Thev arc l"uall) held awaY from the body giv ing the nickel a larger suriace arca for perception. Their entire Eig ht M. /lllIlIlIi were exa mined by scanning electron surlace is covered with va ri ous-siLed trichoid scnsill a. microscopy (SEM). Livc specimens were fix ed in 2 '1r Thc thinner hairs. which are also the longest. are bem by osmiull1tctroxide (OsO) for I h. and thcn 39; glutaraldc­ thc slightest breeze. Cercal hairs of grasshoppers rc;.pond hyde for 2 h at 4°C. Standard procedures for SEM to sound freq uencics of 30- 1000 Hz and can be stimulatcd preparation followed using an Omar SPC 1500 criti cal by ai r moving at4 cm/sec (Ha"kell. 1961). point dryer. Hummer V gold coaler and EPTEC SEM. Rcduction of appendages is common fo r myrme­ equipped with 55 PIN li lill. Ficld and laboratory observa­ cnphiles. However. M. II/Willi rctai ns its elaborate sensing tion ofM. lIIalllli behavior we re madc to support interpre­ structures. suggesting a beneficial funct ion in the ant­ tations of the fun ctional morpholog ~ re\ calcd by SEM . cricket relationship. Beha vioral studies ,ho\\' that Ml'r- 1I/1'copili/o arc often allacked b) the host fWhee ler 1900. Hencierson 1985 ). However. rare l) is a cricket caught off l S(l~Il!lril' P..lPl,'f 'umtx-r 70XS. \\a ..,l-lln~l\)n S[:l1L' Lnl\~r ... It~. rnlk~,,-' \1 1 .A,~n ..:ult lJn.· .IIlJ HOllw EUlll\lIllll'''' RL· :-'c."~rl· h (\'1111.'1". PUIlIll.1Il \\",d.. \."1 111 guard and captured by an ant . The antennae and cerc i JUl'lt'd unJl'I" prlllC'L' \ (X)J- probably warn the cricke t of approaching ant s. The cricket also uscs it ;. antennae [0 mil11i c thc conspeci fi c antcn nation used by ant s prececding mutual grooming J. Er-:TOMOI . Soc BR IT COI.UM BI A R~ ( 19 Ro). DEC ~ I. 1986 Fig. I . Highly ma~nifi e d SE M show ing scape (sc) of the an tenna and stel11 mata (stc) . Note the row of ha irs along the scapc. F i ~. 2. Typical arrangemcnt of se nsory hairs that are found on eac h ofthe44 + seg ment s of th e antenn<lc. The hair in the centre is a coelomic peg. and its chel11ose nso ry function is well doclImcnted. The trichoid hairs surrounding the peg art: Illostl y tac tik ~c nsing hair~ . J. EI\TO.\IOL Soc BRI T. COLl i ~I 81 ,\ ~n I I LJK6 1. DEC -' I. I LJK6 Fig. 3. Diagram , howing the oriclllatH)J1 of Ihe ccrn" to the re,t of the hody. Two major Iype, of hair' arc located here . The lOp in .,c n shows filamentous hairs that detect soun d or vihration . The,e hairs arc located oYer moSi of the ccreal surhlCc. The second t\ pe of hair. located onlv along the tir,ttwo hasal ,egillenb. arc hal loon hair' whie!. help Ihe in,eel orient to gravit~ (Bi,hof 19 7-+). Fig. -+. The lCeding mechanism or M. I//(///ll i is modified to increasc the c nic icncy olliS keding habilS . Lahrum (lhn . Ephiphal) nx (cphy). Galea (ga). 60 J. ENTOMOL SOC BRIT. COLlIMRI,\ X3 ( I YR 6). D EC ~ I . 19X6 Fi g. S. SEM shows the top of the head . cervix. and pronotul11 of M. !/I III I II i. The arrow points to a sing le hair scalc. its se rrated natu re is shown. greatly enla rged. to the right. Fig. 6. SEM reveals the expandi ng nature of the ov iposit or of M. !/IanJli. This a ll ows for ovipositi on of large eggs. The fi rst valvul ae (I vi v) can spread apart and the spiraled egg guide (e.g.) can unspi ral, inc reasi ng the total surrace area . The thi rd val vu lae (3 vlv) are fu seu and wrap around the sclerotized ti ps of the second valvulae (2 vlv). .I. E:--: I()~I()I Soc BIU! COLl \1 KIA ~:; ( 19N6 J. DI.c. .\ I. 1<)X6 6t and trophallaxi,. The length of thc al1!ennae aids the and arc posi tioned to sw<:er an) panicle, scrared by the cr icket in mim icking thc:-,c ~ignaJ:.. \\ hich a ll ()w~ til l' mandible, inlO th e epiphary nx. Highl) lllodified mouth crlc!-"ct. in a ~cn~~, (() para~i t i/c ib ho~l. In addition. rarts abo occur among th o~c inquili n l'~ which arc \\el l oh~cr\'alion~ ~ho\\ that M. JIll/III/; u.... t:\ ib antennae and intcgrated In{() ant colonies (c'.g .. Psdaphidae. Akrc and ce rci in elahorate di~play~ during ma ting and intra~peci­ Hill 19131. fi c agg r c~ .... inn (Hcndcr .... on 19 ~5). Cereal shahing ha .... a 1... 0 becn observed In I'ield crickcb a nd Illay aid in di rcCling tlw lcillaic into proper rosition for copulat ion (Alexander Odor Camouflage 1961 ) M. lllillilli arc all ac~ed b) ant s. bu t the) arc abo found The cyes llf M. 1I/ll1111i arc nm cO fllpound. '" in 1ll0,t at thL very heart of the ant nesl. the brood chamber cricket'. hut are comr(l,cd of I R to 20 , tcnlfllata located ( Hender,on 1985 I. Onc means by which Ihe cricket ahove each anlenna. Vi,ual pe rception f()r thi, type of eyc allain, entrance int o the chamber i, through behavioral i, believed to be ofa co,u',e Ill,,,aic that can only diflcren­ mimicry. Odor eamonll age may be another mcan". M. ti ate ,hares and ,harpl~ cont rast ing images (Dcthicr lIIillllli arc covered with ,errated sealc, on the dorsum of 19·n. Me)er Rocho\\' 197-+). Morphological regres,ion th e hcad. thora\. and abdomen th at lIlay be used to of the eye, is a"ociatcu wi th Ill) rmecorhily (Wilson acquire odors (Figs.
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