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The Dark Side of Economic Sanctions: Unveiling the Plight of Women from Myanmar/Burma

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The Dark Side of Economic Sanctions: Unveiling the Plight of Women from Myanmar/Burma DEPARTMENT OF GLOBAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES The Dark Side of Economic Sanctions: Unveiling the Plight of Women from Myanmar/Burma -A Minor Field Study in Myanmar and Thailand April Vuorijärvi Master Thesis in Human Rights Supervisor: Graciela Ratti January 14, 2009 The Dark Side of Economic Sanctions April Vuorijärvi 1 The Dark Side of Economic Sanctions April Vuorijärvi Country profile Population: 54 million Ethnic groups: 8 major - Burman, Chin, Kachin, Karen, Karenni, Mon, Rakhine, Shan. Government Type: Military junta. Civil War: Ongoing since 1948 Major languages: Burmese, ethnic languages Major religions: Buddhism, Christianity, Islam UN Country Status: LDC (Since 1987) Main income for SPDC: Natural gas, Hydropower, Timber, Minerals, Gems Refugees More than 450,000 refugees from Burma in neighboring countries: Bangladesh, India and Thailand Approximately 140,000 refugees living in the recognized camps in Thailand Internally Displaced People: About 600,000 persons Peoples of Burma 2 The Dark Side of Economic Sanctions April Vuorijärvi Burma’s world ranking Military manpower rank (by number of active troops): No 10 in the world Largest user of child soldiers in the world Biggest user of forced labor in the world Second largest producer of opium in the world One of the 50 poorest countries in the world1 Corruption ranking: no. 179 (bottom place)2 Overall health performance: 190 out of 191 countries Implementation of Education For All: 94 out of 129 countries Burma's Chronology (up to May 2008) 1885 Britain’s colonization of Burma proper 12 Feb 1947 Signing of Pang Long Agreement (between Burmese leader Aung San and ethnic Shan, Kachin and Chin leaders, agreeing to cooperate to demand independence for Burma) 19 July 1947 Aung San was assassinated along with Sept 1947 Federal Constitution ratified, granting Karenni and Shan the right to secede after a decade of independence. 4 Jan 1948 Burma regained independence; civil war broke out shortly afterwards; over the years, various ethnic groups took up arms to fight the central government 2 March 1962 The army seized power in a coup, ending Burma’s period of democracy; a series of military regimes have ruled until today 1962-1988 Military-led “Burmese Way to Socialism” bankrupted the country 1987 Burma became LDC (one of world’s Least Developed Countries) 1988 Nationwide student-led pro-democracy uprising 18 Sept 1988 Regime, renaming itself the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), regained power with a brutal crackdown on peaceful demonstrators May 1990 Regime held general election; National League for Democracy (NLD) won more than 80% of vote, but regime has refused to honour results of election until now Post 1990 Many elected MPs arrested, imprisoned, forced to resign; some fled into exile 1992 Regime started process of "National Convention" to draft new constitution, to solidify military power 1995 NLD began boycott of National Convention 1997 SLORC renamed itself the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) 30 May 2003 Aung San Suu Kyi attacked by members of USDA (regime's proxy organization) 3 The Dark Side of Economic Sanctions April Vuorijärvi Jan 2004 Regime announced 7-step Road Map to "Disciplined Democracy" Aug 2007 "88 Generation" activists demonstrated against oil price hike Sept 2007 Saffron Revolution Feb 2008 Regime announced referendum to endorse their own constitution in May 2 May 2008 Cyclone Nargis, killing over 130,000 and affecting nearly two and a half million people 10 May 2008 People forced to vote in referendum throughout Burma except cyclone–hit regions 24 May 2008 Referendum in cyclone-hit area Source: Women's League of Burma, 2008. 4 The Dark Side of Economic Sanctions April Vuorijärvi Acknowledgements As with most studies concerning the issue of gender with some level of political sensitivity this has been a painstaking paper to write and a long personal journey. This personal project began in 2004 and now that this thesis is complete, I hope to continue the quest. As with any long journey, I have many individuals to thank as without them I wouldn’t have ventured very far. My deep gratitude to Professor Kazuki Iwanaga from Halmstad University for his encouragement and for challenging me to undertake my first investigation into this subject. Heartfelt thanks to Professor Mirza Baig from Växjö University for believing in me and pushing me to strive. Many thanks and warm hugs to my thesis advisor Graciela Ratti for always keeping her door open even when I have overstayed my welcome. I have furthermore to thank Dr. Mike Hayes and the Office of Human Rights Studies and Social Development (OHRSD) at Mahidol University in Thailand for sponsoring me. An additional thanks to the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency for the Minor Field Study (MFS) program, which made this field study possible. Warm thanks to Ma Thanegi, John Badgley, Zarni, and the many others I have met over the years who have challenged me to think, enlightened me, and extended me their warm hospitality. I am deeply indebted to Lisbeth Saab, my mother-in-law and always faithful proofreader. Thanks most of all for all your encouragement and kind words of support. Thanks most of all to my family for their patience, support, and understanding. Emil for holding down the fort while I was on “hiatus”. Natasha and Tabatha for their shared passion and love for Burma. And Katja for her warm hugs and giggles. Special thanks to the respondents for your honesty, candidness and interesting discussions. Lastly, my deepest appreciation and gratitude go to all the Burmese women in Ranong who participated in this study. Thanks for sharing your dreams, your hopes, your despair, your sadness, and your laughter. April Vuorijärvi Malmö, Sweden 7 January 2009 5 The Dark Side of Economic Sanctions April Vuorijärvi The Dark Side of Economic Sanctions: Unveiling the Plight of Women in Myanmar/Burma Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Research Problem and Purpose ..................................................................................... 12 1.3 The Approach to the Problem ....................................................................................... 13 1.4 Problem Formulation .................................................................................................... 14 1.5 Sources and Material ..................................................................................................... 15 1.6 Research Design and Field Study Interviews ............................................................... 16 1.7 Limitations and Encountered Problems ........................................................................ 18 2 ECONOMIC SANCTIONS .................................................................................................. 19 2.1 What are Economic Sanctions? .................................................................................... 19 2.2 History of Economic Sanctions .................................................................................... 22 2.2.1 Sanctions against Aggression ................................................................................. 24 2.2.2 Sanctions for Decolonization .................................................................................. 24 2.2.3 Sanctions and the New Wars................................................................................... 25 2.3 International Law and the (Il)legality of Economic Sanctions ..................................... 26 2.3.1 Unilateral versus Multilateral Economic Sanctions ............................................... 26 2.3.2 Human Rights and Economic Sanctions ................................................................. 31 2.3.3 Humanitarian Law and Economic Sanctions ......................................................... 33 2.4 A Word about Consumer Boycotts ............................................................................... 35 2.5 The Future of Economic Sanctions ............................................................................... 37 3 APPLYING FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW TO ECONOMIC SANCTIONS ................................................................................................................................ 41 3.1 Feminist Perspectives on International Law ................................................................. 41 3.1.1 The Public/Private Distinction and State-Centric Model ....................................... 42 3.1.2 The Organizational and Normative Structure of International Law Through a Feminist Optic ....................................................................................................................... 44 3.1.3 Feminist Strategies and International Law ............................................................. 47 3.2 Applying Feminist Strategies to Economic Sanctions .................................................. 49 4 IMPLICATIONS OF ECONOMIC SANCTIONS ON WOMEN ....................................... 51 4.1 Haiti............................................................................................................................... 51 4.2 Cuba .............................................................................................................................
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