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Research on Regional Thermal Environments of Guangzhou in the Summer Based on an Unmanned Airship Low Altitude Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing System

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Research on Regional Thermal Environments of Guangzhou in the Summer Based on an Unmanned Airship Low Altitude Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing System Research on Regional Thermal Environments of Guangzhou in the Summer Based on an Unmanned Airship Low Altitude Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing System Xu Yuan1, Qinglin Meng, Peng Ren*, Qiong Li Building Environment and Energy Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China First Author1: [email protected] Corresponding Author*: [email protected] Abstract—With urbanization, the effect of Urban Heat Island phenomenon is because the heat created by urban buildings and (UHI) becomes increasingly obvious. The Building Environment human activities gathers in urban areas to form a small scale and Energy Laboratory (BEEL) of the South China University of circulation under certain weather situations [3, 10]. In 1833, Technology (SCUT) independently developed an unmanned Lake Howard first discovered and discussed the phenomenon airship low altitude thermal infrared remote sensing system of UHI in his study of the London urban climate [11]. Since (UALTIRSS) and uses it to research urban thermal then, scholars have researched the formation mechanism and environments. In this paper, two low altitude remote sensing distribution characteristics of UHI from many aspects, such as observations are introduced in the Guangzhou Higher Education conventional observation, numerical simulation and remote Mega Center (HEMC) and Sino-Singapore Guangzhou sensing [12-19]. Knowledge City (SSGKC), representing an urban area and suburban area, respectively. Both brightness temperature With the rapid development of the Chinese economy and distributions of the observation areas with 0.8 m accuracy can be the acceleration of urbanization, the scales of cities have been seen directly from the infrared images after stitching. Also, the expanding, and the area of hard ground has been continuously methods of holistic analysis, profile analysis and local analysis are increasing. This increase makes UHI an important used qualitatively to analyze and evaluate the thermal environmental problem in the process of urban development environment of the two areas from different angles. [20]. Urban heat island intensity (UHII) is used to evaluate the Furthermore, the indexes derived from the satellite remote degree of UHI. UHII stands for the air temperature difference sensing field, such as Surface Heat Island Intensity (SHII), between the urban area and the suburbs. In Beijing, the daily Thermal Field Intensity Index (TFII) and Relative Surface Radiation Temperature (RSRT), are converted and applied to average UHII was 3.3 ℃ from 1961 to 2000 [21]. In addition, low altitude thermal infrared remote sensing (LATIRS) the annual probability of the emergence of UHI was up to quantitatively to evaluate the urban thermal environments. The 87.8% in Shanghai in 1998 [22]. UHI reduces the comfort of study’s results show that natural water (Pearl River) is best for people's lives, exacerbates air pollution, and seriously affects regulating thermal environments, while impermeable hard the life quality of residents. How to monitor quantitatively the ground is the worst. We also observed that the indexes are dynamic changes of urban thermal environments has become greatly affected by the reference area. For analyzing thermal an important issue of UHI research [23]. environments more accurately, suitable reference areas should be selected according to specific circumstances. Conventional UHI monitoring is a fixed-point or mobile trolley observation. This monitoring can accurately measure Keywords- low altitude, thermal infrared remote sensing, temperature and is suitable for quantitative research [24]. thermal environment, urban heat island, evaluation index However, this method’s synchronicity and spatial representation are poor and the observation cost is high. Remote sensing has such advantages as good time I. INTRODUCTION synchronization, wide coverage range, is intuitionistic and quantitative research. This approach can reduce costs and Recently, rapid urbanization on a global scale has led to human disturbance to local environments [25]. This method drastic changes in land use and land cover, which have a can also make up for the influence of the sparse distribution of significant impact on urban climates and have become a focus meteorological stations and well reflects the spatial distribution of attention and research [1-4]. An important feature of urban of thermal environments. The temporal and spatial changes of climate change is the changes in urban thermal environments UHI can be easily obtained through remote sensing [23]. [5]. A large number of studies show that the average urban air Considerable research on UHI has been conducted via remote temperature is generally higher than that of rural areas, which sensing. Qin Zhihao et al. deduced the single-window is known as the urban heat island (UHI) [6-9]. This algorithm for calculating land surface temperature using ground station [45]. The integrated system can enable the Landsat TM6 data and verified it [26, 27]. Zhang Yong et al. unmanned airship cruise in GPS automatic mode to complete improved the universal single - channel surface temperature the aerial task through the routes. Flight altitude was set at inversion algorithm deduced by Jimenez-Munoz and Sobrino 600m and the shooting time interval of the infrared thermal [28]. Zhang Yang et al. used TM remote sensing images to camera was set at 10 seconds. BEEL conducted two LATIRS quantitatively analyze the relationship of the vegetation index observations of the HEMC and SSGKC by the UALTIRSS in and the UHI in Wuhan [29]. LABA Ciren et al. discussed the August, 2012. temporal and spatial distribution of UHI in Lhasa [30]. Zhang Zhengdong et al. completed the inversion of planetary Because of the limitations of the equipment, two areas brightness temperature using the single-window algorithm and cannot be observed at the same time. Considering the best analyzed the spatial characteristics of UHI in Guangzhou [31]. approach, adjacent dates and similar weather conditions were With the development of high spatial resolution, high spectral chosen to conduct the observations of the two areas according resolution and high temporal resolution sensors, using thermal to the similar principle of climate. The two days were both infrared remote sensing to research UHI has become a trend. sunny and windless, and the observation times were both around noon. The results can accurately represent the There is a close relationship between urban thermal conditions of LST in summer. environments and the underlying surfaces. Studying the relationship between urban thermal conditions and the underlying surface types is of great importance to mitigate the UHI [32]. The unreasonable layout of urban underlying surfaces is one of the primary factors giving rise to UHI [33]. Yin Qiu et al. performed a comprehensive comparative analysis from the qualitative and quantitative levels, and observed that the surface brightness temperature of the city is closely related to the underlying surface type [32]. It is of great importance to undertake urban planning rationally. Based on differences of research objects, UHI is divided into atmosphere heat island and surface heat island [34, 35]. Land Surface Temperature (LST) is affected by large-scale air mass movement less than air temperature [36]. Compared with the atmosphere heat island, mostly researched using ground meteorological observation data, the surface heat island researched by remote sensing data has a higher heterogeneity in time and space. This island is more sensitive to surface features and human activities [37]. The urban heat island based on LSTs observed by thermal infrared remote sensing can be called the Urban Surface Heat Island (USHI), which shows the spatial pattern of upstream thermal infrared radiation received by the remote sensing sensor [38-41]. Guangzhou is located in the urban agglomeration center of Pearl River Delta. The intensity and scale of UHI are increasing [42]. To research the regional thermal environment of Guangzhou in summer quickly and easily, two LATIRS observations were conducted in this paper. Based on the observations, we analyzed and evaluated the thermal environment of the target area, attempting to provide a Figure 1. Composition of the UALTIRSS. reference for the future planning and design of the city. B． Research area II. RESEARCH METHOD AND AREA The area of the HEMC is about 4.85 km2, located in Xinzao A． Research method Town, Panyu District in Guangzhou, which is shown in Fig. 2. This area contains living areas, teaching areas and large public In 2009, BEEL of the SCUT researched and developed the buildings, containing concrete ground, asphalt pavement, floor first UALTIRSS to observe the urban thermal environments in tile and other hard surfaces, as well as urban greening and the China [43-45], as shown in Fig. 1. Compared with satellite Pearl River. The area of the SSGKC is approximately 6.56 km2, thermal infrared remote sensing, the image resolution of located in Jiulong Town, Huangpu District in Guangzhou, UALTIRSS within 0.8 m is more suitable for observing the which is shown in Fig. 3. In addition to the traffic trunk line, a LST on a small scale. small part of residential areas and an expanse of bare land, the rest of the area is mostly covered by farmland, shrubs, According to the aerial height and field-of-view of the infrared thermal camera, appropriate routes were set at the grassland, trees, vegetation and water. The HEMC and SSGKC underlying surfaces can reveal the overall trend and distribution can stand for an urban area and suburbs, respectively. of the thermal field. This technique can help people to understand the macro characteristics of urban thermal environments. Figure 2. Observation area of the HEMC (2012.08). Figure 4. Infrared image of the HEMC (2012.08.20). Figure 3. Observation area of the SSGKC (2012.08). III. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS Figure 5. Infrared image of the SSGKC (2012.08.23). In this study, 360 and 370 infrared images were obtained during the observations of the HEMC and SSGKC, A．Holistic analysis respectively. Each image covers a small area.
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