Seamus Ludlow’S Case
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Dziadok Mikalai 1'St Year Student
EUROPEAN HUMANITIES UNIVERSITY Program «World Politics and economics» Dziadok Mikalai 1'st year student Essay Written assignment Course «International relations and governances» Course instructor Andrey Stiapanau Vilnius, 2016 The Troubles (Northern Ireland conflict 1969-1998) Plan Introduction 1. General outline of a conflict. 2. Approach, theory, level of analysis (providing framework). Providing the hypothesis 3. Major actors involved, definition of their priorities, preferences and interests. 4. Origins of the conflict (historical perspective), major actions timeline 5. Models of conflicts, explanations of its reasons 6. Proving the hypothesis 7. Conclusion Bibliography Introduction Northern Ireland conflict, called “the Troubles” was the most durable conflict in the Europe since WW2. Before War in Donbass (2014-present), which lead to 9,371 death up to June 3, 20161 it also can be called the bloodiest conflict, but unfortunately The Donbass War snatched from The Troubles “the victory palm” of this dreadful competition. The importance of this issue, however, is still essential and vital because of challenges Europe experience now. Both proxy war on Donbass and recent terrorist attacks had strained significantly the political atmosphere in Europe, showing that Europe is not safe anymore. In this conditions, it is necessary for us to try to assume, how far this insecurity and tensions might go and will the circumstances and the challenges of a international relations ignite the conflict in Northern Ireland again. It also makes sense for us to recognize that the Troubles was also a proxy war to a certain degree 23 Sources, used in this essay are mostly mass-media articles, human rights observers’ and international organizations reports, and surveys made by political scientists on this issue. -
Terrorism Knows No Borders
TERRORISM TERRORISM TERRORISM TERRORISM KNOWS KNOWS KNOWS KNOWS NO BORDERS NO BORDERS NO BORDERS NO BORDERS TERRORISM TERRORISM TERRORISM TERRORISM KNOWS KNOWS KNOWS KNOWS NO BORDERS NO BORDERS NO BORDERS NO BORDERS TERRORISM TERRORISM TERRORISM TERRORISM KNOWS KNOWS KNOWS KNOWS NO BORDERS NO BORDERS NO BORDERS NO BORDERS TERRORISM TERRORISM TERRORISM TERRORISM KNOWS KNOWS KNOWS KNOWS NO BORDERS NO BORDERS NO BORDERS NO BORDERS TERRORISM TERRORISM TERRORISM TERRORISM KNOWS KNOWS KNOWS KNOWS NO BORDERS NO BORDERS NO BORDERS NO BORDERS October 2019 his is a special initiative for SEFF to be associated with, it is one part of a three part overall Project which includes; the production of a Book and DVD Twhich captures the testimonies and experiences of well over 20 innocent victims and survivors of terrorism from across Great Britain and The Republic of Ireland. The Project title; ‘Terrorism knows NO Borders’ aptly illustrates the broader point that we are seeking to make through our involvement in this work, namely that in the context of Northern Ireland terrorism and criminal violence was not curtailed to Northern Ireland alone but rather that individuals, families and communities experienced its’ impacts across the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and beyond these islands. This Memorial Quilt Project does not claim to represent the totality of lives lost across Great Britain and The Republic of Ireland but rather seeks to provide some understanding of the sacrifices paid by communities, families and individuals who have been victimised by ‘Republican’ or ‘Loyalist’ terrorism. SEFF’s ethos means that we are not purely concerned with victims/survivors who live within south Fermanagh or indeed the broader County. -
Ulster Loyalist Perspectives on the IRA and Irish Republicanism James
University of Huddersfield Repository McAuley, James W. and Ferguson, Neil ‘Us’ and ‘Them’: Ulster Loyalist Perspectives on the IRA and Irish Republicanism Original Citation McAuley, James W. and Ferguson, Neil (2016) ‘Us’ and ‘Them’: Ulster Loyalist Perspectives on the IRA and Irish Republicanism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 28 (3). pp. 561-575. ISSN 0954- 6553 This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/27270/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ Us & Them Running Heading: US & THEM ‘Us’ and ‘Them’: Ulster Loyalist Perspectives on the IRA and Irish Republicanism James W McAuley (University of Huddersfield) Neil Ferguson (Liverpool Hope University) Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to James W. McAuley, Institute for Research in Citizenship and Applied Human Sciences, School of Health and Human Sciences, University of Huddersfield, England, UK. -
Release of 1985 Files at the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland
HIGHLIGHTS LIST Release of 1985 files at the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland Annual release of 1985 official files Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................... 2 Introduction ............................................................................................. 4 1985 Highlighted Files ............................................................................ 8 Central Secretariat .................................................................................. 8 Department of Commerce .................................................................... 15 Northern Ireland Office ......................................................................... 16 2 Annual release of 1985 official files Copyright Most public records in the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland are subject to Crown Copyright. Crown copyright information previously available for re-use under waiver conditions can now be re-used under the terms of the Open Government Licence. The Open Government Licence was introduced in 2010 as a simpler set of terms and conditions for the re-use of a wide range of information covered by Crown Copyright. For further details of information covered by the licence, please see What the Open Government Licence covers at: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/government- licensing/whatogl-covers.htm 3 Annual release of 1985 official files Introduction Summer release of 1985 official files – the story from the archives For -
Ireland.Com - Breaking News - Thu, Nov 30, 2006 - Miami Relatives 'Happy' with Meeting
ireland.com - Breaking News - Thu, Nov 30, 2006 - Miami relatives 'happy' with meeting undefined Sections 1. The Irish Times 2. Breaking News 3. Sport 4. Business 5. Technology 6. Weather 7. In Focus 8. Archive Search 9. Births, Marriages, Deaths ● Editions Search for ● Jobs ● Homes ● Cars Services ● Premium Email ● Travel ● Dating ● Frontpage Sales ● Photosales ● Ancestors ● Irish Times Training ● Mobile ● Reader Offers RSS Feeds Thursday, November 30, 2006 Previous Day http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2006/1130/breaking61.htm (1 of 3)04/12/2006 13:01:18 ireland.com - Breaking News - Thu, Nov 30, 2006 - Miami relatives 'happy' with meeting ● Home | ● Irish | ● Business | ● World | ● Sports | ● Technology Next Day Last Updated: 30/11/2006 18:26 Miami relatives 'happy' with meeting Piaras Murohy Relatives of murdered Miami Showband members said they were "happy" they would get answers following a meeting with the Taoiseach Mr Ahern about the band's massacare in 1975. One of the survivors of the atrocity, Stephen Tavers, 55, said he did not need an inquiry into it despite a report yesterday that found British collusion in loyalist paramilitary attacks, including the shooting of Miami Showband members near Newry. The attack at a fake army checkpoint near Newry left three band members dead and two injured. "I'm no expert in all this inquiry stuff. All I know is I don't need an inquiry to tell me that that there was a British officer there on the night [three Miami Showband members were shot dead]. "I know that. I was there. But hopefully these inquiries will convince everybody else that what we have been saying for 30 years is absolutely correct," said Mr Travers. -
Statement of Miami Showband Families and Survivors
Statement of Miami Showband families and survivors in response to the findings of the Historical Enquiries Team into the murders of Anthony Geraghty, Brian McCoy and Francis O’Toole Keith: Good morning everybody and thank you all for coming. We, the families of Tony, Brian and Fran, as well as survivors Stephen and Des, have waited a very long time, over 36 years in fact, to learn the circumstances surrounding the deaths of our loved ones who were shot down so brutally and so callously in the early hours of a summer morning. The Historical Enquiries Team finds: That Tony, Brian and Fran were murdered at a bogus British army checkpoint on the A1 Belfast to Dublin Road near the junction with Buskhill Road, Co. Down at 2 am on Thursday, 31st July 1975; The murder was a planned attack, carried out by a UVF gang, which included a number of serving UDR soldiers. Most of them were wearing British army uniforms; The presence of two men, acting suspiciously at the Castle Ballroom, Banbridge, suggests that the Miami Showband was being observed; The interception point on the A1 beside a UDR shooting-range was pre-selected and a ‘spotter’ was positioned in a vehicle to drive ahead of the minibus and warn the gang of the band’s imminent arrival; The original intention of the perpetrators seems to have been, under the guise of a legitimate military road check, to hide a bomb on the minibus. If the original plan had been successful, the band would have continued on their journey south and at some point the device would have exploded, killing them all. -
Political Prisoners, Resistance and the Law in Northern Ireland: a Paper for Palestinian Activists
LAWYERS, CONFLICT & TRANSITION Maze / Long Kesh Prison, Lisburn Crumlin Road Courthouse, Belfast (site for detention of political prisoners) (site for trials of political defendants) Political Prisoners, Resistance and the Law in Northern Ireland: A Paper for Palestinian Activists April 2015 POLITICAL PRISONERS, RESISTANCE AND THE LAW IN NORTHERN IRELAND: A PAPER FOR PALESTINIAN ACTIVISTS Contents Preface ......................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements & Disclaimer ........................................................................................... iii Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. iv Introduction: Background to the Conflict in Northern Ireland .......................................... 1 Nationalism\Republicanism ............................................................................................... 1 Unionism\Loyalism .......................................................................................................... 2 The British State as an Armed Protagonist .......................................................................... 3 British State Strategies for Managing Political Prisoners ................................................... 3 Reaction, Containment and Negotiation (1969-1975) ........................................................... 4 Criminalisation, Repression and the Denial of Political -
A Very Funny Place
A VERY FUNNY PLACE Imagining Identity and Conflict in Northern Ireland’s Museum Scene A Master Thesis by Dennis van der Pligt A Very Funny Place Master Thesis: A Very Funny Place: Imagining Identity and Conflict in Northern Ireland’s Museum Scene Date: December 5, 2020 Program: Human Geography (Conflicts, Territories and Identities) MSc, Radboud University Nijmegen Instructor: Dr. Olivier T. Kramsch Student: Dennis van der Pligt, s4133625 E-mail: [email protected] Phone number: +31 6 1227 3002 Front cover image was made by the author. The sign stood outside an establishment on Bedford Street, Belfast. 1 A Very Funny Place Contents Preface & Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 3 I. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 5 i. Research Question & Context .......................................................................................................... 5 ii. A New Troubles Museum? .............................................................................................................. 7 iii. Other Projects: The Military, Society & Art ................................................................................. 8 II. Theories & Methods ...................................................................................................................... 11 i. Basic Definitions ........................................................................................................................... -
The Murder of Patrick Finucane
The Report of the Patrick Finucane Review The Rt Hon Sir Desmond de Silva QC December 2012 Return to an Address of the Honourable the House of Commons dated 12 December 2012 for The Report of the Patrick Finucane Review The Rt Hon Sir Desmond de Silva QC Volume I Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 12 December 2012 HC 802-I London: The Stationery Office £75.00 Two volumes not to be sold separately © Crown copyright 2012 You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ or email: [email protected]. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available for download at www.official-documents.gov.uk This document is also available from our website at www.patfinucanereview.org ISBN: 9780102981087 Printed in the UK by The Stationery Office Limited on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office ID 254679 12/12 23621 19585 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum. Contents Foreword 1 Executive Summary and Principal Conclusions 3 CHAPTER 1 Background to this Review 25 Introduction 25 Interpretation of my Terms of Reference 26 Methodology 31 Previous investigations and the Judgment in Finucane v The United Kingdom 39 The right to life 45 PART 1: THE CONTEXT TO THE MURDER OF PATRICK FINUCANE CHAPTER 2 The -
An Acceptable Level of Violence: Assessing the Development of The
An Acceptable Level of Violence: Assessing the Development of the British Government’s Security Approach to ‘The Troubles’ From 1969-79 Rory David McDonald Butcher, University of Wales Trinity St David Abstract Those seeking to engage in warfare against organised governments in the 21st century are increasingly relying on such governments being unable to respond in an appropriate manner. The latter half of the 20th century in Northern Ireland is a perfect example of a ruling authority modifying its approach to the security issues it was confronted by throughout the conflict. “The Troubles”, as the three decades of guerrilla warfare has now become known, was dealt with by the British establishment through three specific policies – all of which saw changes implemented during the first ten years of the landmark conflict. These were: the implementation of Direct Rule, the so-called “Normalisation” of asymmetric warfare, and the reliance on the local paramilitaries over the British Army. All of these policies can be seen to have failed in particular ways, although careful examination shall explain the logic behind these shifts in British reactionary policy and their effects in the regions of the province of Ulster affected by the conflict. Being a very brief survey of this conflict, this paper does not address other policies enacted – nor does it encompass every aspect of the evidence available. It merely aims to act as an overview. Keywords: The Troubles, conflict, policy ‘The present conflict between the opposing forces in Ireland has its roots in the failure of English statecraft and administration to rule Ireland.’ – G.K. -
Reflections on the Northern Ireland Experience
Reflections on the Northern Ireland experience The lessons underpinning the normalisation of policing and security in a divided society Reflections on the Northern Ireland experience The lessons underpinning the normalisation of policing and security in a divided society Dr Jonny Byrne POLICE SERVICE OF NORTHERN IRELAND, INTERCOMM and SAFERWORLD JUNE 2014 Acknowledgements The promoting partners acknowledge the contributions from: Interaction Belfast, Belfast Conflict Resolution, North Belfast Community Development and Transition Group, and Belfast Reconciliation Network. The strength of this report derives from the evidence based practice and learning generated from within these organisations, all of whom have made a significant contribution to the implementation and development of the policing with community model. © PSNI, INTERCOMM and Saferworld, June 2014. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without full attribution. Saferworld welcomes and encourages the utilisation and dissemination of the material included in this publication. Contents Abbreviations Map Forewords Intercomm i PSNI iii Saferworld iv 1. Introduction 1 2. The Northern Ireland context 2 3. Methodology 5 4. Community policing 7 5. Policing and managing public disorder 13 6. Managing transition 18 7. Extrapolating the learning 23 Map of districts of Belfast colour coded to show the predominant religious -
The Geography of Conflict and Death in Belfast, Northern Ireland
The Geography of Conflict and Death in Belfast, Northern Ireland Author(s): Victor Mesev, Peter Shirlow and Joni Downs Source: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 99, No. 5, Geographies of Peace and Armed Conflict (Dec., 2009), pp. 893-903 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of the Association of American Geographers Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20621258 Accessed: 07-05-2019 21:30 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Association of American Geographers, Taylor & Francis, Ltd. are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Annals of the Association of American Geographers This content downloaded from 37.219.222.99 on Tue, 07 May 2019 21:30:55 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms The Geography of Conflict and Death in Belfast, Northern Ireland Victor Mesev,* Peter Shirlow,* and Joni Downs* ^Department ofGeography, The Florida State University tSchool ofLaw, Queens University, Belfast ^Department of Geography, University of South Florida The conflict known as the "Troubles" in Northern Ireland began during the late 1960s and is defined by political and ethno-sectarian violence between state, pro-state, and anti-state forces- Reasons for the conflict are contested and complicated by social, religious, political, and cultural disputes, with much of the debate concerning the victims of violence hardened by competing propaganda-conditioning perspectives.