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University of Illinois UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Deceaber 14 1989 Tms IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Brenda S. Walters ENTITLED...... Sociallnttrictionsin ....... ••••••(eeeweaeaeevfewfaeeaveeeveelaeeeeeeeeae.,....,*(Mandrlllus sphinx) and........ ....,*»«f!.«'....r........«ea*eee««e*eeeee**es«e*«**e«e*sdVe*«»..Manxabeys (Ctrcocebus atvs) In a Captlvs Ssttina IS APPROVED BY ME AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF.................... B«ch*lor of Arte.................... 0!«4 N Social Intaraction* in a Mixed Group of Mandrills (Mtndrlllm sphinx) and Mangabeys (Cercocebua atya) In a Captive Setting By Brenda S. Walters Thesis for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences College of Liberal Arts and Sciences University of Illinois Urbane, Illinois 1989 TABLE Of CONTENTS Page Abstract iii 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Mandrills 1 1.2 Sooty Mangabeys 3 2.0 The Setting 4 3.0 The Study Group e 3.1 The Mangabey Group 8 3.2 The Guenon Group 9 3.3 The Mandrill Group 9 3.4 Others 9 3.5 The Focal Group 10 4.0 Method* of Data Collaction 11 5.0 Results 14 5.10 Activity Budget of the Focal Group 14 5.11 Activity Budget of the Adult Male Mandrill 16 5.12 Activity Budget of the Adult Male Mangabey 16 5.13 Activity Budget of Adult Female Mandrill 1 17 i 5.14 Activity Budget of Adult Female Mandrill 2 17 5.15 Activity Budget of the Hybrid 10 5.2 Habitat Use 10 5.3 Measures of Affiliation 20 6.0 Discussion 23 6.1 A Comparison of the Adult Male Mandrill and 23 Mangabey 6.11 Grooming 23 6.12 Spacial Use of Habitat 25 6.13 Agonism 27 6.14 Sexual Behavior 20 6.2 A Comparison of the Adult Female Mandrills 29 6.3 Comparisons Among Adult Mandrills 30 6.4 The Hybrid 31 7.0 Conclusion 32 Appendix At Glossary Appendix Bt Focal Animals Appendix C: Habitat Map Appendix Dt Data Collection Form Works Cited ii ABSTRACT Data were collected on the behavior of a captive group of mandrills (MtndrlllUB BPhlna) and mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) from July 17, 1969 through August 8, 1989. A total of 33.6 hours of observations were recorded during this time period. Through analysis of individual characteristics and behavior of the animals, interpretation of social interactions will be presented. Particular focus will be placed on results which reflect differences in sex, reproductive status, and species of the animals. ill 1.0 INTRODUCTION Mandrills and sooty mangabeys belong to the family of Old World monkeys called the Cercopithecidae. Six species of mangabeys are grouped under the genus Cercocebus (Jolly, 1972). The full taxonomic name for the sooty mangabey is Cercocebus ■tvs■ Mandrills and their close relatives, the drills, have historically been classified under the baboon genus, Paplo. But in recent years a reexamniation of baboon taxonomy has led to a reclassification of the mandrill, subsequently placing it in a separate genus, Mandrillus. This classification is based on a number of genetic and morphological traits which the drill and mandrill share among themselves but not with baboons (Hill, 1970{ Lahm 1986). The mandrill is now refered to as Mandrillus sphinx. 1.1 MANDRILLS Comparatively little is known about the behavior and ecology of mandrills. This reflects the fact that few field studies have been done on this shy primate which lives in the dense tropical rain forests. Mandrills are subject to high hunting pressures which have reduced their numbers and heightened their fear of humans. A few pioneering studies have been done, but much is left to be discovered about the mandrill. The mandrill is a large Old World monkey. It exhibits a high degree of sexual dimorphism. Mandrills are sexually dimorphic in 1 2 both sice and coloration, Nalaa weigh on tha average 25 kg, and females average 11.5 kg (Napier and Napier 1985). Mandrills have distinctively colored muscles. The nostrils are red, and a red streak runs up the central portion of the muscle. The streak flanked by a blue border covering the rest of the muszle. This type of coloration is seen in both sexes, but it is much brighter and more prominent among males. Males are colored in much the same manner in the perineal regicn. This is absent in females. Mandrills are found in forested areas of Africa in the Cameroon/Gabon region. Researchers disagree, however, on the exact extent of the mandrill distribution (Hill, 1970i Hoshino et al 1984). And whether populations of Mandrillus lauconhasus. the drill, and Mandrlllus sphinx exist in sympatry, is also debated. Mandrills are primarily terrestrial animals. They travel and forage on the densely vegetated floor of the tropical rain forest (Lahm, 1986). Mrndrills eat a variety of fruits and plants (Lahm, 1986). Little is known concerning mandrill social organization. Mandrills are believed to be organized into uni-male or multi- male units (Stammbach, 1987; Hoshino et al 1984). However, one- male groups are likely the modal pattern in this primate(Stammbach, 1987). Group size has been reported ranging from 14 to 179 animals (Sabater Pi, 1972). Much of the information about mandrill biology has been obtained from captive research. Sexual maturity and first reproduction are achieved in approximately 2.5 years (Hadidian 3 and Bernstien 1979). Females display sexual swellings when receptive. Gestation length is approximately 175 days, and interbirth intervals average 1.5 years (Hadidian and Bernstein 1979). 1.2 SOOTY MANGABEYS Nangabeys are smaller and more gracile primates than mandrills. Although they often forage on the ground, mangabeys are primarily arboreal (Bernstein, 1976). These animals too are sexually dimorphic in size, with males weighing approximately twice as much as females. The distribution of sooty mangabeys ranges from West to Central Africa (Napier and Napier 1985). Studies have been conducted on these animals in the wild, but studies in captivity are more common. Captive studies have been especially useful in describing the biology of the sooty mangabey. Sooty mangabeys reach sexual maturity at ages two to three (Hadidian and Bernstein 1979). Their gestation length is approximately 165 days, and their interbirth interval is between one and two years (Hadidian and Bernstein 1979). Mangabey social organization can be characterized as uni-male or multi­ male depending on the environment (Bernstein,1976). Both mandrills and mangabeys have been bred successfully in captive settings. A pattern of uni-male social organization 4 appears to be most effective in captivity, especially in situations where space is limited (King and Mitchell 1987). The groups examined in this study are uni-male in captivity. The aim of this study was to examine social interactions among these animals through analysis of quantitative and qualitative data collected on various types of Interactions. Given this background on the two species, one would expect to find similarities and differences based on biology, ecology, and social organization among them. When examining a mixed species and sex group, differences or similarities might also arise due to individual factors. Through both quantitative and qualitative analysis of koy variables some of the forces which encourage animals to behave in the manner they do can be identified. 2.0 THE SETTING The study took place at Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, Illinois. Brookfield Zoo, along with Lincoln Park Zoo, Lincoln Park, Illinois, is a member of the Chicago Zoological Society. The Society is a non-profit organization which supports zoo programs and ethological research in the Chicago area. The Society has enjoyed appreciable success in its primate breeding program. Many of the primates at Brookfield Zoo are housed in the 5 largest indoor zoo exhibit in the world, Tropic World. Although Tropic World features primates, other tropical animals are housed there to create a more realistic ethological mosaic. Tropic World is divided into three smaller exhibits, reflecting the three major geographic areas in which non-human primates can be found. These exhibits are South America, Asia, and Africa. Great effort has been taken to reproduce natural surroundings. The Africa exhibit is divided into two sections, gorilla and monkey. These sections are separated by a net and an artificial cliff structure. On top of the cliff structure is a walkway for zoo patrons. I conducted my study in the African monkey exhibit (Appendix C). The monkey half of the Africa exhibit is composed of a series of artificial cliffs skirting its periphery and a number of artificial defoliated trees scattered throughout its central area. The exhibit is bordered on two sides from above by public walkways. One lies to the north and the other, which separates the gorilla and monkey exhibits, lies to the west. The south and east sides of the exhibit are built against the walls of Tropic World. These slope sharply upwards and contain most of the serried cliffs. The exhibit floor lies approximately fifteen meters below the walkways. Four large artificial trees dominate the center of the exhibit. These are surrounded by 17 smaller trees randomly spaced throughout the habitat. The large central trees branch near the upper third of their length. This places animals on the branches directly in the public's line of sight. 6 The smaller trees also branch at the top, but they are considerably shorter and farther away than the larger ones. Six "fallen trees" dot the habitat. Stones of various sise and shape are aso found in the exhibit. Most of these are south-centrally placed. Approximately one fourth of the African monkey exhibit is covered by a shallow layer of water. l tn depth ranges from about one to thirty centimeters. The north side of the habitat on the floor level is a two to three meter broad boundary of water.
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