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Generations of Computers

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Generations of Computers Chapter- 2 Generations of Computers The rapid development was characterized by the phases of growth, which have come to be called generation of computer. First Generation Basic component – Vacuum Tubes 1940-1956 Vacuum Tube consumed huge amount of electricity. Processing Speed – Slow & Unreliable Machine Heat Generation – Huge amount of Heat generated Size – Bulky & Non – Portable Machine. Lying frequently hardware failure. Instructions – Only Machine Language was used User Friendly – Very Difficult to operate Cost – Production & Maintenance costs was very High Example – ENIAC , UNIVAC , EDVAC, EDSAC, IBM-701 ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer (First Digital Computer) EDVAC – Electronic discrete variable automatic computer EDSAC – Electronic delay storage automatic calculator IBM – International Business Machine Second Generation Basic component – Transistors & Diodes Processing Speed – More reliable than 1st one Heat Generation – Less amount of Heat generated Size – Reduced size but still Bulky Instructions – High level Language was used ( Like COBOL , ALGOL, SNOBOL) COBOL – Common Business Oriented Language ALGOL – ALGOrithmic Language SNOBOL – StriNg Oriented Symbolic Language User Friendly – Easy to operate from 1st one Cost – Production & Maintenance costs was < 1st Example – IBM 7090, NCR 304 Third Generation Basic component – IC (Integrated Circuits ) 1964-1971 IC is called micro electronics technology integrate a large number of circuit components in to a very small surface of silicon known as chip. Processing Speed – More reliable than 1st & 2nd Machine Heat Generation – Lesser amount of Heat generated Size – Smaller than older computer Instructions –Expensive use of High level Language User Friendly – General purpose Machine used in commercial Application Cost – Production & Maintenance costs was Cheaper than older one Example – IBM 360, CDC 7600 Fourth Generation Basic component –: Microprocessors 1971-Present It integrates thousands of electronics components in to a single chip and with VLSI ( Very large scale integration) Thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single chip. Processing Speed – Most reliable than older computer Heat Generation – Virtually no Heat generated Size – Smallest in size making them easily portable Instructions –Very sophisticated programs & Languages use User Friendly –Easiest to operate Cost – Production & Maintenance costs was Cheapest than older one Example – IBM 3090, VAX During this period, high speed computer networking (LAN, WAN) and C programming language became popular. LAN – Local Area Network WAN – Wide Area Network Fifth Generation Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: (Artificial Intelligence) ULSI - Ultra Large Scale Integration superseded VLSI technology. ULSI consists of around 10 millions of electronic components. Fifth Generation computing devices have knowledge information processing system and incorporate Artificial Intelligence are still in development. This generation computer take decision based on information and logic stored in them and process non- numerical information such as graphical representations and pictures. EXERCISES Long Question : 1. What is a Computer? What does the term “generation” mean? Briefly explain how many generations are there till date? 2. Give basic difference between 1st and 3rd Generation of Computer. Short Question: 1. Expand the following abbreviations used in computer terminology. ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM, EDVAC, ENTAC, EDSAC, IC, AI, COBOL, ALGOL, VLSI SNOBOL, LAN, WAN, ULSI 2. _________ was the basic component used in 1st generations of computer. 3. _________ was the basic component used in 2nd generations of computer. 4. _________ was the basic component used in 3rd generations of computer. 5. _________ was the basic component used in 4th generations of computer. .
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