Design Integration SPRING 2015: EXCHANGE IS DESIGNED to BE a FORUM for ALL THOSE INVOLVED in MAINTAINING SECURE TRANSACTIONS WORLDWIDE

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Design Integration SPRING 2015: EXCHANGE IS DESIGNED to BE a FORUM for ALL THOSE INVOLVED in MAINTAINING SECURE TRANSACTIONS WORLDWIDE THE GLOBAL MAGAZINE OF DE LA RUE Exchange Design integration SPRING 2015 POLYMER BANKNOTES ON THE RISE CRYPTO CURRENCIES RAISING GOVERNMENT REVENUES SPRING 2015: EXCHANGE IS DESIGNED TO BE A FORUM FOR ALL THOSE INVOLVED IN MAINTAINING SECURE TRANSACTIONS WORLDWIDE. WE WELCOME CONTRIBUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR THE FUTURE. PLEASE SEND THEM TO: [email protected] ON THE FRONT COVER: THE IMAGE SHOWS A CLOSE-UP INTAGLIO PRINT BUTTERFLY AND KINGFISHER HOLOGRAM FEATURED ON THE LATEST DE LA RUE HOUSENOTE. THE GLOBAL MAGAZINE OF DE LA RUE Exchange Foreword The publication of the latest edition of our customer magazine, Exchange, provides the ideal opportunity for me to introduce myself to you as the new Chief Executive of De La Rue. I am proud to join a company which is a leader in its markets and with such a long history of innovation. I intend to work hard with my management team to continue that legacy, delivering high-quality security products and services which our customers value and can rely upon. Long-standing and strong customer relationships are one of De La Rue’s great strengths and I very much look forward to meeting more of our customers over the coming months and years. I hope you find Exchange both interesting and informative. As always, we value your comments on the magazine so please send them to: [email protected] Martin Sutherland Chief Executive Officer 2 4 7 8 CENTRAL BANK EDUCATION POLYMER NOTES POINT THE WAY FORWARD HOW TO CONTROL THE FUTURE MEETING THE TRAINING NEEDS THE WORLD WATCHES AS THE UK PREPARES BANKNOTE QUALITY OF PASSPORTS OF CURRENCY TEAMS FOR PLASTIC BANKNOTES SECURING QUALITY WILL THE WAY WE DURING MANUFACTURE IDENTIFY OURSELVES CHANGE? 10 12 15 INTEGRATED BANKNOTE SERVICE CRYPTO CURRENCIES SEEING IS BELIEVING HOW DE LA RUE’S ONE-STOP SHOP INTERVIEW WITH BANK OF ENGLAND ON NEW PRODUCTS KEEP DE LA RUE AT FOREFRONT BENEFITS CUSTOMERS VIRTUAL CURRENCIES OF BANKNOTE SECURITY THINKING 16 18 20 22 NO LIMITS DELIVERING REVENUE THE BATON BOOK WORLD VIEW DESIGN EXCELLENCE: PROTECTION SOLUTIONS CAPTURING THE NEWS AND EVENTS GOING TO EXTRAORDINARY LENGTHS TAX STAMP SCHEMES BOOST FUNDS HOPES AND DREAMS FROM AROUND FOR CUSTOMERS AND HELP FIGHT ILLICIT TRADE OF YOUNG PEOPLE THE GLOBE EXCHANGE SPRING 2015 DE LA RUE 1 CENTRAL BANKS EDUCATING CURRENCY TEAMS Currency: approaches to staff development EXCHANGE SPRING 2015 DE LA RUE 2 Exchange talked to consultant and central bank trainer Charles Spencer to find out why training for currency teams is so important – and how best to meet their specific needs. In the context of central bank functions, Training away from the office currency issuance is the odd man out. Several organisations run training courses Why? Because it is a predominantly technical for currency managers from central banks and operational business. And perhaps more worldwide. Our own De La Rue Advanced crucially, unlike monetary policy, financial Banknote Manager intensive two-week stability and (for some) banking supervision, course looks in detail at the issues and it is very visible and tangible for the public. policy decisions the managers face and has Since public confidence in currency is attracted over 140 attendees since it began so influenced by the acceptance of its in 2003. Content includes introducing a new banknotes, those working in issuing or series, counterfeiting, durability, selecting currency departments should have the security features, the cash cycle and currency broadest possible training and development. policy. There is discussion on the major With a wider knowledge of banknotes and issues facing the industry and exchange how currency functions, specialists in currency of experiences and solutions. It also offers will understand the bigger picture of how their practical sessions and tours of banknote work fits in, learn how to collaborate and with production sites: design, components, whom, be able to interact more effectively with substrate manufacture and print. suppliers and partners and be better prepared “This course is probably the most for internal career moves. As a director at the Bank of Canada’s currency comprehensive in the field,” says Charles. “For me the missing ingredient is usually department, Charles Spencer was closely “As it’s limited to one representative per involved in two new banknote series and led breadth of knowledge,” says Charles Spencer. major new staff programmes. He set up his country, they learn a great deal from each “I believe a broad exposure to all aspects of own consulting firm www.spencerstrategy.com other and the quality of discussion is very banknotes, from policy to operations, from in 2012, providing independent banknote good. The mixture of theoretical and practical design to destruction, is an asset to anyone advice to central banks. He is also the external exercises makes it very effective.” working at any level in a central bank’s issue facilitator at De La Rue’s Advanced Banknote Central Banking offers a one-week or currency department.” Manager course for central bankers. overview course, but others tend to be more specialist. Those run by De Nederlandsche The challenges Internal focus Bank and the European Central Bank are So why doesn’t this kind of exposure always What is a rounded education for currency more policy oriented, and typically senior happen? Perhaps because currency teams people? Beginning in-house, it’s important currency people are invited. Banco de España are often compartmentalised. Those in to make knowledge sharing integral to provides courses in Spanish and produces a technical and operational functions – typically the corporate culture. “This may require bilingual Spanish-English publication Billetaria optical specialists, physicists or engineers and incentives,” says Charles, “such as making it for currency professionals. By contrast vault and processing teams – often have little a part of performance evaluation.” A handful of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s contact with policy people. central banks, including the Bank of England, Management and Operations Seminars There is also the comfort zone factor and and some Scandinavian and central European cover all central banking operations including the reality that day-to-day work, particularly banks, also make staff rotation a priority to currency. in specialist fields, often feels all consuming. promote career development. Other good trade publications include Finally, training for other central bank functions A comprehensive example of internal Currency News, the more broadly focused that focus primarily on economics isn’t a training is the Bank of Canada’s Banknotes Authentication News, both published by preparation for currency work. So separate A to Z programme, offering 21 self-paced Currency Research, and InfoSecura published provision must be made. modules, delivered by internal and external by Intergraf. “I think existing middle management and presenters, to a wide range of staff including new senior people in currency should be the internal partners such as HR and Finance – Networking opportunities priority,” says Charles. “Those who need usually completed over two to three years. Active participation and presentations at a broader outlook and those who are starting Other central banks encourage teams to conferences are excellent ways to expose in a decision-making role. They might be present their work to the whole currency currency staff to others in the field and to policy analysts, economists, managers of department from time to time. keep them abreast of recent developments. policy or operational teams (including cash The three most prominent are each run processing, mutilated banknote handling, Look outside the bank once every two years: the Currency business support planning and infrastructure), External opportunities are many and varied. Conference (which moves around the world), or scientists dealing with banknote A simple idea is to seek invitations from the Banknote Conference in Washington, components who need to get out of the lab. suppliers to visit their operations. After all, and Intergraf (always in Europe) – with its “But training throughout the organisation it’s in their interest to have knowledgeable security printing focus. can pay off. For example, machine operators customers, who will understand better in a Bank of Canada processing centre had the design and production challenges Conclusion been coached on the importance of reporting suppliers face. Staff development challenges are not unique new developments in counterfeits. It meant Such insights can be enlightening for to currency departments. But, knowing they were later the first to spot and report the visitor. One of Charles’ former staff, how critical quality banknotes are to the a new type of counterfeit – which gave the an experienced research engineer on a visit objectives and reputation of central banks, Bank very early warning of a new threat.” to a De La Rue print works, saw for the it is worth addressing the particular needs first time an OptiNota H machine that puts of these expert teams with the management holograms on banknotes. “Of course I knew commitment, creativity and investment in principle how security devices were applied they deserve. to banknotes,” says Claire Marchand, “but the site visit gave me an invaluable opportunity to see the technology at work in real life.” EXCHANGE SPRING 2015 DE LA RUE 3 CURRENCY POLYMER BANKNOTES EXCHANGE SPRING 2015 DE LA RUE 4 The Bank of England’s high-profile decision to introduce a polymer £5 in 2016 and £10 in 2017 has arguably put polymer banknotes firmly on the agenda for many central banks across the world. Exchange looks at the reasons why central banks, including the Bank of England, are taking the decision to move to polymer and the implications that polymer banknotes have for the cash processing industry. Polymer notes point the way forward Prior to its announcement the Bank of Security Durability England carried out a three-year study into One of the strengths of polymer banknotes Increased banknote longevity was another banknote substrates as well as holding a is that they enable central banks to stay key factor in the Bank of England’s decision.
Recommended publications
  • Polymer Banknotes
    Polymer banknotes Environmental impact of paper and polymer banknotes The Bank of England is responsible for maintaining confidence in the currency, by meeting demand with good quality, genuine banknotes that the public can use with confidence. To support this objective, for the past three years the Bank has been conducting a research project assessing the substrates (materials) that banknotes are printed on with a view to further enhancing counterfeit resilience and increasing the quality of banknotes in circulation. In particular, the Bank has been reviewing the relative merits of printing banknotes on polymer compared with cotton paper. Environmental Study As part of this research, we commissioned an independent study from PE International to assess the environmental impact of the Bank’s current paper banknotes and polymer banknotes. The study followed a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which looked at all the stages that a banknote encounters through its life: from first production of raw materials, manufacturing of the banknote materials, printing, distribution into circulation, recirculation (dispensing by ATMs, sorting at regional cash centres) and final return to the Bank of England for destruction and treatment of the waste. The study considered the impact of each stage of the banknote life cycle on 7 environmental indicators, including global warming potential, water and energy usage, ozone creation and environmental toxicity. Polymer showed benefits over cotton paper for all the main phases of the life cycle. For the majority (six from seven) of the indicators covered by the study it has been shown that polymer banknotes have a lower environmental impact than paper banknotes.
    [Show full text]
  • NOTE PRINTING AUSTRALIA Now Has Backup on All Key Production Processes As Well As Extra Production Capacity
    PAGE: 54 RESERVE BANK OF AUSTRALIA NOTE PRINTING AUSTRALIA now has backup on all key production processes as well as extra production capacity. Note Note Printing Australia Limited (NPA) is a wholly processing at the new National Note Processing owned subsidiary of the RBA. Based at Craigieburn Centre (NNPC), established within NPA’s in Victoria, NPA prints currency notes for Australia Craigieburn printing works, commenced in June and a number of other countries on Guardian® 2001 (see the chapter on “Business Services”). polymer substrate. It was the pioneer of polymer The development of polymer notes in Australia banknote technology and remains the world’s has now reached a point where our experience leading printer in this field. shows that their life is approximately five times NPA’s Board comprises chairman Graeme that of paper. This longevity is generating Thompson (formerly a Deputy Governor of the substantially lower costs for both new note RBA and now Chief Executive Officer of the manufacture and processing costs. (Note Australian Prudential Regulation Authority), processing costs have fallen significantly because Dick Warburton (a non-executive member of the polymer notes do not have to be returned for Reserve Bank Board), Les Austin (formerly an checking as often as their paper predecessors.) The Assistant Governor of the RBA) and consequence for NPA is further reduction in Mark Bethwaite (Chief Executive of Australian prospective demand for Australian notes. This was Business Ltd). This Board oversees NPA’s recognised last year in a new enterprise bargaining operations under broad policy direction from the agreement with staff that allowed for greater Reserve Bank Board.
    [Show full text]
  • Bank of England Notes: the Switch to Polymer 23
    Topical articles Bank of England notes: the switch to polymer 23 Bank of England notes: the switch to polymer By Ronan McClintock and Roy Whymark of the Bank’s Notes Directorate. (1) • The Bank of England is responsible for maintaining confidence in banknotes. • In meeting its banknote issuance responsibilities, the Bank aims to fully exploit innovation. The next £5, £10 and £20 banknotes will be printed on a polymer material. • The switch to polymer will deliver banknotes that are more secure and better quality, and will support confidence in banknotes in the years ahead. Overview The issuance of banknotes is probably the Bank of England’s durable, meaning they will last at least two and a half times most recognisable function. Having first issued banknotes longer than cotton-paper banknotes. And third, the new shortly after it was founded in 1694, the Bank is one of the banknotes will be cleaner, and the public will enjoy the longest-standing issuers of physical money in the world. benefit of better-quality banknotes in their pockets. The Bank of England’s note issuance objectives are to: The new polymer £5 banknote, featuring (i) meet demand for banknotes in the quantities and Sir Winston Churchill, will be unveiled on 2 June, and will denominations required by the public; and (ii) maintain enter circulation in September 2016. Around a year later, confidence in banknotes. The key to maintaining confidence the Bank will launch a new £10 banknote featuring is the distribution of banknotes that are difficult to Jane Austen. A new £20 banknote, featuring a character counterfeit and easy to authenticate.
    [Show full text]
  • Polymer Banknotes Q&A Library
    Polymer banknotes Q&A library This Q&A library pulls together a range of information relevant to the introduction of new polymer £5 and £10 notes by the Bank of England. It is primarily intended to provide a useful source of reference for businesses to help prepare for the introduction of the new notes. The library will be updated periodically. Contents What changes are planned for Bank of England banknotes? ................................................................. 2 Why are banknotes changing? ................................................................................................................ 3 When will the new banknotes be issued and the old ones withdrawn? ................................................ 4 Collaborative planning and preparation ................................................................................................. 5 Adapting cash handing machines ........................................................................................................... 6 Recognising and authenticating the new notes ...................................................................................... 7 Properties of polymer banknotes ........................................................................................................... 8 £1 coin and Scottish and Northern Ireland banknotes ........................................................................... 9 Further information .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Intergraf International Security Printers Conference Copenhagen 22 to 24 April 2015
    INFOSECURA A magazine for the security printing industry worldwide, published four times a year by Intergraf in Brussels and mailed to named members of the security printing community, such as security printers, their suppliers, banknote issuing, government and postal authorities as well as police forces in more than 150 countries. Intergraf International Security Printers Conference Copenhagen 22 to 24 April 2015 In this issue: A look at security features on banknotes Poland’s first polymer banknote Designing Norway’s new banknotes Banknotes: Under- or over-featured? Motion’s Rapid move An even livelier Spark and ...security features from G&D and DLR INTERGRAF November 2014- 18th year - Number 62 INFOSECURA EDITORIAL Unforgeable, verifiable and economical? The subject of this issue of Infosecura is the everyday use of currency and thus the banknotes, or more precisely, security fea- national economy, will not be affected. Mo- tures on banknotes. In the last decades, rocco thus gave Landqart’s Durasafe a start. banknotes have become very sophisticated Now Poland, as the second among Europe- and every time a central bank decides to an nations, is testing the water with the 20 issue a new series, not only will the design Złoty banknote printed on Innovia’s Guard- be on an artistically higher level, the security ian. (Rumania was the first European country features will be more advanced, much more to go totally “Polymer”.) difficult to counterfeit and probably more Alternative substrates aside, the idea be- expensive as well. hind the impromptu investigation into the se- Security features are developed by se- curity features used by a handful of different curity printers and banknote paper makers countries was to demonstrate that traditional on the one hand - we are bringing examples security features still hold a large and impor- from De La Rue and Giesecke & Devrient tant place on the world’s currencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Bank of England Decision on the Future Composition of Polymer Banknotes
    Press Office Threadneedle Street London EC2R 8AH T 020 7601 4411 F 020 7601 5460 [email protected] www.bankofengland.co.uk 10 August 2017 Bank of England decision on the future composition of polymer banknotes The Bank is today, Thursday 10 August, announcing that after careful and serious consideration and extensive public consultation there will be no change to the composition of polymer used for future banknotes. The new polymer £20 note and future print runs of £5 and £10 notes will continue to be made from polymer manufactured using trace amounts of chemicals, typically less than 0.05%, ultimately derived from animal products. This decision reflects multiple considerations including the concerns raised by the public, the availability of environmentally sustainable alternatives, positions of our Central Bank peers, value for money, as well as the widespread use of animal-derived additives in everyday products, including alternative payment methods. In reaching its decision, the Bank has also taken account of its obligations under the Equality Act 2010. The only currently viable alternative for polymer banknotes is to use chemicals ultimately derived from palm oil. In order to seek the public’s views on both these options, the Bank ran a full public consultation which set out a range of relevant information. The Bank has also conducted outreach meetings with representatives of potentially impacted groups, commissioned technical trials, held commercial discussions and commissioned independent environmental research. 3,554 people responded to our consultation. Of those who expressed a preference, 88% were against the use of animal-derived additives and 48% were against the use of palm oil-derived additives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future Composition of Polymer Banknotes — Decision Document
    August 2017 The future composition of polymer banknotes — decision document Contents 1 Executive summary 5 2 Background 7 3 Technical requirements for polymer manufactured using palm oil-derived additives 9 4 Public consultation 10 5 Sustainability 13 6 Equality considerations 14 7 Costs and commercial implications 16 Box 1 Letter from HM Treasury 17 8 Usage of animal-derived additives in polymer banknotes 18 9 Conclusions 19 Annex Key issues identified in outreach meetings 21 The future composition of polymer banknotes — decision document August 2017 5 1 Executive summary On 10 August 2017, the Bank announced that, following full public consultation, outreach with stakeholders, technical analysis and after careful consideration of viable options, there will be no change to the composition of polymer used for future banknotes. The new polymer £20 banknote, to be issued in 2020, and future print runs of £5 and £10 banknotes will continue to be made from polymer which contains a trace amount, typically less than 0.05%, of additives derived from animal products. This was a difficult decision. It drew on the wide range of evidence gathered and assessed by the Bank over the past few months. This has included a full public consultation, outreach meetings (1) with representatives of potentially impacted groups, technical trials, commercial discussions and independent environmental research. In reaching its decision, the Bank has also taken careful account of its obligations under the Equality Act 2010 (EA 2010). This document summarises the results of the public consultation and the various factors the Bank has had to balance throughout its consideration to reach a decision.
    [Show full text]
  • RBA Annual Report
    50 RESERVE BANK OF AUSTRALIA NOTE PRINTING AUSTRALIA AND SECURENCY NOTE PRINTING AUSTRALIA the RBA and now Chief Executive Officer of the Note Printing Australia Limited (NPA), based at Australian Prudential Regulation Authority), Richard Craigieburn in Victoria, is a wholly owned subsidiary Warburton (a non-executive member of the Reserve of the RBA that produces currency notes and other Bank Board), Les Austin (formerly an Assistant security documents for Australia and for export. It Governor of the RBA) and Mark Bethwaite (Chief has been the world pioneer in employing polymer Executive of Australian Business Ltd). John Leckenby in the manufacture of currency notes and now prints has been NPA’s chief executive since 1998. predominantly on Guardian® polymer substrate A major activity for NPA in the past year was manufactured by Securency Pty Ltd (see below). fulfiling an important export contract for notes for The Board of NPA, operating under a broad charter the Bank of Mexico due for issue in late 2002.This from the Reserve Bank Board, comprises chairman involved both design and production of the 20 peso Graeme Thompson (a former Deputy Governor of note.The Bank of Mexico started manufacture of the NPA Polymer Notes Export Orders Year of first issue Customer Denomination Issue 1990 Singapore 50 Dollar Commemorative 1991 Western Samoa 2 Tala Circulating 1991 Papua New Guinea 2 Kina Special Issue Circulating 1993 Kuwait 1 Dinar Commemorative 1994 Indonesia 50 000 Rupiah Special Issue Circulating 1995 Papua New Guinea 2 Kina Special Issue
    [Show full text]
  • Currency Security and Forensics: a Survey
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by AUT Scholarly Commons Currency Security and Forensics: A Survey J. Chambers, W. Yan, A. Garhwal, M. Kankanhalli, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract—By its definition, the word ‘currency’ refers to an agreed medium for exchange, a nation’s currency is the formal medium enforced by the elected governing entity. Throughout history, issuers have faced one common threat: counterfeiting. Despite technological advancements, overcoming counterfeit production remains a distant future. Scientific determination of authenticity requires a deep understanding of the raw materials and manufacturing processes involved. This survey serves as a synthesis of the current literature to understand the technology and the mechanics involved in currency manufacture and security, whilst identifying gaps in the current literature. Ultimately, a robust currency is desired. Keywords—currency forensics, currency security, banknote recognition, substrate analysis, ink analysis, counterfeit currency I. INTRODUCTION Throughout recorded history, as our society has evolved, we have relied on the ability to exchange goods and services with one another. The earliest known medium of exchange was the barter system, although this system still exists, ‘bartering’ has largely been superseded by formal mediums such as coins, banknotes, and more recently, electronic currency. Traditionally, formal mediums of exchange, or ‘currency’ represents an agreed medium both enforced and controlled by the state, today consisting of uniform items holding value. The value held in currency exists purely by the faith entrusted in authenticity, a common challenge currency issuers have faced is securing the design against counterfeits. In many nations, government owned central banks officially known as “reserve banks” manage the nation’s entire monetary policy.
    [Show full text]
  • BOCHK's Banknote Exhibition
    31 Oct 2012 “BOCHK’s Banknote Exhibition” organised by Bank of China (Hong Kong) is open to public Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited (“BOCHK”) is pleased to present “BOCHK’s Banknote Exhibition” starting from 1 November, in celebration of the centenary of its parent bank, Bank of China (“BOC”). With over 200 pieces of exhibits selected from BOCHK’s banknote collections over the century, the exhibition aims to share with the public the unforgettable stories of the monetary development of modern China. The opening ceremony of the exhibition was held today (31 October) at 3/F, Bank of China Tower. The officiating guests of the ceremony include Mr He Guangbei, Vice Chairman and Chief Executive of BOCHK; Mr Lin Wu, Deputy Director of the Liaison Office of the Central People’s Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (“HKSAR”); Mr Li Yuanming, Deputy Commissioner of the Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) in the HKSAR; and Ms Cynthia Liu, Deputy Director (Culture) of the Leisure and Cultural Services Department of the HKSAR. Addressing the audience at the opening ceremony, Mr He Guangbei, Vice Chairman and Chief Executive of BOCHK, said, “Bank of China, the only domestic bank that has been operating continuously for 100 years, began to issue HKD and MOP banknotes since 1994 and 1995 respectively. We take great pleasure in showing to the public some of its significant banknote series. On top of the precious historical value, the exhibits highlight refined designs: some are delicately crafted while some display general and simple patterns.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Polymer in Banco De México Banknotes
    Banco de México The use of polymer in Banco de México banknotes Banco de México CONTENTS Background ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Cost-benefit study ............................................................................................................................... 1 Semi-industrial tests and production feasibility ................................................................................. 2 Circulation test .................................................................................................................................... 3 Surveys ................................................................................................................................................ 3 Polymer banknote processing ............................................................................................................. 4 Counterfeiting ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................................................. 5 Banco de México Background Banco de México’s interest in polymer substrate dates back to 1996 when the Banco de México began experimenting with substrate options available at that time. Three substrata were analyzed, one of them is called DURANOTE (produced by Akro-Mobile), consisting of the
    [Show full text]
  • Portada 2007 A
    Banknote Printing at Modern Central Banking: Trends, Costs, and Efficiency Por : Jorge Eduardo Galán Camacho Miguel Sarmiento Paipilla No. 476 2007 - Bogotá - Colombia - Bogotá - Colombia - Bogotá - Colombia - Bogotá - Colombia - Bogotá - Colombia - Bogotá - Colombia - Bogotá - Colombia - Bogotá - Colombia - Bogotá - Colombia - Bogotá - Colombia BANKNOTE PRINTING AT MODERN CENTRAL BANKING: TRENDS, COSTS, AND EFFICIENCY* Jorge Eduardo Galán Camacho Miguel Sarmiento Paipilla♣ Abstract This paper examines trends in banknote printing during the period 2000-2005 for a cross- section of 56 central banks. It was identified that central banks have implemented new strategies to increase efficiency in the production of banknotes, primarily due to the increase in the demand for currency in recent years. One of these strategies has been to involve the private sector through different modalities (e.g. joint ventures, subsidiaries or purchase of banknotes from specialized companies). With the aim to examine the effect of these strategies and other banknote printing features on production costs, a cost function using a panel data model with random effects was estimated. It was identified that the denomination structure, the size of banknotes, and the production method used by central banks have a significant impact over printing costs. Government printing was found to be the most costly method, while involving companies in the process substantially reduces production costs. Based on these results, a non-parametric efficient frontier model was used to measure technical cost efficiency and changes in productivity of central banks. It was found that most central banks have increased its technical efficiency during the period, especially when the private sector has been involved.
    [Show full text]