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Oranda, Ryukin Ve Veiltail Varyetelerinin Melezlenmesi*

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Oranda, Ryukin Ve Veiltail Varyetelerinin Melezlenmesi* E.Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi 2002 © Ege University Press E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences 2002 ISSN 1300 - 1590 Cilt/Volume 19, Sayı/Issue (3-4): 425 – 438 http://jfas.ege.edu.tr/ Japon Balıklarından (Carassius auratus auratus L.) Oranda, Ryukin ve Veiltail Varyetelerinin Melezlenmesi* M. Şener Ural1, Yaşar Özdemir2 1 Fırat Üniversitesi, Süleyman Demirel Keban Meslek Yüksekokulu, Su Ürünleri Programı, 23740, Keban, Elazığ, Türkiye 2 Fırat Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 23119, Elazığ, Türkiye Abstract: The hybridization of Goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus L.). Varieties; Oranda, Ryukin and Veiltail in this study; sexual maturity, reproduction period, egg laying, crossing of varieties, fecundity, egg hatching, larval feeding and the characteristics of hybrids of goldfish were determined. Survival rate, coloration, having single or double tail and anal fin, anomalies and similarity rates with parents depend on characteristics above were investigated in order to determine the characteristics of hybrids. According to the results in this study, the similarity rate with parents were the lowest (10.06%) in Oranda ♂ x Veiltail ♀ and (9.22%) Veiltail ♂x Oranda ♀, and the higest (47.75%) in Ryukin ♂ x Oranda ♀. Productive results were not obtained when same varietes were crossed. However the best results were obtained from crossing of Oranda x Ryukin and Ryukin x Veiltail. Key Words: Goldfish, Oranda, Ryukin, Veiltail, Reproduction and Hybridization. Özet: Bu çalışmada; japon balıklarının eşeysel olgunluk ve üreme dönemi, yumurta alımı, varyetelerin çaprazlanması, yumurta verimi ve yumurtaların kuluçkalanması, larvaların beslenmesi ve melezlerin özellikleri belirlendi. Melezlerin özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde ise yavruların yaşama oranı, renklenme, kuyruk yüzgecinin çift veya tek oluşu, anal yüzgecin çift veya tek oluşu, dış görünüş olarak meydana gelen bozukluklar ve bunlara bağlı olarak ana-babaya benzerlik oranları incelendi. Bu araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre, ana-babaya benzerlik oranı en düşük Oranda ♂ x Veiltail ♀ (%10.06) ve Veiltail ♂ x Oranda ♀ (%9.22) gruplarında, en yüksek Ryukin ♂ x Oranda ♀ (%47.75) grubunda elde edildi. Sonuç olarak, aynı özelliklere sahip varyeteler birbirleri ile çaprazlandığında verimli sonuçlar alınamadı. En verimli sonuçlar Oranda x Ryukin ve Ryukin x Veiltail çaprazlamalarından elde edildi. Anahtar Kelimeler: Japon balığı, Oranda, Ryukin, Veiltail, Döl alımı ve Melezleme Giriş “Goldfish” adı verilmekte, ülkemizde ise “Japon balıkları” olarak bilinmektedir. Akvaryum balığı yetiştiriciliği dalında ele Japon balıkları Asya ve Avrupa’da yaygın alınabilecek tür sayısı binlerle ifade olarak bulunan Carassius auratus’un edilebilir. Bu türler arasında japon havuz ve akvaryumlarda yetiştirilen bir balıkları oldukça ön sıralarda ve önemli formudur (Mager, 1960; Altınköprü, bir yer almaktadır. Japon balıkları 1983; Alpbaz, 1984; Altınköprü, 1987; Sazangiller (Cyprinidae) ailesi içinde yer Ekingen, 1988). alırlar. Çin kökenli olan bu balıkların Çinli ve Japon yetiştiriciler japon orijinlerinin gümüşi-gri veya gri-yeşil balığının 100 kadar varyetesi olduğunu renkte gösterişsiz balıklar oldukları söylemekte iseler de bugün Avrupa’da 15 bildirilmektedir. Günümüzde gerek Çin tanesi bilinmektedir. Japon balıkları ve gerekse Japon kökenli olanlara altın anatomik olarak çeşitli farklılıklar parlakl ığında olmaları nedeniyle göstermelerine rağmen, küçük ayrıntılar * Doktora Tezinden Özetlenmiştir. Ural ve Özdemir / E. Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi 19(3-4): 425 – 438 dışında gerek üreme ve gerekse beslenme tamamlandı. Ayrıca su ve yem analizleri konusunda benzer özellikler gösterirler. için Fırat Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Beyaz, kırmızı, sarı, turuncu renk Fakültesi laboratuvarlarından yararlanıldı. özelliklerine sahip japon balıklarının Japon balıklarının melezlenmesinde yanında karışık renkli ve siyah lekeleri ülkemizde yaygın olarak bulunan oranda olan emprime desenli olanları da vardır. (altın sarısı), ryukin (kırmızı) ve veiltail Ayrıca, pigmentleri olmayan albino türleri (emprime desenli) varyeteleri kullanıldı. de bulunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte bazı Balıkların yaşama ortamı; Mager, japon balığı varyeteleri birbirlerine (1960); Altınköprü, (1983); Hunnam, benzerlikleri nedeni ile farklı ülkelerde (1983); Wang, (1989); Temelli ve Alpbaz, hatta aynı ülke içerisinde dahi değişik (1991); Garg ve Garg, (1992); Ng ve diğ., isimler altında toplanmakta ve zaman (1992); Mills ve diğ., (1993) tarafından zaman karışıklıklar ortaya çıkmaktadır. belirtilen özellikler dikkate alınarak Örneğin ryukin varyetesine fringetail, hazırlandı. Çalışma süresince anaç fantail ve veiltail de denilmektedir. Bu havuzlarında, çaprazlamaların yapıldığı varyete ülkemizde ise ryukin, peçekuyruk akvaryumlarda ve yavruların büyütülmesi veya kütkuyruk olarak bilinmektedir. amacıyla kullanılan besleme Veiltail varyetesi ise yine ülkemizde akvaryumlarında günlük olarak sıcaklık, tülkuyruk adı altında toplanmaktadır 15 günde bir ve gerektiği durumlarda (Mager, 1960; Kirpichnikov, 1981; oksijen ve pH ölçümleri yapıldı. Oksijen Pénzes, 1983; Alpbaz, 1984; Altınköprü, için 0.01 hassasiyetli oksijen metre, pH 1984; Altınköprü, 1987; Temelli ve için yine 0.01 hassasiyetli pH metre Alpbaz, 1991). kullanıldı. Sıcaklık için 0.1 hassasiyetli - Japon balığı yetiştiriciliğinde dikkat 10 ile 110°C aralığını ölçebilen alkollü edilecek noktaların ortaya konulması, cam termometrelerden yararlanıldı. seçkin varyetelerinin nasıl elde edildiğinin Toplam sertlik ETDA ile titre edilerek, bilinmesi ve yetiştiriciliğin rast gelelikten organik madde potasyum permanganat bir an önce kurtulması amacı ile “Japon harcaması ile yapıldı (Şengül ve Balıklarından (Carassius auratus auratus Türkmen, 1991; Egemen ve Sunlu, 1999). L.) Oranda, Ryukin ve Veiltail Elde edilen bulgular ortalama olarak Varyetelerinin Melezlenmesi” üzerine bir verildi. çalışma yapılması planlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada japon balıklarından oranda, ryukin ve veiltail varyetelerine Materyal ve Yöntem ait, eşeyleri belirlenen toplam 54 anaç kullanıldı. Eşeyleri belirlenen bu anaçlar Çalışma Haziran 1998 - Mayıs 1999 su giriş ve çıkışları bağımsız olan 10 x 1x tarihleri arasında yapıldı. Çalışmanın 0.5 m boyutlarındaki havuzlara stok melezlemeye ait üretim kısmı Tarım ve edildi. Anaçlara kondisyon kazanmaları Köyişleri Bakanlığı Antalya Kepez Su amacı ile canlı yem ağırlıklı bir besleme Ürünleri Üretme İstasyonu Müdürlüğü uygulandı (Altınköprü, 1983). Anaçların Akvaryum Balıkları Ünitesi’nde beslenmesinde, günde 2 defa canlı yem gerçekleştirildi. Yavruların ilk 2 aylık (Tubifex sp., Daphnia sp.) ve 1 defa kuru beslenmeleri de burada yapılıp, bundan yem (%30±2 ham protein içeren), balıklar sonraki 6 aylık besleme ve varyete yem almayı bırakıncaya kadar yemlemeye özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ise Fırat devam edildi. Üniversitesi Süleyman Demirel Keban Japon balıklarından yumurta Meslek Yüksekokulu Akvaryum Balıkları alımında; Woynarovich ve Horvath, ve Yetiştiriciliği Laboratuvarı’nda (1980); Altınköprü, (1983); Atay, (1987); 426 Ural ve Özdemir / E. Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi 19(3-4): 425 – 438 Axelrod, (1988); Çelikkale, (1988 b) ve belirtilen yöntemler uygulanarak; oranda, Purdom (1993)’un belirledikleri yarı ryukin ve veiltail varyetelerine ait japon kontrollü döl alımı uygulandı. Döl alımını balıklarının melezlenmesi Tablo 1’de gerçekleştirebilmek için önceden belirtildiği şekilde yapıldı. hazırlanan biri asil ve biri yedek olmak Yarı kontrollü döl alımı üzere 150 x 65 x 35 cm boyutlarındaki 18 denemelerinde balıkların verdiği toplam adet akvaryumdan yararlanıldı. yumurta sayısı, döllenen yumurta sayısı, Mimioğllu, (1968); Wohlfarth, (1991); döllenmeyen yumurta sayısı ve larva Dayıoğlu ve Doğru (1994), Temizkan sayısı alan-yoğunluk metodu ile belirlendi (1994) ve Alpbaz, (1998) tarafından (Atay, 1989). Tablo 1. Oranda, ryukin ve veiltail varyetelerinin birbirleri ve kendi aralarındaki çaprazlama grupları. Çaprazlama No Erkek Adet Dişi Adet 1 Oranda 2 Oranda 1 2 Oranda 2 Ryukin 1 3 Oranda 2 Veiltail 1 4 Ryukin 2 Ryukin 1 5 Ryukin 2 Oranda 1 6 Ryukin 2 Veiltail 1 7 Veiltail 2 Veiltail 1 8 Veiltail 2 Oranda 1 9 Veiltail 2 Ryukin 1 Kuluçkalama sonucu elde edilen arasında 6 aylık ayrı bir besleme periyodu larvalar vitellüs keselerini bitirip yüzmeye uygulandı. Yavrular çaprazlama başladıklarında ilk besin olarak, iyice gruplarına ve büyüklüklerine göre kaynatılıp katı halde pişirilmiş yumurta 60x55x40 cm, 80x30x30 cm, sarısı eriyiği ile 5 gün yemlendi 90x45x35cm ve 120x45x45 cm. (Altınköprü, 1983, 1984; Alpbaz, 1984, boyutlarında olan farklı büyüklükteki Axelrod, 1988). Beşinci günden itibaren akvaryumlara stoklandı. Her bir Artemia salina larvaları verilmeye akvaryumda havalandırma, filtre ve ısıtma başlandı. Bu larvalar ile yemlemeye 10 sistemleri oluşturuldu. gün devam edildi. Onbeş günlük bu Akvaryumlardaki su sıcaklığı yemlemenin ardından buğday unu, 22±2°C’de sabit tutulmaya çalışıldı kurutulmuş Artemia salina larvası, alg (Evans, 1957; Ergin ve Altınköprü, 1969; tozu karışımından hazırlanan mama ile Altınköprü, 1983; 1984, 1987; Alpbaz, birlikte çok ince kıyılmış Tubifex’ten 1984; Geldiay, 1985; Axelrod, 1988; oluşan yemlerle yemlemeye 2 ay süre ile Wiegand ve diğ., 1988). Bunun için 100 devam edilerek yavruların ön W’lık termostatlı ısıtıcılar kullanıldı. beslenmeleri tamamlandı (Alpbaz, 1984; Akvaryum suları kirlilik durumlarına göre Akyıldız, 1992). suyun 1/3’lik kısmı 5-7 günde bir temiz Ön beslenmesi tamamlanan bu su ile değiştirildi. Ayda bir ise akvaryum yavrulardan her gruptan tesadüfi suları
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