منابع مفرد و جمع Books & Papers 1st karl Schwarzschild meeting on gravitational physics; Piero Nicolini et al., 2016 A brief history of time; Stephen Hawking, 1988 برخی از کلمات التین یا یونانی استفاده شده در کتاب A brief overview of Hox genes; P.Z. Myers, 2006 A burning story: The role of fire in the history of life; Joli Pausas, Jon Keeley, 2009 A curriculum vitae of teeth: Evolution, generation, regeneration; Despina Koussoulakou et al., 2009 A fish that uses its hydrodynamic tongue to feed on land; Krijin Michel et al., 2015 فارسی جمع مفرد فارسی جمع مفرد A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution; Fabia Battistuzzi et al., 2004 A Jurassic eutheian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals; Zhe-Xi Luo et al., 2011 A mechanical analysis of myomere shape in fish; Johan Leeuwen, 1999 استخوان لبه فک باال maxilla maxillae جلبک A new explanation for unexpected evolution in body size; E. Loeske, B. Kruuk, 2017 alga algae A new late Miocene great ape from Kenya; Yutaka Kunimatsu et al., 2007 زائده یاخته microvillus microvilli آالنتوئید A new mechanistic scenario for the origin and evolution of vertebrate cartilage; Maria Cattell et al., 2011 allantois allantoides A retroposan analysis of Afrotheria phylogeny; Hidenori Nishihara et al., 2005 A review of Silvanerpeton miripedes: A stem amniote from the lower Carboniferous; Marcello Ruta, Jennifer Clack, 2007 alveolus alveoli mitochondrion mitochondria میتوکندری کیسه هوا )در ریه( Adaptive evolution of a duplicated pancreatic ribonuclease gene in a leaf-eating monkey; J. Zhang, 2002 Aggregations and parental care in the Early Triassic basal cynodonts; Sandra Jasinoski, Fernando Abdala, 2017 غشای مخاطی، مخاط mucosa mucosae آمیب Alu elements: Know the sINES; Prescott Deininger, 2011 amoeba amoebae An Introduction to modern astrophysics; Bradley Carroll, Dale Ostlie, 2007 سوراخ بینی naris nares باستانیان An introduction to the science of cosmology; D.J. Raine, E.G. Thomas, 2001 archaeon archaea Animal evolution: The hard problem of cartilage origins; Thibaut Brunet, Detlev Arendt, 2016 Animal evolution; Claus Nielsen, 2011 axis axes nebula nebulae سحابی محور Animal vocal communication: Function, structures and production mechanisms; Maxime Garcia, Livio Favaro, 2017 Aping expressions? Chimpanzees produce distinct laugh types when responding to laughter of others; Marina Ross et al., 2011 گرده چه )نیای کلیه( nephridium nephridia باکتری Aqueous phase composition of the early Earth; E.M. Galimov et al., 2010 bacterium bacteria ATP: The perfect energy currency for the cell; Jerry Bergman, 1999 هستک یاخته nucleolus nucleoli کورروده Australopithecus garhi: A new species of early hominid from Ethiopia; Berhane Astaw et al., 1999 caecum caeca Behavioural effects of temperature on ectothermic animals; Paul Abram et al., 2016 Big Bang: The origin of the Universe; Simon Singh, 2005 centrum centra nucleus nuclei هسته یاخته مهره Building the backbone: The development and evolution of vertebral paterning; Angeleen Fleming et al., 2015 Cenozoic exhumation history of the Alborz Mountains, Iran; M. Rezaeian et al., 2012 واحد حساس به نور ocellus ocelli کوآن )قیفک( بینی Chasing the sun: The Epic story of the star that gives us Life; Richard Cohen, 2010 choana choanae Chordate evolution and the three-phylum system; Noriyuki Satoh et al., 2014 مجرای کوچک ostium ostia مژک Chordate phylogeny and evolution: A not so simple three-taxon problem; Thomas Stach, 2008 cilium cilia Chromosome condensation and decondensation during mitosis; Wolfrom Antonin, Heinz Neumaun, 2016 Clavicle, a neglected bone; Jean-Lue Voisin, 2006 cloaca cloacae ovum ova تخمک پارکین Clear evidence for two rounds of vertebrate genome duplication; Liza Gross, 2005 Colossal rivers, massive mountains and supercontinents; Robert Rainbird, Grat Young, 2009 الیه پوشش دهنده مخ pallium pallia شاخک بینی Comparative anatomy: All vertebrates do have vertebrae; Phillippe Janvier, 2011 concha conchae Comparison of the sexuality of humans, common chimpanzees and bonobos; Louise Campell, 2009 آلت نرینه penis penes کاسه مغز Cosmological physics; J. Peacock, 1999 cranium crania Cranial neural crest and development of the head skelefon; Robert Knight, Thomas Schilling, 2013 Deep phylogeny and evolution of sponges(phylum Porifera); G. Worheide et al., 2012 Ctenophore Ctenophora perikarion perikarya پریکاریون شانه دار تبار Dentition of diet in early hominids; John Hawks, 2005 Development and evolutionary origins of the pharyngeal apparatus; Anthony Graham, Jo Richardson, 2012 شاخه phylum phyla بافت پوششی Developmental origins and evolution of jaws; Robert Cerny et al., 2004 epithelium epithelia Did the notochord evolve from an ancient axial muscle? Thibaut Brunet et al., 2015 الله گوش pinna pinnae گودی، حفره Discovering the essential Universe; Neil Comins, 2001 fenestra fenestrae Diversity in fish auditory systems; Friedrich Ladich, Tanja Schultz-Mirbach, 2016 DNA repliation and causes of mutation; Leslie Pray, 2008 fetus feti plankter plankton پالنکتون جنین Dynamic evolution of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins in Holozoa; B.M. Scheel, B. Hausdorf, 2014 Early life on land and the first terrestrial ecosystems; Hungo Beraldi-Campesi, 2013 گیاه planta plantae تاژک Earth system history; Steven Stanley, 1999 flagellum flagella East Africa rift system; Kristjan Saemundsson, 2010 سوهانک radula radulae قارچ Effects of an Asian-specific nonsynonymous EDAR variant on multiple dental traits; Jeong-Heuy Park et al., 2012 fungus fungi Effects of heat stress on mammalian reproduction; Peter Hansen, 2009 Einstein: The passions of a scientist; Barry Parker, 2003 ganglion ganlia rhinarium rhinaria بینی مرطوب گانگلیون )گره( Elginerpeton pancheni and the earliest tetrapod clade; Per Ahlbery, 1995 Enamel thickness , microstructure and development in Afropithecus turkanensis; T. Smith et al., 2003 پوزه rostrum rostra سرده Energetics and genetics across the prokoryote-eukaryote divide; Nick Lane, 2011 genus genera Environmental stress and the effects of mutation; Santiago Elena, Arjan Visser, 2003 سوما soma somata مرکز یادگیری مغز Essential Relativity: Special, general and cosmological; W. Rindler, 1977 hippocampus hippocampi Eukaryotic flagella: Variations in form, function and composition during evolution; Jonathan Moran et al., 2014 Evidence that humans evolved from a knuckle-walking ancestor; Brian Richmond, David Strait, 2000 humerus humeri taxon taxa آرایه استخوان بازو Evolution and development of the cartilaginous skull; Marketa Kaucka, Igor Adameyko, 2017 Evolution and development of teeth; Melanie McCollum, Paul Sharpe, 2001 خایه - بیضه testis testes ورقههای آبشش Evolution and development of the building plan of the vertebrate heart; Bjarke Jensen et al., 2012 lamella lamellae Evolution and development of the cartilaginous skull; Marketa Kaucka, Igor Adameyko, 2017 مهره vertebra vertebrae الرو )کرینه( Evolution and development of the chordates, collagen and pharyngeal cartilage; Amanda Rychel et al., 2005 larva larvae Evolution and development of the eartilaginous skull; Marketa Kaucka, Igor Adameyko, 2017 ُپرز Evolution and development of the neural creat; Marianne Bronner, Nicole Ledouarin, 2012 louse lice villus villi شپش Evolution and development of the vertebrate neck; Rolf Ericsson et al., 2013 Evolution of bilateria central nervous systems: A single origin? Linda Hollant et al., 2013 Evolution of collagens; Jean Yves Exposito et al., 2002 Evolution of collagens; Jy Exposito et al., 2002 Evolution of hair follicles, mammry glands, and sweat glands in humans and other mammals; Sarah Mills, 2015 Evolution of hemoglobin and its genes; Ross Hardison, 2012 Evolution of mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis; Derek Wildman et al., 2006 Evolution of skin and skin color; Nina Jablonski, 2008

427 Evolution of the brain and intelligence in primates; G. Roth, U. Dicke, 2012 Evolution of the egg: New findings and challenges; K.G. Claw, W.J. Swanson, 2012 Evolution of the eyelid and the devolutional concept of Asian blepharoplasty; Bongsik Kwon, Anh Nguyen, 2015 Evolution of the human canine tooth; W.G. Kinzey, 1971 Evolution of the human hand: The role of throwing and clubbing; Richard Young, 2003 Evolution of the kidney; Laila Aboul Mahasen, 2016 Evolution of the mammalian nose; A.W. Crompton et al., 2013 Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis; Derek Wildman et al., 2006 Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue; Shin-ichi Iwasaki, 2002 Evolution of the vertebrate cardio-pulmonary system; C.G. Farmer, 1999 Evolution of the vertebrate cranium; Shigeru Kuratani et al., 2016 Evolution of the vertebrate eye: Opsins, photorecep tors, retina and eye cup; Trevor Lamb et al., 2007 Evolution of the vertebrate Jaw; Shigeru Kuratani, 2004 Evolution of the vertebrate skeleton: Morphology, embryology, and development; Tatsuya Hirasawa, Shigeru Kuratani, 2014 Evolution: One penis affer all; Patricia Brennan, 2015 Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: Hemichordates; Eric Rottinger, Christopher Lowe, 2012 Evolutionary history of free-swimming and sessile life styles in Urochordata; H. Wade, 1998 Evolutionary origin of gastrulation: Insights from sponge development; Nagayasu Nakanishi et al., 2014 Evolutionary origins of the blood vascular system and endothelium; R. Monahan-Earley, 2013 Evolutionary Theory and Processes: Modern horizons; Solomon Wasser, 2004 Fat body, fat pad and adipose tissues in Invertebrates and vertebrates: The nexus; Odunayo Azeez et al., 2014 Fishing for jaws in early vertebrate evolution: A new hypothesis of mandibular confinement; Tetsuto Miyashita, 2015 Flagellar and cilliary beating: The proven and the possible; Charles Lindermann, Kathleen Lesich, 2010 Formation and composition of planetesimals; Daniel Gautier, Franck Hersant, 2004 Formation of oceans and continents on the Earth; Tsuyoshi Iizuka, 2016 From elements to atoms: A history of chemical composition; Robert Siegfried, 2002 From the beginning: The story of human evolution; David Peters, 1991 Function of the mammalian postorbital bar; C.P. Heesy, 2005 Galaxies and the cosmic frontier; W.H. Waller, P.W. Hodge, 2003 Galileo: Pioneer scientist; Stillman Drake, 1990 Genes; development and evolution of the placenta; J. 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Alexander Vargas, Francisco Aboitiz, 2005 How the vertebrates were made: Selective pruning of a double-duplicated genome; Gerard Manning, Eric Scheeff, 2010 Hox genes: Seductive science, mysterious mechanisms; Terrance Lappin et al., 2006 Human evolution and laryngeal functions; Koichi Tsunoda, 2017 Human evolution; Bernard Campbell, 2009 Human facial expressions as adaptations; Karen Schmidt, Jeffrey Cohn, 2001 Human intestinal tract length and relationship with body height; Elizaveta Minko et al., 2014 Impaired air coditioning within the nasal cavity in flat-faced Homo; Takeshi Nishimura et al., 2016 Intelligent life in the universe; Peter Ulmschneider, 2006 Intestinal parasites are associated with lower values of weight and height; Humberto Filho et al., 2011 Introduction: Photosynthetic and atmospheric evolution; Derek Bendall et al., 2008 Introductory astronomy & astrophysics; Michael Zeilik, Stephen Gregory, 1998 Inversion of the chordate body axis: Are there alternatives? J. Gerhart, 2002 Irtroduction to "origin and evolution of the nervous system"; Nicholas Strausfeld, Frank Hirth, 2015 Key transitions in animal evolution; Bernd Schierwater, Rob Desalle, 2010 Life history and the evolution of parental care; Hope Klug, Michael Bonsall, 2009 Limb skeleton and locomotor adaptations of Apidium phiomense; John Fleagle, Elwyn Simons, 1995 Massive increase in visual range preceded the origin of forrestrial vertebrates; Malcolm Maclver et al., 2017 Milk casein proteins: Ancient, diverse, and essential; Lauren Newmark, 2018 Modeling recent human evolution in mice by expression of a selected EDAR variant; Yana Kamberov et al., 2013 Molecular phylogeny and divergence times of deuterostome animals; Jilme Blair, Blair Hedges, 2005 Multicellularity: The evolution of differentiation; Scott Gillbert, 2000 Nails and claws in primate evolution; Christophe Soligo, Alexandra Muller, 1999 Neither chimpanzee nor human, Ardipithecus reveals the surprizing ancestry of both; Tim White et al., 2015 Neural crest origins of the neck and shoulder; Toshiyuki Matsuoka et al., 2004 New material of the hominoid Ouranopithecus macedoniensis; G.D. Koufos et al., 2016 New perspectives on Anthropoid origins; Blythe williams et al., 2010 Nutrient utilization in humans: Metabolism pathways; Andrea Da Poian et al., 2010 Oceans of ice: The Snowball Earth Theory of global glaciation; DUJS, 2010 On the evolutionary advantage of multi-cusped teeth; Paul Constantino et al., 2016 On the origin, homologies and evolution of primate facial muscles; R. Diogo et al., 2009 Origin and evolution of endoderm and mesoderm; U. Technau, C.B. Scholz, 2003 Origin and evolution of sleep; J.L. Kavanau, 1997 Origin and use of embryonic and adult stem cells in diffenentiation and tissue repair; Robert Passier, Christine Mummery, 2003 Origin of animal epithelia: Insights from the sponge genome; B. Fahey, B.M. Deganan, 2010 Origin of animal multicellularity; Thomas Cavalier-Smith, 2016 Origin of dental occlusion in tetrapods: Signal for terrestrial vertebrate evolution? R.R. 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428 Regulating the Regulators: Lysine modifications make their mark; Richard Frieman, Robert Tjian, 2003 Rodent phylogeny and a timescale for the evolution of Glires; Dorothee Huchon, 2002 Sagittal crest formation in great apes and gibbons; K.L. Balolia et al., 2017 Sapiens : A brief history of humankind; Yuval Harari, 2014 Sea level variations over geologic time; M.A. Kominz, 2001 Selection and the origin of cells; David Baum, 2015 Sex-determining region Y in mammals; Troy Cox, 2013 Sleep and sleep states: Phylogeny and ontogeny; J.A. Lesku, N.C. Rattenborg, 2009 Source regions and time scales for the delivery of water to Earth; A. Morbidelli et al., 2000 Species numbers in Bacteria; Daniel Dykhuizen, 2005 Spiracular air breathing in polypterid fishes and its implications for aerial respiration in stem tetrapods; Jeffery Graham et al., 2013 Structure and function of the notochord: An essential organ for chordate development; Derek Stemple, 2005 Supercontinents and the case of Pannotia; Damion Nance, Brendan Murphy, 2018 Synthesis of activated pyrimidine ribonucleotides in prebiotically plausible conditions; Mathew Powner et al., 2009 Terrestrial-style feeding; Molly Markey, Charles Marshall, 2007 The age of the Earth; G.B. Dalymple, 1991 The animal that weeps; Silvia Cardoso, Renato Sabbatini, 2002 The big splat or how our moon came to be; Dana Mackenzie, 2003 The biological significance of cooking in human evolution; Richard Wrangham et al., 2003 The biomass distribution on Earth; Yinon Bar-on et al., 2018 The cell: A molecular approach; G.M. Cooper, 2000 The colonization of land by animals; Davide Pisani et al., 2004 The Dark Ages of the Universe and hydrogen reionization; Aravind Natarajan, Naoki Yoshida, 2014 The descended larynx and the descending larynx; Takeshi Nishimura, 2018 The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex; Charles Darwin, 1871(2006) The evolution history of the devolopment of the pelvic fin/hind limb; Emily Don et al., 2013 The evolution of body heat conductivity, skin and brain size in human; A.I. Ibraimov, 2007 The evolution of brains from early mammals to humans; Joh Kaas, 2012 The evolution of Ecdysozoa; Maximilian Telford et al., 2007 The evolution of eyes: Major steps; I.R. Schwab, 2017 The evolution of eyes; Michael Lad, Russel Fernald, 1992 The evolution of human parental care and recruitment of Juvenile help; Karen Kramer, 2011 The evolution of human reproduction: A primatological perspective; Robert Martin, 2007 The evolution of human speech; philip Lieberman, 2007 The evolution of laughter in great apes and humans; Marina Ross et al., 2010 The evolution of milk casein genes from tooth genes; K. Kawasaki et al., 2011 The evolution of monogamy in response to partner scarcity; Ryan Schacht, Adrian Bell, 2016 The evolution of neocortex in mammals; S.J. Karlen, L. Krubitzer, 2006 The evolution of primate body size; Richard Tillquist et al., 2016 The evolution of sweat glands; Edgar Folk, Holmes Semkeu, 1991 The evolution of sweat glands; G.E. Folk, H.A. Semken, 1991 The evolution of taste perception; Claude Illadik et al., 2010 The evolution of tetrapod ears and the fossil record; J.A. Clack, 1997 The evolution of the human pelvis; Laura Gruss, Daniel Schmitt, 2014 The evolution of the pectoral girdle; Imelda McGonnell, 2001 The evolution of the placenta; Michael Roberts et al., 2016 The evolution of the scrotum and testicular descent in mammals; L. Werdelin, A. Nilsonne, 1999 The evolution of the upright posture and gait - a review and a new synthesis; Carsten Niemitz, 2010 The evolutionary diversification of Cyanobacteria; Abiko Tomitani et al., 2006 The evolutionary emergence of vertebrates from among their spineless relatives; Philip Donoghue, Mark Purnell, 2009 The evolutionary history of testicular externalization and the origin of scrotum; Karel Kleisner et al., 2010 The evolutionary origin of bilaterian smooth and striated myocytes; Thibaut Brunet et al., 2016 The evolutionary origin of cardiac chambers; Marcos Sinoes-Costa et al., 2004 The evolutionary position of Nematodes; Jaime Blair et al., 2002 The formation and evolution of the Milky Way; Cristina Chiappini, 2001 The functional significance of the Anthropoid postorbital septum; William Hylander, 1993 The Holocene: An environmental history; Neil Roberts, 2014 The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote; William Martin, Miklos Muller, 1998 The interrelationships of placental mammals and the limits of phylogenetic Inference; James Tarver et al., 2015 The land arthropods : The conquerors coming ashore; Jane Gray, William Shear, 2012 The last common bilaterian ancestor; Douglas Erwin, Eric Davidson, 2002 The major evolutionary transitions; Eors Szathmary, John Smith, 1995 The mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution; Olav Oftedal, 2002 The middle Canbrian fossil Pikaia and the evolution of chordate swimming; Thurston Lacalli, 2012 The narrow niche hypothesis : Gray squirrels shed new light on primate origins; J.D. 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429 The sequence of sequences: The history of sequencing DNA; James Heather, Benjamin Chain, 2015 The significance of the postanal tail in Deuterostomes; Thomas Stach, A. Paasch, 2008 The size of the human proteome, The width and depth; Elena Ponomarenko et al., 2016 The tetrapod Caerorhachis bairdi from the lower Carboniferous; Marcello Ruta et al., 2002 Tracking the evolution of Language and speech; Philip Lieberman, Robert McCarthy, 2007 Transitional form in mammal ear evolution; Shaun Doyle, 2014 Tupaiine tree shrews from the Yuanmou Lufeng pithecus locality of Yunnan, China; Xijun Ni, Zhuding Qiu, 2012 Two rounds of whole genome duplication in the ancestral vertebrate; Paramvir Dehal, Jeffery Boore, 2005 Understanding the Heavens; Jeam Claude Pecker, 2001 Uric acid and evolution; Bonifacio Alvarez-Lario, Jesus Macarrion-Vicente, 2010 Volrox, Chlamydomonas, and the evolution of multicellularity; Stephen Miller, 2010 Westlothiana lizziae and the amniote stem; T.R. Smithson et al., 1993 What is Biology? May Bagley, 2014 What is Life? Matthew Cobb, 2013 Where did bone come from? Darja Wagner, Per Aspenberg, 2011 Why a lowered larynx is good for human speech production? Mark Jones, 2010 Why do placentas evolve ? Mike Fleuren et al., 2018 Why does the world exist? Jim Holt, 2012 Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa; Johanna Cannon et al., 2016 Articles & Summaries

11.9 million-year-old fossil of Pierolapithecus analiyzed by researchers; Sergio Prostak, 2013 2billion year-old fossils may be earliest known multicellular life; Brandon Keim, 2010 500 million years of fish evolution; Bob Strauss, 2018 6 animals that can see or glow in ultraviolet light; Rebecca Roseu, 2011 6 things you might not know about Einstein's General Theory of Relativity; Sarah Pruitt, 2016 7 theories on the origin of life; Charles Choi, 2016 70 million years of primate evolution; Bob Strauss, 2017 A brief history of Earth; Sandhya Ramesh, 2016 A brief history of the brain; David Robson, 2011 A hidden code in our DNA explains how new pieces of genes are made; Jernej Ule, 2017 A huge mouth and no anus-this could be our earliest known ancestor; Nicola Davis, 2017 A moth's life; a short tale; Carol Raabus, Penny Terry, 2013 A new spin on the origin of the Earth and Moon; Astrobio, 2014 A universe of 2 trillion galaxies; Lindsag Brooke, 2017 Africa's ancient hunter gatherers struggle for surviral; Antonia Mortensen, Daisy Carrington, 2014 Alien origin of Earth's oceans; Alok Jha, 2015 Alligator's bird breath may explain dionosaurs' triumph; Shanta Barley, 2010 An introduction to Evolutionary Biology; Chris Collby, 1996 Ancestor of all placental mammals revealed; Sid Perkins, 2013 Ancient fish evolved gills to survive acidic oceans; Anna Salleh, 2004 Ancient fish fossil may rewrite story of animal evolution; John Roach, 2006 Ancient fish sheds light on how teeth evolved; Sid Perkins, 2015 Ancient girl's parents were two different human species; Maya Wei-haas, 2018 Ancient humans weathered the Toba supervalcano just fine; Jason Daley, 2018 Ancient imbalances sent Earth's continents "wandering"; Anne Minard, 2008 Ancient origins of the cerebral cortex; Kevin Mitchell, 2010 Ancient sea monsters were no shrimps, Charles Choi, 2011 Ancient star mey be oldest in known universe; Miriam Kramen, 2014 Animal evolution: Sponges really are the oldest animal phylum; Ludwig Maximilliams, 2015 Animal sex: How chimps do it; Joseph Castro, 2013 Animal vision evolved 700 millions years ago; Lucas Brouwers, 2012 Animals get bigger as they evolve; on land and in the sea; Brooks Itays, 2015 Animals tend to evolve toward larger sizes over time; Ker Than, 2015 Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of "Saadanius" prime; Ian Sample, 2010 Ape fossils put the origin of humanity at 10 million years ago; Jeff Hecht, 2015 Apes; Laura Klappenbach, 2017 Archicebus achilles could be humanity's earliest primate cousin; Richard Gray, 2013 Atmospheric composition of the Earth; Antonio Zamora, 2016 Aural history; Geoffrey Manley, 2015 Australopithecus garhi: A new found link? Golin Groves, 1999 Australopithecus garhi; Fran Doray, 2009 Becoming human : The evolution of walking upright; Erin Wayman, 2012 Before DNA, before RNA: Life in the hodge-podge world; Michael Marshall, 2012 Behind the picture: Photo 51; Katherine Nightingale, 2013 Bigger is better, until you go extinct; Clara Moskowitz, 2008 Birds, dinosaurs and brown fat; Stefen Anitei, 2008 Bonobo sex and society; Frans de Waal, 1995 Brain wiring; Douglas Fields, 2011 Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes; Kristina Lang, 2006 Chins are a bit useless so why do we have them? Melisssa Hogenboom, 2016 Climate change making seas more salty; David Adam, 2008 Climate change nightmare; Colin Fernandez, 2016 Cold hands and warm heart: It may be in your genes; E.O. Smith, 2014 Comets created Earth's oceans, study concludes; Charles Choi, 2011 Complex biological computer commads living cell; Emily waltz, 2017 Core Finding: Earth's frozen center formed a billion years ago; Tia Chose, 2015 Counting all the DNA on Earth; Rachel Nuwer, 2015 Darker skin is stronger skin, says new view of human skin color; Liz Droye-Young, 2016 Debate on evolution of multicellular organisms starts to get focus; Peter Byrne, 2013 Devonian Period; Michael House, 2013 Did a huge inpact lead to the Cambrian explosion? Johnny Bontemps, 2013 Did milk and fur evolve before the earliest mammals? Elsa Panciroli, 2016

430 Dino-era mammal the "Jurassic Mother" of us all? John Roach, 2011 Dinosaurs had superchaged breathing like birds; Sara Goudarzi, 2007 Discovery of Proconsul fossils redefines ape-human linage; Lydia Smith, 2014 Divergence of East Asians and Europeans estimated; Bill Montin, 2014 DNA Replication and causes of mutation; Leslie Pray, 2008 DNA survey finds all humans are %99.9 the same; Roger Highfield, 2002 Do animals have fingerprints? John Staughton, 2017 Do fish have ears? Dana Sackett, 2016 Do identical twins have identical genes? Luis Villazon, 2018 Does gill embryology show fish evolved from a common ancestor? Elizabeth Mitchel, 2017 Does the human body really replace itself every 7 years? 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Simon Worral, 2018 Earth's solid Iron core formed a billion years ago and is still growing; Sarah Griffiths, 2015 Earth's tectonic plates formed when massive molten plumes ripped the crust apart; Richard Gray, 2015 Earth-size planet closest to our Solar System; Tariq Malik, 2012 East Asian physical traits linked to -35,000year-old mutation; Nicholas Wade, 2013 Einstein's discovery of general relativity, 1915-1905; C. Jahnson, 2005 Energy consumption of the human body; Donish Khan, 2012 European and Asian languages have one mother tongue; Michael Slezak, 2013 Europe's first cave artists were Neanderthals; newly dated paintings show; Tim Appenzeller, 2018 Ever wonder why animals have tails? Howard Bennet, 2012 Evidences for evolution: The heart and circulatory system of vertebrates; David Kerk, 2010 Evolution by fire; Jonathan Show, 2009 Evolution of beak shapes in Darwin's finches; Arkhat Abzhanov, 2015 Evolution of eye color; Heather Scoville, 2016 Evolution of eyes, not limbs, led fish onto Land; Mary Morton, 2017 Evolution of fingernails; Nate Lee, 2012 Evolution of the chin; James Howard, 1997 Evolution of the first flowers; Bill Kanapaux, 2009 Evolution of the human heart; Heather Scoville, 2017 Evolution of the penis; Kerry Grens, 2015 Evolution of the primate brain: Size is just a start; Samantha Jones, 2018 Evolution: One penis after all; Patricia Brennan, 2016 Evolution: Why do we have lips? Jason Goldman, 2015 Evolution: Why do your eyes face forward? Jason Goldman, 2014 Evolutionary reason for fine hair vs coarse hair; Diosa Bellissima, 2007 Eyelashes evolved to keep eyes from dying out; says study; Sumit Passary, 2015 Face has a biological basis; racism does not; Nicholas Wade, 2014 Facts and figures about the prehistoric Pikaia; Bob Strauss, 2018 Family tree of Homo Sapiens continue to evolve; Diana Brown, 2017 Fingerprints and friction; Sarah Zeilinski, 2009 First ancestor of all placental mammals revealed; Chales Choi, 2013 First hominids , bipedalism and climate; Jeffrey Hays, 2009 First human's Africa home gets new birth date; Crystal Gammon, 2012 Fish brains grew till we have faces, evolutionists say; Elizabeth Mitchel, 2014 Fish fossil confirms origin of nostrils; Bob Holmes, 2004 Fish that make sound; Linda Crampton, 2017 Fishy ancestors of humans surprizingly diverse; Ker Than, 2008 Five early primates you should know; Erin Wayman, 2012 Fossie fish reveals evolution of neck, abdominal musele; Lucy Towers, 2013 Fossil could be backbone of man's beginnings; Penelope Debelle, 2003 Fossil found in Spain seen as last link to great apes; John Wilford, 2004 Fossil may be ancestor of most animals; Kathleen Wren, 2004 Fossil of earliest animal life possibly discovered; Jeanna Bryner, 2010 Fossil reveals oldest live birth; Rebecca Morelle, 2008 Fossil skull fingered as ape-monkey ancestor; Lucas Laursen, 2010 Fossils found in Tibet revise history of elevation and climate; Florida state University, 2008 Fossils shed new light on human-gorilla split; Charles Choi, 2016 From chimps to chickens: How a little DNA can make a lot of difference; Sedeer el-Showk, 2014 From Jaw to ear: Transitional fossil reveals ear evolution in action; David Biello, 2007 From Neanderthal skull to Neanderthal brain; Virginia Hughes, 2013 From panting to pooping: 8 weird ways animals keep cool; Natasha Geiling, 2014 Fur, wool, Hair: What's the difference? Mindy Weisberger, 2016 Fyelashes evolved to keep eyes from drying out; says study; Sumit Passary, 2015 General Relativity at 100: Einstein's famous theory has aged well; Mike Wall, 2015 Genetic mutation; Laurence Loewe, 2008 Genetic switches play big role in human evolution; Krishna Ramanujan, 2013 Getting to the bottom of evolution; Geoff Brumfiel, 2008 Giant Impact Theory of lunar formation gains more credibility; John Mastson, 2012 Global glaciation snowballed into giant change in carbon cycle; Hilary Parker, 2010 Great apes laugh like people when thay are tickled; Richard Alleyne, 2009 Here's what the last Common ancestor of apes and humans looked like; Charles Choi, 2017 Homo Habilis; Fra Dorey, 2015 Homo sapien's family tree may be less complicated than we thought; Colin Schultz, 2013 How "Snowball Earth" volcanoes altered oceans to help kickstart animal life? Thomas Gernon, 2016 How a changing ladscape and climate shaped early humans; Mark Maslin, 2013

431 How big is the universe? Luke Davies, 2015 How big is the universe? Nola Redd, 2017 How big was the universe at the moment of it's creation? Ethan Seigel, 2017 How chewing gave humans flat faces; Lauren Young, 2016 How China is rewriting the book on human origins? Jane Qiu, 2016 How climate helped shape your nose? Ben Panko, 2017 How climate helps explain how your nose got its shape? Emily DeMarco, 2016 How close was the moon to the Earth when it formed? Matija Cuk, 2015 How Darwin's finches got their beaks? William Cromle, 2006 How did Earth get it's oceans? Kate Madin, Lonny Lippsett, 2016 How did Earth's magnetic field form? Brett Smith, 2016 How did fish evolve gills? Chuck Bednar, 2015 How did male genitalia evolve? James Maynard, 2014 How did multicellular life evolve? Charles Choi, 2015 How did the first stars form? Fraser Cain, 2012 How did the oceans get salty? Joe Atintola, 2014 How did water come to Earth? Brian Greene, 2013 How do bacteria feed? A.P. Mentzer, 2018 How do mountions affect precipitation? Michael Carpenter, 2016 How Earth's core got its iron? Becky Oskin, 2013 How Earth's magnetic field is changing? Deborah Byrd, 2016 How fast are you moving when you are sitting still? Andrew Fraknoi, 2007 How fast is universe expanding; Brian Koberlein, 2015 How life emerged from deep-sea rocks? Ed Yong, 2014 How life evolved: 10 steps to the first cells; Nick Lane, Michael Le Page, 2009 How life made the leap from single cells to multicellular animals? James Brien, 2014 How life made the leap from single cells to multicellular animals? Kat McGowan, 2014 How many calories does digestion use up? John Williams, 2017 How many Proteins do humans make? Laurence Moran, 2015 How many Proteins in the human Proteome? Laurence Moran, 2016 How many wild animals are there? Brian Tomasik, 2016 How much time does it take for a DNA molecule to replicate? Erik Bank, 2017 How single-cell organisms evolve into multicellular ones? Michael White, 2009 How tetrapods made the tricky transition to life on land? Laura Klappenbach, 2017 How the Earth's core was formed? Belle Dume, 2003 How the enamel that coats your teeth evolved? Sid Perkins, 2015 How the eye evolved? Carl Zimmer, 2009 How the moon formed: Lunar rocks support Giant Impact Theory; Charles Choi, 2014 How the placenta adopts to make mammals a success? Ewen Callaway, 2008 How the speed of light was first measured? Karl Small Wood, 2013 How to picture the size of the universe? Adam Mann, 2012 How was Earth formed? Nola Taylor, 2016 How was the Sun formed? Nola Taylor, 2017 How were the continents formed? Ankit Jain, 2015 Hox genes in development: The Hox Code; P.Z. Myers, 2008 Human ears evolved from ancient fish gills; Bijorn Carey, 2006 Human evolution : The origin of tool use; Charles choi, 2009 Human evolution: Fifty years after Homo habilis; Bernard wood, 2014 Human evolutionary tree; Jill Adams, 2008 Human language evolved from "single prehistoric African mother tongue"; David Derbyshire, 2011 Humanity's grassroots: How grazing animals shaped evolution; Charles Choi, 2013 Humans can outlearn chimps thanks to more flexible brain genetics; David Shultz, 2015 Humans evolved flexible, lopsided brains; Tanya Lewis, 2013 Humans live longer than other mammals because we burn calories %50 slower; Victoria woollaston, 2014 Hybrids reveal the barriers to successful mating between species; Tina Saey, 2017 Identical twin's genes are not identical; Anne Casselman, 2008 If birds descended from dinosours, why they are warm-blooded? Stuart Gary, 2010 In 250 million years Earth might only have one continent; Chris Baraniuk, 2016 In mammals, a complex journey to the middle ear; Natalie Angier, 2009 Is 25 the new cut-off point for adulthood? Lucy Wallis, 2013 It took centuries, but we now know the size of the universe; Chris Baranuik, 2016 Jaw-dropping theory of human evolution; Michael Hopkin, 2004 Lancelet genome shows how genes quadrupled during vertebrate evolution; Robert Sanders, 2008 Languages of the world; Radoslaw wojtowicz, 2014 Length of a human DNA molecule; Glenn Elert, 2006 Less jaw , big brain : Evolution milestone laid to gene flow; John Wilford, 2004 Life and rocks may have co-evolved on Earth; Maya Wei-Haas, 2016 Life on Mars? Carl Zimmer, 2005 Lost in space: How Mars's atmosphere evaporated away? Charles Choi, 2017 Magnetic pole reversal happens all the geotogic time; Peter Reid, 2011 Mapping amino acids to understand origins; Amanda Doyle, 2014 Mayma ocean could have given early Earth magnetic field; Charles Choi, 2013 Meet the contenders for earliest modern human; Erin Wayman, 2012 Meteoroids and meteorites; Rosanna Hamilton, 2012 Milky Way Galaxy: Facts about our galactic home; Nola Redd, 2013 Milky Way's age narrowed down; Robert Britt, 2004 Millions of DNA switches are discovered; Stephanie Seiler, Leila Gray, 2012 Millions of DNA switches that power human genome's operating system are discovered; Stephanie Seiles, Leila Aroy, 2012 Mining the molecules that made our mind; Elizabeth Pennisi, 2006 More than 252 mya, mammal ancestors became warm-blooded to survive xtinction; Kevin Rey, 2017 Moroccan fossil find rearranges Homo sapiens family tree; Moriette Le Roux, 2017 Most cancer mutations result from DNA copying errors; Hannah Nichols, 2017 Most fish in the sea evolved on land; Collin Barras, 2012 Mutations are the raw materials of evolution; Joel Comlin, 2011 Mystery solved: Where the penis comes from? Elizabeth Pennisi, 2014 Nakalipithecus nakayamai, a Miocene ape from Kenya; Kambiz Kamrani, 2007 NASA confirms evidence that liquid water flows on today's Mars; Dwayne Brown, Laurie Cantillo, 2015

432 NASA moon mission shores insights into giant Impacts; Preston Dyches, 2016 Neanderthal artists made oldest known cave paintigs; Emma Marris, 2018 Neanderthal brains developed more like chimps; Ann Gibbons, 2010 Neanderthals doomed by vision-centered brains; Tia Ghose, 2013 Neanderthals had similar lifespans to modern humans; Charles Choi, 2011 New ancient ape species discovered; Ken Than, 2007 New clues emenge in puzzle of Grand Canyon's age; Becky Oskin, 2012 New fossil: Link between fish and land animals? Bijal Trivedi, 2002 New gene variants reveal the evolution of human skin color; Ann Gibbons, 2017 New glimpse into early animal history; Martin Enserink, 1999 New model suggests early humans lost fur after developing bipedalism; Bob Yirka, 2011 New Szostak protocell is closest approximation to origin of life and Darwinian evolution so far; Matt Young, 2013 New theory on how Earth's crust was created; McGill University, 2017 No giant cosmic collision? Leading theory on how the Moon formed challenged; Hannah Osborne, 2017 Nose: Facts, function & diseases; Alina Bradford, 2015 Not all great apes were swingers; Will Knight, 2004 Old world monkeys; Laura Klappenbach, 2017 Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history; Ewen Callaway, 2017 Oldest known primate fossil found in China; Natali Anderson, 2013 Oldest known sponge pushes back date for key split in animal evolution; Michael Balter, 2015 Oldest primate skeleton unveiled; Sid perkins, 2013 On the origin of chins; Ann Gauger, 2016 On the origin of sexual reproduction; Carl Zimmer, 2009 One amazing substance allowed life to thrive on land; Claire Asher, 2015 Origin of life; Bob Field, 2005 Origin of oil; Dimitry Malyshev, 2013 Orrorin tugenensis; Fran Doray, 2009 Our eye sockets give us a wider field of view than other apes; Colin Barras, 2015 Our weird lack of hair may be the key to our success; Melissa Hogenboom, 2016 Oxygenated Earth much older than we thought; Kristian Sjogren, 2013 Palaeontology: Evolution with teeth; Louise Humphrey, 2017 Paper lays to rest "Vernanimalcula", supposed pre-Cambrian ancestor of bilaterian animals; Casey Luskin, 2012 Penis worms, anuses, and evolution; Matt Bonnan, 2012 Piecing together the puzzle of Pannotia; Mary Morton, 2018 Plants detonated cambrian explosion; John Whitfield, 2003 Plants may have a single ancestor; Lin Edwards, 2012 Primate locomotion; Daniel Gebo, 2013 Primate origins tied to rise of flowering plants, Erin wayman, 2012 Primate origins tied to rise of flowering plants; Erin Wayman, 2012 Primeval precipitation: What fossil imprints of rain reveal about early Earth? David Biello, 2012 Quasars: Brightest objects in the universe; Nola Redd, 2018 Radical revision to timeline of human behavior evolution; Gemma Tarlach, 2018 Radioactive decay accounts for half of Earth's heat; Hamish Johnston, 2011 Rainforest collapse kickstarted reptile evolution; Powl Rincon, 2010 Recurring Martian streaks: Flowing sand, not water; Guy Webster, Jennifer Lavista, 2017 Research reveals fine-tuning of the Solar System's position; Hugh Ross, 2010 Researchers may have solved origin-of-life conundrum; Robert Service, 2015 Retroviruses, the placenta, and the genomic junk drawer; Jamie Henzy, 2014 Revealing the Universe's mysterious Dark Age; Marcus Woo, 2016 Rising mountains dried out Central Asia; Ken Than, 2013 Root canal: Reassessment of the animal Tree of Life and its implications; James Townsend, 2015 Sahara went from green to desert in a flash; Becky Oskin, 2013 Sahelanthropus tchadensis: Ten years after the discovery; Erin Wayman, 2012 Sciantists finally establish why there is no life on Mars; Josh Gabbatiss, 2017 Sciantists find 'oldest human ancestor'; Pallab Ghosh, 2017 Science shows why you're smarter than a Neanderthal; Joseph Stromberg, 2013 Science: the biggest mass extinctination of them all? Jeff Hecht, 1992 Scientific revolutions; Thomas Niddes, 2013 Scientists discover genes associated with nose shape; John Raphael, 2016 Scientists discover true function of appendix organ; Barbara Miller, 2007 Scientists finally establish why there is no life on Mars; Josh Gabbatiss, 2017 Scientists find missing link in Pennsylvania: First Amphibia, Trisha Guva, 1994 Scientists Identify gene difference between humans and chimps; David Biello, 2006 Scientists just discovered the origins of Oxygen in the universe; Ria Misra, 2016 Sea change for first shells; philip Ball, 2004 Seientists reveal the real reason your have eyelashes; Deborah Netburn, 2015 Simple seaweeds may be Earth's first plants; Dare Mosher, 2011 Sivapithecus, the primate also known as Ramapithecus; Bob Strauss, 2017 Six main cell functions; Debopriya Bose, 2018 Six strangest hearts in the Animal Kingdom; Laura Geggel, 2015 Skeletons in the pre-Cambrian closet; Michael Schirber, 2011 Smoke, fire and human evolution; Steph Yin, 2016 So Neanderthals made abstract art? This astounding discovery humbles every human; Jonathan Jones, 2018 Sorry, guys: your Y chromosome may be doomed; Darren Griffin, Peter Ellis, 2018 Spainsh cave art made by Neanderthals; new test reveals; Manuel Ausele, 2018 Speciation: The origin of new species; Rebecca Safran, 2012 Sqaeezing iron into the core after the Earth formed; Simon Redfern, 2013 Strange ancient ape walked on all fours; Tia Ghose, 2013 Study links origin of sexual reproduction with high mutation rates; Robert Tindal, 2001 Study uncovers evolutionary purpose and optimal length of eyelashes; John Tyburski, 2015 Study: Facial expressions evolved from optical needs; Ted Boscia, 2014 Supercontinent Pangaea pushed, not sucked, into place; Richard Lorett, 2008 Superlungs gave dinosaurs competetire edge? Rachel Koufman, 2010 Systems Biology: Revolutions in biology; Phong Lee, 2010 Teary-eyed evolution: Crying serves a purpose; Allison Aubrey, 2010 The "Dark Matter" of the microbial world; Sarah Zhag, 2017 The 12 strangest animals of the Cambrian Period; Bob Strauss, 2017

433 The appendix : Useful and in fact promising; Charles Choi, 2009 The big 4 building blocks of Life; Emily Willingham, 2012 The birth of Earth; Andrew Alden, 2018 The body plan of modern life; Elizabeth Pennisi, 2000 The brain genes that gave man a head start on chimpanzees; James Randerson, 2006 The chemistry of life: The human body; Michael Schirber, 2009 The claim: Identical twins have identical DNA; Anahad O'conner, 2008 The composition of the Universe; John Millis, 2016 The cyncytin gene: Viruses responsible for human life; Reza Rezaei Javan, 2015 The dark side of the human genome; Kelly Rae chi, 2016 The discovery of fire; Kris Hirst, 2017 The earliest hominins: Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, and Ardipithecus; Denise Su, 2013 The East Africa Rift Valley, a divergent boundary; Patricia Kokkinos, 2014 The eel-like fish with a human-like spine; Rob Mitchum, 2012 The erliest hominins: Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, and Ardipithecus; Denise Su, 2013 The event that transformed Earth; Michael Marshall, 2015 The evolution of the eyebrow; Douglas Quenqua, 2018 The evolution of the human face; Razib Khan, 2012 The evolutionary benefits of crying; Will Parker, 2009 The evolutionary steps of fish; Rebecca Kagle, 2008 The first smile; Michael Graziano, 2014 The grassroots of scientific revolution; EMJ, 2009 The history of ice on Earth; Michael Marshall, 2010 The importance of Earth's magnetic field; Krishma Challa, 2016 The mystery of Neanderthal's massive eyes; Melissa Hogenboom, 2015 The origin of the anus; Matt Walker, 2015 The Permo-Triassic extinction; Richard Cowen, 2001 The phenomenon of evolutionary radiation; Pascal Neige, 2015 The Sahara is millions of years older than thought; Sarah Zielinski, 2014 The science of a good cry: In evolutionary terms, it signals two things; Meeri Kim, 2016 The scrotum is nuts; Lia Drew, 2013 The secret of how life on Earth began? Michael Marshall, 2016 The surprising (and fishy) origin of tooth enamel; Rechel Feltman, 2015 The surprising evolution of shark cartilage; Michael Rogers, 2016 The Top 10 greatest survivors of evolution; Brian Switek, 2012 The universe is flat-now what? Paul Sutter, 2016 The Universe's Dark Ages : How our cosmos survired? Charles Choi, 2011 There are only 35 kinds of animal and most are really weird; Melissa Hogenboom, 2016 Thumbs are handy digits; Kathleen Dsmonte, 2004 Timeline: The evolution of life; Michael Marshall, 2009 Tiniest primate discovered; Guy Gugliotta, 2000 Tiny fish may be ancestor of nearly all living vertebrates; Tia Ghose, 2014 Tongue makes the difference in how fish and mammals chew; Richard Lewis, 2011 Tooth theory revises mammal history; Eric Stokstad, 2001 Top 10 mass extinctions; Kate Mulcahy, 2012 Tracking Notharctus, Wyoming's prehistoric lemur; Brian Switek, 2009 Tracks found of earliest steps on land; Kathleen Wang, 2002 Triassic Period facts: climate, animals&plants; Mary Bayloy, 2014 Venus may have been our Solar System's best chance at life; Ethan Seigel, 2016 wallaby milk acts as a placental for babies; Sara Reardon, 2017 Was Earth formed with giant "oceans" inside? Mark Prigg, 2014 Was our oldest itty-bitty ancestor all mouth? Elizabeth Mitchell, 2017 Water ice in the solar nebula; Jessica Donaldson, 2014 We have still not found the missing link between us and apes; Colin Barras, 2017 Weak jaw , big brain; Elizabeth Pennisi, 2004 Weird "water tongue" lets fish feed on land; Charles Choi, 2015 Were dinosaurs warm blooded? Nicholas Horton, 2009 What are Lipids? Ananya Mandal, 2012 What are the functions of spiracles? Yasmin Zinni, 2017 What differentiates humans from chimps? Tabitha Powledge, 2017 What emded the Dark Ages of the Universe? Diana Kwon, 2017 What gave some primates bigger brains? Jessica Boddy, 2017 What happens when hydrogen & oxiygen combine? Clare Jackson, 2018 What is a quasar? Fraser Cain, 2013 What is Darwin's Theory of Evolution; Ker Than, 2015 What is Earth made of? Tim Sharp, 2015 What is evolution? Laurence Moran, 2006 What is heredity? Rakhee Dutta, 2018 What is RNA? Ananda Handal, 2013 What is the Missing Link? Remy Melina, 2010 What is the real reason we sleep? Colin Barras, 2016 What makes our brains special? Diana Kwon, 2015 What old monkeys and old humans have in common? Joanna Klein, 2016 What we know of evolution of the pelvis and walking upright? Tom Schlosser, 2018 What's 96 percent of the universe made of? Clara Moskowitz, 2011 What's a genome? Sarah Deweerdt, Barbara Culliton, 2003 What's in a name ? Hominid versus Hominin; Erin Wayman, 2011 What's to know about parasites? Christian Nordquist, 2018 When did placental mammals evolve? Anna Saleh, 2014 When did plate tectonics begin? Crystal Gammon, 2012 When did the Giant Impact that formed the moon take place? Jon Timmer, 2011 When physiology shapes anatomy: Lifespan of body parts; Margaret Reece, 2017 Where did milk come from? The mysterious origin of lactation in mammals; Piter Bell, 2013 Where do new genes come from? Ed Chuong, 2010 Where does water in our universe come from? Reinier Breytenbach, 2016 Who are the Hominids ? Mireia Rovira, 2015 Who was Ida? Mary Schons, 2011

434 Why are there seasons? Fraiser Cain, 2015 Why bigger Neanderthal brains didn't make them smarter than us? Wesley fenlon, 2013 Why did humans evolve big penises but small testicles? Mark Maslin, 2017 Why did nearly all life on Earth die 250 million years ago? Annalee Newitz, 2006 Why did sex evolve? Zachary Moore, 2006 Why did some animals evolve milk and breastfeeding? Shreya Dasgupta, 2015 Why did the Neanderthals die out; Robin Mckie, 2013 Why do Asians and Caucasians have different eye shapes? John David Ward, 2015 Why do humans have chins? Erin Wayman, 2012 Why do I cry? Research reveals evolutionary advantage to tears; Andrew Nusca, 2010 Why do the testicles of male hang outside their body? S. Sara, 2015 Why do we cry? The science of tears; Nick Knight, 2014 Why do we have eyelashes? Mystery finally solved by scientists; Hannah Osborne, 2015 Why do we have fingernails? Jeanna Bryner, 2013 Why Earth has 4 seasons? Deanna Conners, 2015 Why Earth was a hothouse 100 million years ago ? David Salisbury, 1985 Why Earth's inner and outer cores rotate in opposite directions? Laura Poppick, 2013 Why fire makes us human? Jerry Adler, 2013 Why humans have chins? Stephanie Pappas, 2015 Why humans lost their penis bone? David Sholtz, 2016 Why humans outlive apes? Charles Choi, 2009 Why is Mongoloid race the most successful human group? Stephan Anitei, 2007 Why is the Atlantic so salty? Arnold Gordon, 2004 Why the Earth's magnetic poles could be about to swap places? Phil Livermore, Jon Mound, 2017 Why the Platypus will never have a stomach? Charles Choi, 2013 Why was most of the Earth's coal made all at once? Scott Johnson, 2016 Why watching comb jellies poop has stunned evolutionary biologists? Amy Maxmen, 2016 Why we evolved to cry? John Tierney, 2009 Why we have a spine, when over %90 of animals don't? Josh Gabbatiss, 2016 Why we show the whites of our eyes? Gillian Aeria, 2016 Wipeout: When life nearly died; Michael Benton, 2003 World's oldest cave art found - and Neanderthals made it; Michael Ereshko, 2018 Worm discovery illuminates how our brain might have evolved; Katherine Harmon, 2012 Lectures & Documentaries

Amazing Earth, Discovery Channel, 1998 Animal armageddon 1 - Death rays, Discovery Channel, 2009 Animal armageddon 2 - Hell on Earth, Discovery Channel, 2009 Animal armageddon 3 - Doomsday, Discovery Channel, 2009 Animal armageddon 4 - Panic in the Sky, Discovery Channel, 2009 Animal armageddon 5 - The Great Dying, Discovery Channel, 2009 Animal armageddon 6 - Strangled, Discovery Channel, 2009 Animal armageddon 7 - Fire And Ice, Discovery Channel, 2009 Animal armageddon 8 -Next extinction, Discovery Channel, 2009 Ape genius, PBS, 2008 Ape to man, History Channel, 2005 Atom -1 Clash of titans, BBC, 2007 Atom -2 The key to the cosmos, BBC, 2007 Atom -3 The illusion of reality, BBC, 2007 Becoming human -1 First steps, Homo Sapiens, PBS, 2009 Becoming human -2 Birth of humanity, PBS, 2009 Becoming human -3 Last human standing, PBS, 2009 Bigger than T-rex, PBS, 2014 Catastrophe -1 Birth of the planet, Channel 2008 ,4 Catastrophe -2 Snowball Earth, Channel 2008 ,4 Catastrophe -3 Planet of fire, Channel 2008 ,4 Catastrophe -4 Asteroid impact, Channel 2008 ,4 Catastrophe -5 Survival Earth, Channel 2008 ,4 Catching fire: How cooking made us human, Richard Wrangham, 2009 Cell -1 The hidden kingdom, BBc, 2009 Cell -2 The chemistry of life, BBC, 2009 Cell -3 The spark of life, BBC, 2009 Cracking the code of Life, PBS, 2001 Cracking your genetic code, PBS, 2012 Dark matter space, PBS, 2016 Dawn of humanity, PBS, 2015 Day the dinosaurs died, PBS, 2017 Decoding Neanderthals, PBS, 2013 DNA -1 The secret of life, PBS, 2003 DNA -2 Playing God, PBS, 2003 DNA -3 The human race, PBS, 2003 DNA -4 Curing cancer, PBS, 2003 DNA -5 Pandora's box, PBS, 2003 Earth: Making of a planet, History Channel, 2009 Electromagnetism, TVOntario, 1987 Evolution -1 Darwin's dangerous idea, PBS, 2001 Evolution -2 Great transformations, PBS, 2001 Evolution 3 - Extinction, PBS, 2001 Evolution -4 Evolutionary arms race, PBS, 2001 Evolution -5Why sex?, PBS, 2001 Evolution -6 The mind's big bang, PBS, 2001 Evolution -7 What about God? PBS, 2001 Evolution: Great transformations, PBS, 2001

435 Evolution: How eyes evolved, PBS, 2008 Evolution: The evolution of skin, PBS, 2008 Evolution: The mind's Big Bang, PBS, 2001 Facts of evolution: Universal Common Descent, Science Channel, 2010 First peoples -1 Americas, PBS, 2014 First peoples -2 Africa, PBS, 2014 First peoples -3 Asia, PBS, 2014 First peoples -4 Australia, PBS, 2014 First peoples -5 Europe, PBS, 2014 Forbidden knowledge, Discovery Channel, 2015 Genetics, Discovery Channel, 2005 Gravity, History Channel, 2008 Great human odyssey, PBS, 2015 Great transitions: The origin of humans, HHMI, 2014 How Einstein discovered E*mc2, PBS, 2005 How smart can we get? PBS, 2012 Human evolution: Last human standing, PBS, 2009 Hunting the edge of space: The ever expanding Universe, PBS, 2010 In the womb: Identical twins, National Geographic 2008 Incredible human machine, National Geographic, 2007 Inside the living body, National Geographic, 2012 Journey to the edge of the Universe, National Geographic, 2008 Jurney of man , PBS, 2011 Life in the undergrowth, BBC, 1978 Life on the Earth: Invasion of the land, BBC, 1979 Life's greatest miracle, PBS, 2001 Life's rocky start, PBS, 2016 Mankind rising: Where do humans come from? Discovery Channel, 2012 Microscopic Universe , Discovery, 2011 Miracle planet: Snowball Earth, NHK, 2005 Mountain gorilla: A shattered kingdom, Survival Anglia, 1996 Mutation: Science of survival, National Geographic, 2004 Mysteries of the Universe, WGBH, 1998 Neanderthals, BBC, 2005 Origins -1 Earth is born, PBS, 2004 Origins -2 How life began? PBS, 2004 Origins -3 Where are the Aliens? PBS, 2004 Origins -4 Back to the beginning, PBS, 2004 Origins of genus Homo: What who when where? CARTA, 2016 Origins Episode1: Earth is born, PBS, 2004 Origins Episode 2: How life began, PBS, 2004 Origins Episode 3: Back to the beginning, PBS, 2004 Origins Episode 4: Where are the aliens, PBS, 2004 Origins: How life began, PBS, 2004 Planet of the apemen; battle for Earth -1 Homo erectus, BBC, 2011 Planet of the apemen; battle for Earth -2 Homo neanderthalensis, BBC, 2011 Quantum leap: The fabric of the cosmos, PBS, 2011 Rise of animals; triumph of vertebrates -1 From seas to the skies, BBC, 2013 Rise of animals; triumph of vertebrates -2 Dawn of the mammals, BBC, 2013 Skin deep; evolution of skin and skin color, Nina Jablonsky, 2013 Snowball Earth, BBC, 2001 String therory, PBS, 2016 Teeth and human evolution, HMSC, 2015 The Ape that took over the world, BBC, 2001 The biology of skin color, HHMI, 2015 The brain, History Channel, 2011 The cell -1 The chemistry of life, BBC, 2009 The cell -2 The secret of life, BBC, 2009 The cell -3 The spark of life, BBC, 2009 The dawn of mammals, NHK, 2016 The evolution of communication, PBS, 2008 The evolution of human skin pigmentation, Nina Jablonsky, 2017 The fabric of cosmos: The illusion of time, PBS, 2011 The four fundamental forces of nature, TYOntario, 1987 The genius of Charles Darwin, Channel2006 ,4 The incredible human journey, BBC, 2009 The missing link, BBC, 2001 The new history of humanity, National Geographic, 2016 The origin of four-legged animals, HHMI, 2014 The origin of the human mind, UCSDW, 2005 The Permian extinction and the 1918 flu, PBS, 2006 The secret life of your body clock, BBC, 2009 The secret of photo 51, PBS, 2003 The shape of life: Annelids, powerful and capable worms, Sea Studios Foundation, 2001 The shape of life: Arthropod locomotion engineering, Sea Studios Foundation, 2001 The shape of life: Chordates, we're all family, Sea Studios Foundation, 2001 The shape of life: Cnidarians, the first hunter, Sea Studios Foundation, 2001 The shape of life: Echinoderms, the ultimate animal, Sea Studios Foundation, 2001 The shape of life: How arthropods left the sea, Sea Studios Foundation, 2001 The shape of life: Marine Arthropods, a successful design, Sea Studios Foundation, 2001 The shape of life: Molluscs, the survival game, Sea Studios Foundation, 2001 The shape of life: Terrestrial Arthropods, the conquerers, Sea Studios Foundation, 2001 The theory of parallel universes, History Channel, 2008 The ultimate guide to the human body, Discovery Channel, 2001 The ultimate story of survival- Communication, PBS 2008 The ultimate story of survival- The flight, PBS, 2008 The ultimate story of survival- The guts, PBS, 2008

436 The ultimate story of survival- The jaws, PBS, 2008 The ultimate story of survival- The Sex, PBS, 2008 The ultimate story of survival- The shape, PBS, 2008 The ultimate story of survival- The size, PBS, 2008 The ultimate story of survival- The speed, PS, 2008 The Univedrse: How big, how far, how fast, National Geographic, 2011 The Universe: Beyond the Big Bang, History Channel, 2007 The Universe: Dark matter; dark energy, PBS, 2008 The Universe: Gravity, National Geographic, 2008 The Universe: Our place in the Milky Way , National Geographic, 2011 The upright ape: Bipedalism and human origins, CARTA, 2011 Virus evolution, National Geograpgic, 2014 Walking with cavemen 1: First ancestors, BBC, 2003 Walking with cavemen 2: Blood brothers, BBC, 2003 Walking with cavemen 3: Savage family, BBC, 2003 Walking with cavemen 4: The survivors, BBC, 2003 What Darwin never knew, PBS, 2009 What happened before the beginning? Science Channel, 2010 What makes us human? BBC, 2006 Where did we come from? PBS, 2011 Your inner fish 1, PBS, 2014 Your inner fish 2: Your inner reptile, PBS, 2014 Your inner fish 3: Your inner monnkey, PBS, 2014

Major Websites

abc.net.au eol.org nytimes.com agci.com evolution.berkeley.edu onezoom.org americanscientist.org exploringorigins.org palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk amnh.org fa.wikipedia.org pbs.org archeologyinfo.com fossilhunters.xyz phys.org arstechnica.com genome.gov plato.stanford.edu arxiv.org genomenewsnetwork.org pnas.org ast.cam.ac.uk ghr.nlm.nih.gov psi.edu astrobio.net global.britannica.com reptileevolution.com astrobites.org globalchange.umich.edu revolvy.com astronomyonline.org historyoftheuniverse.com science.nasa.gov astrosociety.org humanorigins.si.edu science.nationalgeographic.com basicbiology.net hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu science.sciencemag.org bbc.com/earth ibps.upmc.fr scienceblogs.com bbc.com/sn ja.wikipedia.org scijinks.jpl.nasa.gov biochemistry.org journals.plos.org seil-net.com bioline.org.br jwst.nasa.gov skinbiology.at biologos.org lincoln.ac.nz smithsonian.com biologycorner.com link.springer.com smithsonianmag.com calpoly.edu livescience.com space.com cam.ac.uk mavinebio.org spacemath.gsfc.nasa.gov cgcs.mit.edu mbe.oxford.journals.org spaceplace.nasa.gov climate-policy-watcher.org mpg.de technion.ac.il darwiniana.org nap.edu thecosmicjourney.com disc.gsfc.nasa.gov nature.com tolweb.org discovery.lifemapsc.com ncbi.nim.nih.gov unesco.org earthlife.net ncse.com universetoday.com ecology.com nebi.nlm.nih.gov vcmp.berkeley.edu em.bryo.asu.edu news.cornell.edu wsj.com en.wikipedia.org nyas.org yalescientific.org

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