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Utopia III or an ambiguous humanist for the second particularly appreciated by and ished the naïve dream that if they could turn a millennium his friend Erasmus. In fact, one of the char- lord, a city master, or a prince into humanists, acteristics of the humanist movement, which through proper education on the disciplines of Maria do Rosário MONTEIRO originated in Italy and then spread throughout humanitas, their apprentices would become CHAM – Centro de História d’Aquém e d’Além-Mar / Portuguese Centre for Global History – FCSH/NOVA-UAc Europe along the fifteenth and sixteenth cen- better governors, better chiefs, and better turies, was the concern to place Man and his kings. The city would come to be a harmoni- [email protected] city at the centre of the philosophical debate. ous place, almost a paradise on earth, where In his memorable Oration On the Dignity of peace would reign, for war was the most de- Man (1496), (also known as Manifesto of the graded human behaviour, especially when it Renaissance), Pico defends the supreme status took place among brothers in faith. Abstract of human beings in God’s Creation. They alone The Christian humanists, as came to be known There is a very long tradition of literary texts lennium, an important Portuguese utopia was have the power to choose freely their own the northerner scholars educated either in dealing with the city in literature. Many of them published: Utopia III, written by Pina Martins destiny, to determine whether to descend to Italy or by humanist teachers, developed an belong to the genre of literary utopia, founded (1998). This long is structured as being the level of the beasts or to ascend to heaven, excellent net of contacts via exhaustive ex- by Thomas More in 1516. The most common is- the sequel of More’s Utopia, presenting the equalling the angels if not surpassing them (for change of letters written in (the lingua sue dealt in these has to do with an at- history and actual status of the mother of all angels are what they are, they have no free- franca of knowledge), and adapted the Italian tempt to balance social conditions and relation- literary utopias. The question at the basis of dom of choice). This focus on the on free will, humanist principles to their northern reality. ships. Therefore, they usually present or defend the whole novel is, “What would More’s Utopia became be the corner-stone of the humanist Northern Europe had been profoundly marked different political statuses as a response to the be like today?” movement, at least until the the sixteenth by Thomas Kempis’ The Imitation of Christi, actual society the author lives in. This means The main goal of this text will be to present century religious secession [Pico’s statement written circa 1418-1427 (1901), a fundamental that utopia is naturally conditioned by time and a literary analysis of Utopia III, focusing on is cited by Pina Martins in Utopia III, integrat- text for a new form of experiencing Christians’ space, and the reader must make an effort to the humanist principles and their adaptation ing explicitly his novel in the humanist move- spiritual life, the Devotio Moderna, that flour- “transport” him/herself to that time and space to contemporary society, the search for a har- ment (1989: 152)]. It would become the focus ished in Germany and the Low Countries during if s/he wants to appreciate fully the fictional monious relationship between city and nature, of Eramus’ and Luther’s debate, a milestone of the fifteenth century. Erasmus, Thomas More, world construed by the author. the defence of a Portuguese identity and the European cultural history. Busleyden, Beatus Renanus, Budé and so many This said, utopian literature is rarely part of appeal to a humanist renewal. Placing Man at the centre of creation, Pico and others, formed a circle of humanists sharing mainstream literature, or the literary canon, Keywords: Utopia, , Pina Martins, his fellow humanists - highly qualified in the the same fundamental principles, debating the because it springs from a desire to change the Social Harmony, Identity. study of humanities - saw themselves as having same problems and accepting their differences status quo, the established social, political the moral obligation to promote the education of judgment. All of them were concerned with and cultural scheme that is responsible for the 1. Utopia; a literary genre in search of social of their fellowmen. Humanists’ natural milieu the welfare of the city, seen as human crea- choice and promotion of an accepted and es- harmony. The beginning was the cities, the centres of knowledge and tion, not a divine paradise. tablished cultural canon. Thomas More founded utopia as a literary power; therefore, it became natural for them It is within this circle that Thomas More wrote, Portuguese literature does not have many exam- genre in 1516, when he published his short ho- to mingle in the circles of power, as were the in 1516, mainly to his fellow friends, a small ples of successful and renowned utopias, though monymous book, written in Latin and intended great Italian cities of the time: Rome, Flor- book later entitled Utopia (1965; 1978; 2009) the considerable amount of published utopias for his peers, the Christian Humanists, both ence, Bologna, Venice, as well as other Eu- where, in a fictional form, the humanists’ ap- written in foreign languages and translated to as a jeu d’esprit and as political intervention. ropean political centres. The great lords and prehensions, beliefs and doubts concerning the Portuguese language being quite relevant. This option was in accordance with some of the nobles sought them as counsellors, ambassa- best way to organize a Christian were However, in the last quarter of the twentieth movement’s most eminent representatives, dors, teachers for their children. Moreover, presented. This was done wrapped in an ironic century, almost at the eve of the second mil- namely, Pico della Mirandola, Italian humanist the humanists, now looking from afar, cher- self-contradictory language, intended as an in-

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tellectual game, the counterpart of Erasmus’s the hand led him in to supper. I first said, pia, and its final appeal for further debate, already notes the need of contact as trigger of The Praise of Folly, written in 1508 at More’s nevertheless, that there would be anoth- Pina Martins proposes a new discussion, not evolution. Probably because Bacon’s text is con- house and published in 1511 (1913). It was also er chance to think about it these matters about the sixteenth century Island of Utopia, sidered incomplete (a debatable and debated a game of mirrors, where reality was reflected more deeply and to talk them over with but about the contemporary one, the coun- question), the vast majority of utopian writers in a distorted, inverted yet better image. Since him more fully. If only this were some try that the Portuguese Raphael knew and chose to ignore scientific data – human society, Thomas More’s Utopia is not the main focus of day possible! (1965: 245; 2009: 414-415) probably would have to had evolved in time. as any natural structure, is subject to evolution this text, though being an unavoidable work, Therefore, the character Pina Martins has for and decay (but then, the desire for perfection please refer to André Prevost’s and Pina Mar- 2. Utopia III, or a contemporary evolutionary interlocutor a descendent of the Portuguese has always been humankind’s most recurrent sin tins’ introductions to the cited editions, in my Utopia Raphael Hythlodaeus, named Miguel Mark Hyth- of hubris) — and closed their perfect societies to opinion, the best, most lucid and well informed Portuguese literature does not have many lodeu. [The choice of character’s names, both avoid “pollution”. analyses of More’s Utopia, and also of its relation examples of successful or renowned utopias, in Utopia and Utopia III, is definitely relevant The response to these closed “perfect” com- to Erasmus’ Folly and the Christian Humanism. though having many readers of utopias, judg- and should be notice by readers. Raphael is monwealths has been, naturally, since, More’s Utopia, being the “praise of wisdom”, ing for the number of published translations. the name of the Archangel that heals blind- apart from other obvious problems, literary should be read not as political program, but as a There are several reasons that may explain this ness, therefore More’s character is presented utopias seemed incapable of assuring the nec- literary text where More expresses the opinions phenomenon (not to be dealt in this text), one, as the healer of Christians’ blindness that pre- essary means for individual evolution, and this and the doubts debated by Christian humanists and probably the most self-evident, being the vents them from following the proper Christian has been the fundamental basis of occidental concerning the best government of a common- almost continuous strong exercise of religious way of living. Miguel (Michael) Mark is a more culture. The erasure of individual needs in prof- wealth, using as foundation ’s Republic and/or political censorship imposed in Portu- complex character (therefore the uses of two it of the common good is a price definitely too (1997: 971-1223; 2001). Therefore, in my opin- gal from the late sixteenth century to the last proper names) being simultaneously a fighter high to be paid, and occidental culture evolved ion, Utopia is, in a way, an open narrative avant quarter of the twentieth century. (Michael the leader of God’s army), and the first precisely in the opposite direction, basing its la letter, since the final comment, made by the Every utopian text gains its full meaning when announcer of the Gospel, of the good news. This history, policy and culture on the centrality of character More, leaves several doubts and con- its reading is integrated in the political and may be interpreted as being the survival of Uto- individual beings, for whom there is even a Uni- cerns unanswered, expecting a future dialogue cultural milieu that triggered it, for utopia pia and therefore the hope of redemption for versal Bill of Fundamental Rights. with Hythlodaeus about Utopia: presents implicit and explicit political differ- western culture]. For some time, dystopia and contemporary ences meant as responses to the actual society Miguel is an ambassador sent by the govern- culture seemed to have decreed a death pen- When Raphael had finished his story, the author lives in. Therefore, they become ment of Utopia to travel abroad in order to alty on utopia, the eutopia, the promise of many things came to my mind which obvious targets for censorship. However, since make contact with the evolution of world so- happiness. Fortunately, several writers found seemed very absurdly established in the last quarter of the twentieth century, Por- cieties and cultures, taking home whatever a middle way, a third route, or a compromising the customs and laws of the people de- tugal has become a democratic political sys- he might considered useful for his own coun- position. Pina Martins followed this path. scribed […]. I knew, however, that he tem enjoying freedom of speech. try’s evolution. was wearied with his tale, and I was not If censorship was the only reason for the scarci- This is the first major structural transformation 2.1. Retrieving the dialogue quite certain that he could brook any op- ty of Portuguese utopias, the regained freedom Pina Martins uses opposing the most frequent Pina Martins writes an ambiguous utopia, open position to his views, particularly when I of speech should have allowed for the develop- praxis of utopian literature up to the twentieth to evolution. In Utopia III there are several recalled his censure of others on account ment of Portuguese utopian literature, but un- century. Usually, utopias, considered perfect so- structural, political and cultural transforma- of their fear that they might not appear fortunately, it did not. Pina Martins is definitely cieties, are assumed immutable, for perfection tions comparatively to its sixteenth century to be wise enough, unless they found the Portuguese writer that seized the opportu- is complete in itself. Nevertheless, one should prototype. some fault to criticize in other men’s nity given and wrote an extensive utopia, hav- not forget there is a utopia, Bacon’s New Atlan- discoveries. I therefore praised their way ing More’s text as both paradigm and trigger. tis (1627), that is a direct offspring of the seven- A sociedade que o meu antepassado Rafael of life and his speech and, taking him by Due precisely to the “openness” of More’s Uto- teenth century scientific revolution In it Bacon descreveu a Thomas More foi a semente

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que cresceu e medrou. Não ficou imobi- took place in Olinda, Brazil, in 1980, and the last gained sense in my reasoning. I was pos- as if listening inside myself to another lizada institucionalmente no momento conversation in 1995, in Lisbon. Sometimes, sev- sessed by the illusion that Miguel Hythlo- expressing himself through my voice: histórico […] Essa sociedade evoluiu. Mod- eral months pass without any contact, but when deu’s voice was my own.] - Quod vis volo ac facio. Fiat Vtopica ificou-se. Ampliou-se. Progrediu. É hoje they occur the reader faces sharp debates, two Eu sou a Voz [diz Miguel]. A que revela e a Voluntas!] diferente. Os homens vivem, multiplicam- minds both formed on the principles of Renais- que escuta. […] se, morrem, renovam-se. Como quer que sance humanism, fencing rational arguments, Enquanto tais palavras se iam formando Thus, Pina Martins places the novel in a fiction- seja transformam-se. (1989: 11) exchanging opinions, agreeing and disagreeing em períodos coerentes pronunciados pelo al but ambiguous universe, where literary uto- [The society my ancestor Raphael de- on several issues. It is a contemporary recrea- meu interlocutor, não me abandonava a pias naturally belong. It also gives the author scribed to Thomas More was the seed that tion of the humanist net of communication, then impressão de que essas palavras me eram the necessary liberty to engage in violent criti- grew and thrived. It did not institutionally by letter, where friends debated ideas, some- conhecidas, por estarem inscritas dentro cism concerning actual Portuguese (and Euro- stood still in that historical time […]. That times in a fierce tone but also exchanged com- de mim […] E, não obstante, eu escutava- pean) political, cultural and social statuses. society evolved. Changed. Altered itself. pliments. as pela primeira vez. Eram palavras de- This criticism runs through the novel, but it is Grew. Progressed. It is different today. Men The long novel is divided in three parts: “A re- finitivas. Para serem cumpridas. Para se more persistent and direct in the second part live, multiply, die, and renew themselves. velação numinosa” [The numinous revelation] converterem em realidade talvez não de – “The confrontation of two worlds”. This sec- Anyway, they change.] (1989: 3-83), “O confronto de dois Mundos” [The cariz histórico, mas decerto em realidade tion is introduced by a quotation from Eras- confrontation of two worlds] (1989: 85-303) and de vida, de vida vivida e transmitida. Eram mus’ Moriae Ecomium: At the same time, just like Thomas More, he “A Utopia Nova tal como Miguel Hythlodeu ma ditas por outrem e constituíam a expressão presents a rational, sometimes violent criticism relatou” [The New Utopia as Michael Hythlodeu forte do meu entender e do meu querer foi Acabaremos por encomiar, querendo os of both Portuguese and Utopian contemporary related it to me] (1989: 305-565). The titles of talvez por isso que me surpreendi dizendo, Deuses, a sentença célebre de Platão state of affairs, with the two characters stating each part are almost self-explanatory: The first se meu saber como, como se escutasse – Felizes as Repúblicas que aceitem their points of view, arguing them, as the char- narrates the encounter of the two characters in dentro de mim um outro a exprimir-se pela por chefes os filósofos ou cujos chefes acter More had wished. quite peculiar circumstances. In my opinion this minha própria voz: filosofem! Porém a História ensina-nos Miguel Mark Hythlodeu, as his ancestor, has a is the most “literary” part, leaving the reader - Quod vis volo ac facio. Fiat Vtopica Vol- que, pelo contrário, o pior governo foi rough personality, prompt to acute and violent in doubt concerning the “actual” existence of untas! (1989: 11, 13) sempre o de um homem com pruridos criticism, but not accustomed to receiving ob- Miguel (and of Utopia III, naturally), suggesting, [I am the Voice [said Miguel]. The one de filósofo ou com a fátua pretensão a jections to his ideas, feeling quite uncomfort- sometimes, that he is, in fact, a figment of Pina that reveals and hearken. […] grande literato! (1989: 85) able whenever Utopia’s way of life or options Martins’ imagination, a mixture of alter ego and While those words were gaining form, be- [We will finish praising, if Gods will, Plato’s are criticized or questioned by his friend. On the wish fulfilment. coming sentences coherently pronounced famous sentence – Happy are the Repub- other hand, the character Pina Martins, unlike by my interlocutor, I could not shake the lics that accept philosophers for lieders, or his model, is not afraid to express his opinions, … a sua voz tornava-se palavra dentro de feeling that those words were known to whose chiefs philosophize! Though History to reply sharply but politely to his interlocutor, mim mesmo, como se fosse uma revelação me, because they were inscribed inside me teaches us that, on the contrary, the worst but also to agree whenever he assumes he is fac- interior, mas que, sem ele, não existiria, […]. Nevertheless, I hearkened them for the government has always been the one lead ing fair criticism. embora só ganhasse sentido no meu en- first time. They were definitive. To be lis- by a man who aspires to be a philosopher The utopian ambassador commissions the char- tendimento. Possuía-me a ilusão de que tened to. To become reality, maybe not his- or with a fatuous claim of great literate!] acter Pina Martins to write the history of twenti- a voz de Miguel Hythlodeu fosse a minha torically so, but surely in a lively reality, of a eth century Utopia based on few documents and própria voz. (1989: 11) life lived and communicated. Someone else The second part, divided in eighteen chapters, on the information the ambassador is willing to [the voice becoming word inside myself, as spoke them and they consisted of a strong consists on several polite, but also tough, intel- share (which is sometime scarce). The endeav- if it was an interior revelation, but, with- expression of my own judgement and will. lectual confrontations between the characters our lasts for fifteen years. The first encounter out him, it would not exist, though it only Maybe that is why I surprised myself saying, Pina Martins and Miguel Hythlodeu. This one

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plays a similar role to the one Raphael has in the luição e tanta porcaria, esta capital conti- viver. A vida verdadeira é, porém, feita the practice of nonviolent sports. The rest of the first book of More’s Utopia. He criticizes almost nua a ser para mim uma terra de sortilégio, de luz e de sombra. Não, a perfeição não day is dedicated to reading according to each every relevant aspects of Portuguese political, de encanto indizível e permita-me que lhe é deste mundo imperfeito. (1989: 106) one’s preferences. Thirty-three ambassadors cultural, social and educational status quo. The confesse, do mais fundo da minha alma, [There is a relative perfection, a relative travel around the world establishing commer- lack of culture; the excessive pollution; the aw- que eu desejaria viver sempre aqui e aqui happiness, […] a relative joy of life. True cial treaties. Clothing is no longer equal. Family ful habit of never being punctual. In politics, the terminar os meus dias. Na Utopia Nova o life, though, is made of light and dark- is still the basic structure of society, but every target is the lack of culture exhibited by Portu- meu ritmo existencial quotidiano é de- ness. No, perfection does not belong to couple has their own home. The elderly are still guese politicians with no preparation for public masiado monótono. A ordem é demasiado this imperfect world.] considered as a valuable repository of knowl- service. Education, in all levels, lacks quality, repetitiva. Há limpeza, respeito, educação edge, deserving society’s respect. Meals are no being unable to perform its function: to promote mas os meus queridos conterrâneos não There are several moments throughout the novel longer communal except for festivities. Money, humanist values, to develop rational and produc- são dotados de originalidade imaginativa, where Miguel is forced to admit that there are gold and jewels are now used by the state for the tive citizens. The University became a corpora- de criatividade. (1989: 106) flaws in his world, and if sometimes the confes- general organization of foreign diplomacy and tion of petit passions and favours instead of the [Even with all her flaws, the excessive pol- sion seems quite spontaneous, as the one quot- commerce. The lack of creativity is balanced by house of ultimate knowledge, of continuous in- lution and so much dirt, this capital still is ed, most of the times it is almost “extracted” the ability to imitate. Foreign guests are scarce vestigation, of intellectual merit, the House of a place of sortilege, of inexplicable charm by force or “confirmed” with rage, denouncing and subject to prior disinfestation. was Solomon. The arrogance of those in power; the and allow me to confess, from the deepest his wild (warrior) temperament, similar to the abolished, but convicts are condemned to up to appropriation of public money by political par- of my soul, I wish I could live here forever, one revealed by Raphael. The intellectual duel is thirty-three years of reclusion and there is no ties, the power of corporative societies that es- and end my days in this city. In New Utopia vivid, tough, but always fair. death penalty. The political system is now a de- cape public scrutiny, the inefficiency of the judi- my daily routine é too monotonous. Order Though the reading of the second part gives mocracy. The process of election is in pyramid; cial system, corruption in general, etc. too dull. There is cleanness, respect, po- the reader some information regarding Utopia, meaning all citizens vote on electors, who in turn The character Pina Martins plays the role of More liteness, but my dear fellow citizens are the more accurate and complete list of what vote on a smaller number of other electors, until and Peter Giles, sometimes agreeing but also try- devoid of any original imagination, of any changed through the centuries in Raphael/ there are thirty-three deputies that constitute a ing to minimize Miguel’s opinions and demolishing creativity.] Miguel’s island is presented in a more systematic council. The Council then elects the three Mag- statements. Both characters repeatedly affirm the way in the third part of the novel: “The New Uto- istri, who are responsible for the regulation of well-known concepts of Renaissance humanists: This is precisely the most frequent and acute pia”. Chapter 34 exhibits, side by side, More’s all social, economic, and political life, within the education, religion, the return to the origins, and criticism one can present regarding More’s Uto- utopian organization and Miguel’s one. Now, the boundaries of citizens’ individual rights. the condemnation of war, the importance of read- pia and utopian texts in general. In order to island is an archipelago, due to a violent earth- ing classical texts and authors, the need for critical protect collective interests placing them ahead quake that destroyed most of the buildings and 3. Conclusion thinking. These reaffirmed principles are precisely of any others, utopias tend to kill human crea- changed the geography in a radical way. Amau- Despite all the transformations, Miguel Hythlo- the starting point of almost every criticism. tivity, because in it resides the ability to evolve, rote now has a rectangular structure, the cities deu, giving voice to contemporary doubts con- However, the character Pina Martins tries to to make things differently, to discover new are no longer identical, private property is al- cerning the ability of creating a harmonious so- honour More’s last wish: debate what seems knowledge, and to question. This is what keeps lowed (though uninheritable) the orchards are ciety, based on ethical values, on the valuation unacceptable in the utopian state. This leaves utopias stuck in time, what turns them into dis- now gardens with fountains and small libraries. of merit, on the respect for human rights and Miguel in some awkward positions. For in- harmonious states, what causes lack of identity. Agriculture is no longer a common work, each human differences, recognizes that, although stance, he is led to confess that he would rath- Miguel even claims Utopia’s sin is the lack of utopian may choose his own trade of business, having many positive aspects, modern Utopia er live in this polluted and chaotic Lisbon than alternatives: and women are no longer obliged to learn a is only the best provisional state that can be in his own country: trade. Full time motherhood is accepted, since achieved at the actual stage. Há uma relativa perfeição, uma relativa mothers are considered the first tutors of future However, even this perfect imperfection has a Mesmo com tantos defeitos, com tanta po- satisfação, […] uma relativa alegria de citizens. Work is limited to six hours per day, plus price to pay. New Utopia, or Utopia III, cannot

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yet find a perfect balance between order and entitled “The ontological and metaphysi- minds and habits of the Portuguese people, one introduction by P. S. Allen. London: Clarendon Press. creativity, between rights and laws, between cal reasons why Old Lisia’s pollution may must wonder why the novel remains unknown to KEMPIS, Thomas (1901), Of the Imitation of Christ. 1ª ed. 1441. London: James Finch & Co. reason and desire. It cannot find its place in the serve as model to the New Lisia, pollu- most readers, and attracted little criticism, with MIRANDOLA, Giovanni Pico della. (1496) Oratio De Dignitate world without the constant fear of losing what tion that does not yet exist but which very few exceptions worth mentioning (NASCI- hominis; A cura del nipote Giovan Francesco Pico. Available at: was achieved. Therefore, there is a continuous may eventually exist in the future, so MENTO, 2013; REIS, 2008; VIEIRA, 2005; MON- http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/pico/. (accessed 23/02/2015). supervision and censorship, as if utopians’ iden- that we may, in the pure wholeness of TEIRO, 2008; 2010; 2013). It is a fact that Portu- MONTEIRO, Maria do Rosário (2013), “Utopia I e Utopia III; a con- tity is still such a fragile achievement that any our humble solitude, recover a full hap- guese readers are well acquainted with foreign tinuação de um diálogo humanista”. In: BERNARDO, Luís Manuel commotion might threaten its disintegration: piness and an optimism that our perfec- literary utopias. Therefore, the lack of interest in A. V., SANTA BÁRBARA, Leonor e ANDRADE, Luís (eds). Repre- tion has deprived us off”.] the genre may not justify the “silence” surround- sentações da República. Famalicão: Humus, pp. 361-370. ISBN: 978989-755-006-5. Esta desordem [de Lisboa], esta indisci- ing Utopia III. I dare advance my own interpreta- --- (2010), “A Utopia Recriada: Influências e Transformações”. In: plina, estes palavrões, esta agressividade, Therefore, the novel reaffirms the need for uto- tion: Pina Martins’ novel demands a reader with PLATANIA, Gaetano, ROSA, Cristina e RUSSO, Mariagrazia (eds). tudo isto me diverte, me estimula, me pia but set on different bases: on human and some knowledge on and Hinc illae lacrimae! Studi in memoria di Carmen Maria Radulet. vol. 2. Viterbo: Sette Città, pp. 302-308. ISBN: 9788878530737. excita… Também a ordem, a disciplina, a democratic principles. Utopia, to be viable, history. The text is a deep well of knowledge that --- (2008), “As Bibliotecas Utopianas”. Morus - Utopia e Renasci- mansidão e o silêncio podem cansar, abor- must give way to imperfection, must assume its demands, from the reader, a strong will to learn. mento (5): 315-332. ISSN: 1808-561X. recer ou mesmo adormecer numa imóvel essential inability to create a perfect society, but Its lexicon is vast, the suggestions for further MORE, Thomas (2009), Utopia ou a Melhor Forma de Governo. monotonia, numa espécie de modorra, also believe in people’s capacity to become bet- readings constant. Nevertheless, it also demands Tradução, prefácio e notas de comentário de Aires do Nascimen- to. Estudo Introdutório de José V de Pina Martins. 2ª ed. Lisboa: numa inércia infecunda. […] Vou dizer-lhe ter. A society that should have as corner-pillars a reader prepared for a fierce denunciation of Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. ISBN: 978-972-31-1309-9. muito em segredo – e Miguel Hythlodeu humanist philosophy, ethical and moral values, Portuguese (bad) habits in culture, politics and --- (1978), L’Utopie de Thomas More. Prévost, André (ed.) baixou o tom de voz quase a um sussurro shared by all, aiming to the common good. A kind way of living. No one is spared in Pina Martins’ Présentation texte original, apparat critique, exégèse, tradution nouvelle, notes, index par André Prévost; préface de Maurice […] estou a escrever um grande ensaio of merit-democratic society. An ambiguous uto- criticism: politicians, clergy, judges, scholars, Schumann. Paris: Mame. ISBN: 2-7289-0089-2. […] antropo-sociológico intitulado “Das pia set on earth and aiming at the heavens, as writers, all who hold a position that may make --- (1965), Utopia. SURTZ, Edward e HEXTER, J. H. (eds). The razões metafísico-ontológicas por que a Christian humanists would express it. a difference and fail to do their part, are some- Complete Works of St. Thomas More. vol. 4. New Haven and Lon- poluição da Velha Lísia poderá servir de times violently “whipped” by the characters’ ar- don: Yale University Press. ISBN: 9780300009828. NASCIMENTO, Aires Augusto (2013), J. V. de Pina Martins em modelo à da Nova, inexistente mas poten- Como homens, todos somos imperfeitos, guments. Consequently, in a country where free- convívio com os clássicos. Comunicação apresentada à Classe de cialmente futurível, para que possamos, embora sejamos talhados para a supre- dom of speech is recognised, Pina Matins’ Utopia Letras na sessão de 21 de Janeiro de 2010. Lisboa: Academia das na integridade pura da nossa humilde ma perfeição. Olhe para este rio já tão III has been subjected to the subtle but effective Ciências de Lisboa. ISBN: 978-972-623-141-7. PINA MARTINS, José V. de (1989), Utopia III. Lisboa: Editorial solidão, recuperar uma alegria completa impuro. Mas erga a cabeça e admire a censorship of silence. The “blue pencil” [popular Verbo. 972-22-1875-1. e um optimismo de que a nossa perfeição pureza imaculada deste céu azul e tão expression to designate official censorship] does PLATÃO (2001), A República. Introdução, tradução e notas de nos privou”. (1989: 181-182) límpido. (1989: 565) not exist, but silent censorship is even harder Maria Helena da Rocha Pereira. 9ª ed. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste This [Lisbon’s] disorder, this unruliness, [Being humans we are all imperfect be- to confront, because it does not have a face, a Gulbenkian. --- (1997), Complete Works. Cooper, John M. e Hutchinson, D. S. these obscenities, this brashness, all of ings, though destined to as supreme per- name, an identity. Neither the author nor the (eds). Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett Pub. ISBN: 0872203492 this amuses incites and excites me… Or- fection. Look at this already so impure novel deserved it! Utopia III is a long, exhaus- REIS, José Eduardo (2008), “Avatares de Rafael Hythlodeu ou der, discipline, calmness and silence may river. However, rise your head and ad- tive lesson on humanism, Pina Martin’s last gift a recepção da Utopia de Thomas More No Romnce Português Contemporâneo”. Cadernos de Literatura Comparada (18): 141- exhaust, bore or even soothe oneself in mire the immaculate beauty of this blue for those who believe knowledge makes one a 171. ISSN: 1645-1112. an immobile monotony, a kind of drowsi- and clear sky.] better member of society and humanist values VIEIRA, Fátima (2005), “Memory and Oblivion in Utopia III, ness, a sterile inertia. […] I am going to create better human beings. by Pina Martins: the missing statue of Raphael Hythloday”. tell you a secret – and Miguel lowered A final word about Utopia III. Since it is a utopia Dedalus: Revista Portuguesa de Literatura Comparada (10): 123-131. his voice to a whisper […]. I am writing written in Portugal after the recovery of freedom Bibliographical References a long anthropological-ontological essay and democracy, which seems to be well set in the ERASMUS, Desiderius (1913), The praise of folly. Edited with an

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