DOCSLIB.ORG

IIS: Determinación De Arsénico Y Otros Parámetros En Aguas Subterráneas En La Edwin Astorga Sub Cuenca Titicaca (Época De Lluvia) (Parte II)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
IIS: Determinación De Arsénico Y Otros Parámetros En Aguas Subterráneas En La Edwin Astorga Sub Cuenca Titicaca (Época De Lluvia) (Parte II) !!" !#$%&%'%()*+)!#,+#&+-./ "/#&%/-&/)0)123&+#%/4 !"#$%&'()"(*+,"+$"-.'(/'+$&'-$'(0(123$"+&'4 5'674&')()"(*+,"+$"-.' !"#$ !"#$"%$&'( )("%*(&%(+,+ -./%$"*(0 %&'()#*+,- ./#0/1#2#3)4(5(/ Universidad Mayor de San Andrés Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ambiental REVISTA N° 3 Junio 2016 La Paz – Bolivia Edición Principal: Oscar Paz - Instituto de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ambiental – UMSA Colaboradores en este número: Evelin Humerez Contenido Carlos España Carla Elias Hernán Coriza Graciela Espinoza Prólogo ....................................................................................................... 5 Gregorio Carvajal Eufemia Briancon Estudio de la calidad del agua en la cuenca del Río Condoriri en los Grover Rivera Andes ......................................................................................................7 Edwin Astorga Oscar Paz Estudio de ecotoxicidad en el Río Choqueyapu .......................................15 Dirección a.i. del IIS: Determinación de arsénico y otros parámetros en aguas subterráneas en la Edwin Astorga sub cuenca Titicaca (época de lluvia) (parte II) ........................................23 Gregorio Carvajal Reducción de la DQO mediante coagulante ecológico de cáscara del Revisión: limón ....................................................................................................32 José Díaz B. 0HWRGRORJtDSDUDXQDFODVL¿FDFLyQGHODFDOLGDGGHFXHUSRVGHDJXD ....39 Colaboración especial: Personal técnico - administrativo del IIS Referencias: Al citar este documento debe señalar como: Revista de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ambiental, UMSA, N°3. Facultad de Ingeniería N° 3-2016; La Paz, 2016. Los artículos de la revista son plena responsabilidad de cada uno de sus autores. del Instituto de Ingeniería Sanitaria Depósito legal: 4-3-58-15 P.O. N° 3 © 2016 IIS - UMSA Revista 3 Contactos: http//:iis.umsa.edu.bo Av. Villazón 1995, telf. 591-2 2441519, Fax 591-2 2440121 La Paz, Bolivia PRÓLOGO El tercer número de la revista Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ambiental del Instituto de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ambiental de la UMSA, pone a consideración del mundo aca- démico, de las instituciones nacionales y subnacionales ligadas a la temática y de la sociedad civil en general, una serie de artículos de investigación y de actualidad que aportan al entendimiento de factores relacionados con la calidad de los cuerpos de agua desde diferentes ópticas. Un estudio sobre la calidad de las aguas de la cuenca del río Condoriri preten- de indagar sobre cómo el cambio climático, que está afectando a las zonas glaciares, a su vez está impactando sobre la calidad del agua de la cuenca. De la misma ma- nera se comparte una investigación más sistemática de la ecotoxicidad de la cuenca del río Choqueyapu. También se presenta la segunda parte de un estudio sobre la presencia de arsénico en aguas subterráneas de la sub-cuenca Titicaca, así como la presencia de otros químicos y de bacterias del grupo Coliforme en estas aguas. Un estudio muy amplio para determinar los índices de calidad de los cuerpos de agua y su aplicación en la cuenca del río La Paz y del río Katari es desarrollado y SUHWHQGHDSRUWDUFRQQXHYRVPRGHORVSDUDODFODVL¿FDFLyQGHFXHUSRVGHDJXDHQHO país. Finalmente, en el campo de las tecnologías alternativas se presenta un análisis de tratamiento de aguas residuales utilizando productos naturales. Esperamos, una vez más, que de esta manera la sociedad en su conjunto conozca del trabajo del IIS, su aporte al conocimiento, que es acompañado de la for- mación de nuevos profesionales para el país y que se complementa con los servicios que otorga en materia de calidad de agua, saneamiento y medio ambiente. del Instituto de Ingeniería Sanitaria El Editor N° 3 Revista 5 ESTUDIO DE LA CALIDAD DEL AGUA EN LA CUENCA DEL RÍO CONDORIRI EN LOS ANDES AUTORES:AUTORES Evelin Susana Humerez Espinoza1 Carlos David España Vásquez2 Makoto Umeda3 SUMMARY 7KLVUHVHDUFKLQYHVWLJDWHVWKHHϑHFWVRIWKHSK\VLFRFKHPLFDOSDUDPHWHUVPDMRULRQVDQGQX- trients over water quality formation and submerged aquatic plants. The principal aims of this VWXG\DUHWRGHWHUPLQHWKHLQÀXHQFHRIWKHZHDWKHULQJRIURFNVDQGWRLGHQWLI\WKHSULQFLSDO source of nutrients for the macrophyte growth in the dry season. Field measurements were done in the Condoriri River watershed in Bolivia. Water samples had pH averages of 7.42 ± 0.51 and 6.64 ± 0.46 in May 2013 and May 2014, respectively. Fluctuating variations of water temperature, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, and ions were observed in WKHULYHU7KHZHDWKHULQJRIVLOLFDWHVFDUERQDWHVDQGVXOSKDWHVZDVLGHQWL¿HGDVWKHSULQFLSDO source of major ions. Macrophyte biomass exhibited a correlation with positive gradient with total nitrogen (R2 7KHZHDWKHULQJRIURFNVDQGWKHSUHVHQFHRIPDFURSK\WHVLQÀXHQ- ced the water quality of the Condoriri River through chemical and metabolic reactions in this ecosystem. 123 RESUMEN En este estudio se investiga el efecto de los parámetros físico químicos, los iones mayores y los nutrientes sobre la calidad del agua y las plantas acuáticas sumergidas. Los objetivos FODYHVVRQGHWHUPLQDUODLQÀXHQFLDGHODPHWHRUL]DFLyQGHODVURFDVHLGHQWL¿FDUODSULQFLSDO IXHQWHGHQXWULHQWHVSDUDHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHODVPDFUy¿WDVHQODpSRFDGHHVWLDMH/DVPHGL- ciones de campo fueron realizadas en la cuenca del río Condoriri en Bolivia. Las muestras de agua tuvieron valores promedio de pH de 7.42 ± 0.51 y 6.64 ± 0.46 para mayo 2013 y mayo UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH6HREVHUYDURQÀXFWXDQWHVYDULDFLRQHVGHWHPSHUDWXUDGHODJXDFRQ- ductividad eléctrica, oxígeno disuelto, nutrientes e iones a lo largo del río. La meteorización de ORVVLOLFDWRVFDUERQDWRV\VXOIDWRVIXHLGHQWL¿FDGDFRPRODSULQFLSDOIXHQWHGHORVLRQHVPD\R- UHV/DELRPDVDGHODVPDFUy¿WDVH[KLELyXQDUHODFLyQFRQJUDGLHQWHSRVLWLYRFRQHOQLWUyJHQR del Instituto de Ingeniería Sanitaria total (R2 /DPHWHRUL]DFLyQGHODVURFDV\ODSUHVHQFLDGHODVPDFUy¿WDVLQÀX\HURQHQ la calidad del agua del río Condoriri a través de las reacciones químicas y metabólicas en este N° 3 ecosistema. Revista Palabras Claves: &DOLGDGGHODJXD*ODFLDU&RQGRULULPDFUy¿WDVQXWULHQWHV 7 1 Docente Investigadora invitada IIS - UMSA 2 Docente Investigador IIS – UMSA 'RFHQWH,QYHVWLJDGRU+\GUDXOLFVDQG+\GURGLQDPLF/DERUDWRU\±7RKRNX8QLYHUVLW\ 1. Introducción (Q ORV $QGHV FHQWUDOHV HO GHO DJXD VH riri está conformada por una corriente princi- te la época seca (Mayo-Agosto). En base a las origina en las montañas, sirviendo a ecosiste- pal, un sistema de humedales localizados en observaciones efectuadas desde Septiembre de El cambio climático está afectando a todos los mas y poblaciones circundantes (Vuille et al., la parte central y tres lagunas (Khellual Kho- 2011 a Agosto de 2012, la precipitación total ecosistemas en el mundo, especialmente a los 0XFKDV FLXGDGHV VLWXDGDV VREUH ORV ta, Chiar Khota y Kallan Khota), ubicadas en para las épocas de lluvias y de estiaje fue de glaciares tropicales. El retroceso de los gla- 2500 m.s.n.m. dependen casi por completo de ORVNLOyPHWURV\UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH$O 624 mm y 19 mm, respectivamente. La vegeta- ciares afecta a la calidad y disponibilidad del las reservas de agua de los glaciares (Brad- pie de los glaciares en la parte superior de la ción acuática en el río Condoriri está compuesta agua, particularmente, en las regiones mon- ley et al., 2006). El río en cual se enfoca este cuenca, la composición geológica de las rocas SULQFLSDOPHQWHSRUPDFUy¿WDV\EDMDVFRQFHQ- tañosas en Los Andes. Los glaciares tropicales WUDEDMRSURYHHHOGHODJXDSRWDEOHDODV controla la geoquímica del río como en muchas WUDFLRQHVGHSHUL¿WRQ\¿WRSODQFWRQORVHFRVLV- están sufriendo un rápido retroceso y algunos ciudades de La Paz y El Alto que representan de las montañas en los Andes. Las rocas es- temas acuáticos en los Andes presentan una de ellos ya han desaparecido, tal es el caso del DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHHOGHODSREODFLyQGHO tán compuestas por cuarzo, siderita, hemati- composición similar (Jacobsen et al., 2001). glaciar Chacaltaya en Bolivia (Ramírez et al., país, sus aguas son utilizadas para el consumo ta, apatita, monacita, plagioclasa, portlandita, 2001). humano, la agricultura, la generación de ener- calcita, yeso, moscovita y hauynita. gía eléctrica y mantienen la biodiversidad, por 4. Materiales y métodos La calidad del agua en ríos Ha sido ampliamente esta razón las investigaciones en ecosistemas Figura 1 Cuenca del río Condoriri y puntos de muestreo estudiada, la composición química del acuáticos de glaciar son altamente requeridas En la Fig.1 se exhibe el mapa con los puntos DJXD HVWi LQÀXHQFLDGD SRU YDULRV IDFWRUHV para un mayor entendimiento de las condicio- de muestreo y en la Fig.2 se observa a la la- relacionados a los procesos Hidroquímicos y los nes presentes de los ríos y lagos de glaciares y guna Chiar Khota que se encuentra en la par- nutrientes. La vegetación acuática desempeña el manejo de los recursos hídricos en el futuro. te central de la cuenca. Diecisiete puntos de un rol determinante en el metabolismo y el muestreo fueron establecidos en el río Condo- mantenimiento de la biodiversidad en mucHos riri y las lagunas Khellual Khota, Chiar Khota y ecosistemas acuáticos (Rodríguez et al., 2. Objetivo Kallan Khota (CD1-CD17) y un punto adicional /DLQÀXHQFLDGHODFDUJDGHQXWULHQWHV HQHOÀXMRODWHUDO &'/ FRPRVHPXHVWUDHQOD y la composición química del agua Han sido Objetivo general Fig. 1. 3DUiPHWURV¿VLFRTXtPLFRVFRPRHOS+ evaluadas en importantes ríos del mundo la temperatura del agua, la conductividad eléc- 0H\EHFN Los objetivos claves son evaluar la calidad del trica (CE) y el oxígeno disuelto fueron medidos agua y el crecimiento de las plantas acuáticas in situ utilizando un
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fact Sheet Fact Sheet
    BOLIVIA FACT SHEET BOLIVIA FACT SHEET INTRODUCTION Bolivia has significant birdlife and is the only place in South America where three types of flamingo can be seen including the rare James flamingo. Condors, Bolivia is the highest, most rugged and most isolated eagles and egrets are also common as well as owls and country in the southern hemisphere. Surrounded by woodpeckers in the lower forests. Brazil to the northeast, Peru to the northwest, Chile to the southwest, Argentina and Paraguay to the south, Bolivia Potatoes and tobacco originated in the Andes Mountains is one of only two landlocked countries in the Americas. It and it is thought that the potato originated from the Lake borders and shares control of Lake Titicaca, at 3,805m the Titicaca region. highest navigable lake in the world, with Peru. The country is geographically diverse and has unparalleled scenery changing from rainforests to mountains, deserts, lagoons and volcanoes. Many of the lagoons are beautifully coloured, ranging from red to green to turquoise due to the presence of minerals underneath. Bolivia also boasts amazing geological phenomena such as the Uyuni Salt Flat, the largest in the world and the Valley of the Moon. It has a fascinating history dating back to before the arrival of the Spanish, with pre-Inca ruins such as Tiwanaku. The cities of La Paz and Sucre have beautiful colonial architecture contrasting with the modern buildings of cities such as Santa Cruz. Bolivia’s varying landscapes are home to a wide range of Bolivian wildlife. Most of the mammals found here are native to the Andes and include the llama, alpaca, vicuna, guanaco, puma, wolves and deer.
    [Show full text]
  • Birder's Guide to Bolivia
    BIRDER’S GUIDE TO BOLIVIA: PART I: THE BOLIVIAN HIGHLANDS By Lawrence Rubey and A. Bennett Hennessey Updated version: October 2005 © Copyright 2005 by Lawrence Rubey. Commercial use or commercial reproduction in any form prohibited without permission of Birder’s Guide to Bolivia: Part 1 Highlands Lawrence Rubey & A. Bennett Hennessey authors. Bolivia is a huge country the size of France and Spain combined. Compared to other countries in South America, the birdlife is relatively under-studied. Seasonal and altitudinal movements of many species are still poorly understood. Many promising sites are somewhat inaccessible to all but the "expedition-ready" birder. And more than a few birds are likely to be added to the Bolivia list in the coming years. As a result, this guide is an attempt to capture the richness of just a small part this fascinating country. We hope to add a second guide focusing on lowland sites in the future. We are grateful to those that have generously provided advice on birding sites, proofread part of this guide, or accompanied us in the field. Our sincere thanks to our friends, colleagues, and fellow birders that have provided so much valuable assistance to this project: Victor Bullen, Isabel Gomez, Sebastian Herzog, Jon Hornbuckle, Alvaro Jaramillo, Michael Kessler, Tim Miller, Douglas Mason, Preston Motes, Manual Olivera, Carmen Quiroga, David Recalde, Jim Turner, Bret Whitney, and Brian Woods. Last but not least, this guide is dedicated to Sjoerd Mayer, the dedicated chronicler of Bolivia’s bird sounds. It is our fervent hope that the birdfinding advice presented here will help spark a growth in birding-related eco-tourism in Bolivia.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Prospects for Flood Hazard Mitigation in the La Paz River Watershed Area
    ASSESSMENT OF PROSPECTS FOR FLOOD HAZARD MITIGATION IN THE LA PAZ RIVER WATERSHED AREA PROJECT EXECUTED BY CARE BOLIVIA – USAID 2002 ASSESSMENT OF PROSPECTS FOR FLOOD HAZARD MITIGATION IN THE LA PAZ RIVER WATERSHED AREA TABLE OF CONTENTS ASSESSMENT OF PROSPECTS FOR FLOOD HAZARD MITIGATION IN THE LA PAZ RIVER WATERSHED AREA ............................................................................................................................... 1 ASSESSMENT OF PROSPECTS FOR FLOOD HAZARD MITIGATION IN THE LA PAZ RIVER WATERSHED AREA ............................................................................................................................... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................................................... 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... 8 1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................ 14 1.1 GEOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................... 15 1.1.1 The High plateau (Altiplano), ............................................................................................ 15 1.1.2 The Sub Andean Zone, ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Republics of the Andes—Bolivia 275 Chapter Ix The
    THE REPUBLICS OF THE ANDES—BOLIVIA 275 CHAPTER IX THE REPUBLICS OF THE ANDES—BOLIVIA The great mountain republic of Bolivia, notwithstanding that it has been, to the outside world, little more than a name, partakes very largely in both the historical and topo- graphical interest of its more prominent neighbour Peru, with which it has much in common, and of which in viceregal times it formed part. The same vast mountain range of the Cordillera of the Andes—more stupendous indeed in some respects than in Peru and Ecuador—dominates the land and has determined its life, character, and environment The people who dwell there, and the social system, share equally with Peru their origin, but preserve their own traditions and individuality. Bolivia is bounded on the west, and shut off from the Pacific coast, by Peru and Chile on the east and north lies the enormous expanse of Brazil, and on the south Argen- tina and Paraguay. Thus the republic is entirely an inland country, without direct access to the seaboard a condition due to the loss of the littoral province of Antofagasta in the Chilean war. It is partly as a result of this isolation that Bolivia has remained comparatively so little known to the outside world, and that its economic development has been so long delayed Bolivia is the third political division in point of size in South America, estimates of its area varying between 520,000 and 703,000 square miles; nearly two-thirds of the country lie within the Andean mountain zone the remainder forming part of the great Central Plains of the continent.
    [Show full text]
  • OJ Summer 2013 Bolivia
    Summer 2013 $12 Sahara Expedition Leather Boot Comparison American Emigrant Trail Bolivia 98 Overland Journal Summer 2013 99 Wolfman the Land &of Butch and Sundance Bill Dragoo delves deep into Bolivia’s backcountry, to the places you won’t find on Google Earth. By Bill Dragoo Photography by Sergio Ballivian Overland Journal Summer 2013 100 Overland Journal Summer 2013 he faint glow of a single taillight fights for signifi- cance in the amber haze. As if the pending darkness is not enough, dust now obscures the road ahead. I feel like I’m playing some sort of interactive video game—oneT that clogs your nostrils and cakes your eyes with grit. My gut tells me not to screw up. Looking left and down, the Cho- queyapu River guides us south and east, its silver surface reflecting up from the depths, fading in and out of view through a cloud that is roiling over the edge of this narrow canyon road. Pushing the 101 limit, I close in on my riding partner, dancing over babyheads and ruts, eerily appearing in the sweep of my factory headlight. I can either fall back and let the dust clear, or ease my DR650 into the echelon position—a sketchy move but one that might reward me with some semblance of visibility. Being able to actually see the trail would ease my mind; the river is 2,000 feet below. Left: The route through the Cordillera Real, which lay in the shadows of 21,122-foot Mt. Illimani, Bolivia’s second highest mountain, is paved with volcanic magma.
    [Show full text]
  • Bolivia's Climate Justice Movement and the Limitations of Indigenous
    Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, 2013 Vol. 8, No. 2, 159–178, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17442222.2013.805618 Good Living for Whom? Bolivia’s Climate Justice Movement and the Limitations of Indigenous Cosmovisions Nicole Fabricant Climate change has become an important issue in Bolivia as communities across the lowlands and highlands are beginning to feel the direct effects of the ecological crisis. While Evo Morales, the current president of Bolivia, has surfaced as an international superstar for the climate justice movement, behind his public appearances at UN climate conferences are indigenous organizations and social movements who work daily to map out strategies for adaptation and mitigation. This paper analyzes how indigenous climate justice activists in Bolivia mobilize a particular vision of Andean indigeneity, frozen in time and space, to make specific political claims about their rights in relationship to the environment and propose alternative economic structures. Many activists argue that the ecological problems of this century are a direct result of advanced capitalism, which has turned lands, forests, and natural surrounds into commodities. However, their timeless vision of indigeneity, particularly using the imagined ayllu or pre-Columbian land-holding patterns as solutions to climate crisis, poses dangers for the millions of Bolivians who live and work in urban centers. Keywords: Climate change; resources; indigeneity; ayllus; social movements Bolivia, like other countries in the Global South and North, is beginning to feel the direct effects of climate change. In the Bolivian Amazon, regions have suffered from terrible floods, while the desert lowlands have witnessed severe droughts. In the highlands, the two main glaciers that provide drinking water are shrinking.
    [Show full text]
  • CORDEX Central America and South America Training Workshop on Downscaling Techniques 2018
    CORDEX Central America and South America Training Workshop on Downscaling Techniques 2018 Logistic Information Greetings from the LFA and welcome to La Paz! The LFA wish you a pleasant stay here. (Photo_obtained_from: http://www.tagbolivia.travel/bolivia-tours/cultural/la-paz-hotel-tours-tourism.html) Meeting Location CORDEX workshop will take place on 25-27 of June 2018 in La Paz, Bolivia. The workshop will be kindly hosted by the Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics (Laboratorio de Física de la Atmósfera, LFA-IIF-UMSA) Meeting venue: Hotel Calacoto Ballivian Avenue, 13th Street Corner, Calacoto. Tel. (591-2) 2774600 – (591-2) 2152524 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.hotelcalacoto.com https://www.google.com/maps/@-16.5408094,-68.085677,17z Lodging Information A block of rooms has been reserved for the period of the workshop (24-27 of June) at Hotel Calacoto, located at the southern part of La Paz city. In case you plan to arrive earlier or you would like to stay longer at the hotel, please let us know as soon as possible so we can book the hotel for the extra nights and include you in the corporative rates which are: - Single standard rooms - US$ 52 per night - Double standard rooms - US$ 68 per night. (These rates include local taxes, breakfast buffet and internet access from the room and common areas). If this is the case, you would have to pay the charge of the extra nights when checking- in. In case you would like to make the reservation on your own, you can contact the hotel directly using the keyword CORDEX to be charged with the corporative rates.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Poor Management and Mining on Water Provision in La Paz, Bolivia
    Modern Environmental Science and Engineering (ISSN 2333-2581) September 2018, Volume 4, No. 9, pp. 838-855 Doi: 10.15341/mese(2333-2581)/09.04.2018/008 Academic Star Publishing Company, 2018 www.academicstar.us The New Water War: Effects of Poor Management and Mining on Water Provision in La Paz, Bolivia Patricia Alejandra Oviedo Cespedes The New School of Public Engagement, Milano School of International Affairs, USA Abstract: This paper examines the social and political repercussions of one of Bolivia’s worst water crisis in one of the main urban centers: the city of La Paz. The water crisis is used as a case study to analyze the factors that currently threaten water supply systems in the country. Data was collected through a revision of articles and reports. For recent information a series of semi-structured interviews with local experts working in this issue were performed during a 5-month period. The paper provides an overview on the historical background of water supply management at a national level, to display the political and regulatory trends that continue to affect people’s right to water. To explore the causes of the water crisis, the paper foregrounds the impact of extractive industries, low investments in infrastructure, and lack of institutional transparency on the accelerated rate of water resource depletion. To conclude the paper provides examples of alternative models of water management currently being explored by peri-urban communities in La Paz and Cochabamba. The models explored highlight the need for water sanitation and favor community-led water treatment systems as horizontal structures that can promote the protection and remediation of bodies of water in the country.
    [Show full text]
  • URBAN WATER CHALLENGES in the AMERICAS Bolivia
    52 URBAN WATER CHALLENGES IN THE AMERICAS Bolivia Cityscape of La Paz, Bolivia with Illimani Mountain rising in the background. Photo credit: ©iStock.com/DC_Colombia. COMPENDIUM OF THE WATER RESOURCES IN THE CAPITAL CITIES OF THE DEPARTMENTS OF BOLIVIA 53 “Bolivia is one of the sixteen countries with the most Water Availability in the world –a supply of fresh water estimated at 30,300 cubic meters per inhabitant per year. However, the distribution of these resources with regard to space and time over the nation’s territory is unequal; this brings the special challenge to supply water to the 57% of the nation’s population concentrated in urban areas” 54 URBAN WATER CHALLENGES IN THE AMERICAS Compendium of the Water Resources in the Capital Cities of the Departments of Bolivia Fernando Urquidi-Barrau Summary This study presents a compendium of the current use of water resources in Bolivia, with emphasis on the administration of the water cycle in the capital cities of the country’s nine departments. It has been prepared for the Water Program of the Interamerican Network of the Academy of Science (IANAS) and contains some conclusions and recommendations for the Bolivian governmental authorities who regulate and administer water in the country. Since the National Population and Housing Census for 2012 (CNPV, 2012), carried out by the National Institute of Statistics (INE) has not yet been completely published, a combination has been used with the data from the prior CNPV, for 2001. 1. Introduction Nine departments, with their respective capitals (See Figure 1.1), form the Pluri- national State of Bolivia.
    [Show full text]