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Home , 1964 in Northern Ireland, 1996 in Northern Ireland, Apprentice Boys of Derry, Battle of the Bogside, Bloody Sunday Inquiry, Clan na Gael

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302 Maps 303

Derry in the Late 1960s: Religion and Class

This map is not intended to be correct in every detail but rather to give a necessarily crude picture of the complicated socio-religious geography of as conflict began in the late 1960s. It distinguishes between areas on a class basis in order to emphasise that prior to and throughout , large areas of the city would not be directly involved in protest or open conflict. It also distinguishes between upper-middle-class areas and middle-class housing estates and 304 Maps terraces. While the middle-class areas often had complex ties to the working-class communities nearby, upper-middle-class areas were almost completely isolated from such areas. At the same time, any arbi- trary attempt to classify residential areas by social class is bound to be inaccurate. I only hope that the results will be useful. For information about the city in the late 1960s I am especially indebted to Claire Dobbins and to Andy and Terry Barr but all errors are my responsibility. Maps 305

Derry and its Environs; Local Government Electoral Boundaries

This map shows the relation of Derry (the area con- trolled by Londonderry Corporation) to the surrounding areas con- trolled by Derry Rural District Council until 1969. The Foyle constituency which party leader Eddie McAteer repre- sented at Stormont from 1953 to 1968, and which won in 1969, consisted of all areas west of the Foyle except for the North Ward of the city while the City of Londonderry constituency, held by the Unionist Party, was composed of the North Ward and all of the districts outlined on the east bank of the Foyle in this map. All of the area shown and the named wards to the east were included in the area run by the Londonderry Development Commission from 1969 until 1973 and since then by . This map is based on a map in ‘Londonderry. One Man, No Vote’, CSJ (Pamphlet) 1965. 306 Maps

Civil Disturbances in Derry following the Civil Rights March of 5 October 1968

This map shows the pattern which rioting took in the aftermath of the 5 October 1968 march in Derry and the battleground for much of the rioting of the following three years. Bibliography

1. Primary sources

(a) Official publications Cameron Report, Disturbances in Northern . Report of the Commission Appointed by the Governor of , Northern Ireland Cmd. 532, HMSO, , Sept. 1969. Census of Northern Ireland, 1951, 1961, 1991. Compton Committee, Report of the Enquiry into Allegations Against the Security Forces of Physical Brutality in Northern Ireland Arising out of Events on the 9th August, 1971, Cmd. 4823, HMSO, , 1971. Dáil Éireann Debates. Frameworks for the Future, HMSO, Northern Ireland, February 1995. Hunt Committee, Report of the Advisory Committee on Police in Northern Ireland, Cmd. 535, HMSO, Belfast, 1969. Macrory Report, Reshaping of Local Government – Further Proposals, Cmd. 530, HMSO, Belfast, 1970. James Munce Partnership, Londonderry Area Study, 1968. Northern Ireland Constabulary List and Directory (Annual), Belfast. Northern Ireland Constitutional Proposals, Cmd. 5259, HMSO, London, March 1973. Northern Ireland Hearings Before the Sub-committee on Europe of the Commission on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 92nd Congress, 2nd session, 28 and 29 February and 1 March 1972. US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1972. Northern Ireland Housing Executive, Annual Reports. Report of the Irish Boundary Commission, 1925, Irish University Press, Shannon, 1969. RUC Chief Constables Reports (Annual). Scarman Report, Report of Tribunal of Inquiry into Violence and Civil Disturbances in Northern Ireland, 1969. vols. 1 and 2, Cmd. 566, HMSO, Belfast, 1972. Statistical Abstract of Ireland (compiled by Central Statistics Office), the Stationery Office, . Stormont House of Commons Debates. Year Book, HMSO, Belfast (Annual). US Riot Commission Report, Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, Bantam Books, New York, March 1968. Who’s Who (London). Widgery Tribunal, Report of the Tribunal Appointed to Inquire into the Events of Sunday, 30th of January 1972, Which Led to Loss of Life in Connection with the Procession in Londonderry on that Day, HC 220, HMSO, London, 1972.

(b) and periodicals Barricade Bulletin (Derry, members of the Derry , 1969) Belfast Newsletter

307 308 Bibliography

Belfast Telegraph Globe (Boston) Comhar (Dublin) Tribune (Galway) Derry Citizens Defence Association Newsletter (DCDA, Derry, 1969) Derry Emigrant Bulletin The Derryman ( Community Association, Derry) Fingerpost (Derry) Fortnight (Belfast) Free Citizen (Belfast, People’s Democracy) Hibernia (Dublin) The Independent (London) The Independent on Sunday (London) Indfo (Independent Organisation, Derry) In Dublin Irish News (Belfast) Irish People (New York, Irish Northern Aid Committee) Irish Press (Dublin) Irish Times (Dublin) Londonderry Loyalist (DUP) Loyalist News (Shankill Defence Association, later UDA, Belfast) Magill (Dublin) New Society (London) New York (New York) Nuacht Náisiúnta (Official Sinn Féin, weekly internal bulletin, Dublin) Nusight (Dublin) (Provisional Sinn Féin, Dublin) Ramparts (Derry Labour party) An Réabhlóid (People’s Democracy) Reality (Derry Housing Action Committee) The Rising of the Moon ( in Northern Ireland, Boston, MA) The Round Table (Official Republican Movement, Derry) Socialist Worker (Socialist Workers Movement, Dublin) Sunday Press (Dublin) (Dublin) This Week (Dublin) Times (London) Ulster Defender (UDA, Derry) Ulster Independent (ULDP, Derry) (Official Sinn Féin, Dublin) Visor (Weekly Report for British Soldiers in Northern Ireland) Voice of the North (Monaghan) The Voice of Labour (Derry Labour and Trade Union party, Derry, 1975) (c) Oral evidence Glen Barr, senior member of LAW and the UDA in the early 1970s. Derry, April 1988. Bibliography 309

Teresa and Andy Barr, long-time Catholic residents of Derry. Derry, April 1988. Gregory Campbell, leader of DUP group on Derry City Council; DUP activist since the early 1970s; member of the Young Unionists in the early 1970s. Interview 1, Derry, April 1988; Interview 2, Derry, August 1993. Michael Canavan, founder member of the Derry Credit Union; formerly a senior member of the DCAC, the DCDA, the DCCC and the Independent Organisation; former SDLP assembly member. Derry, June 1993. John Carlin, member of the Republican movement in Derry from the mid-1960s and of the Provisional Republicans after the split; former Sinn Féin election agent; former internee. Interview 1, Derry, June 1993. Interview 2, Derry, August 1993. , member of the Young Unionist party in Mid-Derry in the mid- 1960s; member of the Derry Labour party in the later 1960s; former chairman of the DCAC; former Independent and, later, SDLP MP at Stormont for Mid- Derry. Derry, July 1993. Seán Cronin, former Washington correspondent of ; former O/C of the IRA during the 1950s campaign and former in the . Washington DC, April 1993. Tony Crowe, chairman of the Diamond Trust for the regeneration of the Fountain area. Derry, July 1993. Liam Deeney, former member of CJNI, Boston and spokesman for the Boston unit of Noraid; formerly an active Republican in Derry in the 1950s. Boston, September 1992. Pat Devine, former DCAC steward; leader of the SDLP group on Derry City Council; former . Derry, June 1993. Hugh Doherty, former President of St Mary’s Boys Club, Creggan, and prominent member of the Independent Organisation and, later, the SDLP; former SDLP mayor of Derry. Derry, March 1988. Patrick L. Doherty (‘Paddy Bogside’), head of the Innercity Trust; formerly a member of the DCDA, DCAC and founder member of the Credit Union in Derry. Derry, July 1993. Mike Flannery, founder member of the Irish Action Committee and former president of the Irish Northern Aid Committee (Noraid) in the United States. New York, May 1993. Bertie Faulkner, former Alliance party member of Derry City Council; worked closely with tenants’ associations on the Waterside. Derry, July 1993. Jim Guy, councillor; former mayor of Derry; former councillor; former secretary and -governor of the ; former secretary and grand master of the City of Derry Grand Orange Lodge; former honorary secretary of Londonderry and Foyle Unionist Association. Derry, June 1993. William Hay, DUP member of Derry City Council; former mayor of Derry; DUP activist since the early 1970s; former member of the Young Unionists in the late 1960s. Derry, November 1992. Anna Huey, long-time Protestant resident of the West Bank of Derry. Derry, November 1992. John Hume, MEP, MP, former Stormont MP for the Foyle constituency; former member of DCAC; former member of the DCCC; chairman of the University for Derry Committee (1965) and founder member of the Credit Union in Derry. Derry, August 1993. 310 Bibliography

John Hurley, president of the Boston unit of the ; formerly president of the Boston unit of Noraid. Boston, May 1993. Marlene Jefferson, former Ulster Unionist Party councillor and mayor of Derry; worked closely with the Wapping Lane Community Association in the Fountain. Derry, July 1993. Eamonn McCann, active in the Derry Labour party in the late 1960s and early 1970s; formerly a member of the DHAC and the DCDA; editor of the Starry Plough, the Official Republican paper in Derry in 1972. Interview 1. Derry, March 1988, Interview 2. Derry, November 1992. Dermie McClenaghan, former Derry Labour party activist and member of the DHAC, the DCAC and (unbeknownst to him) the DCDA; former youth worker with Queen Street Youth Project 1971–72. Derry, July 1993. Berna Mclvor, chairperson of the Foyle Constituency branch of the SDLP; former SDLP election agent; member of WELB; member of WHSSB and of the proba- tion board for Northern Ireland. Derry, July 1993. Mitchel McLaughlin, Sinn Féin member of Derry City Council; joined the Republican movement in 1966; stayed with the Officials after the split in 1970 but later joined the Provisionals. Derry, October 1988. Eamon Melaugh, member of the Republican movement in Derry from the early 1960s until c. 1967; prominent in the Derry Unemployed Action Committee in the mid-1960s and the Derry Housing Action Committee in the late 1960s; member of the DCAC and prominent civil rights activist; later active in the Workers Party. Derry, March 1988. , Founder member and former chairperson, secretary, PRO of Foyle Hill Tenants’ Association (Creggan); former SDLP candidate for Derry City Council; currently a Sinn Féin member of Derry City Council. Two interviews. Derry, July 1993. Billy and Dolores Ó Caomhanaigh, both active in the Derry Labour party in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Derry, November 1992. Willie O’Connell, formerly a senior member of the Independent Organisation, the DCDA and the DCCC; SDLP member of Derry City Council and former mayor of Derry. Derry, July 1993. Fionnbarra Ó Dochartaigh (Finbar Doherty), member of the Republican move- ment in Derry from the early 1960s; formerly a member of the DHAC and the DCAC; member of the Official Republican movement after the 1970 split; founder member of the IRSP. Derry, July 1993. Terry Robson, chairman of Derry Labour Party Young Socialists in the early 1970s and member of the NILP executive; member of the Official Republican move- ment from late 1971. Derry, July 1993. Peter Simpson, former secretary of the Wapping Lane Community Association (which included the Fountain estate) and head of its security sub-committee in the early 1970s. Derry, July 1993. Claude Wilton, candidate for City of Londonderry seat in 1965 and 1969; former chairman of the DCAC and of the SDLP; former Northern Ireland senator for the SDLP and solicitor. Derry, November 1992.

Unattributable interviews Anon. A, former senior member of the DCDA. July 1993. Anon. B, former member of the Republican movement in Derry. July 1993. Bibliography 311

Anon. C, long-time resident of Derry. July 1993. Anon. D, former member of the Republican movement in Derry. 1995. This book also draws on interviews in September 1992 and spring 1993 with Kevin Cullen of the Boston Globe, Eamonn McKee at the Irish embassy in Washington DC, Fr Seán McManus of the Irish National Caucus, Niall O’Dowd of the Irish Voice in New York, New York lawyer Paul O’Dwyer, John Ridge of the Ancient Order of Hibernians, New York, Pádraig O’Malley at University of Massachusetts Boston, Bill O’Donnell, director of Boston Ireland Ventures, Michael Donlan of the Committee for a New Ireland in Boston, Frank Costello, co-chair of Boston–Ireland Ventures and Kevin O’Neill at Boston College. It draws too on a telephone conversation with Fergus McAteer, former mem- ber of the Young Nationalist Party in Derry and of the Irish Independence Party, and on conversations with Garbhan Downey of and Derry Journal, Elaine Huey and Carol-Ann Barr in Derry. Interviews carried out in 1992 and 1993 were recorded by shorthand notes. Interviews lasted between thirty minutes and three hours. A number of the inter- views which I carried out during my MA research in 1988 and which I drew on for this thesis are included. With the exception of the interview with Glen Barr, the 1988 interviews were all tape-recorded.

(d) Documents relating to the Inquiry Available online at Ͻhttp://www.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org/Ͼ Duddy, Brendan, statement to the BSI, 15/6/04. Ford, General Sir Robert, statement to the BSI, 23/3/00. Ford, General Sir Robert, evidence to the BSI, 4/11/02. Jackson, Colonel Roy, supplemental statement to the BSI, 10/1/03. Lagan, Frank, statement to the BSI, 13/12/98. McCullagh, Supt. P.M., statement to the Widgery Tribunal, 7/2/72. McCullagh, Patrick Mary, ‘Notes of discussion with Eversheds’, 20/7/00. McCullagh, Patrick Mary, evidence to the BSI, 11/9/02, 12/9/02. MacLellan, Pat, letter to -General Robert Ford, Derry, 15/3/72. ‘Major-General Pat MacLellan 9.12.83’, PIN 15467, B1279.003. MacLellan, Major-General Andrew Patrick Withy, statement to the BSI, 22/3/00. MacLellan, Major-General Andrew Patrick Withy, evidence to the BSI, 19/11/02, 22/11/02. Steele, Major-General Michael CM, statement to the BSI, 6/10/00.

(e) Other primary sources Apprentice Boys of Derry, Members Ticket, 1971. Derry Republican Movement (Official), Co-operation on What, and for What?, Internal document, for discussion only, Derry, 4/2/70. The Faithful, photograph, with names, of the final meeting of the Derry Citizens Defence Association, October 1969. Independent Organisation in Foyle constituency, Minutes of Executive Committee Meetings, March 1969–May 1970. Londonderry Development Commission, Municipal Functions minutes, 1969–1970. 312 Bibliography

PRONI T 3062/3, Memo to Nationalist Party Executive Committee (From the Derry Nationalist party, on negotiations between the Derry Nationalist party and the Independent Organisation in Foyle constituency) c. summer 1970. Scarman Tribunal Evidence, Transcripts of Evidence Submitted to the Scarman Tribunal during Sittings in Derry, September 1969. SDLP Derry and Foyle branch, Minutes of Executive Committee Meetings. December 1970–October 1971. Steele, Frank, ‘Visit to Bogside and Creggan on 4/5 April 1973’. Confidential report. FCO 87/221, PRO, London. Available online at CAIN Web Service ‘New Year Releases 2003 – Public Records of 1972’ Ͻhttp://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ publicrecords/1972/Ͼ. Ulster Unionist Council Yearbooks, 1960–74. Ulster Unionist Party, Directory (Annual).

2. Secondary sources

(a) Books Allen, Charles, The Savage Wars of Peace. Soldiers’ Voices 1945–1989, Futura, London, 1990. Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities, Verso, London, 1983. Arthur, Paul, The People’s Democracy, Blackstaff, Belfast, 1974. Asher, Michael, Shoot to Kill, A Soldier’s Journey Through Violence, Viking, London, 1990. Aughey, Arthur, Under Siege. Ulster Unionism and the Anglo-Irish Agreement, Blackstaff, Belfast, 1989. Bailey, Anthony, Acts of Union. Reports on Ireland 1973–1979, Faber and Faber, London, 1980. Bardon, Jonathan, A History of Ulster, Blackstaff, Belfast, 1992. Barritt, D.P. and Carter, C.F., The Northern Ireland Problem: A Study in Community Relations, Oxford University Press, London, 1962. Barthorp, Michael, Crater to the Creggan. The History of the Royal Anglian . 1964–1974, Leo Cooper, London, 1976. Barzilay, David, The in Ulster (4 volumes), Century Services, Belfast, 1973–81. Bayor, Ronald H., Neighbours in Conflict. The Irish, Germans, Jews and Italians of , 1929–1941, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1978. Bell, Desmond, Acts of Union. Youth Culture and in Northern Ireland, Macmillan, London, 1990. Bell, Geoffrey, The Protestants of Ulster, Pluto Press, London, 1976. Bell, J. Bowyer, The Secret Army. A History of the IRA, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1974. Bell, J. Bowyer, The Irish Troubles. A Generation of Violence, 1967–1992, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1993. Bernard, Margie, Daughter of Derry. The Story of Brigid Sheils Makowski, Pluto, London, 1989. Bew, Paul, Gibbon, Peter, and Patterson, Henry, The State in Northern Ireland, University Press, Manchester, 1979. Bew, Paul, Gibbon, Peter, and Patterson, Henry, Northern Ireland, 1921–1994: Political Forces and Social Classes, Serif, London, 1995. Bibliography 313

Bew, Paul and Gillespie, Gordon, Northern Ireland. A Chronology of the Troubles, 1968–1993, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1993. Bew, Paul and Patterson, Henry, The British State and the Ulster Crisis. From Wilson to Thatcher, Verso, London, 1985. Bishop, Patrick and Mallie, Eamon, The Provisional IRA, Corgi, London, 1988. Boal, Frederick W., Douglas, J. and Neville H., Integration and Division. Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem, Academic Press, London, 1982. Boal, F.W., Murray, R.C. and Poole, M.A., ‘Belfast: the urban encapsulation of a national conflict’, in Clarke, S.E. and Obler, J.L., Urban Ethnic Conflict: A Comparative Perspective, Institute for Research in Social Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1976, pp. 77–131. Bornemann, John, Belonging in the Two Berlins; Kin, State, Nation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992 (Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology). Boulton, David, The UVF, 1966–73. An Anatomy of Loyalist Rebellion, Torc Books, Dublin, 1973. Boyd, Andrew, Holy War in Belfast, Anvil Books, Kerry, 1969. Boyd, Andrew, and the Crisis of Ulster Unionism, Anvil Books, Kerry, 1972. Bruce, Steve, God Save Ulster. The Religion and Politics of Paisleyism, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. Bruce, Steve, The Red Hand. Protestant Paramilitaries in Northern Ireland, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992. Buckland, Patrick, A History of Northern Ireland, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1981. Burton, Frank, The Politics of Legitimacy: Struggles in a Belfast Community, Routledge and Keegan Paul, London, 1978. Cairns, Ed, Children and Political Violence, Blackwell, Oxford, 1996. Callaghan, James, A House Divided, Collins, London, 1973. Carson, Willie, Derry Through the Lens, Democrat, Donegal, September 1976. Carson, Willie, A Decade and a Half, , Donegal, 1985. Clark, Dennis J., Irish Blood, Northern Ireland and the American Conscience, Kennikat Press, Port Washington, New York, 1977. Clark, Dennis J., Hibernia America. The Irish and Regional Cultures, Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn., 1986. Clarke, Liam, Broadening the Battlefield. The H-Blocks and the Rise of Sinn Féin, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1987. Clayton, Pamela, Enemies and Passing Friends: Settler Ideologies in Twentieth Century Ulster, Pluto, London, 1996. Collins, Tom, The Irish Hunger Strike, White Island, Dublin, 1986. Committee on the Administration of Justice, The Misrule of Law: A Report on the Policing of Events During the Summer of 1996 in Northern Ireland, CAJ, Belfast, October 1996. Connor, Walker, Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1994. Coogan, Tim Pat, The IRA, Pall Mall, London, 1970. Crawford, Robert, Loyal to King Billy, G. Hurst, London, 1987. Cronin, Seán, Washington’s Irish Policy, 1916–1986, Independence, Partition, Neutrality, Anvil Books, Kerry, 1987. 314 Bibliography

Curran, Frank, Derry. Countdown to Disaster, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1986. Curtis, Liz, Ireland: The Propaganda War. The British Media and the Battle for Hearts and Minds, Pluto Press, London, 1984. Darby, John, Conflict in Northern Ireland: The Development of a Polarised Community, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1976. Darby, John (ed.), Northern Ireland. The Background to the Conflict, Appletree, Belfast, 1983. Darby, John, Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1986. De Baróid, Ciarán, Ballymurphy and the Irish War, Pluto, London, 1990. Deery, Leo and O’Kane, Danny, Doire. A History of the GAA in Derry, Derry Co. Board GAA, 1984. De Paor, Liam, Divided Ulster, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1970. Deutsch, Richard and Magowan, Vivien, Northern Ireland: Chronology of Events (3 volumes), Blackstaff, Belfast, 1973–75. Devlin, Bernadette, The Price of my Soul, Pan, London, 1969. Dewar, Lt Col. Michael, The British Army in Northern Ireland, Arms and Armour Press, London, 1985. Dillon, Martin, and Lehane, Denis, Political Murder in Northern Ireland, Penguin, Middlesex, 1973. Dillon, Martin, The . A Case Study of Mass Murder, Arrow Books, London, 1990. Dillon, Martin, The Dirty War, Arrow Books, London, 1991. Doherty, Paddy, Paddy Bogside, Mercier, Cork, 2001. Douglas, J. Neville H., ‘Northern Ireland: Spatial Frameworks and Community Relations’ in Boal, Frederick, W. and Douglas, J. Neville H., Integration and Division. Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem, Academic Press, London, 1982, pp. 105–35. Duggan, Dave, A Report of a Public Hearing on The Experiences of Minorities in Derry Londonderry, Templegrove Action Research Ltd., Derry Londonderry, 1996. Dunne, Derek, and Kerrigan, Gene, Round Up the Usual Suspects. Nicky Kelly and the Cosgrave Coalition, Magill, Dublin, 1984. Dunstan, Simon, The British Army in Northern Ireland (Uniforms Illustrated, no. 4), Arms and Armour Press, London, 1984. Egan, Bowes and McCormack, Vincent, Burntollet, LRS Publishers, London, 1969. Elliot, Sydney, Northern Ireland Parliamentary Election Results, 1921–1972, Political Reference Publications, Chichester, 1973. Elliot, S. and Smith, F.J., Northern Ireland Local Government Elections, 1977, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, 1977. English, Richard and Walker, Graham (eds.), Unionism in Modern Ireland; New Perspectives on Politics and Culture, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1996. English, Richard, ‘The Same People with Different Relatives? Modern Scholarship, Unionists and the Irish Nation’, in English, Richard and Walker, Graham (eds.), Unionism in Modern Ireland: New Perspectives on Politics and Culture, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1996, pp. 220–35. Evelegh, Robin, Peace Keeping in a Democratic Society. The Lessons of Northern Ireland, C. Hurst and Co., London, 1978. Farrell, Michael, Arming the Protestants: The Formation Of the Ulster Special Constabulary and the Royal Ulster Constabulary 1920–27, Brandon, Co. Kerry, 1983. Bibliography 315

Farrell, Michael, Northern Ireland: The Orange State, Pluto, London, 1980 (2nd edn). Farrell, Michael (ed.), Twenty Years On, Brandon, Kerry, 1988. Faulkner, Brian (ed. John Houston), Memoirs of a Statesman, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, 1978. Fields, Rona, Society Under Siege. A Psychology of Northern Ireland, Temple University Press, , 1977. Flackes, W.F, Northern Ireland: A Political Directory, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1980. Foot, Paul, Who Framed ?, Pan Books, London, 1990. Foster, R.F., Modern Ireland 1600–1972, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1989. Fraser, Morris, Children in Conflict, Secker and Warburg, London, 1975. Garrow, David J., Bearing the Cross. Martin Luther King, Jr and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Jonathan Cape Ltd, London, 1986. Geldard, Ian, and Craig, Keith, Irish Terrorism, Institute for the Study of Terrorism, London, 1988. Guelke, Adrian, Northern Ireland, The International Perspective, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1988. Hall, Michael, 20 Years, a Concise Chronology of Events in Northern Ireland from 1968–1988, Island Press, , 1988. Hamill, Des, Pig in the Middle. The Army in Northern Ireland 1969–1985, Methuen, London, 1986 (revised paperback edn). Hamilton, Andrew, Moore, Linda and Trimble, Tim, Policing a Divided Society: Issues and Perceptions in Northern Ireland, Centre for the Study of Conflict, University of Ulster, 1995. Hamilton, I. and Moss, R., The Spreading Irish Conflict (Conflict Studies, no. 17), Institute for the Study of Conflict, London, 1971. Harbinson, John F., The Ulster Unionist Party, 1882–1972, Blackstaff, Belfast, 1973. Harris, Rosemary, Prejudice and Tolerance in Ulster: A Study of Neighbours and ‘Strangers’ in a Border Community, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1972. Hastings, Max, Ulster 1969. The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland, Victor Gollancz, London, 1970. Hennessey, Thomas, ‘Ulster Unionism and Loyalty to the Crown of the , 1912–74’, in English, Richard and Walker, Graham (eds), Unionism in Modern Ireland; New Perspectives on Politics and Culture, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1996, pp. 115–29. Hillyard, Paddy, ‘Law and Order’, in John Darby (ed), Northern Ireland; the Background to the Conflict, Appletree, Belfast, 1983, pp. 32–60. Holland, Jack, The American Connection. US Guns, Money and Influence in Northern Ireland, Poolbeg, Swords, Co. Dublin, 1989 (Irish edn). Holroyd, Fred, War Without Honour, F. H. and Nick Burbidge, Medium Publishing, Hull, 1989. Horowitz, Don L., Ethnic Groups in Conflict, University of California, California, 1985. Horowitz, Don L., Community Conflict: Policy and Possibilities, Centre for the Study of Conflict, University of Ulster, , 1990. Occasional paper no. 1. Jackson, H., The Two : A Dual Study of Inter-Group Tensions, Minority Rights Group, London, London, 1971. 316 Bibliography

Keith, Michael, Race, Riots and Policing. Lore and Disorder in a Multi-Racist Society, UCL Press, London, 1993. Kelley, Kevin, The Longest War. Northern Ireland and the IRA, Brandon, Kerry, 1982. Kelly, James, Orders for the Captain, Published by James Kelly, Dublin, 1971. Keogh, Dermot and Haltzel, Michael H., Northern Ireland and the Politics of Reconciliation, Center Press and Cambridge University Press, 1993 (Woodrow Wilson Center Series). Kerr, Adrian (compiled by), Perceptions; Cultures in Conflict, Guildhall Press, Derry, 1996. Kinghan, Nancy, United We Stood. The Story of the Ulster Women’s Unionist Council, 1911–74, Appletree, Belfast, 1975. Kingsley, Paul, Londonderry Revisited. A Loyalist Analysis of the Civil Rights Controversy, Belfast Publications, Belfast, 1989. Kitson, Frank, Low Intensity Operations: Subversion, Insurgency and Peacekeeping, Faber and Faber, London, 1971. Lacey, Brian, Siege City: The Story of Derry and Londonderry, Blackstaff, Belfast, 1991. Lee, Joseph, Ireland, 1912–1985. Politics and Society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989. Lijphart, Arend, Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1977. Limpkin, Clive, The Battle of Bogside, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1972. Lupo, Alan, Liberty’s Chosen Home: The Politics of Violence in Boston, Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1977. McAllister, Ian, The Northern Ireland Social Democratic and Labour Party, Macmillan, London, 1977. McCafferty, Nell, The Best of Nell, Attic Press, Dublin, 1985. McCafferty, Nell, Peggy Derry. A Derry Family at War, Attic Press, Dublin, 1988. McCann, Eamonn, The British Press and Northern Ireland, Northern Ireland Socialist Research Centre, London, 1971. McCann, Eamonn, War and an Irish Town, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1974. McCann, Eamonn (with Harrigan, Bridie and Shiels, Maureen), Bloody Sunday in Derry. What Really Happened, Brandon, Kerry, 1992. McClean, Raymond, The Road to Bloody Sunday, Ward River Press, Dublin, 1983. McCluskey, Conn, Up Off Their Knees. A Commentary on the Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland, Conn McCluskey and Associates, , 1989. McCorkell, Aileen, A Red Cross in My Pocket. Derry/Londonderry 1968–1974, Workers’ Educational Association, Belfast, 1992. McElroy, Gerald, The and the Northern Ireland Crisis, 1968–1986, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1991. McGarry, John and O’Leary, Brendan, Explaining Northern Ireland. Broken Images, Blackwell, Oxford, 1995. McGuffin, John, , Anvil Press, Kerry, 1973. McGuire, Maria, To Take Arms. A Year in the Provisional IRA, Macmillan, London, 1973. McKeown, Michael, The Greening of a Nationalist, Murlough Press, Dublin, 1986. McLarnon, J. and Corkey, P., A Survey of Facts, Figures and Opinions Relating to the Economic Situation in Derry, Northern Ireland Community Relations Commission, Belfast, 1971. MacStiofáin, Seán, Memoirs of a Revolutionary, R. and R. Clarke, Edinburgh, 1975. Bibliography 317

Mallie, Eamonn and McKittrick, David, The Fight for Peace: The Secret Story behind the Irish Peace Process, Heinemann. London, 1996. Mallie, Eamonn and McKittrick, David, Endgame in Ireland, Coronet Lir, London, 2002. Masotti, Louis and Bowen, Don (eds), Riots and Rebellion, Sage, Beverly Hills, 1968. Meenan, Hugo, No Time For Love (fiction), Brandon, Kerry, 1987. Menendez, Albert, The Bitter Harvest. Church and State in Northern Ireland, Robert B. Luce, Washington, DC, 1973. Miller, David W., Queen’s Rebels, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1978. Moloney, Ed, A Secret History of the IRA, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 2003 (origi- nally 2002). Moloney, Ed and Pollak, Andy, Paisley, Poolbeg, Swords Co. Dublin, 1986. Moody, T.W., The Londonderry Plantation, 1609–41, The and the Plantation in Ulster, William Mullan and Sons, Belfast, 1939. Moore, Ruth and Smyth, Marie, A Report of a Series of Public Discussions on Aspects of Sectarian Division in Derry Londonderry Held in the Period December 1994–June 1995, Templegrove Action Research Ltd, Derry Londonderry, 1996. Morgan, Austen and Purdie, Bob (eds), Ireland: Divided Nation, Divided Class, Ink Links, London, 1980. Mullin, the Reverend T.H., Ulster’s Historic City. Derry/Londonderry, Coleraine Bookshop, Coleraine, 1986. Murphy, D., Derry, Donegal and Modern Ulster, 1790–1921, Derry, Aileach Press, 1981. Nelson, Sarah, Ulster’s Uncertain Defenders. Protestant Political, Paramilitary and Community Groups and the Northern Ireland Conflict, Appletree, Belfast, 1984. O’Brien, Conor Cruise, States of Ireland, Panther Books, St Albans, 1974. O’Brien, Conor Cruise, Passion and Cunning and Other Essays, Paladin Grafton, London, 1990. Ó Dochartaigh, Niall, ‘The Politics of Housing: Social Change and Collective Action in Derry in the 1960s’, in Derry and Londonderry: History and Society, Geography Publications, Dublin, 1997. O’Doherty, Shane, The Volunteer. A Former IRA Man’s True Story, Fount, London, 1993. O’Dowd, Liam, Rolston, Bill, and Tomlinson, Mike, Northern Ireland. Between Civil Rights and Civil War, CSE Books, London, 1980. O’Halloran, Clare, Partition and the Limits of , Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1987. O’Leary, Brendan and McGarry, John, The Politics of Antagonism, Understanding Northern Ireland, Athlone Press, London, 1996. Oliver, J., Working at Stormont, Institute of Public Administration, Dublin, 1978. O’Malley, Padraig, The Uncivil Wars, Ireland Today, Blackstaff, Belfast, 1983. O’Neill, Terence, Ulster at the Crossroads, Faber, London, 1969. O’Neill, Terence, Autobiography, Hart-Davis, London, 1972. O’Sullivan, Michael P., Patriot Graves. Resistance in Ireland, Follett Publishing Co., , 1972. Patterson, Henry, The Politics of Illusion. Republicanism and in Modern Ireland, Hutchinson Radius, London, 1989. Peck, John, Dublin from Downing Street, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1978. Polenberg, Richard, One Nation Divisible. Class, Race and Ethnicity in the United States since 1938, Viking, New York, 1980. 318 Bibliography

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(b) Articles Bayley, John and Loizos, Peter, ‘Bogside Off its Knees’, New Society, 21/8/69. Boal, F.W. and Buchanan, R.H, ‘The 1969 Northern Ireland Election’, Irish Geography, vol. 6, no. 1, 1969, pp. 22–9. Boal, F.W., ‘Territoriality on the Shankill-Falls Divide, Belfast’, Irish Geography, vol. 6, no. 1, 1969, pp. 30–50. Busteed, M.A. and Mason, Hugh, ‘Local Government Reform in Northern Ireland’, Irish Geography, vol. 6, no. 3, 1971. Compton, P.A. and Boal, F.W., ‘Aspects of the Inter-Community Population Balance in Northern Ireland’, Economic and Social Review, vol. 1, no. 4, July 1970. 320 Bibliography

Douglas, W.A. and Zulaika, J., ‘On the Interpretation of Terrorist Violence: ETA and the Basque Political Process’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 32, 1990. Dunne, Derek, ‘MacGiolla’s Guerillas’, In Dublin, 1/10/87, pp. 18–23. Feeney, V.E., ‘The Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland’, Éire/Ireland, vol. 9, no. 2, 1974, pp. 30–40. Guelke, Adrian, ‘American Connections to the Northern Ireland Conflict’, Irish Studies in International Affairs, vol. 1, no. 4, 1984, pp. 27–39. Harrison, P., ‘Derry: From Conflict to Co-existence’, New Society, vol. 31, 1975, p. 642. Hewitt, Christopher, ‘Catholic grievances, Catholic nationalism and violence in Northern Ireland during the Civil Rights Period: a reconsideration’, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 32, no. 3, 1981, pp. 362–80. Hewitt, Christopher, ‘Discrimination in Northern Ireland: a rejoinder’, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 34, no. 3, 1983, pp. 446–51. Hume, John, ‘John Hume’s Derry’, Everyman, no. 3, Benburb, 1970, pp. 117–28. Kettle, M, ‘Tale of Two Cities: People of Divided Derry’, New Society, vol. 49, 1979, p. 875. Lijphart, Arend, ‘The Northern Ireland Problem: Cases, Theories and Solutions’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 5, no. 3, 1975, pp. 83–106. McEwen, C.A. and Milburn, T.W., ‘Explaining a Paradox of Mediation’, Negotiation Journal, vol. 9, 1993, pp. 23–36. O’Callaghan, J, ‘Inside the Derry ’, , 21/1/72. O’Hearn, Denis, ‘Catholic grievances, Catholic nationalism: a comment’, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 34, no. 3, 1983, pp. 438–45. Purdie, Bob, ‘Was the Civil Rights Movement a Republican/Communist Conspiracy?’, Irish Political Studies, vol. 3, 1988, pp. 33–41. Roy, Sara M., ‘Gaza: New Dynamics of Civic Disintegration. Economic dedevel- opment in Gaza’, Journal of Palestine Studies, vol. 22, no. 4, summer 1993. Todd, Jennifer, ‘Two Traditions in Unionist Political Culture’, Irish Political Studies, vol. 2, 1987. Todd, Jennifer, ‘Northern Ireland Nationalist Political Culture’, Irish Political Studies, vol. 5, 1990, pp. 31–44. Unit Feature, ‘On Top of the Creggan. 2nd the Queen’s Regiment’, in Visor, Serial no. 3, 14/3/1974. Whyte, J. H., ‘Interpretations of the Northern Ireland Problem: An Appraisal’, Economic and Social Review, vol. 9, no. 4, July 1978. Wright, Frank, ‘Northern Ireland and the British–Irish Relationship’, Studies, no. 78, pp. 151–62.

(c) Unpublished dissertations McLaughlin, Eithne, Maiden city blues: Employment and unemployment in Derry city, Ph.D, QUB, 1986. Ó Dochartaigh, Niall, Before the Troubles; Derry in the 1960s. An examination of the origins of a violent conflict, MA, UCG, 1989. Robinson, Alan, A social geography of the city of Londonderry, MA, QUB, 1967.

(d) Pamphlets Bloody Sunday Initiative, Political Guide To Derry, Bloody Sunday Initiative, Derry, c. 1992. Bibliography 321

Campaign for Social Justice in Northern Ireland, Northern Ireland: The Plain Truth, CSJ, , 1964. Campaign for Social Justice in Northern Ireland, Londonderry: One Man, No Vote, CSJ, Dungannon, 1965. Campaign for Social Justice in Northern Ireland, Northern Ireland: The Plain Truth, (2nd edn.) CSJ, Dungannon, 1969. Curran, Frank, Ireland’s Fascist City, Derry, Derry Journal, 1946. Derry City Council, Derry City Council Working for You, A Citizens Guide, Derry, c. 1992. Foley, Gerry, Ireland in Rebellion, (no place of publication) October 1971. Foley, Gerry, Problems of the Irish Revolution: Can the IRA Meet the Challenge?, New York, August 1972. Foley, Gerry, Draft Thesis on the Irish Revolution, Revolutionary Marxist Group, undated (c. 1972) (A Policy for the Fourth International). Government of Ireland Information Bureau, The Story in Pictures of the North’s Distress, Dublin, . Government of Northern Ireland, Ulster the Facts (series of pamphlets 1969–71). H-Block Relatives, The Heart of the Matter (no place of publication), 1979. Irish Republican Publishing Bureau, Freedom Struggle by the Provisional IRA, Irish Republican Publishing Bureau, Dublin, June 1973. National Graves Association, The Last Post. The Details and Stories of Republican Dead 1913/1975, National Graves Association, Dublin, April 1976 (2nd edn). Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, Massacre at Derry, Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, Belfast, c. 1972. Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, ‘We Shall Overcome’ … The History of the Struggle for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland, 1968–1978, Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, Belfast, 1978. The Suppressed Report on the Derry Massacre. Article by Sunday Times journalists, Sayle and Humphrey, 3/2/72. Printed by the Organisation of Revolutionary Anarchists, London, November 1972 (2nd printing). Women for Irish Freedom, Irish Women Speak, Women for Irish Freedom, Brooklyn, NY, 1973. Index

Abernethy, Dr Russell 67, 69, 73, Bloody Sunday 243, 246–8, 249, 86, 103 269–89 Allen, Jack 221 civil rights march 276, 279, 282, Alliance Party 86–8, 91, 241 284, 285, 287 American Congress for Irish Freedom intelligence sources 277 50, 52 243, 269, An Cumann Cabhrach 173 275–7, 280, 281, 283 Anderson, Albert 67–78, 190, Boal, Desmond 62 220, 221 Bogside Apprentice Boys of Derry 67, 98, battle of 101–14, 293 103–5 (see also Loyal Orders) and British Army 151–2, area boards 91 271, 272 arms and Northern Ireland Housing and Battle of Bogside 109 Trust xiii and the IRA 162–5, 204–5 riots, 1969 44–6 US 166–8, 205 and RUC 35–7, 105–14, 276, 286 Armalite rifles 205 voters xii Ashdown, Paddy 238 Bond, Brigid 174 n90, 274, 275, 278, Aughey, Arthur 76 282, 285 Austin, Campbell 21, 75, 76 boys’ clubs 144–5 Brandywell 202, 203, 234 B-Specials (Ulster Special Breslin, William 232 Constabulary) 12, 28, 35, British Army 67–8, 78, 113, 123, 125–6, arrests, legality of 239 292, 293 August 1969–April 1970 134–57 ban on marches see marches and Bogside residents 152 in Derry and Catholic community 5–6, Barritt, D. P. 296 12–13, 14, 181, 188–9 battle of Bogside see Bogside colonial approach 138, 294 Beattie, Desmond 233 and DCCC 187 Belfast and DCDA 114–22, 137 ‘Anro’ 255 and 12, 114–22, Ballymurphy riots 5 238–40 CND 18 ‘Glosters’ regiment 145–6 Falls Road curfew 156, 187–8 hearts and minds campaign post-internment 239 142–5, 177 Shankill riots, 11 October 1969 honeymoon 156–7, 189, 209 123, 125 and Independent Organisation Belmont 256, 260 138, 145 Bishop, Patrick 167 military occupation 157, 250–1 Black, Gerald 76, 91 (Redcaps) 121–3 Blaney, Neil 48–9, 164, 254 and Nationalist Party 138 249 neutrality of 149

322 Index 323

British Army – continued disloyalty 297–9 Paras, the (1st Battalion British grievances 199–200 Parachute regiment) 247, and IRA 180 274, 283 middle class xii–xiii policing 134, 138–9, 156, 157, minority 9 293–4 mobilisation 10 policy 143–4, 275–8, 283, 287 organisations 79–80 Protestant reactions 140–2 opposition to IRA 246 Royal Anglians 216 and Provisional Republicans snatch-squads 151–2, 184 179–80 British government repression 297, 298 post-war xi and the RUC 297 and reform 199–201 and the state 236–52, 297–9 and RUC 295 Catholic conservatives 13–14, see also Callaghan, Jim; 212–17, 271, 297–8 Conservative Party; Heath, Catholic Ex-Servicemen’s Association Edward; Maudling, Reginald; (CESA) 243 Wilson, Harold Catholic moderates ‘British’ Unionism 86 activity xiii Brown, Revd John 68, 69 alienation from state 230–1, 252 Buckland, Patrick 200 and DCCC 183–91 Bunting, Major 30 and Hunt Report 126 Independent Organisation 183 Cahill, Joe 166, 173 and internment 236–8, 239–40 Callaghan, Jim 93, 114, 119, 120, and Nationalist Party 212, 214 124, 125, 126, 127, 138 and negotiation 271, 273 Callaghan, Thomas 246 and reform 199–201 Cameron commission 66 and Republicans 191–3 Campaign for Social Justice (CSJ) and rioting 183–6, 192 27, 50 Caughey, Seán 208 Campbell, Gregory 257 Chichester-Clark, James 46, 87, 119, Campbell, Peter 70–5, 87 127, 148, 220 Canavan, Michael xiii, 20, 43, 50, Chichester-Clark, Robin 85 88, 109, 115, 121, 180, 184, 185, child-rioting 111–13 (see also 186, 191, 224, 235, 239, 240, 262 school-children) Carlin, John 59n 130 Citizens for Justice in Ireland 50 Carlin, Roddy 204–5 City of Londonderry seat, election Carlin, Tom 117, 178, 179 campaign 70–5 Carter, C. F. 296 civil disobedience xiv Catholic Boy Scouts of Ireland civil rights 214, 216 campaign 1968–69 17, 53–4, 270, Catholic church 278, 290–2 clergy 52, 121, 124, 134, 137, 204, compared with black civil rights 212–14, 212 n54, 215–17, 241, 51–2 246, 280 and DCAC 19–30, 42–7 and Free Derry 121–2 first march 17–19 Catholic community and Free Derry 35–42 and British Army 12–13, 14, importance 11 134–40, 181, 187–9, 297 international attention 47–52 324 Index civil rights – continued Creggan Labour Party 43 and battle of the Bogside 109 marches 3, 17–19, 23, 25–7 army patrols 272 and Nationalist Party 40, 48–9 Concern for Creggan committee NICRA see NICRA 214–15, 216, 297–8 reforms 54 evacuation 270 and Republicans 35–42, 53–4 military occupation 250–1 and sectarianism 30–5 policing 271, 286 Unionist reaction 24–30, 53–4 tenants’ association 46 and Unionist collapse 62–4 crime 213–14 (see also vandalism) USA 23, 50–2 Cronin, Seán 61 n 205 see also DCAC cross-community initiatives, 51, 52, 166–7, 168, DCCC 190 173, 174 Crossroads speech (Terence ONeill) , Co. Derry 250 reaction to 29, 64–5 clientelism 79, 88, 221 CS gas 107, 184, 188, 224, 241 Communism/communists 18 n7, 66, Road 68, 256, 260 72, 172, 174, 213, 215, 216, Curran, Frank 169 223, 246 Cusack, Seámus 232–3 community groups 221 Community Relations Council 215 Dana 150 Concern for Creggan committee DCAC (Derry Citizens Action 214–15, 216, 297–8 Committee) Conflict anti-Unionism 21–2 academic analysis 3–4 campaign ended 45–6 causes 290–2, 296 and civil rights 19–30, 42–7 definition 2 marches 35–6, 44–5 escalation in 1971 13–14 and NICRA 20 ethnic 7–8 Protestant reactions 30–1 local 1–3 and reforms 28–9 local narratives 3–6 sit-down protests 21–4, 43–4 resolution 291 weakening of 42–3 Yugoslavia 8 DCCC (Derry Citizens Central Conlan, Vincent 52 Council) conservative Catholics see and British Army 187 Catholic-conservatives and Catholic moderates 183–91 Conservative Party (British) and and CS gas 241 Unionism 87, 88, 187, formation 13, 186 188, 275 Independent Organisation 186 Cooke, T. F. 75–6 and IRA offensive 204 Cooper, Ivan 20, 22, 32, 34, 36, 42, and Nationalist Party 186, 217 44, 45, 52, 62, 104, 125, 147, 148, policing 186–7, 192–3 178, 180, 188, 200, 223, 225, 238, and SDLP 223–5, 235 239, 240, 241, 243, 247 DCDA (Derry Citizens Defence Cosgrove, Dr Jim 88 Association) Cosgrove, Dr Joe 88, 258 and British Army 114–23, 137 court cases 143, 188–9 and civil rights 47 Coyle, Joseph 178, 179 dissolution 165 Craig, William 24, 25, 65, 70, 73, and Free Derry 12, 98, 99–104 148, 220 and Hunt Report 123 Index 325

DCDA – continued Development Commission see and Independent Organisation Londonderry Development 100–1, 117–18, 122 Commission and Irish Government 99, 102–3, Devenney, Sammy 45, 46, 47, 98, 104, 163–5, 201 99, 136, 153, 291 and IRA 103, 109–10 Devlin, Bernadette 143, 172, 183–4 and Nationalist Party 101 Dickinson, Revd Bertie 31, 220 peace corps 115, 119, 122 discrimination and Republicans 98, 99–104 localised 2–3 and Unionism 101–2 and ‘loyalty’ 296 Deeney, Liam 167 Doherty, Gerry ‘the bird’ 41, 117 Defence Committees 165, 170, 244 Doherty, Hugh 43 Derry (also Londonderry), city of Doherty, James 20, 101, 107, 185, Catholic majority xi–xii 188, 218 commerce 257–8 Doherty, James R. 215 founding xi Doherty, Paddy 20, 36, 102, 103, 108, population movements 259–61 110, 115, 121, 124, 143, 163, 262 Protestant alienation from 262–3 Donegal, Co. xii, 30, 39, 41, 48, 84, as Protestant city 256–7 107, 126, 145, 164, 165, 168, 169, social changes xii 170, 171, 177, 204–5, 210, 211, Unionist control xii 232, 258, 260 Derry Area Plan 27 Duddy, Brendan 273, 275, 277, Derry Citizens Action Committee see 278–81, 285–7 DCAC Duffy, Colm 216 Derry Citizens Central Council see Duffy, Sheila 178 DCCC DUP 253, 255 Derry Citizens Defence Association see DCDA Easter parades Derry City Council 90–1, 261–3 1969 40 Derry Corporation see Londonderry 1970 150–6 Corporaton 1971 207–8 Derry Housing Action Committee election, Stormont 1969 42–7, 70–5 (DHAC) xiv, 38, 41 Emergency Aid Centre, Derry 52 Derry Journal 4, 119–20, 124, 137, Emigrant Bulletin 112 139, 147, 148, 152, 180, 187, 189, Enagh Lough Unionist 190, 201, 203, 218, 271 Association 68 Derry radicals xiv–xv ethnic conflict 7–11 Derry Rural District Council 88 Evelegh, Robin 143 Derry Trades Council 91 Exclusion Derry Unemployment Action minority 8–10 Committee (DUAC) 41 political 54 Derry Unionist Association see Londonderry Unionist Farrell, Michael 169 Association Farren, Neil, Catholic Bishop of Derry Derry Unionist council 71 (see also 137, 216, 219 Unionism; Unionist Party) Faulkner, Brian 24, 65, 83, 115, Derry Young Unionists 81–2, 124 220, 230 (see also Unionism; Unionist Fianna Éireann 38, 39, 40, 155, 178, Party) 179, 207–8 Derry Youth Movement 182 Fianna Fáil 48, 49, 168, 169 326 Index firearms see arms hearts and minds campaign Fitt, Gerry 49, 51, 114 142–5, 177 Flags and Emblems Act 219 Heath, Edward 241 Flannery, Mike 52, 167, 168 Hegarty, Gordon 84 Ford, Major General 257, 269, 272, Hewitt, Christopher 2, 8 276, 277, 282–5, 288 Hillery, Paddy 188 Fort Essex 234 honeymoon of British army 156–7, Fountain 26, 30, 32, 70, 73, 77 n69, 189, 209 80, 82, 83, 83 n94, 104, 113, 135, Horowitz, Don 8, 10 136, 141–2, 147, 252, 261 n164, house-searches 251 261 n167, 301 n175 housing xiii–xvi, 81–3, 123, 221–2 franchise reform 24 (see also one (see also LDC) person, one vote; reforms; Hume, John xiii, 19, 20, 22, 28, 35, universal suffrage) 36, 42, 44, 45, 50, 89, 100, 101, Free Citizen 123 104, 115, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, Free Derry 147, 148, 150, 152, 180, 183, 184, barricades 118–22, 135, 141, 238–9 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 216, 219, and the British Army 12, 114–23, 223, 225, 235, 239, 240, 241, 242, 239–40, 271, 272 262, 278 and civil rights 35–42 Hunt Commission 119 and DCDA 12, 98–124 Hunt Report 122–4, 126, and IRA 243 139, 140 and Independent Organisation Hutchinson, Leonard 80, 190, 220 117, 120 and local policing 294–5 Independent Organisation as no-go area 66 and British Army 138, 145 and the Republicans 35–42, and DCCC 186 98–103, 109–10, 115, 117–19 and DCDA 100–1, 117, 122 and tenants associations 120–1 and Catholic moderates 183 Freeland, Lt Gen. Sir Ian 122, and court convictions 143 134, 156 establishment 42–3 Friends of Irish Freedom 174 and Free Derry 120 and Nationalist Party 217–20 Gaeltacht Civil Rights 50 and reform 124 Galway 50, 72 and rioting 150, 155 Gerrymander see ward boundaries and SDLP 42–3, 223–44 Gilgunn, Peter 278 and UDR 126 Gillespie, Neil 38, 121, 155, 171 INLA 175 Glen, the 141, 256, 260 inter-ethnic conflict 7–8 Glover, Gerald 65, 67, 69, 73, 77, 81, Internees Dependants Fund (IDF) 86, 90 238 287, internment 295, 300 anti-internment marches Goulding, Cathal 103, 165, 167, 246–7 168, 176, 210 and Catholic moderates 236–8, Grace, Paul 44 239–40, 271 Guy, Jim 86 events preceding 231–6 introduction 235–6, 275 Hamill, Des 239–40, 272 numbers interned 248, 283 Haughey, Charles 164, 169 and SDLP 237–8 Index 327

IRA 119, 123, 140, 143, 163, 164, auxiliary groups 37 165–6, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, and Battle of Bogside 109–10 172, 173, 180, 184, 185, 201, 205, bombings 46, 205–6 207, 208, 236, 238, 245 and DCCC 204 Keenan, Seán junior 149 and DCDA 102–3, 110 Keith, Michael 2 and Free Derry 243–5 Kelly, Capt. James 163–4, 165, in Derry 37–40, 41, 103, 246, 262–3 166, 169 killing of RUC members 246 Kelly, John 166 and loyalty 298–9 Kelly, Liam 167 as mainstream element 248–50 Kennedy, Ted 51 military campaign 13, 162–3, King, William 136, 141, 219, 252 175–7 offensive 200–7, 225–6 Labour government (British) xii Official IRA see Official IRA Labour Party (Derry) 153, 182 Provisional IRA see Provisional IRA and civil rights 43 recruiting rally 234–5 and local democracy 91 sectarian attacks 254 and Official Republicans 209–12 see also Republicanism; Saor Éire; Lafferty, Eamonn 238, 245 Saor Uladh Lagan, Frank 181, 185, 273–88 Irish Action Committee (IAC) law and order 292–6 (see also public 167, 172 order) Irish army 108–9, 113–14 left-wing Republicanism 37–9, 54 Irish Department of Defence 164 Leng, Brigadier Peter 123, Irish government 138, 146 and DCDA 99, 102, 103–4, 163, Linfield football team 40 164, 201 Lisnagelvin tenants’ association and Republican revival 163–6, 168 80–1, 83–4 (see also Irish Street; Irish Labour party 48 tenants’ associations) Irish Northern Aid Committee see local defence groups 12 Noraid local government 1–3, 90–2 Irish Republican Action local narrative and theories 6 Committee 174 local newspapers 4–5 Irish Republican movement see Logue, Hugh 237, 239 Republican movement Londonderry see Derry Irish Republican Socialist Party 175 Londonderry Corporation xiv, 21, Irish Street 35, 70, 74, 80, 83, 221 28, 63, 89 (see also Lisnagelvin tenants’ Londonderry Development association) Commission (LDC) 79, 81–4, 88–92, 215 Jackson, Colonel Roy 277 Londonderry Parliamentary jail sentences see court cases Association 87 Society 202 Londonderry Security Joint Security Committee (JSC) Committe 277 187, 190 Londonderry Sentinel 4, 31, 47, 68, 69–70, 76, 82–3, 89, 90–1, 220, Keenan, Roisín 208 233, 240 Keenan, Séamus 169 Londonderry Unionist Association Keenan, Seán 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 101, 74, 78, 81, 148, 259 102–3, 105, 109, 110, 116, 117, Housing Committee 82–4 328 Index

Londonderry Young Unionist McCullagh, Superintendent Patrick Housing Action Committee 273, 274, 282 (YUHAC) 81 McDaid, Liam 117, 171 Loyal Orders 69, 73, 77–8, 85, 86 McDermott, Dr Donal 108 (see also Apprentice Boys of McDonnell, Tommy 218 Derry; ) McGavigan, Annette 240 loyalists McGonagle, Stephen 237 Loyalist Association of Workers McGuinness, Martin 140, 209, 245 (LAW) 253 McGurran, Malachy 174 n90, paramilitary action 222, 279–80 253–63, 295 McLaughlin, Mitchel 59 n128 sectarian attacks 254 media 74 ultra-loyalism 34 Melaugh, Eamon 147, 148, 151, loyalty 296–300 185, 186 Lynch, Jack 23, 24, 48, 108, 164, Mellon, Tom 117 168, 169 MI5 281, 286 Lynch, Walter 234 MI6 281, 286 micro-theories 6–7 MacGiolla, Tomás 150, 175 Middle Liberties Unionists 68 MacGowan, John 173 Millman, Lt Col. 116, 145 MacLellan, Brigadier Pat 276, 277, Molyneaux, James 257 281, 283–5. Montgomery, David 278 Macrory report 90 Montgomery, Mickey 110, 211, 236 MacStiofáin, Seán 37, 163, 169, Moore, R. M. H. 222 207, 209 Morton, Brian 216 262 Mulvey, Father Anthony 106, Makowski, Bridget 166, 167, 210 151, 274 Mallie, Eamon 167 marches in Derry, ban 25–7, 31, 190, National Association for Irish Justice 191, 235 (NAIJ) 167 Maudling, Reginald 200, 252 Nationalist Party 143, 217–20 Maultsaid, John 215, 216, 237 and British Army 138 McAteer, Eddie 40, 42, 48, 101, 104, and Catholic moderates 212, 214 124, 150, 152, 180, 190, 217, 218, and civil rights 19, 40, 48–9 219, 225, 248 and DCCC 186, 217–18 McAteer, Hugh 180 and DCDA 101 McCabe, Jack 166 housing policy 25 McCabe, Dr. Thomas 274 and Independent Organisation McCafferty, Nell 232 217–20 McCann, Eamonn 20, 101, 120, 135, March 1952 xiv–xv 148, 153, 175, 176, 179, 182, 185, and Provisional Republicanism 201, 210, 211, 225, 232, 248, 171–2, 218, 219 258, 269 near-curfew 136 McCarthy, Jack 173 negotiation McCartney, Albert 221 August 1971 agreement 272 McClean, Dr Raymond 43, 105, 106, and British government 112, 237 policy 275 McCluskey, Dr Conn 27 and conflict 269–70, 285 McCool, Tommy 171, 178–80 and IRA ceasefires 287 Index 329

Nelson, Sarah 253–4 and socialism 174–5 New Ulster Movement 87 (see also and USA 174 Alliance party) O’Hagan, Daniel 202–3, 245 New York Times 199 O’Hara, Seán Séamus 59n 129 newsletters, Battle of Bogside 108 O’Hare, Eugene 218 newspapers, local 4–5 one person, one vote 24, 27, 28, NICRA 29, 43, 46, 67, 68, 291–2 anti-internment 246–7 see also reforms; universal suffrage and Bloody Sunday 278, 284 O’Neill, Terence 9, 11, 23, 24, 28, and civil rights xv, 18 29, 35, 42, 43, 46, 48, 64, 65, 67, and DCAC 20–1 68, 71, 72, 78, 86 demonstrations 46 O’Neill, Tip 51 in Derry 41 O’Neillites 67–8, 71–2, 74–5, 87–8 and law and order 292 Operation Forecast 284, 287 and NAIJ 167 249–51 Noraid 173–4 Orange Order 9, 10, 34 (see also North Ward Unionist Association Loyal Orders) 221, 233 Ó Scannlain, Moira 50 Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association see NICRA Paisley, Ian 30, 76, 84–6, 148 Northern Ireland Housing Trust Paisleyism 84–6 xiii, 259 Paisleyites 30, 32 Northern Ireland Joint Security Partition Committee see Joint Security and Derry xii Committee of Ireland 9, 25, 48, 49 Northern Ireland Labour Party xiv Patterson, Henry 39 (see also Labour party (Derry)) Peace, meeting 185–6 peace ring 136–7, 139, 143 Oatley, Michael 286 People’s Democracy 23, 29–30, 35–6, Ó Brádaigh, Ruairí 171, 279 46, 148 O’Connell, Dave 171, 173, 279 policing O’Connell, Willie 100 British army 134–5, 138–9, 156, Ó Dochartaigh, Fionnbarra (Finbar 157, 293–4 Doherty) 59n 120 as civil rights issue 292–3 O’Doherty, Shane 204 DCCC 185, 186–7, 192 O’Donnell, Phil 168 Free Derry 186–7 Official IRA 172, 175–7 local forms 293–5 and armed action 170 and paramilitary campaigns 295 and Bloody Sunday 279–80 RUC 292–3 and the Catholic community 180 and state authority 294–5 Easter parade 1971 207–8 vigilante groups 37, 53, offensive 209–12 294–5 and Provisional IRA 244–5 political exclusion of Catholics 54 see also IRA; Provisional IRA popular nationalism 151 Official Republicans population movements caused by Easter parade, 1970 150 violence 141 expansion 170 Parliament 68 and Labour Party 209–12 Porter, Robert 107 and rioting 153–5 proportional representation xii 330 Index prosecutions see court cases post-Free Derry 123 Protestant community RUC 12, 124–5 and British Army 140–2 repression 9–10, 199–201, 230,298 in Derry 252–63 Republic of Ireland and civil rights marginalisation 142 movements 48–50 (see also Irish mobilisation 30–1 government) organisations 79–80 Republican movement reaction to DCAC marches 30–2 and Catholic moderates 191–3 Protestant Unionist Association 85–6 and civil rights 35–42, 53 Protestant working class Clubs 171, 202, 210, 211 and paramilitary action 256 and day-time riots 146–7 and Unionism 62–4 and DCDA 98, 99–104 Provisional IRA and Fianna Fáil 168, 169 ceasefire 287 and Free Derry 35–42 Derry Provisional IRA 171–3, groups 177–86 177–80, 192 (see also IRA) left-wing 38–9, 54 Easter parade, 1970 178 revival 162–71 emergence 63, 169–74 and riots 149–50, 201–2, 206–7 military action 176–7 split 13, 147, 150, 165–6, 170–1, and negotiation 281, 286 172,210 offensive 232 split in USA 167 and Official IRA 244–5 vigilantes 36–7, 53 and rioting 184–5 Young Republican Association 38 training 168 youth of members 245 youth 178–9 172 see also IRA; Official IRA RIC 299 Provisional Republicans right-wing Unionism 65–6, 77–8, 169–70 148, 291 and Catholic community rioting 179–80 and Catholic moderates and Fianna Fáil 168–9 183–6, 192 and Nationalist Party 172, and Catholic youths 152–5 218, 219 and the courts 180–3, 188–9 politics 207–9 and Independent Organisation and rioting 154–6, 184–5, 271 150, 155 and USA 52, 172–4 and the IRA 153–6, 185 Provisional Sinn Féin 249 political factors 47, 212–14 Provisional Women’s Action and Republicans 149, 201–2, Committee see Women’s Action 206–7 Committee and SDLP 13 public order 180–3 (see also law and robberies 177 order) Rooney, Father 214, 215, 241, 243 Public Order bill 43–4, 292 Rosemount 116, 168, 271 RUC racism 254–5 and Bogside 35–7, 45, 105–14, 270 reforms and civil rights march 290–1 and conflict 275, 291–2 control, restoration of 106–7 Hunt Report 123–7 hostility to 43, 46–7, 53 internal 99 intelligence 236 Index 331

RUC – continued Special Powers Act 22, 27, 29, 46, members, population movement 146, 292 (see also Public 259–60 Order bill) neutrality 110–11 stability, movements for 212–17 policing role 292–3 state powers 292 authority and policing 294–5, 296 Protestant sympathy with instability 295 66–7, 291 Northern Ireland 299–300 and reform 13, 124–5, 273, 275, Steele, Frank 285–6 286, 293 Steele, Major Michael 283 and Scarman Tribunal 111, 119 stewarding 21, 102, 104, 105 Special Branch 274, 279 Streather, Lt Col. 145 support for 190, 291 Sullivan, Jim 165 Ryder, Chris 154, 157 Sunday Times ‘Insight’ Team 5

Saor Éire 177 Taylor, John 78 Saor Uladh 167 Taylor, Peter 281 Saville, Lord 269 tenants’ associations Scarman Tribunal 107, 108, 111, 119 and Alliance Party 88 schoolchildren 242 Catholic 84 SDLP Central Council of Tenants’ and Alliance Party 88 Associations (CCTA) 121 and DCCC 223–5, 269 Creggan xiii, 241, 242 formation 217 and Free Derry 120–1 and Independent Organisation Lisnagelvin 80–1, 83–4 42–3, 223 and loyalist paramilitary and internment 237–8 groups 222 and parliamentary committees and NIHT xiii, xiv 230, 235 Tester, Reginald 211 and rioting 13 Thompson, Kathleen 242, 244 and social order 212, 214 Todd, Jennifer 76, 86 Sean Óglaigh na hÉireann (IRA, Townshend, Charles 296 1920s) 173 Tuzo, Sir Harry 239, 272, 276 sectarianism xi, 30–5, 141–2, Tyndall, Revd Charles 31 184, 254 Sinclair, Snoo 190 UDA 2, 254, 255, 256 Sinn Féin 167, 208 UDR 125–6, 222 sit-down protests Ulster Defence Association see UDA 139–40 Ulster Defence Regiment see UDR DCAC 21–3, 44–5 Ulster Protestant Volunteers Smith, Howard 272, 285–6 (UPV) 84–5 Smyth, Clifford 220 Ulster Special Constabulary see Smyth, William 215 B-Specials social activism 79–84 (UVF) 46 social class and Unionism 75–9 Ulster Workers Council strike 222 Social Democratic Labour Party see Unionism SDLP anti-Unionism xiv–xv, 22, 200 sovereign states and identity and civil rights 24–30, 53, 62–5 299–300 and conservative Catholics 213 332 Index

Unionism – continued and Provisional Republicans 52, and Conservative Party 87, 88, 172–4 187, 188 and Republican revival 166–8 and DCDA 101 and LDC 88–92 vandalism 214–15, 216 and organisation 69 Vanguard 253, 255 right-wing 65–6, 77–8, 148 vigilante groups 36–7, 53, 295 and social class 70, 75–9 Voice of the North 148, 165, 168–9 without power 92 see also Unionist Party; Wallace, Alfred 73 Londonderry Unionist Wallace, Colin 117 Association Wallace, James 80 Unionist Central Council, ward boundaries, adjustments xii, xiv Belfast 71 Waterside 18, 31, 67, 72, 80, Unionist Party 87 n119, 109, 144, 145, 168, 190 Associations, local 66–8, Waterside Young Unionists 136, 69–70 155, 241 ‘British’ Unionism 86, 220–3 welfare state xii candidate, February 1969 70–1 West, Harry 73, 220 civil rights campaign 24–30, 53 West Ulster Unionist Council collapse 62–4 (WUUC) 220 and DCAC 23, 24–30 Western Civil Rights Movement 50 and discrimination 296–7 Westphalian system 299 divisions 220–1 White, Barry 235, 252 and minority exclusion 8–10 White, Johnnie 40, 41, 176 and Protestant working class Whyte, John 3 62–4 Widgery Report 209, 269, 276 (see and reform 11 also Bloody Sunday) and repression 298 Wilson, Harold 23, 24, 25, 48 revival 73 Wilton, Claude xiii, 20, 22, 42, split 64–70 74–5, 223 Young Unionists 73, 81–2, 124 Women’s Action Committee (WAC) see also Londonderry Unionist 208–9, 244 Association Women’s Business and Professional issue 53 Club 65 United Irishman, The 38, 146–7 Wylie, Revd of Coleraine 85 United Loyalist Group 261 universal suffrage 292 (see also one Young, Sir Arthur 123, 124, 143 person, one vote) Young Hooligans Association 153 University for Derry campaign xii, Young Republican Association xiv, 19, 21, 22, 75 38, 39 USA Young Socialists 209 (see also Labour and civil rights 23, 50–3 party (Derry)) financial assistance 52 Young Unionists 73, 81–2, 124 and Official Republicans 174 Yugoslavia, conflict 8