Transit-Focused Development
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T R A N S I T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M SPONSORED BY The Federal Transit Administration TCRP Synthesis 20 Transit-Focused Development A Synthesis of Transit Practice Transportation Research Board National Research Council TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1997 SELECTION COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN OFFICERS MICHAEL S. TOWNES Peninsula Transportation District Chair: JAMES W. VAN LOBEN SELS, Director, California Department of Transportation Commission Vice Chair: DAVID N. WORMLEY, Dean of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University Executive Director: ROBERT E. SKINNER. JR, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council MEMBERS SHARON D. BANKS MEMBERS AC Transit LEE BARNES EDWARD H. ARNOLD, President & CEO, Arnold Industries, Inc Barwood, Inc SHARON D. BANKS, General Manager, Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District, Oakland, California GERALD L. BLAIR BRIAN J. L. BERRY, Lloyd Viel Berkner Regental Professor, Bruton Center for Development Studies, Indiana County Transit Authority University of Texas at Dallas SHIRLEY A. DELIBERO LILLIAN C. BORRONE, Director, Port Department, The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (Past New Jersey Transit Corporation Chair, 1995) ROD J. DIRIDON DAVID BURWELL, President, Rails-to-Trails Conservancy International Institute for Surface E. DEAN CARLSON, Secretary, Kansas Department of Transportation Transportation Policy Study JAMES N. DENN, Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Transportation SANDRA DRAGGOO JOHN W. FISHER, Director, ATLSS Engineering Research Center, Lehigh University CATA DENNIS J. FITZGERALD, Executive Director, Capital District Transportation Authority LOUIS J. GAMBACCINI DAVID R. GOODE, Chairman, President, and CEO, Norfolk Southern Corporation SEPTA DELON HAMPTON, Chairman & CEO, Delon Hampton & Associates DELON HAMPTON LESTER A. HOEL, Hamilton Professor, University of Virginia, Department of Civil Engineering Delon Hampton & Associates JAMES L. LAMMIE, President & CEO, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc. KATHARINE HUNTER-ZAWORSKI BRADLEY L . MALLORY, Secretary of Transportation, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Transportation Research Institute ROBERT E. MARTINEZ, Secretary of Transportation, Commonwealth of Virginia ALAN F. KIEPPER MARSHALL W. MOORE, Director, North Dakota Department of Transportation Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc. CRAIG E. PHILIP, President, Ingram Barge Company PAUL LARROUSSE ANDREA RINIKER, Deputy Executive Director, Port of Seattle Madison Metro Transit System JOHN M. SAMUELS, Vice President-Operating Assets, Consolidated Rail Corporation ROBERT G. LINGWOOD WAYNE SHACKLEFORD, Commissioner, Georgia Department of Transportation BC Transit LESLIE STERMAN, Executive Director of East-West Gateway Coordinating Council GORDON J. LINTON JOSEPH M. SUSSMAN, JR East Professor and Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, FTA MIT(PastChair, 1994) DON S. MONROE MARTIN WACHS, Director, University of California Transportation Center. Berkeley, California Pierce Transit DAVID L. WINSTEAD, Secretary, Maryland Department of Transportation PATRICIA S. NETTLESHIP The Nettleship Group, Inc. ROBERT E. PAASWELL MIKE ACOTT, President, National Asphalt Pavement Association (ex officio) The City College of New York ROY A. ALLEN, Vice President, Research and Test Department, Association of American Railroads (ex JAMES P. REICHERT officio) Reichert Management Services JOE N. BALLARD, Chief of Engineers and Commander, US Army Corps of Engineers (ex officio) LAWRENCE G. REUTER ANDREW H. CARD, JR., President & CEO, American Automobile Manufacturers Association (ex officio) WMATA THOMAS J. DONOHUE, President and CEO, American Trucking Associations, Inc (ex officio) PAUL TOLIVER FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation King County Department of Officials (ex officio) Transportation/Metro DAVID GARDINER, Assistant Administrator, Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, U.S. LINDA WATSON EnvironmentalProtection Agency (ex officio) Corpus Christi RTA WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transit Association (ex officio) EDWARD WYTKIND ALBERT J. HERBERGER, Maritime Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) AFL-CIO LINDA DASCHLE, Acting Federal Aviation Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) T. R. LAKSHMANAN, Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) GORDON J. LINTON, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) EX OFFICIO MEMBERS RICARDO MARTINEZ, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (ex officio) JACK R . GILSTRAP JOLENE M. MOLITORIS, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) APTA DHARMENDRA K. (DAVE) SHARMA, Administrator, Research & Special Programs Administration, U.S. RODNEY E. SLATER Department of Transportation (ex officio) FHWA RODNEY E. SLATER, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS AASHTO ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR. TRB TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for TCRP TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR LILLIAN C. BORRONE, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey FRANK J. CIHAK DENNIS I. FITZGERALD, Capital District Transportation Authority APTA LESTER A. HOEL, University of Virginia GORDON J. LINTON, U.S. Department of Transportation SECRETARY ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR, Transportation Research Board ROBERT J.REILLY JAMES W. VAN LOBEN SELS, California Department of Transportation (Chair) TRB DAVID N. WORMLEY, Pennsylvania State University T R A N S I T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M Synthesis of Transit Practice 20 Transit-Focused Development DOUGLAS R. PORTER Chevy Chase, Maryland TOPIC PANEL G.B. ARRINGTON, Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon ELIZABETH A. DEAKIN, University of California, Berkeley ROBERT T. DUNPHY, The Urban Land institute MICHAEL GOODALE, Ontario Ministry of Transportation ALVIN R. MCNEAL, Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority JAMES SCOTT, Transportation Research Board EFFIE S. STALLSMITH, Federal Transit Administration DARWIN G. STUART, Chicago Transit Authority Transportation Research Board National Research Council Research Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in Cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1997 TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRP SYNTHESIS 20 Project J-7, Topic SH-01 The nation's growth and the need to meet mobility, ISSN 1073-4880 environmental, and energy objectives place demands on public ISBN 0-309-06010-9 transit systems. Current systems, some of which are old and in need Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 96-062014 of upgrading, must expand service area, increase service frequency, and improve efficiency to serve these demands. Research is Price $16.00 necessary to solve operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the transit industry. The Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the transit industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special NOTICE Report 213--Research for Public Transit: New Directions, published in 1987 and based on a study sponsored by the Federal Transit The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Transit Administration (FTA). A report by the American Public Transit Cooperative Research Program conducted by the Transportation Association (APTA), Transportation 2000, also recognized the need Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the for local, problem-solving research TCRP, modeled after the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing longstanding and successful National Cooperative Highway Research Board's judgment that the project concerned is appropriate with Program, undertakes research and other technical activities in respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research response to the needs of transit service providers. The scope of vice Council. configuration, equipment, facilities, operations, human resources, The members of the technical advisory panel selected to maintenance, policy, and administrative practices. monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the Proposed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, TCRP was balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and authorized as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). On May 13, 1992, a memorandum that performed the research, and while they have been accepted as agreement outlining TCRP operating procedures was executed by the appropriate by the technical panel, they are not necessarily those of three cooperating organizations: FTA, the National Academy of the Transportation Research Board, the Transit Development Sciences, acting through the Transportation Research Board (TRB), Corporation, the National Research Council, or the Federal Transit and the Transit Development Corporation, Inc. (TDC), a nonprofit Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation. educational and