Advances in Agroecology Series Editor: Clive A. Edwards Agroecosystem Sustainability: Developing Practical Strategies Stephen R. Gliessman Agroforestry in Sustainable Agricultural Systems Louise E. Buck, James P. Lassoie, and Erick C.M. Fernandes Biodiversity in Agroecosystems Wanda Williams Collins and Calvin O. Qualset Interactions Between Agroecosystems and Rural Communities Cornelia Flora Landscape Ecology in Agroecosystems Management Lech Ryszkowski Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Agroecosystems Mario Giampietro Soil Ecology in Sustainable Agricultural Systems Lijbert Brussaard and Ronald Ferrera-Cerrato Soil Tillage in Agroecosystems Adel El Titi Structure and Function in Agroecosystem Design and Management Masae Shiyomi and Hiroshi Koizumi Tropical Agroecosystems John H. Vandermeer Advisory Board Editor-in-Chief Clive A. Edwards The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Editorial Board Miguel Altieri University of California, Berkeley, CA Lijbert Brussaard Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands David Coleman University of Georgia, Athens, GA D.A. Crossley, Jr. University of Georgia, Athens, GA Adel El-Titi Stuttgart, Germany Charles A. Francis University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE Stephen R. Gliessman University of California, Santa Cruz Thurman Grove North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC Maurizio Paoletti University of Padova, Padova, Italy David Pimentel Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Masae Shiyomi Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan Sir Colin R.W. Spedding Berkshire, England Moham K. Wali © 1999 by CRC Press LLC. Agroforestry in Sustainable Agricultural Systems Edited by Louise E. Buck • James P. Lassoie Erick C.M. Fernandes CRC PRESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. © 1999 by CRC Press LLC. Acquiring Editor: John Sulzycki Project Editor: Albert W. Starkweather Cover design: Dawn Boyd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Agroforestry in sustainable agricultural systems / edited by Louise E. Buck, James P. Lassoie, and Erick C. M. Fernandes p. cm. -- (Advances in agroecology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-294-1 (alk. paper) 1. Agroforestry. I. Buck, Louise. II. Lassoie, J. P. III. Fernandes, E. C. M.(Erick C. M.) IV. Series S494.5.A5 A375123 1998 634.9c9—ddc21 98-31470 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. 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Specific permission must be obtained from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. © 1999 by CRC Press LLC. Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 1-56670-294-1 Library of Congress Card Number 98-31470 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper © 1999 by CRC Press LLC. The Editors Louise E. Buck is a Senior Extension Associate in the Department of Natural Resources at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, and a Senior Associate Scientist for the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) with social science expertise in the fields of agroforestry and natural resources management. She is the leader of the Cornell Agroforestry Working Group (CAWG) of the Cornell International Institute for Food, Agriculture and Development (CIIFAD). She instructs and coor- dinates a graduate level course in agroforestry and manages several agroforestry research and outreach projects. Buck also coordinates CIIFAD’s Protected Area Management Working Group and the organization’s collaborative program in Madagascar. Prior to joining Cornell, she worked for a decade in eastern and southern Africa with research and development organizations including the International Center for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), CARE International, and the Beijer Institute of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences on social dimensions of agroforestry science and practice. During the past decade Buck has been active in temperate zone agroforestry, serving as a founding member of the Association for Temperate Agroforestry (AFTA) and collaborating with the USDA’s National Agroforestry Center on policy and research development initiatives. She has worked with small-holder farmers and agroforestry systems in Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda, and with landowners in northeastern North America to evaluate the potential for agrofor- estry practice. She received a B.A. in Sociology and Psychology and a B.S. in Outdoor Recreation from the University of Colorado in 1973, a M.S. in Natural Resources from Colorado State University in 1977, and is a Ph.D. candidate in Natural Resources at Cornell University. Her current research activities include being Principal Investigator of an action research project in Madagascar with CIFOR, supported by USAID, to pilot and test community-based resource use agreements in fragile forest margins where agroforestry can be a viable land use alternative; Principal Investigator for a National Assessment of the Potential of Specialty Forest Products in Agroforestry Systems, funded by the USDA National Agroforestry Center; Principal Investigator for an action research project in the northeastern U.S. on Advancing Woods Cultivated Ginseng Knowledge and Practice: A Forest Farming Approach to Sustainable Agriculture, funded by USDA’s Hatch Research program; and Project Leader for the International Study Group on the Devolution of Forest Governance and Management (USAID). James P. Lassoie, Ph.D., is a Professor of Forest Science and chairman of the Department of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, at Cornell University. He completed his undergraduate and graduate education at the College of Forest Resources, University of Washington in Seattle, receiving a B.S. in 1968 and a Ph.D. in 1975. Before joining Cornell in 1976, he was a research assistant for Weyerhaeuser Company in Washington state and completed a two-year, postdoctoral fellowship at the School of Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife, University of Missouri in Columbia. As an assistant professor at Cornell he was responsible for developing a Cooperative Extension and research program in forest ecology and management. Lassoie spent 1984 as a Visiting Associate Professor at the University of Washington in Seattle. Upon returning to Cornell, he served as the Extension Leader for the Department of Natural Resources until January 1988 when he became the chairman of that department, a position he held until assuming the directorship of the Cornell Center for the Environment in July 1993. He returned to the faculty in the Department of Natural Resources and reassumed responsibilities as department chairman in August 1996. © 1999 by CRC Press LLC. Lassoie's past research activities have been focused on the ecology, management, and physiol- ogy of temperate forest tree species. He was particularly interested in the physiological impacts of air pollution and acidic precipitation on forest trees and has worked jointly with scientists at Boyce Thompson Institute where he held an adjunct scientist appointment for many years. He also was interested in the physiological basis for sap production and sugar yield from sugar maple trees. More recently, Lassoie has extended his research interests to environmental and conservation problems, sustainable development, and the role of trees in agricultural systems of developing countries and rural North America. Lassoie has published 35 peer-reviewed research papers, nine book chapters, three monographs, and has more than 85 other scholarly research publications, including symposium proceedings, project reports, book reviews, and abstracts. Lassoie helped initiate the Cornell Tree Crops Research Project in 1978. In 1985, he started the Cornell Agroforestry Study Group that continues to coordinate agroforestry activities within the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences as the Cornell Agroforestry Working Group under the leadership of Louise E. Buck. In 1991, Lassoie developed an interdisciplinary graduate minor in conservation and sustainable development that included agroforestry and social forestry compo- nents. He was instrumental