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Gunvald Axner Ims ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Turcica Upsaliensia 2 Gunvald Axner Ims Conflicted Selves Ironic Representations of Westernization in Three Twentieth-century Turkish Novels Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Humanistiska teatern, hus 22, Engelska Parken, Uppsala, Saturday, 8 February 2020 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Laurent Mignon (Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford, England). Abstract Ims, G. A. 2020. Conflicted Selves. Ironic Representations of Westernization in Three Twentieth-century Turkish Novels. Studia Turcica Upsaliensia 2. 228 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-513-0831-9. For over a century, a dichotomous East–West debate has influenced conceptions of Turkish literature, threatening to reduce single works to products of westernization. This study critically reviews this discourse by investigating how it is addressed through irony in three novels from a period of forty years of the late 20th century: Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar’s Saatleri Ayarlama Enstitüsü (The Time Regulation Institute, 1961), Adalet Ağaoğlu’s Ölmeye Yatmak (Lying Down To Die, 1973), and Orhan Pamuk’s Yeni Hayat (The New Life, 1994). This investigation examines how these novels participate in the discourse of westernization and the role of irony in them. The term “discourse” is used in its Foucauldian sense of “a limited number of statements that belong to a single system of formation,” while irony is understood according to Linda Hutcheon, as a discursive practice that signals “difference at the heart of similarity.” This study combines contextualization and close reading. The analysis of each novel is preceded by the presentation of, firstly, a theoretical framework concerning irony, discourse, and westernization and, secondly, background for interpreting irony, westernization, and literary periods in a Turkish context as well as overviews of the three authorships and prior reception. Guided by Hutcheon’s description of “the cutting edge of irony” and Wayne Booth’s caution about knowing “where to stop” the investigation illustrates how westernization is represented through irony in these novels. It shows how first-person narration plays a crucial role in subverting the discourse of westernization through the narratives of self- reflective individuals. The study concludes that these novels disrupt the discourse of westernization by undermining its dichotomous tenets; in doing so, they also reveal how the Turkish discourse of westernization, while undergoing significant transformations, is sustained at the cost of suppressing individual voices. Keywords: Turkish literature, novel, irony, discourse of westernization, postmodernism, first- person narration, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, The Time Regulation Institute, Adalet Ağaoğlu, Lying Down to Die, Orhan Pamuk, The New Life Anahtar kelimeler: Türk edebiyatı, roman, ironi, Batılılaşma söylemi, postmodernizm, birinci şahıs anlatımı, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, Saatleri Ayarlama Enstitüsü, Adalet Ağaoğlu, Ölmeye Yatmak, Orhan Pamuk, Yeni Hayat Gunvald Axner Ims, Department of Linguistics and Philology, Box 635, Uppsala University, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden. © Gunvald Axner Ims 2020 ISSN 0346-6477 ISBN 978-91-513-0831-9 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-397872 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-397872) In memory of my grandmothers Ingeborg Indrebø (1918–2009) and Margit Bertine Ims (1914–2010) Doğu da Batı da Allah’ındır. —Qur’an 2:115 in Orhan Pamuk, Benim Adım Kırmızı To God belongs the East and the West. —Qur’an 2:115 in Erdağ Göknar, My Name is Red Contents Abbreviations and Notations ......................................................................... 12 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... 13 Introduction ................................................................................................... 15 Motivation ................................................................................................ 15 Aim ........................................................................................................... 17 Selection of Novels .................................................................................. 18 Irony in First-person Narratives ............................................................... 19 Reflections of a Society ............................................................................ 24 Outline ...................................................................................................... 25 Theoretical Considerations ....................................................................... 26 Irony ..................................................................................................... 26 Lines of Thought ................................................................................. 32 Discourse ............................................................................................. 33 Methodological Approaches..................................................................... 37 Key Narratological Concepts ............................................................... 39 Contextualizations......................................................................................... 44 The Word İroni ......................................................................................... 44 Westernization .......................................................................................... 46 Ways to Talk About East and West ..................................................... 47 The East–West Dichotomy in Turkish Discourse ................................ 47 Westernization between Imperialism and Modernization ................... 49 Turkey as a Bridge, and Other Spatial Metaphors ............................... 51 By Analogy to Islamization ................................................................. 53 Perceived Beginnings of Westernization in Literature ........................ 54 Literary Periods ........................................................................................ 61 The First Period ................................................................................... 61 Realism ................................................................................................ 62 The Turn Towards the Individual in the 1950s .................................... 63 Postmodernism .................................................................................... 64 Westernization in Relation to Turkish Postmodernism ....................... 65 The Three Authors and Their Works ....................................................... 68 Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar (1901–62) ..................................................... 69 Adalet Ağaoğlu (born 1929) ................................................................ 73 Orhan Pamuk (born 1952) ................................................................... 76 The Three Novels and Their Receptions .................................................. 81 Saatleri Ayarlama Enstitüsü ................................................................ 81 Ölmeye Yatmak .................................................................................... 87 Yeni Hayat ........................................................................................... 89 The Ironic Discourse of Westernization in Saatleri Ayarlama Enstitüsü ..... 94 The Establishment of Dichotomies .......................................................... 96 Westernization Metaphors ........................................................................ 99 The Story ................................................................................................ 100 Time and Place of Narration .................................................................. 104 The Ironist Narrator ................................................................................ 106 A Comment on Freedom ........................................................................ 108 The Frame of the Novel ......................................................................... 112 Allusions and Parallels to Dickens and Proust ....................................... 115 Interpretations of the Title ...................................................................... 116 Some Discrepancies in the Narrative ..................................................... 119 Ambiguous Catastrophes ........................................................................ 123 Post-War Trial ........................................................................................ 128 Irony of Western Science ....................................................................... 133 The Open-ended Result of Writing One’s Story .................................... 137 Concluding Remarks .............................................................................. 138 The Ironic Discourse of Westernization in Ölmeye Yatmak ....................... 141 Westernization in the Novel ................................................................... 141 Ironic discourse ...................................................................................... 142 Time and Place of Narration .................................................................. 145 The Relationship between Structure and Irony ...................................... 146 Ironic References to Madame Bovary and Anna Karenina ..................
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