DOCSLIB.ORG

Transport Systems in Bombay/Mumbai

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Transport Systems in Bombay/Mumbai Transport Systems in Bombay/Mumbai This paper seeks to explore the impact of transportation systems on urbanisation trends and characteristics in the colonial city of Bombay. The central focus of this paper is an examination of the interrelatedness of flows and mobilities in a cityscape engineered by colonial and indigenous forces of capital. Mumbai offers interesting insights in this area, given the deep historicity of its transport systems, the aspirational significance of the city in the local as well as global landscape and the constitution of the urban fabric through socio-cultural forces of migration, colonialism as well as a planned approach to urban development. The multi-faceted nature of urban life in the city is complemented by a dynamic exchange of goods, services and people both within and at its boundaries. Situating the multivariate factors for its expansion in the need to facilitate these exchanges is then fundamental for caricaturing its composition. Identifying both global and local factors in the sustenance and expansion of the city in the past provide crucial input for understanding the urbanity in the present. Transportation in the city is closely correlated with employment flows, residential and settlement patterns, industrial requirements and political agendas of planning and organising mobilities around the interests of elites and dominant class groups. Objectives have been wide-ranging, including promoting access and affordability on one hand while also facilitating capitalist enterprise and exchange to develop the primary industrial centre of the colonial government in Bombay. The analysis in this paper locates the historical origins of transport and the planned approach to organising the movement of commodities as well as people in the heterogeneous composition of the city, which often stems from the agendas of planning, promoting segregation and unevenness in the development patterns within the city. The larger aim of such an analysis is to throw light on the persistent inequalities within the city and recognise the ‘splintering’ of the urban. Mobilities and Flows in Colonial Bombay A colonial past foreshadows the construction of contemporary Mumbai and sets the stage for global and local flows of capital and labour in the city. It is also equally important to highlight the contributions of the Indian elements in this process. A foray into the historical context of the development of transport and capital networks informed by a sociological understanding of the complexity of the urban landscape of Bombay presidency can help establish the backdrop against which the current cityscape has evolved. Bombay’s growth as the ‘second city of the empire’ was closely tied to the inflow of capital, both foreign and indigenous, as a result of a century-long import-export trade. The unique location of Bombay as a port city aided its rise as an industrial centre highly conducive for business and accumulation of wealth which further encouraged economic activity at rates much higher than any other colonial city. Multiple factors contributed to the rise of Bombay as a hub for commercial activity and massive economic exchanges throughout the course of the 19th century. The British opium trade with China was significantly responsible for funnelling a sizeable amount of foreign capital which furthered the economic interests of multiple stakeholders in Bombay. These factors also included the increase in the volume of trade for cotton due to the American Civil War, the improvements in transport and communication which in turn enabled expansion of markets exponentially and the construction of railways, road networks and telegraph links which connected Bombay’s manufacturing industries and cotton textile mills to the local markets and stimulated indigenous demand. The newfound mobility of goods through rail networks was complemented by similar flexibility of movement of people from the hinterland to the urban locations as it opened up avenues of employment and resulted in a notable rise in long-distance migrations. While the cotton textile mills dominated the industrial landscape in Bombay, the money lending activities of the Gujarati entrepreneurial community alongwith the indigenous banking system set up in parts like Jhaveri Bazaar and Sheikh Memon Street constituted the sources of financial flows in the city. In fact, it has been argued that most of the industry established in Bombay by the end of the 19th century was a result of the investments made by Indian capitalists. As Bombay’s administration became increasingly more important due to the changing political structures in the colonial regime, the economic and political organisation of the city was brought into focus. Largely under the control of business owners and industrialists, the turn of the 19th century also saw a shift in power from the colonial governance towards the business owners and industrialists. Chandavarkar argues that it would be a mistake to conclude that the emergence of Bombay as the mainstay of colonial industrial prowess was solely a product of imperial modernity (Chandavarkar 2002). Bombay’s linkage with its hinterland which extended to most of the subcontinent, the capitalist forces of the internal economy and the workforce which migrated into Bombay and populated its mills and factories played a crucial role in the construction of colonial Bombay and laid the groundwork for future development. As the economy of Bombay closely affected the rural economy through labour and capital flows of remittances and reinvestment, the capitalist development within the city could be located both in the larger economic arrangements of the country as well as the world capitalist system through its colonial interconnections. Activities of trade, especially in opium and cotton became important sources of accumulation for the bourgeoisie in Bombay, profits from which brought in and reaped both by the British and Indian capitalists. These profits were channelled in the social construction of space in the city and made the transition to urbanity in Victorian Bombay a product of both western and native enterprise. The social engineering of the city’s geography in order to organise housing and civic arrangements was undertaken within a colonial framework but it was carried out using the architectural and technical labour of Indian professionals, namely civil engineers and architects. The city’s urban development was marked by negotiations and conflicts between the desires of the local inhabitants and that of the colonial regime’s vision for the organisation of the city space. Furthermore, while historically the Fort, the Esplanade and the soldier’s barracks had served as the military base for the colonial masters, the elite merchant communities in the city, namely the Bohras, Banias and the Parsis alongwith other Hindu and Muslim trading communities made their presence known on the city’s landscape through the emergence of the Bazaargate localities. Patterns of settlement, largely determined by the need of commerce, saw the emergence of housing arrangements structured around communities and their religion, ethnic and occupational identities. The chawl became a characteristic element of the city’s social space as housing became an increasingly scarce resource with the influx of migrant populations from all over the country. The response of the colonial administration came in the form of an “urban improvement” trust in the city which sought to design the city space in order to combat the growing exigencies of population growth and the resulting problems of sanitation and hygiene. The plague at the end of the 19th century further exacerbated this requirement and set the wheels in motion for intensive urban planning in colonial Bombay. Construction of road and rail networks and policies to curb the spread of disease formed the main working points for restructuring the city’s landscape through town planning exercises. A retrospective inquiry into the design of various buildings and prominent landmarks in the city, through an analysis of the architectural styles of the city, reveals a significant contribution to the making of Bombay by the local communities who shared the city with their colonial masters (Chopra 2011). A recognition of the historicity of the city’s transport, housing and infrastructural networks elaborates the sheer multiplicity of possible future directions for urban development in the city. The next section examines the planning exercises undertaken in the Mumbai metropolitan region and the variety of objectives and concerns they sought to target. Urbanisation for Whom? Having recognised the variegated composition of the city of Mumbai as a result of both its past and present status of a ‘global-city’ in the Indian subcontinent, it would also be useful to explore the history of planned urbanisation interventions in the city which predate to the Bombay City Improvement Trust set up by the British in 1898 in the aftermath of the plague. The expansion of the large-scale industrial base in the city was also accompanied by the degradation of the environment and a land-availability crunch due to the laissez-faire urbanisation practices of the local elites. The congestion and unsanitary conditions ​ resembled those witnessed in pre-industrial Europe, wherein the introduction of the industry also mandated a rehaul of the urban ecosystem and led to urban-renewal missions. Bombay followed a similar pattern as the city’s local elites sought to ‘clean-up’
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sources of Maratha History: Indian Sources
    1 SOURCES OF MARATHA HISTORY: INDIAN SOURCES Unit Structure : 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Maratha Sources 1.3 Sanskrit Sources 1.4 Hindi Sources 1.5 Persian Sources 1.6 Summary 1.7 Additional Readings 1.8 Questions 1.0 OBJECTIVES After the completion of study of this unit the student will be able to:- 1. Understand the Marathi sources of the history of Marathas. 2. Explain the matter written in all Bakhars ranging from Sabhasad Bakhar to Tanjore Bakhar. 3. Know Shakavalies as a source of Maratha history. 4. Comprehend official files and diaries as source of Maratha history. 5. Understand the Sanskrit sources of the Maratha history. 6. Explain the Hindi sources of Maratha history. 7. Know the Persian sources of Maratha history. 1.1 INTRODUCTION The history of Marathas can be best studied with the help of first hand source material like Bakhars, State papers, court Histories, Chronicles and accounts of contemporary travelers, who came to India and made observations of Maharashtra during the period of Marathas. The Maratha scholars and historians had worked hard to construct the history of the land and people of Maharashtra. Among such scholars people like Kashinath Sane, Rajwade, Khare and Parasnis were well known luminaries in this field of history writing of Maratha. Kashinath Sane published a mass of original material like Bakhars, Sanads, letters and other state papers in his journal Kavyetihas Samgraha for more eleven years during the nineteenth century. There is much more them contribution of the Bharat Itihas Sanshodhan Mandal, Pune to this regard.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bombay Presidency Radio Club Ltd
    E For Members Only Website: www.radioclub.in The Bombay Presidency Radio Club Ltd. 157, Arthur Bunder Road, Colaba, Mumbai: - 400 005. CIN NO: - U99999MH1928GAP001372 Tel:22845025 / 71 / 75, 22845121 Fax: 022 22833213 Email:- [email protected],[email protected] ENTERTAINMENT NEWS FOR NOV & DEC 2017 I M POR TAN T N EW S MEMBERS ARE HEREBY INFORMED THAT AS AUTUMN HAS APPROACHED AND THE TEMPERATURES ARE HIGHER, THE HARBOUR VIEW ANNEX HAS BEEN THROWN OPEN TO ALL OUR MEMBERS WISHING TO HAVE SNACKS, LIGHT REFRESHMENTS, TEA, ETC. IN AIR CONDITIONED COMFORT FROM 8.00 AM TO 4.00 PM. THE ENTRANCE TO THE HARBOUR VIEW ANNEX IS FROM THE PATIO. THIS FACILITY IS AVAILABLE UPTO 30TH NOVEMBER 2017. ON ACCOUNT OF MEMBERS GET TOGETHER NITE ON SATURDAY 18TH NOV. 2017 ON SATURDAY 18TH NOV. GUESTS AND RECIPROCAL MEMBERS WILL NOT BE PERMITTED IN THE CLUB. NO A-LA-CARTE SERVICE WILL BE AVAILABLE IN THE ENTIRE CLUB AFTER 6.30 P.M. IN THE EVENING THE HARBOUR VIEW, PRESIDENCY BAR, PRESIDENCY LOUNGE, PARADISE LOUNGE & PARADISE LAWN WILL BE A PART OF THE MEMBERS GET TOGETHER NITE. THE HARBOUR VIEW WILL REMAIN CLOSED FULL DAY ON ACCOUNT OF MEMBERS GET TOGETHER NITE. GO GREEN INITIATIVE An Average person uses over 400 Trees worth of paper in a lifetime. You can stop this by sending your consent for receiving Bills & Newsletters by Email. Let’s pledge to save paper & make this a Greener World. Help your club for this Green Initiative. Consent forms are also available at the reception. MOBILE APP GOOD NEWS: -Radio Club has launched its Mobile App.
    [Show full text]
  • A Profile of Maharashtra S V Kogekar
    THE ECONOMIC WEEKLY SPECIAL NUMBER JUNE 1960 plus. It is here that her policy of been distributed among all sec­ to launch a movement for the Pun­ non-alignment is an essential pre­ tions of the middle-class; at any rate jabi Suba, the vote in Calcutta's condition for India's democracy. For it cart never be so distributed as to South West Constituency or the Mani- non-alignment is another name for be considered "fair"' by all. Certain pur People's struggle for responsi­ alignment with both the Big Powers. sections of the middle-class due to ble government are ominous signs In fact, the role of the elite the early English education or their pro­ of the dangers inherent in building technique of development and foreign ximity to the political and financial up a middle-class-dominated society. policy are closely inter-connected capitals of India have attained a While, therefore, India may have and together hold the structure of higher standard among the middle- politics in India. It is not possible class. They now demand the conti­ ample breathing time, thanks to a to hold on to one and dispense with nuation of those privileges as a combination of circumstances, it the others. matter of right while new sections would be both risky and futile to are coming up to press for their sta­ postpone agrarian reorganisation un­ CONFLICT WITHIN MIDDLE CLASS tus as is evident from the acrimo­ duly long. The present advantages Two questions, however, still re­ nious Hindi-English controversy. afford us the opportunity to intro­ main to be answered.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Tran DF sfo P rm Y e Y r B 2 B . 0 A Click here to buy w w m w co .A B BYY. INTRODUCTION The first idea of compiling information about the different districts of the Bombay Presidency, conceived as far back as 1843, was in the form of Statistical Accounts. The Collectors of the districts were called upon to collect fullest information about 'the state of the cross and other roads not under the superintendence of a separate department, the passes and ferries throughout the country, the streets in the principal towns and the extension and improvement of internal communication'. The Collectors were also desired to include in their Annual Reports observations on every point from which a knowledge of the actual condition of the country could be gathered. In this scheme there was obviously no place for any section on history. Later, in 1867, it was proposed to compile a Gazetteer of the Presidency on the model of the Gazetteer of the Central Provinces which had been prepared during that year So several new subjects were proposed to be included in the Gazetteer, of which history was one. The purpose was to give a new Collector a comprehensive and at the same time a distinct idea of the district which he had been sent to administer. To-day our notions about the Gazetteers have greatly changed. They are intended to serve not only the administrators but the entire nation. The people must have full information about inter alia the past history and culture of their country.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bombay Presidency (Including Sind) 'F.? ~3 ~ ~.3L·R~ F
    I I c t,'~- I Annual Report · of the .Depart- II . I ment of Land Records Ill : . the Bombay Presidency (including Sind) 'f.? ~3 ~ ~.3l·r~ F [Price-Re. 1 or ls. 8d.] BOMBAY PRINTED AT THE GOVER~MENT CENTRAL PRESS Obtainable from the Superintendent of GoYernment Printing and Stationery, Bombay ; froll) the High Col1lmiosioner for India, 42 Grosvenor Gardens, S. w ~udon ; " <hrou,h '"Y reoogni,OO Book~li" - - ::;;:;;::r1 INDEX TO THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LAND RECORDS IN THE. BOMBAY PRESIDENCY INCLUDING SIND .FOR THE YEAR 1924-25. " I CONTENTS. Paras. Pages. Letter No. A.D.-138, dated the 14th December 1925.-Fl'Qm A. W. W. Mackie, Esquire, M.A., I.C.S., Acting Settlement CommisSioner and DirectoY of Land Records-Submitting to Government the Annual Report of the Department of Land Records for the year 1924-25 ' 1 CHAPTER 1,-PBEFATOBY. Officers of the staff 1·2 1 Touring 3 1-!.t CHAPTER n.-LAND REcoRDs Es'l'ABLIBliMENT. Establishments under Divisional Superintendents 4 2 Training of Junior Civilians 5 2 District Survey Offices 6-9 2-S District Inspectors 10-12 3-4: :rleasurement Work 13-14 . 4-5 Circle Inspectors 15 5 Inspection work done by Sub~ visional Officers a.nd Mamlatda.rs , 16 f) Boundary Disputes 17 5·6 Measurement of Sub-divisions, Northern Division 18 6 Do. do. Central Division 19 6 Do. do~ Southern Division 20 6 General remarks 2V~2 1 CHAPTER Ill.-SUBVEY AND SETTLEMENT. • Revenue Survey Work, Northern Division 23 7 Do. do. Central Divisio~ 24 7 Do.
    [Show full text]
  • ART. XX.-Some Interesting Antiquities of Salsette Bv J
    ART. XX.-Some Interesting Antiquities of Salsette Bv j. A. SALDANHA, B.A., LL.B. (Read on 12tk January 1917.) Next to Bombay there is no part of this Presidency which engages so much of the solicitude of Government and the concern of the public as the island of Salsette. It is to this islana that the Bombay Town Planning Act of 1915 has primarily been made applicable-with a special collector, called the Salsette Development Officer, to carry out its purpose with a direct eye to the highest type of sanitation and the best amenities of a town life. The study of the past of such a place must be of unique interest and value. 2. In this paper I propose to confine myself to some ol its antiqui­ ties over which light is thrown fron1 legal enactments and documents. The first one that occurs tu. us is a very antique regulation of the Bombay Government, which, though not standing in any Statute book of unrepealed laws and regulations, still holds good in certain parts ol the Salsette island. It is the Salsette Revenue Settlement Regulation No. 1 of 1808. It consists of an historical memoir of the revenut! systems established by the Portuguese, the Mahrattas and the East India Company as well of a little of geography, ethnography, botany and zoology of the place. In fact, it is a small gazetteer of the island in the form of one of the old Bombay Regulations, held by Courts to have had the force of a legislative enactment and relied upon as binding­ in regard to land tenures in certain Khoti villages.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Bombay and Lahore. Colonial Railways and Colonial
    1 Bombay and Lahore. Colonial Railways and Colonial Cities: Some Urban Consequences of the Development and Operation of Railways in India, c. 1850-c. 1947 by Ian J. Kerr Two images, two railway stations, frame this presentation: the first is Victoria Terminus in Bombay; the second is the station in Lahore. Many aspects of the post-1850 histories of Bombay and Lahore were deeply affected by the development and operation of the railways of colonial India. Each station, so different one from the other, tells us something about the history of each city and their railways; different histories, different growth trajectories within a shared context defined by British colonial rule in South Asia and the development of a system of colonial railways. Lahore is discussed later in the paper. I begin with Bombay. Victoria Terminus is shown in figure 1 below. Commonly known as VT in a semiotic shift indicative of appropriation and familiarity, it opened in 1887 after nearly a decade of construction. This magnificent building ranks among the world’s great railway stations.1 Designed by its architect, F.W. Stevens, in what is sometimes labelled an Indo-Italian Secular Gothic style and echoing some elements of London’s St. Pancras Station Hotel, Victoria Terminus dominated the cityscape of late 19th century central Bombay; it remains a formidable presence in the early years of the 21st century despite a cityscape now dotted with skyscrapers. Over 2 million passengers pass daily through the sumptuous interior with its marble floors, stained glass windows, and a great staircase lined with Corinthian columns of polished granite from Aberdeen, Scotland—a staircase that provided access to the upper- level, headquarter offices of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company (hereafter GIP), and now its successor, the Central Division of the world’s fourth-longest (38,500 route miles) railway system and, at 1.75 million employees, the world’s largest, single-enterprise employer: the state-owned and state-operated Indian Railways.
    [Show full text]
  • Bandra Book Aw.Qxp
    ON THE WATERFRONT Reclaiming Mumbai’s Open Spaces P.K. Das & Indra Munshi This is dummy text pls do not read please do not read this text. This is Dummy text please do not read this text. this is dummy text This is dummy text pls do not read please do not read this text. This is Dummy text please do not read this text. this is dummy text ISBN: 12345678 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in retrieved system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. 2 Contents 5 Preface 7 Declining open spaces in Mumbai Lack of planning for the city Encroachments New open spaces 29 Abuse of Mumbai’s waterfront How accessible is the waterfront? Is the waterfront protected? Landfill and its consequences State of the mangroves Coastal pollution 65 Bandra’s activism: Evolving an agenda The making of Bandra Its seafront Struggles to protect the seafront 89 Reclaiming the waterfront Planning for the promenades Popularising the waterfront Issues arising from Bandra’s experience 137 Democratising public spaces Conclusion 151 Appendix 159 Maps 3 4 Preface What began as a story of Bandra’s activism to reclaim and democratise its waterfront grew into a study of Mumbai’s dwindling public spaces, especially the seafront. This book draws from our expertise in sociology, architecture and urban planning and, above all, our commitment to millions of people who suffer as a result of the degradation of our urban environment and for whom Mumbai means noise, pollution and congestion.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning from the Utopian City
    Learning from the utopian city GEOGRAPHY School of Global Affairs Faculty of Social Science & Public Policy Conceptualising the Indian city ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4 Four alternative utopias ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 6 Varanasi: smart heritage city ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 Chandigarh: paradigm shifts ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 Nashik: from kumbh city to smart city�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������12 Navi Mumbai revisited �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������16 Varanasi at dusk by Rohit Madan 2 Learning from the utopian city Contents 3 Conceptualising the Indian city Ayona Datta, Anu Sabhlok, William Gould and Rebecca Madgin Indian cities are now more at the centre of debates on urban Register’s Eco-City all provide fertile ground for examining rationalist planning visions that are often out of sync and grassroots organisations. We brought the ideas utopias than ever before. Whether for their entrepreneurial both the imageries, visions and realities of modernist with everyday life at street level. Grassroots visions of utopian histories in conversation with smart urban spirit, modernist
    [Show full text]
  • BOMBAY Story of the Island City
    BOMBAY Story of the Island City By A. D. PUSALKER & V. G. DIGHE -~INDIA ORIENTAL CONFERENCE BOMBAY. 1949 BOMBAY Story <:>f the Island-City. By A. D. PUSALKER & V. G. DIGHE ALL INDIA OltiEN'l'AL CONFERENCE BOMBAY. 1 9 .4 9 Printed bJ G. G. Patbue at 'l'be Popular Pna (Bom.) Ltd., ....~ 7 Uld Publlabed .., the Local s-.r,., All Jndla OrieDtal Confennce, Town Hall, Bombay 1. PRICE IUIPBES '!:. PREFACE The rise and growth of Bombay present interesting problems to a student of history. While the city has been built in comparatively modern times the formation of the island and its rock temples arouse the interest of the geologist and the antiquarian. The history of the island upto 1500 A.D. is not very eventful; this tropical island and its native population slumbered in peaceful repose till the first European set foot on its soil and set in train forces which transformed it into one of the largest cities in the East and made it the beehive of commerce and industry. How this transformation was wrought, what factors contributed to it, has been narrated in the pages that follow. The object of the book as the title explains is to narrate the story of the island city in simple outline. The main sources of information are Edwardes' Rise of Bombay and the statistical Account of the town and island of Bombay based on old Government records and prepared for the Bombay Gazetteer. Other sources have also been consulted. The account of research institutes in the city will, it is hoped, interest Orientalists and Historians.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bombay Presidency Radio Club Ltd
    p E For Members Only Website: www.radioclub.in The Bombay Presidency Radio Club Ltd. 157, Arthur Bunder Road, Colaba, Mumbai: - 400 005. CIN NO: - U99999MH1928GAP001372 Tel: 22845025 / 71 / 75, 22845121 Email:[email protected], [email protected] NEWSLETTER FOR JAN. 2021 THE MANAGEMENT WISHES ALL MEMBERS & THEIR FAMILIES “A HEALTHY AND HAPPY NEW YEAR” FROM THE PRESIDENT’S DESK DEAR MEMBERS, RECORD NUMBER OF MEMBERS HAVE VOTED FOR CONTINUITY & STABILITY. THANK YOU ALL FOR YOUR HELP & SUPPORT FOR THE RESOUNDING SUCCESS IN THE ELECTIONS. “SATYAMEV JAYATE”. KINDLY REGISTER / UPDATE YOUR EMAIL ID. AND MOBILE NUMBER WITH THE CLUB IMMEDIATELY AS UNDER THE CURRENT CIRCUMSTANCES IT IS NECESSARY TO GIVE YOUR CONSENT FOR E - COMMUNICATION. UNFORTUNATELY DUE TO COVID-19 PANDEMIC ALL ENTERTAINMENT PROGRAMMES HAD TO BE CANCELLED AND ONCE THINGS NORMALIZE ALL MEMBERS WILL BE UPDATED REGARDING THE ENTERTAINMENT & SPORTS PROGRAMMES. WE ARE CONFIDENT THAT THESE FUNCTIONS WOULD BE CELEBRATED WITH THE USUAL ENTHUSIASM AND FANFARE ONCE WE ARE OUT OF THE GRIP OF THE VIRUS. FURTHER, DUE TO COVID-19 PANDEMIC (LOCKDOWN), THE CLUB REMAINED CLOSED AND ONCE THE UNLOCK WAS IMPLEMENTED, GRADUALLY CERTAIN FACILITIES REOPENED AT THE CLUB AS PER GOVERNMENT NOTIFICATIONS. ALL FIXED COSTS LIKE SALARIES, RENT, TAXES, MAINTENANCE, LICENCE FEES, ETC. CONTINUED. MOREOVER, EXPENSES HAVE INCREASED DUE TO SANITIZERS, DISINFECTANTS, ETC., WHICH WERE REQUIRED TO BE PROVIDED ALL OVER THE CLUB FOR THE SAFETY OF MEMBERS & STAFF MEMBERS. THE FOOD TAKE AWAY SERVICE WITH A LIMITED MENU WAS INTRODUCED FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE MEMBERS. IN THESE DIFFICULT TIMES, ALL MEMBERS MUST SUPPORT THE CLUB, WHICH IS YOUR 2ND HOME.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    BIBLIOGRAPHY Government Records Proceedings of the General Department of the Government of Bombay. Maharashtra State Archives, Mumbai. Proceedings of the Home (Political) Department of the Government of Bombay. Maharashtra State Archives, Mumbai. Proceedings of the Home (Special) Department of the Government of Bombay. Maharashtra State Archives, Mumbai. Records of the Government of India, Industries and Labour Department. National Archives of India, New Delhi. Records of the Proceedings of the Municipal Corporation of Bombay. Brihann (Greater) Mumbai Municipal Corporation, Mumbai. 1906–1945. Private Papers, Institutional Collections, Interviews Bombay Pamphlets, Vol. 3. Royal Asiatic Library, Mumbai. Eileen Palmer Collection. Mss. Eur (European Manuscript). MF NEG 16281. Oriental and India Offce Collection, British Library, London, UK. Papers of N. M. Joshi. Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi. Papers of the Young Men’s Christian Association of India. Kautz Family Archives, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Papers of the Young Men’s Christian Association. Amherst College Archives, Amherst, Massachusetts. Proceedings of the Meerut Conspiracy Case, 1929–31. Microflm, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 255 P. Srivastava, The Well-Being of the Labor Force in Colonial Bombay, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66164-3 256 BIBLIOGRAPHY Report of the Proceedings of the Bombay Medical and Physical Society (1897–1911), Vol. 1–15. Wellcome Library, London. S. V. Ghate
    [Show full text]