DOCSLIB.ORG

ARCADIAN CULT IMAGES BETWEEN RELIGION and POLITICS Tanja S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ARCADIAN CULT IMAGES BETWEEN RELIGION and POLITICS Tanja S ARCADIAN CULT IMAGES BETWEEN RELIGION AND POLITICS Tanja S. Scheer The naval battle at Aktion had consequences not only for the immedi- ately involved opponents, but also for the Greek world. The aftershocks of this clash of enormous fleets shook the city of Rome. They also, how- ever, reached the rather remote parts of the Roman Empire, such as the Arcadian territory and the cult images of its deities. Two Arcadian poleis were apparently particularly affected by this: Mantineia and Tegea. Both cities were located inland and shared the same Arcadian plateau. Neither Tegea nor Mantineia were likely to have been particularly prominent in the naval battle, for the incompetence at sea of the Arcadian mountain dwellers was proverbial until the Imperial period. The fact that the battle of Aktion brought about unequal consequences for the two towns was due to their respective political attitude. In the Roman civil war, Mantineia had supported the victor Octavian. The other Arcadians, so Pausanias tells us, were allies of Marcus Antonius.1 These partisanships did presumably not go back to well-founded preferences for one or the other Roman triumvir, but reflected inner-Greek discrep- ancies: Sparta sided with Octavian,2 while the opponents of Sparta on the Peloponnese rallied around Antonius.3 The battle at Aktion gave the victorious party an opportunity for payoff. Friends were rewarded, but those who had sided with the wrong party had to pay for this mistake. The Athenians lost Aigina and Eretria, and the island of Kos was apparently forced to sell the famous painting of Aphrodite by Apelles on the account of having delivered shipbuilding timber to Antonius.4 One example of friends being rewarded is the city of Kydonia, which put up resistance against Antonius and consequently was awarded autonomy by Augustus.5 1 Paus. ... 2 Cf. Böhme , . 3 Cf. also Paus. ... See also Bernhardt , and Accame , . 4 Cf. generally Paus. ..–. Athens: Bernhardt , n. ; Kos: Strabo .. (C ); Plin. Nat.hist. .. 5 Diod. ..; Paus. ... Tanja S. Scheer - 9789047441656 Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 08:21:51AM via free access tanja s. scheer The principle of reward and punishment found application also in Ar- cadia—at least according to Pausanias. Possibly in remembrance of the alliance at Aktion, the Mantineans established the cult of Aphrodite Symmachia,6 but the Tegeans are said to have been punished: “The ancient cult image of Athena Alea . [was] carried away by the Roman emperor Augustus after his defeat of Antonius and his allies, among whomwerealltheArcadiansexcepttheMantineans”.7 Compared to the attitude of the Romans during the punishment of the rebellious Korinth approximately one hundred years earlier, the behav- iour of Augustus appears downright moderate in retrospect. While the Roman conqueror Mummius had wiped Korinth off the map in bce, solditsresidentsintoslaveryorslaughteredthem,theTegeans“only”lost the agalma of Athena Alea. The following contribution will focus on three basic questions: – Which reasons moved Octavian, later Augustus, to proceed in this manner in Arcadia? – What did this punishment concerning the cult image of their main deity mean to the Tegeans? What consequences did the removal of the cult statue have for sanctuary and cities in general? – Which insights concerning the religious significance of cult images in Greece and Rome per se can be derived from the behaviour of Augustus and the Tegeans? Augustus and the cult image of Athena Alea The motivation of Augustus to carry away Athena Alea appears com- pletely clear to Pausanias. On this occasion, Augustus is said to have acted according to a long-standing tradition of taking the cult statues from the defeated as a form of punishment.8 In the passage that follows, the perieget cites a whole range of further examples, according to which this allegedly happened, for example the assaults of the Persians on Greek sanctuaries. It is, however, imperative to enquire more exactly here: Was it a force of habit that drove the victors? Was it the wish to weaken the 6 Mantineia: Paus. ... Accame , ; Jost , ; –; Madigan , ; Bruit Zaidman – Schmitt Pantel , –. 7 Paus. ... 8 Paus. ... Tanja S. Scheer - 9789047441656 Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 08:21:51AM via free access arcadian cult images between religion and politics religious power of the defeated? Was it general greed, or did Augustus specifically target the Athena Alea of Tegea because it represented the enemy and its allies in a particular manner? Some circumstantial evidence points to the latter direction. The Te- gean Athena offered herself as “hostile” deity in several regards. In the Augustan era, the Arcadian landscape was apparently often falsely per- ceived as wasteland. According to the geographer Strabo, only two of the Arcadian poleis were worthy of mention at all: Tegea and Mantineia.9 If Mantineia, however, was siding with Octavian, then Tegea represented all the more the hostile pole of this territory. Tegea, with its main deity Athena, was the most important polis of the rest of Arcadia, which was siding with Antonius. If one then wanted to punish the opposing Arca- dian party as a whole, it was more than obvious to direct one’s efforts against Tegea.10 Even beyond the current behaviour of the Tegeans, however, the god- dess Athena politically represented the enemy. In Athens, Marcus Anto- nius had boasted about a special connection with Athena. He even took an olive branch of Athena with him on his Parthian campaign as a pro- tective symbol.11 Whether the Athenians did symbolically wed Marcus Antonius with Athena is highly questionable.12 Antonius did, however, regard Athena as a goddess favourably disposed towards him. Obvi- ously, this impression had become known beyond his immediate envi- ronment. In addition, one has to ask whether the behaviour of Augustus was aimed at weakening the religious potential of the defeated in favour of his allies or even in favour of the Romans. The fact that the abduction of Athena Alea did indeed reduce the religious potential of Tegea is without question. An ancient cult image, which had been the most important seat of the deity for centuries, was irrecoverably lost. Whether the goddess would accept another seat at which the Tegeans would be just as successful in establishing contact with their deity would have yet to be proven.13 Interestingly enough, in this case, Augustus abstained from passing on the Tegean cult image to his allies and thereby from changing 9 Strabo .. (C ); cf. Alcock , –. 10 Alcock , . 11 Plut. Ant. .; Kienast , . 12 Sen. suas. .–; Dio Cass. ..; Scheer , . 13 Scheer , –. Tanja S. Scheer - 9789047441656 Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 08:21:51AM via free access tanja s. scheer the religious landscape on this important Arcadian plateau for the benefit of Mantineia. This would have suggested itself as an obvious option. In the befriended neighbouring city, residents had also been admiring Athena Alea since ancient times, but their worship had never succeeded in measuring up to the significance of the Tegean cult.14 In a similar case Augustus did not hesitate to utilise cult images as a means of reward and punishment. The colony of Patrai, founded in bce, received the image of Artemis Laphria from Aitolian Kalydon on the opposite side of the Korinthian gulf.15 The synoecism of Nikopolis also left the Aitolian and Akarnanian temples to their fate. The images of the gods adorned the sanctuaries of the new victor city Nikopolis.16 In contrast to this, Athena Alea of Tegea was not used to strengthen the cultic importance of an ally. She rather became part of the Roman loot. Augustus’ attitude here does not amount to the abolition or even annihilation of religious potential but merely to its relocation and appro- priation. The cult image of Athena Alea was, after all, not destroyed but brought to Rome. Against this background, it is not clear, however, why Augustus chose this particular statue. In his description of Tegea, Pausanias lists a relatively large number of sanctuaries and cult images that were dedicated to various gods and heroes.17 So which advantages did the image of Athena Alea possess? Was it made of particularly precious material? Was it perhaps artistically valuable? Was the emphasis on the exceptionally old age or was it, like Athena Polias in Athens or Artemis Orthia in Sparta, among the small group of images which were believed to have fallen from the sky and which had special powers ascribed to them?18 Pausanias mentions the material of the Athena image. It was precious and in its own way definitely unusual. Athena Alea was made of ivory.19 If the image was made of solid ivory, it should have been comparatively small.Aconstructionmadeofwoodandivorywouldhaveallowed for greater dimensions. However, the fact that Athena Alea apparently 14 Athena Alea in Mantineia: Paus. ..; Jost , . 15 Paus. .. and –; Scheer , –; Auffarth , –. 16 Nikopolis: Paus. ..; Strabo .. (C ). 17 Paus. .–; Jost , –. 18 Scheer , . 19 For the comparative rareness of pure ivory images, see Norman , . For a possible explanation, see Lapatin , . Tanja S. Scheer - 9789047441656 Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 08:21:51AM via free access arcadian cult images between religion and politics survived the great temple fire in the year /—which means that it was saved from a burning building relatively quickly—indicates at any rate a portable, rather than a colossal size.20 If one assumes that it was a relatively small ivory image, the idea that it might have been an “image that fell from the sky” suggests itself. Modest size was a typical characteristic of these so-called diopete¯.The word choice of Pausanias, however, speaks against this thesis. In contrast to particularly ancient (mostly wooden) images, which he calls xoana, Pausanias uses the word agalma in reference to Athena Alea.21 Furthermore, Pausanias names the artist who created the statue and by doing so precludes the possibility of a celestial origin of this cult image.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Early Mycenaean Arkadia: Space and Place(S) of an Inland and Mountainous Region
    Early Mycenaean Arkadia: Space and Place(s) of an Inland and Mountainous Region Eleni Salavoura1 Abstract: The concept of space is an abstract and sometimes a conventional term, but places – where people dwell, (inter)act and gain experiences – contribute decisively to the formation of the main characteristics and the identity of its residents. Arkadia, in the heart of the Peloponnese, is a landlocked country with small valleys and basins surrounded by high mountains, which, according to the ancient literature, offered to its inhabitants a hard and laborious life. Its rough terrain made Arkadia always a less attractive area for archaeological investigation. However, due to its position in the centre of the Peloponnese, Arkadia is an inevitable passage for anyone moving along or across the peninsula. The long life of small and medium-sized agrarian communities undoubtedly owes more to their foundation at crossroads connecting the inland with the Peloponnesian coast, than to their potential for economic growth based on the resources of the land. However, sites such as Analipsis, on its east-southeastern borders, the cemetery at Palaiokastro and the ash altar on Mount Lykaion, both in the southwest part of Arkadia, indicate that the area had a Bronze Age past, and raise many new questions. In this paper, I discuss the role of Arkadia in early Mycenaean times based on settlement patterns and excavation data, and I investigate the relation of these inland communities with high-ranking central places. In other words, this is an attempt to set place(s) into space, supporting the idea that the central region of the Peloponnese was a separated, but not isolated part of it, comprising regions that are also diversified among themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient History Sourcebook: 11Th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA an Ancient City in Greece, the Capital of Laconia and the Most Powerful State of the Peloponnese
    Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA AN ancient city in Greece, the capital of Laconia and the most powerful state of the Peloponnese. The city lay at the northern end of the central Laconian plain, on the right bank of the river Eurotas, a little south of the point where it is joined by its largest tributary, the Oenus (mount Kelefina). The site is admirably fitted by nature to guard the only routes by which an army can penetrate Laconia from the land side, the Oenus and Eurotas valleys leading from Arcadia, its northern neighbour, and the Langada Pass over Mt Taygetus connecting Laconia and Messenia. At the same time its distance from the sea-Sparta is 27 m. from its seaport, Gythium, made it invulnerable to a maritime attack. I.-HISTORY Prehistoric Period.-Tradition relates that Sparta was founded by Lacedaemon, son of Zeus and Taygete, who called the city after the name of his wife, the daughter of Eurotas. But Amyclae and Therapne (Therapnae) seem to have been in early times of greater importance than Sparta, the former a Minyan foundation a few miles to the south of Sparta, the latter probably the Achaean capital of Laconia and the seat of Menelaus, Agamemnon's younger brother. Eighty years after the Trojan War, according to the traditional chronology, the Dorian migration took place. A band of Dorians united with a body of Aetolians to cross the Corinthian Gulf and invade the Peloponnese from the northwest. The Aetolians settled in Elis, the Dorians pushed up to the headwaters of the Alpheus, where they divided into two forces, one of which under Cresphontes invaded and later subdued Messenia, while the other, led by Aristodemus or, according to another version, by his twin sons Eurysthenes and Procles, made its way down the Eurotas were new settlements were formed and gained Sparta, which became the Dorian capital of Laconia.
    [Show full text]
  • Greece - Archaeological & Cultural Biking Tour - 8 Days Services
    FB France-Bike GmbH Johannesstrasse 28a | D - 47623 Kevelaer Phone : +49 - 2832 977 855 [email protected] Greece - Archaeological & Cultural Biking Tour - 8 days Services: 7 nights in 3*** hotels or appartements 7x breakfast This is a fascinating bike trip for the admirers of Greek Archaeology and cultural luggage transfer between hotels GPS and Maps with routes (1 piece for 2 participants) experiences. It is unique as you start biking high in the mountains and you end up cycling complete information about the area next to the sea for a couple of days. It combines the magnificent fir trees of Mainalon transfer for riders and bikes from Nafplio to mountain with the marvelous endless beaches lying along the Argolic Gulf. You will visit Epidaurus on day 7 some of the most important archaeological sites in Peloponnese such as Epidaurus with the service hotline famous theatre, Mycenae that conquered during the Bronze Age, ancient Mantinea, ancient Tegea, Argos, ancient Lerna with the homonymous lake where Hercules killed the mythic beast, and the walls of ancient Tiryns. Your destination is the Central-Eastern additional services: Peloponnese where the mythical perpetual mountains meet the fantastic blue sea. electric bike 230 € rental bike 21 gears 80 € Day 1: Individual arrival to Vytina race bike 120 € Transfer under request from the Athens airport to Vytina, which is a beautiful traditional settlement that played an Tandem 240 € important role during the Greek Independence War in 1821. The village is located at the foot of the mountain range Mainaloat at an altitude of 1.033 meters and thanks to its excellent nature, is considered one of the most famous tourist resorts of Peloponnese and one of the best in Greece.
    [Show full text]
  • Bakke-Alisoy.Pdf
    Papers and Monographs from the Norwegian Institute at Athens, Volume 5 Local and Global Perspectives on Mobility in the Eastern Mediterranean Edited by Ole Christian Aslaksen the Norwegian Institute at Athens 2016 © 2016 The Norwegian Institute at Athens Typeset by Rich Potter. ISBN: 978-960-85145-5-3 ISSN: 2459-3230 Communication and Trade at Tegea in the Bronze Age Hege Agathe Bakke-Alisøy Communication is a central part of any discussion of the Aegean Bronze Age and the development of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilisations. Movement and communication is always present in human society. The archaeological material from the Tegean Mountain plain indicates the importance of inland communication on the Peloponnese during the Bronze Age. I here look at the settlement structure at the Tegean plain in the Bronze Age, and its relation to possible routes of communication and trade. By discussing changes in settlement pattern, land use, and sacred space my aim is to trace possible changes in the local and regional communication networks in this area. During the EH communication and trade networks at Tegea seems primarily to have had a local focus, with some connection to the more developed trade nodes in the Gulf of Argos. A strong Minoan influenced trade network is also observed in Tegea from the MN and early LH with Analipsis and its strong connection to Laconia. The abandonment of Analipsis correlates with changes in the communication patterns due to a strong Mycenaean culture in the Argolid by the end of LH. The changes observed in the communication network suggest that Tegea, with its central location on the Peloponnese, could be seen as an interjection for all inland communication.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ISLAMIC COINS Athens at BY
    THE ATHENIANAGORA RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS CONDUCTED BY THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS VOLUME IX THE ISLAMIC COINS Athens at BY GEORGE C. MILES Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. License: Classical of o go only. .,0,00 cc, 000, .4. *004i~~~a.L use School personal American © For THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 1962 American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to The Athenian Agora ® www.jstor.org PUBLISHED WITH THE AID OF A GRANT FROM MR. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR. Athens at Studies CC-BY-NC-ND. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED License: Classical of only. use School personal American © For PRINTED IN GERMANY at J.J. AUGUSTIN GLO CKSTADT PREFACE T he present catalogue is in a sense the continuation of the catalogue of coins found in the Athenian Agora published by MissMargaret Thompson in 1954, TheAthenian Agora: Results of the Excavations conductedby the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Volume II, Athens Coins from the Roman throughthe Venetian Period. Miss Thompson's volume dealt with the at Roman, Byzantine, Frankish, Mediaeval European and Venetian coins. It was in the spring of 1954 that on Professor Homer A. Thompson's invitation I stopped briefly at the Agora on my way home from a year in Egypt and made a quick survey of the Islamic coins found in the ex- cavations. During the two weeks spent in Athens on that occasion I looked rapidly through the coins and that their somewhat and their relative Studies reported despite unalluring appearance CC-BY-NC-ND.
    [Show full text]
  • Erik Østby: the SANCTUARY of ALEA at TEGEA in the PRE-CLASSICAL PERIOD
    T I.i Erik Østby: THE SANCTUARY OF ALEA AT TEGEA IN THE PRE-CLASSICAL PERIOD Origin and early development of the sanctuary first priestess of the goddess, was seduced or raped by Heracles at the fountain in the sanctuary, and gave birth According to the review of Arcadian origins provided to their son Telephos; he was then miraculously saved by Pausanias, Tegea was founded as a community and from the king’s attempts to eliminate him, and in some owed its name to Tegeates, one of the many grandsons way or other emigrated to Asia Minor, where he was later of Pelasgos who created such communities in Arcadia claimed by the Pergamene kings as the mythical ancestor in the third generation after the mythical ancestor of the of their community. For this reason his story became a Arcadian people. This Tegeates, probably an eponymous favourite subject in Pergamene official art.4 (Fig. 2) The figure created from the toponym and not based on story as such is best known from late sources, when it genuine, old traditions, was said to have created eight had gained notoriety because of the Pergamene interest out of the traditional nine districts or δήμοι where the in it; but Auge’s fate was exploited in lost tragedies by inhabitants of Tegea were settled.1 (Fig. 1) Three more Sophocles and Euripides, Pausanias twice cites Hekataios generations were to pass, however, before Aleos, son as a source for her affair with Heracles, and there is even of Apheidas who had created the ninth deme,2 chose earlier evidence for the story in a fragment of Hesiod.5 Tegea
    [Show full text]
  • An Allied History of the Peloponnesian League: Elis, Tegea, and Mantinea
    An Allied History of the Peloponnesian League: Elis, Tegea, and Mantinea By James Alexander Caprio B.A. Hamilton College, 1994 M.A. Tufts University, 1997 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Classical, Near Eastern, and Religious Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA January, 2005 © James A. Caprio, 2005 Abstract Elis, Tegea, and Mantinea became members of the Peloponnesian League at its inception in 506, although each had concluded an alliance with Sparta much earlier. The initial arrangement between each city-state and Sparta was reciprocal and membership in the League did not interfere with their individual development. By the fifth century, Elis, Mantinea, and Tegea had created their own symmachies and were continuing to expand within the Peloponnesos. Eventually, the prosperity and growth of these regional symmachies were seen by Sparta as hazardous to its security. Hostilities erupted when Sparta interfered with the intent to dismantle these leagues. Although the dissolution of the allied leagues became an essential factor in the preservation of Sparta's security, it also engendered a rift between its oldest and most important allies. This ultimately contributed to the demise of Spartan power in 371 and the termination of the Peloponnesian League soon thereafter. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Table of Contents iii List of Maps iv List of Abbreviations v Acknowledgements viii Introduction • 1 Chapter One: Elis 20 Chapter Two: Tegea and southern Arkadia 107 Chapter Three: Mantinea and northern Arkadia 181 Conclusion 231 Bibliography , 234 iii Maps Map 1: Elis 21 Map 2: Tegean Territory 108 Map 3: The Peloponnesos 109 Map 4: Phigalia 117 Map 5: Mantinea and Tegea 182 Map 6: Mantinea and its environs 182 Abbreviations Amit, Poleis M.
    [Show full text]
  • Commission Implementing Decision of 22 August 2018 on the Publication
    28.8.2018 EN Official Journal of the European Union C 302/13 COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION of 22 August 2018 on the publication in the Official Journal of the European Union of an application for amendment of a specification for a name in the wine sector referred to in Article 105 of Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (‘Μαντινεία’ (Mantinia) (PDO)) (2018/C 302/10) THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Having regard to Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 establishing a common organisation of the markets in agricultural products and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) No 922/72, (EEC) No 234/79, (EC) No 1037/2001 and (EC) No 1234/2007 (1), and in particular Article 97(3) thereof, Whereas: (1) Greece has sent an application for amendment of the specification for the name ‘Μαντινεία’ (Mantinia) in accordance with Article 105 of Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013. (2) The Commission has examined the application and concluded that the conditions laid down in Articles 93 to 96, Article 97(1), and Articles 100, 101 and 102 of Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 have been met. (3) In order to allow for the presentation of statements of opposition in accordance with Article 98 of Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013, the application for amendment of the specification for the name ‘Μαντινεία’ (Mantinia) should be published in the Official Journal of the European Union, HAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS: Sole Article The application for amendment of the specification for the name ‘Μαντινεία’ (Mantinia) (PDO), in accordance with Article 105 of Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013, is contained in the Annex to this Decision.
    [Show full text]
  • The Asea Valley from the Neolithic Period to the Early Bronze Age ……………
    ANKARA UNIVERSITY RESEARCH CENTER FOR MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY (ANKÜSAM) Publication No: 1 Proceedings of the International Symposium The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age October 13th – 19th 1997, Urla - İzmir (Turkey) Edited by Hayat Erkanal, Harald Hauptmann, Vasıf Şahoğlu, Rıza Tuncel Ankara • 2008 ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ / ANKARA UNIVERSITY SUALTI ARKEOLOJİK ARAŞTIRMA ve UYGULAMA MERKEZİ (ANKÜSAM) RESEARCH CENTER FOR MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY (ANKÜSAM) Yayın No / Publication No: 1 Ön kapak: İzmir - Höyücek’de ele geçmiş insan yüzü tasvirli bir stel. M.Ö. 3. Bin. Front cover: A stelae depicting a human face from İzmir - Höyücek . 3rd Millennium BC. Arka kapak: Liman Tepe Erken Tunç Çağı II, Atnalı Biçimli Bastiyon. Back cover: Early Bronze Age II horse-shoe shaped bastion at Liman Tepe. Kapak Tasarımı / Cover Design : Vasıf Şahoğlu ISBN: 978-975-482-767-5 Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi / Ankara University Press İncitaşı Sokak No:10 06510 Beşevler / ANKARA Tel: 0 (312) 213 66 55 Basım Tarihi: 31 / 03 / 2008 CONTENTS Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………………………............ xi Preface by the Editors ………………………………………………………………………………… xiii Opening speech by the Mayor, Bülent BARATALI …...……………………………………………......... xxiii Opening speech by Prof. Dr. Ekrem AKURGAL ……………………………………............................... xxv Opening speech by Prof. Dr. Christos DOUMAS……………………………………………………….. xxvii LILIAN ACHEILARA Myrina in Prehistoric Times …..……………………………………………………………. 1 VASSILIKI ADRIMI – SISMANI Données Récentes Concernant Le Site Prehistorique De Dimini: La Continuité de l’Habitation Littorale depuis le Début du Néolithique Récent jusqu’à la Fin du Bronze Ancien ……………………………………………………………………………… 9 IOANNIS ASLANIS Frühe Fortifikationssysteme in Griechenland ………………………………………………. 35 PANAGIOTA AYGERINOU A Flaked-Stone Industry from Mytilene: A Preliminary Report …………………………… 45 ANTHI BATZIOU – EFSTATHIOU Kastraki: A New Bronze Age Settlement in Achaea Phthiotis …………………………….. 73 MARIO BENZI A Forgotten Island: Kalymnos in the Late Neolithic Period ……………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • The Sanctuary of Athena Alea at Tegea: the Topographical Evidence
    T II.i Erik Østby: THE SANCTUARY OF ATHENA ALEA AT TEGEA: THE TOPOGRAPHICAL EVIDENCE Pausanias approached Tegea from the direction of east) if it still in his time ran in an U-loop south, west Megalopolis and Pallantion, after crossing the Manthou- and north of the sanctuary before continuing northwards. rian plain for about 50 stades (about 10 km). He left a This was clearly the situation in the Archaic period, but small hill called Mount Kresios with a sanctuary to recent geological studies have shown that at a certain Ares Aphneios on its top to his right,1 and closer to the moment in antiquity, perhaps as early as the Classical town he passed by a fountain called Leuconia, perhaps period, the river broke through the loop and found a new where the village Kerasitsa lies today.2 If this is correct, course through the sanctuary, east of the altar.4 If this had he probably did not follow a direct road across the plain happened before Pausanias’ visit, he would no longer toward the main gate which has been presumed near the have to cross the river before reaching the sanctuary; but village of Nea Episkopi,3 through which the traveller he would have to do that before continuing to enter the could arrive almost immediately in the centre of the town city, just as visitors from the town would have to cross it with its agora; instead he took a slightly longer route from the east in order to go to the sanctuary. located further south, along the foothills of the more hilly Some such reconstruction of his approach may explain landscape south of Tegea.
    [Show full text]
  • Losing Confidence in Sparta: the Creation of the Mantinean Symmachy James Capreedy
    Losing Confidence in Sparta: The Creation of the Mantinean Symmachy James Capreedy URING THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR, the Arkadian city- state Mantinea built its own regional symmachy and D assumed the role of hegemon over its allies. In doing so, Mantinea was breaking an agreement and changing the nature of its relationship with the hegemon of the Pelopon- nesian League, Sparta. Though recent studies have examined the relationship between Sparta and its allies during the archaic and classical periods,1 the present paper offers a new perspec- tive on the mini-hegemony of Mantinea and its efforts to pre- serve its autonomy and independence as one of the smaller city-states of Greece. Mantinea built its own mini-hegemony during a period of turmoil in the Peloponnesos when Spartan power had diminished (423–418 B.C.E.), and in an attempt to preserve its independence and protect what Sparta and the Peloponnesian League were failing to safeguard, Mantinea dis- affiliated itself with Sparta. Regional symmachies and the Peloponnesian League Discussions of the rules that governed the Peloponnesian League, particularly the precise nature of the political rela- tionship between Sparta and allies such as Mantinea, have revolved around a possible League constitution, the allies’ abil- ity to limit Sparta’s executive power via an allied assembly, and 1 E.g. D. C. Yates, “The Archaic Treaties between the Spartans and their Allies,” CQ 55 (2005) 65–75; S. Bolmarcich, “Thucydides 1.19.1 and the Peloponnesian League,” GRBS 45 (2005) 5–34, and “The Date of the ‘Oath of the Peloponnesian League’,” Historia 57 (2008) 65–79.
    [Show full text]
  • Coins in the Regions and Towns of Medieval Greece
    chapter 4 Coins in the Regions and Towns of Medieval Greece Coins have been found in the Greek towns and regions as hoards, singles or strays, or in excavations. Some are from overtly urban, others from rural or semi-rural contexts. Coins were deposited in graves, or discarded in rubbish dumps. The aim of this chapter is to consider specifically and afresh the coins in their archaeological and topographical settings. Our interest is to see how the different data sets can illuminate one another. Information presented al- ready in the other chapters, and in the appendices – while taken as given – will not unduly weigh down the current discussions, and cross-references are made sparingly. Maps 1–4 on pp. 1599–1605 allow for the location of a large propor- tion of the finds considered here. 1 Peloponnese, with Special Reference to Corinth, Argos, Sparta, and Clarentza Relevant hoards: «1. Kaparelli 1927», «3. Mapsos 1991», «33. Arkadia 1958», «35. Sparta 1957», «36. Corinth 15 July 1929», «37. Corinth 15–16 June 1960», «38. Argos 1984», «39. Methana», «43. Corinth 1898», «45. Erymantheia 1955», «46. Patra before 1940», «47. Seltsi 1938», «50. Sparta 1926C», «52. Xirochori 2001», «53. Corinth 15 June 1925», «54. Berbati 1953», «56. Corinth 16 April 1929», «57. Corinth 1938», «59. Argos 1988», «60. Nemea 1936», «63. Kordokopi 1972», «69. Capstan Navy Cut»(?), «70. Corinth 8 May 1934», «76. Corinth 20–21 August 1928», «77. Corinth 1992», «81. Troizina 1899», «83. Xirochori 1957», «87. Vourvoura», «89. Epidauros 1904», «90. Limnes 2006», «92. Pylia 1968/1969», «142. Patra 1955A», «146.
    [Show full text]