Orces Anthro Opome Etric Survey

CAN UNCLASSIFIED

Human Factors Plan: 2012 Canadian Forces Anthropometric Survey

Brian Mangan

Harry Angel

Prepared by: Humansystems Incorporated. 111 Farquhar St, Guelph, On., N1H 3N4 PSPC Contract Number: W7711-088136/001/TOR Technical Authority: Allan Keefe Contractor's date of publication: December 2011

Defence Research and Development Canada Contract Report DRDC-RDDC-2018-C055 March 2018

CAN UNCLASSIFIED CAN UNCLASSIFIED

IMPORTANT INFORMATIVE STATEMENTS

This document was reviewed for Controlled Goods by Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) using the Schedule to the Defence Production Act.

Disclaimer: This document is not published by the Editorial Office of Defence Research and Development Canada, an agency of the Department of National Defence of Canada but is to be catalogued in the Canadian Defence Information System (CANDIS), the national repository for Defence S&T documents. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada (Department of National Defence) makes no representations or warranties, expressed or implied, of any kind whatsoever, and assumes no liability for the accuracy, reliability, completeness, currency or usefulness of any information, product, process or material included in this document. Nothing in this document should be interpreted as an endorsement for the specific use of any tool, technique or process examined in it. Any reliance on, or use of, any information, product, process or material included in this document is at the sole risk of the person so using it or relying on it. Canada does not assume any liability in respect of any damages or losses arising out of or in connection with the use of, or reliance on, any information, product, process or material included in this document.

Template in use:

CAN UNCLASSIFIED

HUMAN FACTORS PLAN: 2012 CANADIAN FORCES ANTHROPOMETRIC SURVEY

by:

Brian Mangan and Harry Angel Humansystems® Incorporated 111 Farquhar Street Guelph, ON, N1H 3N4

Project Manager: Harry Angel (519) 836-5911

PWGSC Contract No. W7711-088136/001/TOR Task Authorization No. 4500892240 Call-up 8136-009

On Behalf of Department of National Defence As represented by Defence Research and Development Canada – Toronto 1133 Sheppard Avenue West Toronto, ON, M3K 2C9

Technical Auuthority: Allan Keefe

29 December 2011

Revisions

DATE AUTHOR STATUS 13 December 2011 B. Mangan Preliminary draft 26 December 2011 H. Angel Revised draft 29 December 2011 H. Angel Revised draft with BM comments of 27Dec 22 March 2012 B. Mangan Revised draft with Allan Keefe comments

Table of contents

Revisions……………………………………………………………………………………………i Table of contents ...... ii List of figures ...... v List of tables ...... vi 1 Background ...... 1 2 Aim………………………………………………………………………………………....…..4 3 Proposed Sampling Strategy ...... 5 3.1 Demographics of the Current Canadian Forces by Environment ...... 5 3.2 Demographics of the Current Canadian Forces by Gender ...... 6 3.3 Demographics of the Current Canadian Forces by Ethnic Background ...... 6 3.4 Demographics of the Current Canadian Forces by Age ...... 6 3.5 Demographics of the CF by MOSID ...... 7 3.6 Identifying a Representative Minimum Sample Size ...... 13 3.7 Proposed MOSID Stratification Strategy ...... 22 3.8 Proposed Air Force Stratification Strategy ...... 22 3.9 Proposed Canadian Army Stratification Strategy ...... 24 3.10 Proposed RCN Stratification Strategy ...... 24 4 Proposed Survey Method ...... 26 4.1 Participants ...... 26 4.2 Proposed Bases ...... 26 4.3 Proposed Sampling Goals ...... 27 4.3.1 Proposed RCAF Sampling Goal (Males) ...... 28 4.3.2 Proposed RCN Sampling Goal (Males) ...... 29 4.3.3 Proposed Canadian Army Sampling Goal (Males) ...... 30 4.3.4 Proposed Sampling Goal (Females) ...... 31 4.4 Apparatus ...... 31 4.4.1 Computer Data Entry ...... 31 4.4.2 Anthropometric Instruments ...... 32 4.4.3 Vitus XXL Whole Body scanner ...... 35 4.4.4 ANTHROSCAN Software ...... 37 4.4.5 Personal Data ...... 38 4.4.6 ANTHROSCAN Anthropometric Central Server ...... 38 4.4.7 Database Viewing ...... 39 4.4.8 VITUS aHead scanner ...... 39 4.4.9 PEDUS Hand and Foot Scanner ...... 40 4.4.10 BoSS XXI Photogrammetric Scanner ...... 41 4.5 Measurements ...... 42

4.5.1 Demographic Information ...... 42 4.5.2 Landmarks ...... 42 4.5.3 Standard Measurements ...... 43 4.5.4 Scanned Measures ...... 44 4.6 Error Control ...... 44 4.6.1 Test Instrument Accuracy ...... 45 4.6.2 Scanner Accuracy ...... 45 4.6.3 Test object ...... 45 4.6.4 Test measurements ...... 45 4.6.5 Test Accuracy ...... 45 4.6.6 Scanning Attire ...... 46 4.6.7 Scanning Position ...... 46 4.6.8 Observer Error Control ...... 47 4.7 Process ...... 51 4.7.1 Measurer training ...... 51 4.7.1.1 Traditional anthropometry ...... 51 4.7.1.2 Scanner training ...... 52 4.7.2 Pilot testing ...... 52 4.7.3 Subject Processing ...... 52 4.7.3.1 Set-up ...... 52 4.7.3.2 Data collection ...... 52 4.7.3.3 Screening and Intake ...... 53 4.7.3.4 Landmarking ...... 54 4.7.3.5 Traditional Measurement ...... 54 4.7.3.6 BoSS XXI Scanning ...... 57 4.7.3.7 Vitus XXL whole body scanning ...... 57 4.7.3.8 Vitus aHead head scanning ...... 58 4.7.3.9 PEDUS hand and foot scanning ...... 58 4.7.3.10 Out Processing ...... 58 4.7.3.11 End day Activities ...... 59 4.7.3.12 Next day start activities ...... 59 4.7.3.13 Tear-down ...... 59 4.7.4 Schedule ...... 59 4.8 Data Analysis...... 61 4.8.1 Summary Statistics ...... 61 4.8.2 Scanner Measurement Validation ...... 62 4.8.3 Observer Error ...... 62 4.9 Risks ...... 62 5 Resources ...... 63 5.1 Facilities ...... 63 5.1.1 Power requirements ...... 63

iii

5.2 Meals and Quarters ...... 63 5.2.1 Meals ...... 63 5.2.2 Quarters ...... 64 5.2.3 Trial staff ...... 65 5.3 Other Requirements ...... 65 5.3.1 Personnel ...... 65 5.3.1.1 Base Office of Primary Interest (OPIs) ...... 65 5.3.1.2 Headquarters Office of Primary Interest (OPIs) ...... 65 5.3.2 Vehicles ...... 65 References/Bibliography...... 66 Annex A: Visual Index of Landmarks ...... 69 Annex B: Measurements Captured Manually and by Scanners ...... 70 Annex C: Demographic Questionnaire ...... 78 Annex D: Consolidated Trial Items Required ...... 81 List of acronyms ...... 86

List of figures

Figure 1. Scye marking aid ...... 33 Figure 2. Landmark transfer rod ...... 33 Figure 3. Modified height gauge...... 34 Figure 4. Foot measuring box ...... 34 Figure 5. Wall graph ...... 35 Figure 6. Vitus XXL Scanner ...... 36 Figure 7. 3D Scan ...... 36 Figure 8. Vitus aHead Scanner ...... 40 Figure 9. 3D Head Scan ...... 40 Figure 10. FootIn3D Scanner ...... 41 Figure 11. FootIn3D images ...... 41 Figure 12. BoSS XXI Scanner...... 42 Figure 13. BoSS XXI image...... 42 Figure 14. ISO 20685:2010 (E) standing posture A...... 47 Figure 15. ISO 20685:2010 (E) standing posture B...... 47 Figure 16. ISO 20685:2010 (E) standing posture C...... 47 Figure 17. ISO 20685:2010 (E) standing posture D...... 47 Figure 18. Notional layout of the measurement stations ...... 53 Figure 19. Schedule 9 January to 29 January 2012 ...... 60 Figure 20. Schedule 30 January to 24 February 2012 ...... 60 Figure 21. Schedule 25 February to 21 March 2012 ...... 61 Figure 22. Schedule 22 March to 31 March 2012...... 61

List of tables

Table 1. Breakdown of the Canadian Land Forces members measured during the 1997 Anthropometric Survey – n (%)...... 2 Table 2. – Breakdown of the Canadian Land Forces members who have been digitally measured using the Body Sizing System 21st Century since 2003 ‐ n (%%)...... 2 Table 3. Breakdown of the Canadian Forces by gender, n (%)...... 6 Table 4. Frequency of age, by environment, within the CF...... 7 Table 5. Dedicated Air trades...... 8 Table 6. Dedicated Sea trades...... 9 Table 7. Dedicated Land trades...... 10 Table 8. Cross environment trades...... 11 Table 9 . 1997 Canadian Land Forces Anthropometric Survey measure ...... 14 Table 10. Minimum sample sizes per body measure for male populations (ISO 15535:2006(E))...... 15 Table 11. Minimumu sample sizes per body metric for female populations (ISO 15535:2006(E))...... 19 Table 12. Proposed RCAF sample size by MOSID (males)...... 23 Table 13. Proposed Canadian Army sample size by MOSID (males)...... 24 Table 14. Proposed RCN sample size by MOSID (males)...... 25 Table 15. Pilot survey goal (males)...... 28 Table 16. Non-pilot survey goal (males)...... 28 Table 17. RCN survey goal (males)...... 29 Table 18. Canadian Army survey goal (males)...... 30 Table 19. Canadian Forces survey goal (females)...... 31 Table 20. Anthropometric Instruments...... 32 Table 21. ISO 20685:2010(E) minimum landmark set...... 43 Table 22. Standard measurements target for data collection...... 44 Table 23. Maximum allowable error between extracted value and traditionally measured value...... 45 Table 24. Maximum allowable observer error...... 47 Table 25. Proposed anthropometric measures and associated instruments...... 55 Table 26. Meal requirements staff...... 63 Table 27. Quarters requirements staff...... 64

1 Background

This document outlines the plan to execute an anthropometric survey of the Canadian Armed Forces. The survey will begin with the characterization of the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN). A stratified sampling approach will be used to develop a representative sample. Various data collection techniques will be utilized including the use of a full body 3-dimensional (3D) scanning, 3D head scanning, 3D foot and hand scanning, 2D photogrammetric analysis, and manual data measurement. This plan will be used as the basic approach for future anthropometric surveys of the Canadian Forces (CF).

Knowledge of CF personnel body size and shape (anthropometry) is critical to properly specify, evaluate, develop and acquire military equipment (from individual clothing through to the most complex human-operated systems). Effective system performance and operator safety relies on clothing, equipment and systems that take into account CF personnel size and shape, both semi- nude (for clothing applications) and encumbered/equipped (for platform applications).

The Department of National Defence (DND) lacks current, accurate and representative semi-nude anthropometric data of the CF population. The data for RCAF is very dated (1985) and is limited to aircrew males only. As well, there is growing evidence that the 1997 Canadian Land Forces Survey (CLFS) data no longer represents today's Land Force population (either due to limitations in sampling or a real secular change in the population). Finally, no anthropometric data on the Canadian naval population currently exists. Encumbered anthropometric data is only available for the Land Forces (now called the Canadian Army) population (Khandkar et. al., 1980); this data no longer reflects the clothing and personal equipment worn by army personnel on operations.

Many factors contribute to the variability in body size and shape within a population - gender, age, occupation and ethnic origin are among the key factors. Prior to the 1997 CLFS, a semi- nude anthropometric matching study was attempted to match CF personnel with individuals captured in the Anthropometric Survey of US Army Personnel (ANSUR) conducted by Gordon, Churchill, Clauser, Bradtmiller, McConville, Tebbetts and Walker (1989). Personnel in Canada were measured on a limited number of measures, and a hot-deck missing data imputation process done using the ANSUR database was used to complete the data set. The analysis of results indicated that the ANSUR survey data did not represent the Canadian military population resulting in the provision of funding to the CLFS.

The 1997 CLFS sampled 708 individuals and the data was collected using traditional, manual methods. Anthropometric data has been captured on an ongoing basis –using the Body Sizing System 21st Century (BoSS XXI). BoSS, as it is known, is a 2-dimensional (2D) photogrammetric clothing sizing system; anthropometric measures are determined by algorithmically interpreting two 2D photographs of individuals in their underwear. The BoSS system is capable of automatically determining 38 distinct measurements from the two photographs; of these 38 measurements, only 6 are primarily used for the purpose of sizing individuals for their uniforms (Meunier and Yin, 1999).

Of the 708 individuals in the 1997 CLFS 465 (65.7%) were male, and 243 (34.3%) were female. There were 93 officers (13.1%) and 615 non-commissioned members (86.9%), Table 1. Participants were randomly selected individuals, whom, the authors claim, were representative of

the regular Land Forces. A total of 200 measurements were recorded from each individual participant; 140 were measured directly while 56 were derived indirectly and 4 were indices. In this 1997 survey, approximately 12% of all Land Force (LF) females were measured in the anthropometric survey, whereas only 2% of all LF males were measured. Of the 708 individuals originally sampled in the 1997 CLFS, 239 were determined to be serving in combat arms roles.

Table 1. Breakdown of the Canadian Land Forces members measured during the 1997 Anthropometric Survey – n (%).

Male (%) Female (%) Totals (%) Officers 58 (8.2) 35 (4.9) 93 (13.1) NCM 407 (57.5) 208 (29.4) 615 (86.9) Totals 465 (65.7) 243 (34.3) 708 (100.0)

Recently BoSS data collected over the course of several years (beginning in 2003 and ending August 2009) was compiled into a single Microsoft Excel dataset by Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) Toronto. The dataset included 3,452 subjects from all three environments of the CF (land, maritime, and air). Of the 3,452 subjects, 1,776 were from the LF. Of the LF members surveyed using BoSS XXI, 86% were male and 14% were female; 12.3% were officers and 87.7% were non-commissioned members - Table 2. Table 2. – Breakdown of the Canadian Land Forces members who have been digitally measured using the Body Sizing System 21st Century since 2003 ‐ n (%).

Male (%) Female (%) Totals (%) Officers 180 (10.2) 37 (2.1) 217 (12.3) NCM 1347 (75.8) 212 (11.9) 1559 (87.7) Totals 1527 (86.0) 249 (14.0) 1776 (100.0)

While the BoSS is an effective clothing sizing system, its direct measurement of anthropometric dimensions is limited. In particular the BoSS system infers circumferential measures by automatically landmarking with the use of computational algorithms using front and side photogrammetric images.

The 1997 CLFS does not detail its sampling process or strategy to insure that it was representative of the regular LF. As a result, and in addition to statistical evidence that suggests the 1997 CLFS no longer representative of the Canadian Army (Mangan et. al., 2010), concerns have been raised as to its representativeness. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) document 15535:2006(E) (“General requirements for establishing anthropometric databases”) identifies general requirements for establishing anthropometric databases, and in paragraph 4.3.2, it identifies the desirability of utilizing a random or stratified sampling method. As well, ISO 15535:2006(E) identifies the desire to establish the minimum sample size using statistical power formulas.

Recent developments in 3D scanning techniques have revolutionized the approach in conducting anthropometric surveys. In addition to collecting isolated dimension measures, point clouds of whole body shapes and sizes, and heads are capable of being captured. Recent efforts in the development of protective masks, mandibles, vehicle hatch designs, ship’s passage ways, etc.

have identified limitations in the use of isolated measures; therefore, 3D measures of the CF are required. The need to obtain current, representative anthropometric data for the CF, both semi- nude and encumbered, has been recognized by the RCAF, the RCN as well as the Canadian Army. Thus, a tri-service anthropometric survey will be conducted to guide the design, development and procurement of current and future soldier clothing, vehicle and equipment systems. The current plan is to conduct the survey in three distinct phases:

PHASE 1:

Capture of semi-nude anthropometric characteristics of the RCAF aircrew (pilot and non-pilot aircrew) as well RCN personnel in the fiscal year 2011-2012.

PHASE 2:

Capture of semi-nude anthropometric parameters of the RCAF ground personnel and Canadian Army personnel ideally commencing already this fiscal year and continuing in fiscal year 2012- 2013. This second step will include extended capture of hand and feet related anthropometric data.

PHASE 3:

Capture of encumbered anthropometric data for the clothing and equipment configurations of particular interest to the clients and DRDC Toronto respectively. The subjects for the encumbered anthropometry will be selected based on data analysis of the semi-nude survey. Consequently this last step will take place in fiscal year 2012-2013 after the completion of the semi-nude data capture. The encumbered survey will be addressed by DRDC Toronto and does not require significant client support.

2 Aim

Conduct the Canadian Forces Anthropometric Survey (CFAS) 2012 using traditional, 2D and 3D techniques. Goals of this phase of the overall anthropometric survey are as follows:  Identify and acquire 3D scanning tools  Develop a representative CF sampling strategy  Capture anthropometric information from representative RCAF, RCN, and Canadian Army personnel (the focus of Phase II will be on RCAF flight crew personnel)  Capture data to evaluate the accuracy of the 3D scanning systems as well as the in-service BoSS XXI system.

3 Proposed Sampling Strategy

Determining the number of subjects required to develop a representative anthropometric survey is challenging. The number depends on various factors, such as:  Required specific sub-populations to be covered  The (statistical) distribution of the study variables  The level of precision required  Financial and time constraints.

The gender, age and environmental sub-population component of the CF will be used to characterize the current state of the CF. These factors will form the initial stratification basis for the anthropometric survey. The sub-population samples will then be stratified by Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) or trade. Military Occupation Specialties are also identified by their identification number or Military Occupation Structure Identification (MOSID). Finally, unique MOSID factors will also be used to further stratify the proposed sub-populations. A proportional stratified sample will be collected.

The 1997 CLFS will be used as a basis for establishing the statistical distribution of anthropometric variables for this survey. The coefficient of variation for these variables will be used to estimate the sample size based on the precision requested, as per the directives outlined in ISO document 15535;2006(E) (“General requirements for establishing anthropometric databases”). The fidelity desired for this anthropometric database requires a 95% confidence interval across a sample that represents the 5th and 95th percentile of the true population.

The cost and time available for conducting this major anthropometric survey is prohibitive. As such it may be necessary to collect less than the statistically estimated numbers required.

3.1 Demographics of the Current Canadian Forces by Environment

Defence Research and Development Canada – Toronto (DRDC Toronto) provided to Humansystems® Incorporated (HSI) the demographic breakdown of the members currently serving in the three environments (Army, Air Force, Navy) of the Canadian Forces (CF). In total, there are 67,882 individuals serving in the CF. Fifty-three percent (53.0%) of all CF members belong to the Canadian Army, 29.3% are members of the RCAF, and 17.7% are members of the RCN.

It is currently not known if there are morphological differences between CF members in the different CF environments. Until further data is available, the personnel in each of the three environments will be treated as sub-populations within the 2012 Anthropometric Survey of the CF.

3.2 Demographics of the Current Canadian Forces by Gender

Of the 67,882 individuals serving in the Canadian Forces, 86.3% (n = 58,597) are male while 13.7% (n = 9,284) are female (one individual did not disclose their gender). The gender ratio in the Army is 88.8% males to 11.2% females; 82.0%:18.0% in the Air Force, and 86.1%:13.9% in the Navy – see Table 3. Table 3. Breakdown of the Canadian Forces by gender, n (%).

Canadian Forces Army Air Force Navy Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females 58597 9284 31932 4040 16316 3578 10350 1664 (86.3%) (13.7%) (88.8%) (11.2%) (82.0%) (18.0%) (86.1%) (13.9%)

3.3 Demographics of the Current Canadian Forces by Ethnic Background

Studies have shown that race is important in influencing body and shape, and while the 1997 CLFS suggested a fairly homogenous Army, differences have been observed between Non- Francophone and Francophone personnel for a number of dimensions ( personal communication – Brown, 2011). Based on the 2001 Census, Statistics Canada reported that 22.9% of the Canadian population reported that they were Francophones (Statistics Canada, 2011). Using 23% as a guide one of the goals of the anthropometric survey will be to include approximately 23% Francophone participants.

The fact that Francophones and Non-Francophones are believed to vary on average for a number of measures, the two ethnic groups will be treated as unique sub-populations of the CF.

3.4 Demographics of the Current Canadian Forces by Age

The members of the CF and its respective environments were analyzed for their relative proportions of age. Members of the CF have an average age of 35 years (±9.5, minimum 17, maximum 61). The males of the CF range from 17 years of age to 60 years of age with a mean of 35.0 years (±9.6); the females of the CF range from 17 years of age to 61 years with a mean of 35.5 years (±8.9). This age breakdown of CF and its elements is presented in Table 4.

Table 4. Frequency of age, by environment, within the CF.

Category Count (% of all Cases) Environment RCN Cdn RCAF CF Army ≤ 20 years 387 1022 339 1748 (3.2) (2.8) (1.7) (2.6) 20 – 25 years 1781 7041 2352 11174 (14.8) (19.6) (11.8) (16.5) 25 – 30 years 2119 7556 3357 13032 (17.6) (21) (16.9) (19.2) 30 – 35 years 1835 6083 3105 11023 (15.3) (16.9) (15.6) (16.2) 35 – 40 years 1776 5010 2798 9584 (14.8) (13.9) (14.1) (14.1) 40 ‐ 45 years 1796 4337 2960 9093 (14.9) (12) (14.9) (13.4) 45 – 50 years 1504 3378 3264 8146 (12.5) (9.4) (16.4) (12.0) ≥ 50 years 818 15 1719 3982 (6.8) (4.3) (8.6) (5.8)

As can be seen in Table 4, the ratio of personnel within the different environments by age bands are different. Approximately 75% of the Canadian Army is 40 years of age or younger while 60% of the RCAF is 40 years of age or younger.

ISO 15535:2006(E) identifies a 5 year age band stratification band approach as one of the recommended approaches for establishing an anthropometric database. The proposed CF sampling approach will use a 5 year age bands as one of the stratification factors. The age differences between land, sea, and air personnel as categorized by the proposed 5-year bands necessitate a further stratification by environment.

3.5 Demographics of the CF by MOSID

Personnel in the CF will be analyzed by MOSID. There are over 100 MOSIDs in the CF. One of the perceived limitations in the 1997 CLFS was the under sampling of combat arms MOSIDs. While the 1997 CLFS survey may have reflected the proper proportion of combat arms in the sample collected, the lower sample size may have compromised the power of the survey to accurately predict the requirements for operational clothing and equipment.

It is currently not known if there are morphological differences MOSIDs. Until further data is available, the personnel in each of the MOSIDs will be treated as sub-populations within the 2012 CF Anthropometric Survey.

A number of MOSIDs in the CF are environmental specific or “hard air, sea or land trades”. Some MOS’s cross environmental boundaries, i.e. a cook can be in the air force, navy or army – see Table 5 to 8. To be representative, the anthropometric survey should capture proportional

samples within each MOSID where possible. The proposed CF sampling approach will use MOSID as one of the stratification factors.

Table 5. Dedicated Air trades.

MOSID MOS Environmen Count Percentage t 19 AES Op AF 222 2 21 FLt Engr AF 313 2 100 MET TECH AF 231 2 101 SAR TECH AF 180 1 109 ATIS TECH AF 985 7 135 AVN TECH AF 2793 20 136 AVS TECH AF 1463 11 137 IMAGE TECH AF 280 2 138 ACS TECH AF 678 5 149 FIRE FTR AF 556 4 182 ACSO AF 759 5 183 PL AF 1919 14 184 AEC AF 680 5 185 AERE AF 838 6 189 CONST ENGR AF 254 2 337 AC OP ‐ AE AF 587 4 340 CELE (AIR) AF 444 3 343 NDT TECH AF 59 0 363 AM SUP AF 523 4 261 AWS TECH AF 68 0 Total 13832

Table 6. Dedicated Sea trades.

MOSID MOS Environment Count Percentage 17 NW tech Navy 587 14 105 BOSN Navy 583 13 114 NCI OP Navy 482 11 115 NES OP Navy 431 10 116 NE TECH(A) Navy 248 6 117 NE TECH(C) Navy 344 8 118 NE TECH(T) Navy 464 11 119 NE TECH(M) Navy 72 2 121 MAR ENG ME Navy 459 11 122 MAR ENG TE Navy 378 9 123 MAR ENG AR Navy 277 6 Total 4325

Table 7. Dedicated Land trades.

MOSID MOS Environment Count Percentage 5 Crewman Army 2143 9 8 Artyman‐F Army 1688 7 9 Artyman ‐A Army 273 1 10 Infantry Army 6534 26 15 Lineman Army 452 2 110 LC S TECH Army 1026 4 129 VEH TECH Army 2479 10 130 W TECH L Army 469 2 134 MAT TECH Army 300 1 150 MED A Army 1 0 169 AMMO TECH Army 213 1 178 ARMD Officer Army 631 3 179 ARTY officer Army 647 3 180 INF Officer Army 1349 5 181 ENGR officer Army 563 2

187 EME Army 486 2 191 DENT Army 163 1 327 EO TECH (L Army 456 2 329 SIG OP Army 1955 8 335 DENT TECH Army 215 1 339 CBT ENGR Army 1890 8

341 SIGS O Army 614 2 238 GEO TECH Army 227 1 Total 24774

Table 8. Cross environment trades.

MOSID MOS Environment Count Percentage 99 Int OP Mixed 538 3 120 COMM RSCH Mixed 771 4 152 MLAB TECH Mixed 34 0 153 MRAD TECH Mixed 34 0 155 BE TECH Mixed 29 0 161 MP Mixed 1417 7 164 COOK Mixed 1097 5 166 MUSCN Mixed 227 1 167 POST CLK Mixed 141 1 168 SUP TECH Mixed 2645 13 170 TFC TECH Mixed 724 4 171 MSE OP Mixed 1770 9 172 GOL Mixed 79 0 175 General Officer Specialist Mixed 4 0 190 PHYSIO Mixed 41 0 192 HCA Mixed 174 1 193 HSO Mixed 58 0 194 PHARM Mixed 65 0 195 NUR O Mixed 349 2 196 MED O Mixed 321 2 197 BIO O Mixed 44 0 198 SOCW Mixed 39 0 203 PAO Mixed 181 1 204 LEGAL Mixed 165 1 208 PSEL Mixed 147 1 210 MUSIC O Mixed 14 0 211 TRG DEV Mixed 175 1 213 INT O Mixed 446 2 214 MPO Mixed 198 1 211 TRG ‐ cadets Mixed 56 0 298 RMS CLK Mixed 3125 16 301 RM TECH Mixed 128 1 302 ED TECH Mixed 135 1 303 EGS TECH Mixed 143 1

MOSID MOS Environment Count Percentage 304 PH TECH Mixed 128 1 305 WFE TECH Mixed 93 0 306 CONST TECH Mixed 211 1 307 CE SUPT Mixed 162 1 322 CRT RPTR Mixed 6 0 328 LOG O Mixed 1941 10 334 MED TECH Mixed 1643 8 349 CHAPLAIN Mixed 239 1 CPO1CWOSAL Mixed 74 0 357 CBRN OP Mixed 99 0 Total 20110 100

The MOSIDs include combat trades and support trades. Combat trades wear specialized protective ensembles; operate combat systems and crew combat vehicles and aircraft. It is currently not known if there are morphological differences between CF members in operational trades, i.e. combat arms, than those in support trades. Given the importance of accurately representing the CF subpopulations that wear specialized equipment and crew combat systems, the proposed CF sampling approach will use operational MOSID as one of the stratification factors for the land and air environments.

For the purposes of this survey the Canadian Army’s combat trades will include the following MOSIDs:  Crewman  Artyman-F  Artyman -A  Infantry  ARMD Officer  ARTY officer  INF Officer  ENGR officer  CBT ENGR

For the purposes of this survey the RCAF combat trades will include the following air crew MOSIDs (to be confirmed):  Pilot  AES Op

 ACSO  Flt Engr  SAR Tech

Unlike the Canadian Army or RCAF, the RCN operate out of large multi-crew vessels. The current plan is not to further stratify the RCN MOSIDs.

Given the relative importance of operational trades, the proposed plan is to sample twice the number of operational personnel than support trades.

3.6 Identifying a Representative Minimum Sample Size

The method for establishing minimum sample sizes for anthropometric databases is specified in the International Standard ISO 15535:2006(E). ISO 15535:2006(E) states that the sample size shall be estimated to be sufficient for the purposes of the anthropometric investigation. That is, for a study population to provide sufficient fidelity, to represent the true population in question between the 5th and 95th percentiles with 95% confidence. The general equation dictating the minimum number of randomly sampled subjects is presented below:

1.96 (1) 1.534

1.96 refers to the critical value (z value) from a standard normal distribution for a 95% confidence interval where;

a is the percentage of relative accuracy desired.

CV is the coefficient of variation and defined as:

(2) 100 ̅ where,

is the mean of the population for the body dimension in question.

SD is the standard deviation of the population for the body dimension in question.

CVs can be the same for populations of 1,000 or 100,000. The above algorithm estimates required sample sizes without reference to the population size and thus estimated sample sizes based on CVs could be greater than the population if large variations are witnessed. According to Morris (2011) when target populations are smaller (less than 5000) or if the proposed sample size is a significant proportion of the population (typically 20% or more) then standard sampling and statistical analysis techniques should be changed. Morris utilizes a hypergeometric distribution

rather than a normal distribution to determine small sample sizes. The generic equation for determining the minimum numbers required n small samples is presented below:

(3) 1

Where,

n= the required sample size

N= the population size

P and q are the population proportions (if you don’t know what they are set them each to .5)

Z is the value of the level of confidence interval. For a confidence of 95% Z is set to 1.96

E sets the accuracy of the sample proportions, i.e. ± 5%, the E is set to 0.05

Required sample sizes for the 2012 survey will be determined using ISO 15535:2006(E) as a starting point. As the true mean and standard deviation of each anthropometric measure in question across the Canadian Forces population is largely unknown, it must be estimated from previous studies. Being that the 1997 CLFS is the most recent anthropometric description of the CF, the required mean and standard deviation for each metric can be determined. The 1997 CLFS survey was comprised of 140 measures (Table 9).

Table 9 . 1997 Canadian Land Forces Anthropometric Survey measure abdomen skinfold chest circ (scye) iliocristale ht subscapular skinfold acromial ht chest circ below breast interpupillary breadth supra-iliac skinfold acromion height, sitting chest depth interscye I suprasternale ht acromion-radiale lth chest ht interscye II tenth rib ht ankle circ crotch ht knee circ thigh circ axilla ht crotch lth (nat) knee ht midpatella thigh clearance axillary arm circ crotch lth (o) knee ht sitting thigh skinfold ball of foot circ crotch lth post (nat) lat femoral epi ht thumb breadth ball of foot lth crotch lth post (o) lat malleolus ht thumbtip reach biacromial breadth ear length lower thigh circ triceps skinfold biceps circ, flx ear breadth menton-sellion length trochanterion ht biceps circ, rel ear length above tragion midshoulder height, vert trunk circ sitting biceps skinfold ear protrusion neck circ waist (nat)-waist (o) lth bimallelolar br elbow circ neck circ base (C1) waist back lth (nat) bideltoid breadth elbow rest height neck ht, lat waist back lth (o) bispinous brth eye ht sitting neck-bustpt lth waist brth bitragion chin arc foot brth overhead fingertip reach waist circ (nat) bitragion coronal arc foot lth overhead fingertip reach waist circ (o) exten bitragion crinion arc forearm circ, flx overhead fingertip reach waist depth

sitting bitragion frontal arc forearm circ, rel popliteal ht waist front lth (nat) bitragion submandibular forearm-forearm radiale-stylion lth waist front lth (o) arc breadth bitragion subnasale arc forearm-hand lth scye circ waist ht (nat) bizygomatic breadth functional leg length scye dpth waist ht (o) bustpt-bustpt gluteal furrow ht shoulder circ (B1) waist ht sitting (nat) buttock circ hand br shoulder elbow lth waist ht sitting (o) buttock dpth hand circ (G1) shoulder lth waist-hip lth buttock ht hand length sitting ht (E1) weight buttock-knee length hand thickness at sleeve inseam lth wrist circ metacarpale III buttock-popliteal length head breadth sleeve lth: spine-elbow wrist ht (D1) calf circ head circumference sleeve lth: spine-scye wrist ht, sitting calf ht head length sleeve lth:spine wrist-center of grip length cervicale ht heel ankle circ (F1) wrist sleeve outseam wrist-index finger length cervicale ht, sitting heel br span wrist-thumbtip length chest brth hip breadth stature wrist-wall lth chest circ sitting hip brth strap lth ext wrist-wall lth

The coefficient of variation for each metric was calculated, and, as expected, was different for each body dimension. This fact would suggest that a different minimum sample size would be required for each measure to ensure that it would be able to estimate the population between the 5th and 95th percentiles with a 95% confidence interval. A practice recommended by the International Organization for Standardization document on the general requirements for establishing anthropometric databases (ISO 15535:2006(E)) states that the largest calculated CV be used to dictate the minimum sample population for all metrics thereby ensuring sufficient statistical power for all body measures. The CV, mean, standard deviation, and minimum sample size for each anthropometric measure assessed in the 1997 CLFS (male) is presented in Table 10. The shaded regions of these tables indicate the body dimensions that would require a larger sample population than 1000 individuals in order to attain the targeted represetnation.

Table 10. Minimum sample sizes per body measure for male populations (ISO 15535:2006(E)).

Body Dimension CV Mean SD Derived n head circumference 2.7 576.4 15.3 64.1 bitragion frontal arc 3.2 310.3 9.9 92.8 overhead fingertip reach sitting 3.4 1825.4 62.2 105.0 head length 3.4 198.9 6.8 106.2 bitragion subnasale arc 3.5 293.5 10.2 109.0 bitragion coronal arc 3.5 353.2 12.4 110.8 head breadth 3.6 152.8 5.5 115.7 sitting ht (E1) 3.6 921.6 33.1 116.4 stature 3.7 1755.1 65.6 126.4 bitragion chin arc 3.8 327.5 12.6 133.4 bizygomatic breadth 3.9 141.1 5.6 140.0

overhead fingertip reach exten 4.0 2315.2 92.2 143.5 eye ht sitting 4.0 806.5 32.3 144.8 neck ht, lat 4.0 1506.3 60.5 145.8 Body Dimension CV Mean SD Derived n suprasternale ht 4.1 1428.3 57.9 148.3 cervicale ht 4.1 1507.9 61.5 150.2 wrist ht, sitting 4.1 706.9 28.9 150.8 overhead fingertip reach 4.1 2207.1 90.2 151.1 acromial ht 4.2 1434.5 59.8 157.1 sleeve lth: spine‐wrist 4.2 878.6 36.9 159.0 span 4.2 1788.9 75.6 161.3 cervicale ht, sitting 4.2 673.2 28.5 161.6 axilla ht 4.3 1317.9 56.0 163.3 midshoulder height, sitting 4.3 636.1 27.1 164.6 chest ht 4.3 1273.5 54.7 166.6 forearm‐hand lth 4.3 477.8 20.6 168.4 heel ankle circ (F1) 4.4 339.7 14.8 171.6 foot lth 4.4 265.7 11.7 175.6 tenth rib ht 4.4 1132.7 50.4 178.9 acromion height, sitting 4.5 603.3 27.2 183.7 hand length 4.5 197.0 8.9 184.7 waist ht (nat) 4.6 1107.7 50.5 187.6 ball of foot lth 4.6 194.3 8.9 188.1 functional leg length 4.6 1051.6 48.5 192.5 wrist circ 4.6 176.4 8.2 194.7 sleeve lth: spine‐elbow 4.7 587.3 27.5 197.8 waist ht (o) 4.7 1051.2 49.4 199.3 trochanterion ht 4.7 915.9 43.2 201.3 iliocristale ht 4.7 1059.8 50.2 203.2 wrist‐index finger length 4.7 182.9 8.7 203.3 shoulder elbow lth 4.8 363.0 17.3 204.6 sleeve outseam 4.8 591.8 28.5 209.5 wrist ht (D1) 4.8 850.9 41.0 209.6 bimalleolar br 4.8 73.2 3.5 209.6 buttock ht 4.8 894.5 43.1 210.1 knee ht sitting 4.8 545.4 26.4 211.4 vert trunk circ 4.9 1670.8 81.2 213.4 acromion‐radiale lth 4.9 340.8 16.6 213.5 hand circ (G1) 4.9 217.6 10.6 215.2 buttock‐knee length 4.9 607.1 29.7 215.9 ball of foot circ 4.9 254.9 12.5 218.6 interpupillary breadth 4.9 63.3 3.1 221.3 biacromial breadth 5.0 408.2 20.2 221.7 bitragion submandibular arc 5.0 309.6 15.5 227.9 lat femoral epi ht 5.1 488.6 25.1 238.3 radiale‐stylion lth 5.1 255.2 13.1 238.9

neck circ base (C1) 5.2 435.8 22.5 240.3 bideltoid breadth 5.2 492.0 25.4 240.9 wrist‐thumbtip length 5.2 127.3 6.7 247.1 hand br 5.3 88.6 4.7 251.9 Body Dimension CV Mean SD Derived n crotch ht 5.3 800.4 42.6 256.0 thumbtip reach 5.3 780.3 41.6 256.6 knee ht midpatella 5.4 487.4 26.1 259.5 gluteal furrow ht 5.4 789.9 42.7 263.8 strap lth 5.4 729.6 39.7 267.0 foot brth 5.4 98.6 5.4 267.9 sleeve inseam lth 5.5 463.6 25.5 272.8 buttock‐popliteal length 5.5 485.8 26.9 277.5 shoulder circ (B1) 5.6 1197.3 66.6 280.0 menton‐sellion length 5.6 119.5 6.7 287.3 popliteal ht 5.7 449.2 25.4 290.0 heel br 5.7 67.0 3.8 296.7 wrist‐wall lth 5.8 652.9 37.7 301.7 knee circ 5.8 390.6 22.6 301.7 neck circ 5.8 396.9 23.0 302.6 elbow circ 5.9 284.1 16.6 310.3 waist back lth (o) 5.9 474.5 27.9 312.8 scye circ 5.9 458.1 27.0 315.0 ankle circ 6.0 226.3 13.5 323.2 hip brth 6.0 352.6 21.1 324.8 waist back lth (nat) 6.0 413.6 24.8 324.9 crotch lth (o) 6.0 686.2 41.3 327.8 thumb breadth 6.0 22.1 1.3 329.1 calf ht 6.1 351.0 21.5 340.3 forearm circ, flx 6.2 315.6 19.6 347.9 forearm circ, rel 6.2 306.3 19.1 352.1 neck‐bustpt lth 6.3 285.8 17.9 354.3 waist front lth (nat) 6.4 353.2 22.6 369.3 wrist‐wall lth, ext 6.5 745.9 48.7 384.9 interscye II 6.5 452.1 29.5 386.0 ear length 6.6 64.1 4.2 390.2 wrist‐center of grip length 6.6 76.5 5.0 392.6 buttock circ 6.7 1008.7 67.5 405.1 chest circ scye) 6.8 1057.9 71.7 415.3 calf circ 6.8 386.6 26.5 423.2 waist ht sitting (nat) 6.9 279.4 19.2 425.0 lower thigh circ 6.9 403.3 27.8 430.4 waist front lth (o) 7.0 414.3 28.8 437.9 sleeve lth: spine‐scye 7.0 233.8 16.3 439.3 crotch lth (nat) 7.0 805.3 56.7 448.8 ear breadth 7.2 36.6 2.6 467.5 crotch lth post (nat) 7.2 397.8 28.7 469.3 crotch lth post (o) 7.3 330.9 24.2 485.0 hip breadth sitting 7.3 380.3 27.9 486.1

shoulder l h 7.4 158.2 11.7 490.5 hand thickness at metacarpale III 7.4 31.3 2.3 498.3 lat malleolus ht 7.5 71.8 5.4 510.6 waist ht sitting (o) 7.7 223.4 17.2 536.6 Body Dimension CV Mean SD Derived n interscye I 7.9 422.5 33.5 567.8 chest brth 7.9 323.4 25.6 568.3 ear length above tragion 7.9 29.7 2.4 570.3 chest circ 8.0 1026.8 82.2 580.0 chest circ below breast 8.1 965.5 77.9 588.2 axillary arm circ 8.2 352.0 28.8 604.0 scye dpth 8.3 187.4 15.5 622.0 bispinous brth 8.3 242.1 20.2 628.6 biceps circ, flx 8.4 352.0 29.6 640.5 forearm‐forearm breadth 8.6 529.9 45.4 664.7 thigh circ 8.8 619.4 54.7 703.9 thigh clearance 8.9 164.9 14.6 711.6 biceps circ, rel 9.3 329.9 30.6 779.7 bustpt‐bu tpt 9.4 231.6 21.7 792.6 buttock dpth 9.4 248.3 23.4 802.9 waist brth 9.5 309.0 29.5 823.9 chest depth 9.8 255.3 25.1 871.0 elbow rest height 10.8 232.7 25.2 1060.3 waist circ (nat) 11.1 900.8 99.6 1105.9 waist circ (o) 11.2 924.6 103.9 1140. waist-hip lth 13.6 151.6 20.6 1677.9 ear protrusion 14.3 21.2 3.0 1857.8 waist depth 14.4 235.1 33.8 1866.0 bitration-crinion arc 14.5 326.1 47.3 1899.0 weight 15.3 81.9 12.5 2107.7 waist (nat)-wais (0) lth 32.8 61.4 20.2 9730.6

If the current male RCAF, RCN and Canadian Army personnel are similar to the LF personnel collected in the 1997 CLFS, then for all but nine measures, less than 1000 participants would have to be measured for each dimension according to the ISO approach. Considerable variability is associated with the waist (circumferences, heights, length, depth, etc.), ear protrusion, weight, and bitragion-crinion arc.

The ISO statistical power analysis calls for measurement of up to 9,730 male members for the waist (natural) to waist (omphalion) length. This would require measuring nearly 33% of the Canadian Army, over 50% of the RCAF and almost 95% of the RCN males. In order to achieve the required confidence for this measure nearly 10 times the number of participants will have to be collected than the vast majority of other dimensions.

For this study, the efficacy of planning to collect more than 1000 subjects to accommodate the sampling requirement of all measures is questionable. Although ISO 15535:2006(E) identifies the need to collect a minimum sample size based on a statistical power formula, the ISO also acknowledges that it must be balanced with population size, cost and the time required to complete the survey. The ANSUR survey collected approximately 40 subjects a day and with an

ISO recommended sample size of approximately 29,000 males (across three environments) requiring 750 data collection days. This number is well beyond the scope or requirements for this survey. Considering the time frame of the data collection period, the geographic locations of the sample population and the variable nature of the populations available at each location, it is proposed that a maximum of 1000 males in each environment of the CF should be sampled. This will require 25 data collection days for the males in each environment of the CF.

The CV, mean, standard deviation, and minimum sample size for each anthropometric assessed in the 1997 CLFS is presented in Table 11 for females; the shaded regions of these tables indicate the body dimensions that would require a larger sample population than 1000 individuals in order to attain a representation of the 5th to 95th percentiles with a 95% confidence interval. Table 11. Minimum sample sizes per body metric for female populations (ISO 15535:2006(E)).

Body Dimension CV Mean SD Derived n head circumference 2.7 555.1 15.0 65.6 bitragion frontal arc 3.2 291.5 9.4 94.4 overhead fingertip reach sitting 3.3 1724.6 57.3 99.9 head breadth 3.3 146.3 4.9 100.6 head length 3.4 187.3 6.3 102.7 bitragion crinion arc 3.4 315.4 10.7 104.5 stature 3.5 1635.7 56.9 109.4 bitragion coronal arc 3.5 342.1 12.0 111.0 bitragion subnasale arc 3.5 275.9 9.7 112.2 sitting ht E1) 3.6 861.3 30.9 116.3 neck ht, lat 3.7 1414.1 52.5 124.8 bitragion chin arc 3.7 300.7 11.2 125.2 cervicale ht 3.7 1407.1 52.5 125.9 bizygomatic breadth 3.8 133.2 5.0 128.5 suprasternale ht 3.8 1332.3 51.0 132.6 eye ht sitting 3.9 748.3 29.0 136.1 wrist ht, sitting 3.9 726.0 28.4 138.8 axilla ht 3.9 1234.4 48.4 139.1 overhead fingertip reach exten 4.0 2136.1 85.1 143.5 cervicale ht, sitting 4.0 630.7 25.3 145.8 sleeve lth: spine‐wrist 4.1 798.6 32.5 149.3 acromial ht 4.1 1341.8 54.8 150.7 hand circ (G1) 4.1 187.5 7.8 154.6 overhead fingertip reach 4.2 2038.9 84.7 156.1 tenth rib ht 4.2 1054.6 44.1 158.2 heel ankle circ (F1) 4.2 304.9 12.8 159.9 midshoulder height, sitting 4.2 593.7 25.0 160.2 wrist ht (D1) 4.3 806.5 34.4 164.1 waist ht (nat) 4.3 1032.7 44.1 164.7 sleeve lth: spine‐elbow 4.3 541.4 23.4 169.6 forearm‐hand lth 4.3 429.9 18.7 170.9 bimalleolar br 4.4 65.1 2.9 175.4 iliocristale ht 4.4 995.2 44.3 179.0

hand br 4.5 75.4 3.4 179.2 chest ht 4.5 1168.1 52.2 180.4 Body Dimension CV Mean SD Derived n span 4.5 1627.5 73.5 184.3 buttock‐kn e length 4.5 590.1 26.7 184.8 foot lth 4.5 240.5 10.9 186.5 acromion height, sitting 4.6 566.8 25.8 187.7 hand length 4.6 180.4 8.3 190.1 sleeve outseam 4.6 534.3 24.5 190.4 shoulder elbow lth 4.6 332.1 15.3 193.1 biacromial breadth 4.7 362.5 16.9 196.9 wrist‐index finger length 4.7 170.3 8.0 197.5 bitragion submandibular arc 4.7 278.5 13.0 197.6 waist ht (o) 4.7 974.7 45.6 198.1 trochanterion ht 4.7 842.5 39.4 198.1 functional leg length 4.7 1001.8 47.4 202.1 acromion‐radiale lth 4.8 311.7 14.9 207.0 ball of foot circ 4.8 228.4 11.0 207.8 wrist circ 4.8 152.8 7.3 208.0 knee ht sitting 4.8 504.8 24.3 209.8 interpupillary breadth 4.8 60.5 2.9 210.8 buttock ht 4.9 837.9 41.0 216.0 ball of foot lth 4.9 175.0 8.6 219.5 lat femoral epi ht 5.0 450.7 22.4 223.3 foot brth 5.0 89.7 4.5 226.7 vert trunk circ 5.1 1558.1 78.8 231.1 buttock‐popliteal length 5.1 490.2 25.0 234.3 gluteal furrow ht 5.2 734.3 37.9 240.3 knee ht midpatella 5.2 449.4 23.2 240.5 radiale‐stylion lth 5.3 226.9 12.1 255.5 menton‐sellion length 5.3 113.2 6.0 256.7 crotch ht 5.4 740.9 39.8 260.6 neck circ base (C1) 5.4 362.0 19.6 265.6 waist back lth (nat) 5.5 397.5 21.9 275.0 wrist‐thumbtip length 5.5 116.5 6.4 276.9 thumb breadth 5.6 18.7 1.0 283.0 sleeve inse m lth 5.7 423.3 24.1 291.8 thumbtip reach 5.7 722.5 41.2 293.8 popliteal ht 5.9 408.1 24.0 311.8 crotch lth (o) 5.9 636.4 37.8 319.6 bideltoid breadth 6.0 433.9 26.1 327.2 ear length 6.0 60.5 3.7 329.4 waist back lth (o) 6.0 451.8 27.3 330.1 interscye II 6.1 400.5 24.5 337.3 shoulder circ (B1) 6.2 1061.0 65.3 342.2 waist front lth (nat) 6.2 343.2 21.2 346.3 heel br 6.3 61.1 3.8 357.3 wrist‐wall lth, ext 6.4 677.3 43.3 369.9 wrist‐wall lth 6.4 601.7 38.5 371.0

waist ht sitting (nat) 6.4 263.4 16.9 373.5 neck circ 6.6 330.6 21.8 394.5 Body Dimension CV Mean SD Derived n calf ht 6.7 333.4 22.3 403.5 crotch lth (nat) 6.7 740.8 49.9 410.1 elbow circ 6.7 247.0 16.6 410.8 ankle circ 6.7 216.7 14.6 411.3 forearm circ, flx 6.7 262.5 17.7 411.4 forearm circ, rel 6.8 258.8 17.7 423.6 sleeve lth: spine‐scye 6.9 209.0 14.5 432.3 shoulder lth 7.0 158.2 11.1 445.8 waist front lth (o) 7.2 396.4 28.4 464.2 crotch lth post (nat) 7.4 389.3 28.8 494.2 scye circ 7.6 409.9 31.0 517.0 hip brth 7.6 362.7 27.5 519.2 wrist‐center of grip length 7.6 72.9 5.5 521.3 ear length above tragion 7.7 28.4 2.2 535.0 interscye I 7.7 374.5 28.9 537.2 strap lth 7.8 721.2 56.1 546.1 chest circ (scye) 7.8 929.3 72.5 549.7 ear breadth 8.0 35.8 2.9 582.5 crotch lth post (o) 8.0 329.1 26.5 585.1 lat malleolus ht 8.1 62.5 5.1 593.0 waist ht sitting (o) 8.1 214.0 17.3 593.5 knee circ 8.2 383.6 31.5 611.4 buttock circ 8.5 1024.7 87.4 657.7 calf circ 8.7 375.9 32.6 681.5 chest brth 8.8 298.3 26.3 701.0 scye dpth 8.9 169.0 15.0 712.0 neck‐bustpt lth 8.9 298.3 26.6 720.9 chest circ below breast 9.0 814.0 73.2 731.1 hand thickness at metacarpale III 9.0 25.8 2.3 734.7 hip breadth sitting 9.3 412.6 38.5 786.8 lower thigh circ 9.6 401.7 38.4 828.2 thigh circ 9.8 629.5 61.5 864.1 chest circ 9.8 952.7 93.6 872.0 forearm‐forearm breadth 9.8 467.7 46.0 875.9 bispinous brth 10.1 257.5 26.1 928.3 axillary arm circ 10.2 316.7 32.2 933.0 thigh clearance 10.3 156.0 16.1 965.8 elbow rest hei 10.6 229.5 24.2 1006.7 biceps circ, flx 11.3 303.9 34.2 1146.5 waist brth 11.7 277.3 32.4 1237.5 bustpt‐bustpt 11.9 192.7 22.9 1280.3 biceps circ, 12.4 254.0 31.6 1398.8 chest depth 12.7 250.2 31.7 1454.5 buttock dpt 13.5 780.5 105.3 1644.2 waist circ (nat) 14.9 865.3 128.7 2000.8

waist circ (o) 14.9 19.4 2.9 2002.0 ear protrusion 18.1 67.7 12.2 2947.2 weight 18.9 215. 40.6 3215.6 Body Dimension CV Mean SD Derived n waist depth 19.0 141.6 26.8 3251.2 waist (nat)-waist (o) lth 32.8 58.5 19.2 9723.5

If the current female RCAF, RCN and Canadian Army personnel are similar to the LF personnel collected in the CLFS, then for all but 14 measures, less than 1000 female participants would have to be measured to to meet the ISO sampling standards for each dimension. Considerable variability is associated with the waist (circumferences, heights, length, depth, etc.), biceps, ear protrusion, and weight. For this study, the efficacy of planning to collect more than 1000 subjects to accommodate these variable measures is questionable. The ISO statistical power analysis calls for measurement of up to 9,723 female members, an impossibility with a population of just 1664 females in the RCN. The ISO acknowledges that recommended sample sizes must be balanced with population size, cost and the time required to complete the survey.

Currently, the RCAF has only 3,578 female members; according to Morris (2011), this is a small population. Using the small sample size calulator, a sample of 562 would be required. Similarly, a sample size of 476 females should be captured in the RCN and 571 in the Canadian Army. Given the low subpopulation sizes for females in the RCN, Canadian Army, and RCAF, it is proposed that female environmental sub-populations be combined into a single stratum.

Thus, considering the time frame of the data collection period, the geographic locations of the sample population and the small number of females available at each location, it is proposed that a maximum of 1000 females across the CF should be sampled.

3.7 Proposed MOSID Stratification Strategy

The proposed approach is to specifically target dedicated MOSID’s in each of the land, sea, and air environments. Rather than specifically target personnel whose MOSIDs span several environments, it is believed that the combined results from the individual environments will reflect their size and shape.

The proposed goal to survey approximately 1000 males in the land, sea and air environments and a total of 1000 females in the CF. Within each environment, the goal will be to capture personnel proportionally by MOSID, including the over sampling of operational personnel. Personnel will be captured based on the proportion of the environment’s population by age. Within each MOSID, the goal will be to collect the proper proportion of Francophones and Non- Francophones.

3.8 Proposed Air Force Stratification Strategy

The proposed RCAF male sample of approximately 1000 male service member is stratified by the following MOSIDs – see Table 12. The aircrew trades that are over sampled are noted. Females will be stratified using age and ethnic background (Non-Francophone or Francophone) factors only as the basis for selection.

Table 12. Proposed RCAF sample size by MOSID (males).

Target MOSID MOS Sample Notes 19 AES Op 32 Over sample 21 FLt Engr 38 Over sample 100 MET tech 14 101 SAR Tech 22 Over sample 109 ATIS TECH 60 135 AVN TECH 170 136 AVS TECH 89 137 IMAGE 17 138 ACS TECH 41 149 FIRE FTR 34 182 ACSO 46 183 PLT 232 Over sample 184 AEC 41 185 AERE 51 189 CONST 15 337 AC OP ‐ AE 36 340 CELE (AIR) 27 343 NDT TECH ‐ 4 363 AM SUP 32 261 AWS TECH 4 Total 1005

Unlike other Military Occupational Specialties (MOSs), pilots and Tank drivers are screened anthropometrically upon enrollment. As such, the pilot MOSID sample may not be reflective of the CF or Air Force as a whole. Even within the pilot community some pilots are assigned to different aircraft based on body shape and size. One of the goals of this survey is to examine the morphological differences amongst pilots operating different aircraft. It is proposed that the pilot sample be further stratified by using the following six aircraft type categories:  Fighter jet/trainer – CF188 Hornet, CT 155 Hawk, CT-114 Tutor  Multi-engine jet – CC-177 Globemaster III, CC-150 Polaris, CC-144 Challenger  Multi-engine – Long Range – CP-140A Arcturus, CC-140 Aurora  Multi-engine –Turbo prop – CC-115 Buffalo, CC-130 Hercules, , CC-138 Twin Otter, CT- 142 Dash-8  Land /Tactical helicopter – CH-139 Jet Ranger, CH-146 Griffon, CH-147D Chinook  Maritime helicopter – CH-124 Sea King, CH-149 Cyclone, CH-149 Cormorant

3.9 Proposed Canadian Army Stratification Strategy

The proposed Canadian Army male sample includes approximately 1000 service member in the following MOSIDs– see Table 13. The operational land trades that are over sampled are noted. Females will be stratified using age and ethnic background factors only as the basis for selection. Table 13. Proposed Canadian Army sample size by MOSID (males).

MOSID MOS Count Notes

5 Crewman 114 Over sample 8 Artyman‐F 90 Over sample 9 Artyman ‐A 15 Over sample 10 Infantry 349 Over sample 15 Lineman 12 110 LCIS TECH 27 129 VEH TECH 66 130 W TECH L 13 134 MAT TECH 8 150 MED A 0 169 AMMO TECH 6 178 ARMD Officer 34 Over sample 179 ARTY officer 35 Over sample 180 INF Officer 45 Over sample 181 ENGR officer 30 Over sample 187 EME 13 191 DENT 4 327 EO TECH (L 12 329 SIG OP 52 335 DENT TECH 6 339 CBT ENGR 47 Over sample 341 SIGS O 16 238 GEO TECH 6 Total 1000

3.10 Proposed RCN Stratification Strategy

The proposed RCN male sample recommends 1000 service member in the following MOSIDs – see Table 14. It is proposed that all trades be captured as in proportion to their demographic data, however, oversampling of some trades will be required in order to achieve the required sample total. Females will be captured using age and ethnic background strata only as the basis for selection.

Table 14. Proposed RCN sample size by MOSID (males).

MOSID MOS Count

17 NW tech 64 105 BOSN 64 114 NCI OP 53 115 NES OP 47 116 NE TECH(A) 27 117 NE TECH(C) 38 118 NE TECH(T) 51 119 NE TECH(M) 8 121 MAR ENG ME 50 122 MAR ENG TE 41 123 MAR ENG AR 30 124 H TECH 42 125 E TECH 55 126 MAR EL 0 165 STWD 35 207 MARS 152 299 NAV COMM O 88 324 SONAR OP 55 342 CL DVR 15 344 NCS ENG 39 345 MS ENG 41 346 NAV ENG 6 Total 915

4 Proposed Survey Method

The following section describes the proposed method of data collection.

4.1 Participants

Although the goal of this survey is to collect the representative numbers of participants identified in Section 3, participation will be voluntary. Prior to the start of data collection an advance party will approach units with a list of desired genders, ages and MOSIDs. Personnel and leadership will be briefed on the goals of the survey and the survey process. If an under representation occurs, priority will be given to surveying personnel who are needed to complete the sample cells identified in Section 3.

4.2 Proposed Bases

In order to capture these data a number of bases will have to be visited. The proposed bases targeted for data collection include the following:

RCN  CFB Halifax  CFB Esquimalt

RCAF  19 Wing Comox BC  Wing Cold Lake AB  15 Wing Moose Jaw SA  17 Wing Winnipeg MB  1 Wing Kingston ON (400, 408, 427, 430, 438 Squadrons)  8 Wing Trenton ON  3 Wing Bagotville QC  14 Wing Greenwood NS  12 Wing Shearwater NS

Canadian Army  CFB Edmonton AB  CFB Shilo MB  CFB Petawawa ON

 CFB Valcartier QC  CFB Gagetown NB

It should be noted that tactical helicopter squadrons are co-located on major LF bases. As well, personnel from all three environmental services could be found in any CF unit. Thus, navy personnel are not restricted to the two coasts.

4.3 Proposed Sampling Goals

A proportional stratified sampling approach will be used in the 2012 Canadian Forces Anthropometric Survey. Operational trades will be oversampled by a factor of two. The proposed stratified sampling goals will be based on the following factors:  Environment  Canadian Army  RCN  RCAF  Gender  Male  Female  Age  8 age bands  Percentage within each age band based on environment  MOSID  65 MOSIDs  MOSID sub populations  Operational trades (e.g. combat arms in the Canadian Army, air crew for RCAF)  Pilots of different aircraft types in the RCAF  Ethnicity  23% Francophone  Achievability  Approximately 1000 males for the Canadian Army  Approximately 1000 males for the RCN  Approximately 1000 males for the RCAF  Approximately 1000 females for the CF

4.3.1 Proposed RCAF Sampling Goal (Males)

It is proposed that approximately 1000 active duty (Regular force) RCAF service members be measured. The target sample includes 212 Pilots and 788 non-pilot personnel. The goal for the pilot community is detailed in Table 15. The proposed numbers of pilots by aircraft type are also depicted. Within each cell, the aim is to collect the proper proportion of Francophones. Note due to rounding requirements, the target goals are slightly higher than statistically required. Table 15. Pilot survey goal (males).

Age ≤20 20‐25 25‐30 30‐35 35‐40 40‐45 45‐50 ≥50 Total Percentage Target sample 3 13 16 18 18 14 10 8 100 MOSID MOS Sample Cell Goals PLT 212 6 30 36 42 42 32 24 18 212 183 Fighter jet 1 5 6 7 7 6 4 3 39 Multi‐ engine ‐ jet 1 5 6 7 7 6 4 3 39 Turbo prop ‐ Short Rg 1 5 6 7 7 5 4 3 38 Turbo‐ prop‐ Long rg 1 5 6 7 7 5 4 3 38 Land Helo 1 5 6 7 7 5 4 3 38 Maritime helo 1 5 6 7 7 5 4 3 38 Total 212

The goal for the male pilot community is detailed in Table 15. Within each MOSID the aim is to collect the proper proportion of Francophones (23%). Note due to rounding requirements, the target goals are slightly higher than statistically required. Table 16. Non-pilot survey goal (males).

20‐ 25‐ 35‐ 40‐ Age ≤20 25 30 30‐35 40 45 45‐50 ≥50 Total Percentage Target sample 2 12 17 15 14 15 16 9 100 MOSID MOS Sample Cell Goals 19 AES Op 32 1 4 6 5 5 5 5 3 34 21 FLt Engr 38 1 5 7 6 5 6 6 3 39 10 MET tech 14 0 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 14 10 SAR Tech 22 0 3 4 3 3 3 4 2 22 10 ATIS TECH 60 1 7 11 9 8 9 10 5 60 13 AVN TECH 170 3 20 29 27 24 25 28 15 171 13 AVS TECH 89 2 11 16 14 13 13 15 8 92 13 IMAGE TECH 17 0 3 4 4 3 4 4 2 24 13 ACS TECH 41 1 5 7 6 6 6 7 4 42

14 FIRE FTR 34 1 4 6 5 5 5 6 3 35 18 ACSO 46 1 6 8 7 6 7 8 4 47 18 AEC 41 1 5 7 6 6 6 7 4 42 18 AERE 51 1 6 9 8 7 8 8 4 51 18 CONST ENGR 15 0 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 14 33 AC OP ‐ AE 36 1 4 6 6 5 5 6 3 36 34 CELE (AIR) 27 1 3 5 4 4 4 4 2 27 34 NDT TECH ‐ 4 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 36 AM SUP 32 1 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 33 26 AWS TECH 4 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 Total 788

It should be noted the MOSID’s 19, 21, 191 and 183 are over sampled by a factor of two.

The approach to the survey will be to capture anthropometric data for personnel in each sampling cell as a priority; it is acknowledged that completing all sample cells will be challenging. The types of MOS’s at each base differ and thus a measuring plan will be developed for each base.

Where possible follow-on bases will be used to target incomplete sample cells. If goals are not achieved at the planned bases in this phase of the project, the gaps will be targeted on follow on phases.

4.3.2 Proposed RCN Sampling Goal (Males)

It is proposed that approximately 1000 active duty (Regular force) RCN service members be measured. The target sample includes a variety of MOS’s. Within each cell the aim is to collect the proper proportion of Francophones. To achieve this purpose it is recommend that an Anglophone and Francophone ship (e.g. Ville de Quebec) serve as the primary targets for the RCN survey. Table 17. RCN survey goal (males).

Age ≤20 20‐25 25‐30 30‐35 35‐40 40‐45 45‐50 ≥50 Total Percentage Target sample 3 15 17 15 15 15 13 7 100 MOSID MOS Sample Cell Goals 17 NW tech 64 2 9 11 10 9 10 8 4 63 105 BOSN 64 2 9 11 10 9 10 8 4 63 114 NCI OP 53 2 8 9 8 8 8 7 4 54 115 NES OP 47 2 7 8 7 7 7 6 3 47 116 NE TECH(A) 27 1 4 5 4 4 4 3 2 27 117 NE TECH(C) 38 1 6 6 6 6 6 5 3 39 118 NE TECH(T) 51 2 8 9 8 8 8 6 3 52

119 NE TECH(M) 8 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 20 121 MAR ENG ME 50 2 7 9 8 7 7 6 3 49 122 MAR ENG TE 41 1 6 7 6 6 6 5 3 40 123 MAR ENG AR 30 1 4 5 5 4 4 4 2 29 124 H TECH 42 1 6 7 6 6 6 5 3 40 125 E TECH 55 2 8 9 8 8 8 7 4 54 126 MAR EL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 165 STWD 35 1 5 6 5 5 5 4 2 33 207 MARS 152 5 22 26 23 22 23 19 10 150 299 NAV COMM 88 3 13 15 13 13 13 11 6 87 324 SONAR OP 55 2 8 9 8 8 8 7 4 54 342 CL DVR 15 0 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 14 344 NCS ENG 39 1 6 7 6 6 6 5 3 40 345 MS ENG 41 1 6 7 6 6 6 5 3 40 346 NAV ENG 6 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 6 Total 1001

Note due to rounding requirements, the target goals are slightly higher than statistically required.

4.3.3 Proposed Canadian Army Sampling Goal (Males)

It is proposed that approximately 1000 active duty (Regular force) Canadian Army service members be measured. The target sample includes a variety of MOS’. Within each cell the aim is to collect the proper proport on of Francophones. To achieve this purpose, it is recommended that 5 Brigade serves as the primary target for Francophones in the Canadian Army survey. Table 18. Canadian Army survey goal (males).

Age ≤20 20‐25 25‐30 30‐35 35‐40 40‐45 45‐50 ≥50 Total Percentage

Target sample 3 20 21 17 14 12 9 4 100 MOSID MOS Sample Cell Goals 5 Crewman 114 3 22 24 19 16 14 11 5 114 8 Artyman‐F 90 3 18 19 15 13 11 8 4 91 9 Artyman ‐A 15 0 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 15 10 Infantry 349 10 68 73 59 49 42 33 15 349 15 Lineman 12 0 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 12 110 LCIS TECH 27 1 5 6 5 4 3 3 1 28 129 VEH TECH 66 2 13 14 11 9 8 6 3 66 130 W TECH L 13 0 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 14 134 MAT TECH 8 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 8 150 MED A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

169 AMMO TECH 6 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 6 178 ARMD Officer 34 1 7 7 6 5 4 3 1 34 179 ARTY officer 35 1 7 7 6 5 4 3 1 34 180 INF Officer 45 1 9 9 8 6 5 4 2 44 181 ENGR officer 30 1 6 6 5 4 4 3 1 30 187 EME 13 0 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 14 191 DENT 4 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 4 327 EO TECH (L 12 0 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 12 329 SIG OP 52 1 10 11 9 7 6 5 2 51 335 DENT TECH 6 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 6 339 CBT ENGR 47 1 9 10 8 7 6 4 2 47 341 SIGS O 16 0 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 16 238 GEO TECH 6 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 6 Total 1001

Note due to rounding requirements, the target goals are slightly lower than statistically required. It is anticipated that more soldiers will be collected than required.

4.3.4 Proposed Sampling Goal (Females)

It is proposed that approximately 1000 active duty (Regular force) female service members be measured. The target sample includes a variety of MOS. Within each cell the aim is to collect the proper proportion of Francophones. Table 19. Canadian Forces survey goal (females).

Age ≤20 20‐25 25‐30 30‐35 35‐40 40‐45 45‐50 ≥50 Total Percentage Target sample 3 17 19 16 14 13 12 6 100 MOSID Sample Cell Goals Any Females 1000 26 165 192 162 141 134 120 60 1000

4.4 Apparatus

The proposed survey will include manual measurement of body dimensions, automated data collection by the use of laser and photogrammetric scanners and lastly derived measures based on captured measures. The individual information captured will be merged and entered into a survey database.

4.4.1 Computer Data Entry

Demographic data will be entered directly by the participant into a database. Note that participant will be given a subject number code ( ## - yymmdd - ####) so personal information is not directly tied to the participant. Data captured manually will be entered into a pre-constructed and

easy to use database by an observer. The database will include a checking routine that identifies measures that are outside the range of data captured (mean ± 2 standard deviations) in the 1997 CLFS and ANSUR database – see Section 4.6 (Error Control). As well, the check routine will be used to identify if the variability of manually captured data is outside observer error limits for the measure in question.

Currently, the data captured by the separate scanning systems are collected onto separate data bases. The information will be compiled post-hoc onto a master database along with the subject demographic information.

Data will be backed at the end of each day onto removable hard drives and secured appropriately.

4.4.2 Anthropometric Instruments

The anthropometric survey will include a number of measures collected manually. Standard anthropometric instruments will be used in this survey. The standard instruments and their source include the following: Table 20. Anthropometric Instruments.

Instrument Source

GPM anthropometer (model 101) Note: an Seritex, Inc., 450 Barell Avenue, Carlstadt, NJ , anthropometer will also serve as a beam caliper 07072. GPM anthropometer baseplate (model 101F) Sliding calipers (model 104) Sliding caliper - Poech type (model 114) 0- 250mm Spreading caliper with rounded ends (model 106) Large spreading caliper with rounded ends (model 108) Caliper checking gauge (model 219) Steel tape Lufkin Pupilometer PDM 400M Getoptic.com

Based on the success of the ANSUR and ANSUR II surveys, a number of non-standard tools will be used/ manufactured. These include the following:

 Scye marking aid – A small line level will be epoxied onto a Plexiglas ruler. The straight edge will assist in establishing the anterior and posterior scye marks. The system will also be used to identify crotch level.

Figure 1. Scye markinng aid.

 Landmark transfer rod – A landmark transfer aid will be manufactured to assist measures in establishing same height landmarks (e.g. waist height- anterior and posterior). The transfer rod will be similar in function to that utilized in the ANSUR and ANSUR II. The transfer rod will be mounted on a base with casters. A moveable slide will be mounted on a central rod.

Figure 2. Landmark trannsfer rod.

 Modified steel tape – a steel tape will be modified by attaching a base board ffoor measuring Outer Leg Length.

 Modified height Gauge – As a back-up to the Peddus Scanner, a vernier height gauge will be used to measure lateral malleolus height. The Series H04, id: 161-103K model from Tresna Instruments will be used. The scribing bit will be grounded down to reduce injury.

Figure 3. Modified height gauge.

 Backup foot measuring box. A foot measuring box will be constructed to assist with foot length and breadth measures. A right and left measuring grrid will be constructed in a similar fashion to the alignment grid constructed for the ANSUR.

 Figure 4. Foot measuring box.

 Wall graph. A 2.5m x .25m wall graph will be constructed by joining metric graph paper. The graph paper will be laminated and marked with major divisions.

Figure 5. Wall graph.

4.4.3 Vitus XXL Whole Body scanner

The VITUS XXL (Human-Solutions GmbH, Kaiserslautern) is 3D body scanner designed to generate precise 3D images of the human body according to ISO 20685:2010(E). The scanner dimensions are 2,200 mm x 2,200 mm and a height of 2,950 mm. The complete system includes 4 laser scanning columns either hard mounted to a level floor surface or bolted into an aluminum frame, a personal computer (PC) and monitor, and an analog to digital (A/D) signal converter box. The system includes eight scanning heads with an average maximum error of ≤ 1 mm.

The Body Scanner uses optical triangulation as the basis for its measurement principle. For this purpose, a charge-coupled device (CCD)-Camera with inntegrated imaage processing hardware is combined with a laser pointing towards the object to produce images showing a laser line on the object surface. The laser illuminating the object is positioned at a fixed angle to the camera. In the resulting camera images, the light line position and shape correlates directly to the distance and shape of the object surface. Based on the known distance and angle between the camera and the laser, coordinates of 3D points along the laser line on the scanned objbject can be calculated from the position and shape of the laser line in an image.

Figure 6. Vitus XXL Sccanner. Figure 7. 3D Scan.

To perform the scanning of a 3D area with a laser sensor, the sensor is moved linearly along the object to be scanned, while the camera records a set of images. From each image, a set of 3D points along the laser line (i.e., x, y and z positions of surface points on the object) is derived by triangulation. By combining the surface points derived from all of the images taken during the scan process, a 3D model of the surface of the scanned object can be formed. It is impossible for one sensor to scan an entire body as it can only "see" thoose parts of the object that face towards the camera. Therefore, several sensors have to be combined to scan the object from different directions. A special calibration procedure ensures that the data deliveered by several sensors can be combined to a single three-dimensional model of the scanned object.

Even after combining the output of several laser sensors, there may be parts of the object thhat cannot be scanned because the cameras do not “see” them. To avoid this situation, each sensor head is equipped with two cameras. Therefore, every other camera is located above the lasers pointing slightly downwards, and the other is mounted beyond the lassers pointing upwards, thus covering the same measuring range. This method, called double triangulation, enables body areas such as the shoulder or under the chin to be scanned. Thoough ANTHROSCAN (Human-Solutions GmbH, Kaiserslautern) scanner software utilizes the double triangulation principle, objects where parts of the surface occlude other parts may not be completely reconstructed (where necessary, manual measurement of occluded dimensions will be taken).

The mechanical sete -up for a complete 360° scan consists of 4 columnns (each containing a double triangulation sensor) placed at approximately 90° angles to one other. The columns described above can be connected in different combinations and number (currently maximum of 4) to form

a multi- sensor system. Each column consists of a double triangulation sensor (diode laser with a cylindrical lens in front and to CCD matrix video cameras).

The sensors are initially arranged at the same horizontal level in each column and move from top to bottom in the columns to scan the entire body. Vertical feed was chosen as the motion direction to ensure that small movements of the body, such postural sway, have a minimal effect on the measurement.

The laser sources are switched on (pulsed) if the measurement begins. During the measurement, the slides travel vertically at a defined speed and are nearly vibration-free. The camera signals are acquired during the measuring procedure in real-time as described above. The measuring time and section density (system resolution in the vertical direction) are dependent upon traveling speed. The measurement takes approximately 15 seconds. After acquisition, the scanned data are stored on the hard drive.

4.4.4 ANTHROSCAN Software

ANTHROSCAN is the software used to extract dimensions captured by the XXL Vitus whole body scanner. With ANTHROSCAN, it is possible to take body measurements from 3D scans in three different modes:  Interactively  Fully automatically  Semi-automatically

The highlights of the Professional ANTHROSCAN version to be used include the following:  Controlling the scanner hardware, i.e. taking scans  Visualization of scan data  Automatic raw scan data processing  Interactive cutting of scans  Complete set for interactive measurement tools, including:  length measurements for straight, bended and multi angle distances  freely placeable circumferences  freely placeable angle measurements  freely placeable body cross sections  interactive adjustment of “electronic tapes”  freely placeable body cross-sections  automatic body measurement extraction for males and females for 140 body measurements extracted automatically from a standard posture  data export in various 3D formats

 data export in a format compatible to Microsoft (MS) Excel  Hypertext markup language (HTML) measuring protocols in batch mode  collecting personal information  programming interface for new postures and measurements with an extensible markup langageu (XML) based script language including view, zoom and pan functions for comfortably processing the interactive evaluation of large groups of people and set up of task congruent measurement scenarios; up to 8 postures per scenario, especially most helpful for seated and standing postures  wizards for scanning scenarios, measurements and landmarks configuration  ISO 7250-1:2008(E) and ISO 8559:1989(E) compliant measurement sets for selected body dimensions  automatic extraction of 3D marker center and marker geometry exclusion

4.4.5 Personal Data

The ANTHROSCAN software system permits the collection of personal information. Data fields can be user defined allowing the authors to tailor the demographic information collected. Although the current plan is to collect the demographic information prior to scanning with the VITUS XXL, common data fields will be used to facilitate the merging of the data sets post-hoc.

4.4.6 ANTHROSCAN Anthropometric Central Server

Information captured by the VITUS XXL and ANTHROSCAN software system will be stored on a central server. The information will be stored in a scalable relational database based on the MySQL database, available under the GNU public licence scheme. Scans are saved as BLOB’s (Binary large objects) directly in the database and database table spaces hold measurement data, socio–demographic data and all other accompanying data defined during set up of the database of the ANTHROSCAN Anthropometric Scan Server.

The ANTHROSCAN Anthropometric Scan Server is multiple projects enabled-different size surveys where completely distinct survey scenarios and data definitions can be managed synchronously on this single data platform. A project can also be a generated as a filtered subset of an existing project, created for completely different analysing goals.

Common data import structures allow central data processing regardless of the scan location; the necessity for sophisticated onsite measurement software becomes unnecessary. Special data transfer clients allow automatic transfer of the acquired data from the distinct locations to the central server.

Using the possibilities of a relational database, any of this data can become filter criteria for the database content. It becomes possible:  to select all scans that correspond to certain measurement limits (e.g. for sizing problems in protective clothing applications)  to filter the scans according to the persons operational environment (e.g. air, land, sea)

 to filter the scans for persons of the same ethnic or regional background (e.g. Francophone, Anglophone, Aboriginal)  use any other filter criteria that is part of the measurement project goals (e.g. by MOSID, aircraft)  to generate special reports for various departments (DSSPM, DAR, DRDC etc.).)

4.4.7 Database Viewing

The ANTHROSCAN system also includes a browser system allowing password protected access to the database. The system will allow end clients to access the database remotely via the web (intranet, extranet, etc.)

4.4.8 VITUS aHead scanner

The VITUS aHead (Human-Solutions GmbH, Kaiserslautern) is a precise 3D head scanner designed to generate precise 3D images of the human head. The scanning volume is 1000mm x 400mm x 400mm. The scanner dimensions are 1,200mm x 1,200 mm and a height of 1,850mm. The complete system includes 4 laser scanning columns either hard mounted to a level floor surface or bolted into an aluminum frame, a PC and monitor, and an A/D signal converter box. The aHead scanner includes eight scanning heads and an average maximum error of ≤ 1 mm.

Figure 9. 3D Head Scan. Figure 8. Vitus aHead Scanner.

As with the Body Scanner, the aHead Scanner uses optical triangulation as the basis for its measurement principle. For this purpose, a CCD-Camera with integrated image processing hardware is combined with a laser pointing towards the object to produce images showing a laser line on the object surface. The laser illuminating the object is positioned at a fixed angle to the camera. In the resulting camera images, the light line position and shape correlates directly to the distance and shape of the object surface. Based on the known distannce and angle between the camera and the laser, coordinates of 3D points along the laser line on the scanned object can be calculated from the position and shape of the laser line in an image.

4.4.9 PEDUS Hand and Foot Scanner

The FootIn3D (Elinvision, Biruliskiu, Lithuania) is a precise 3D hand and foot scanner designed to generate precise 3D images of the foot and hand. The scanning volume is 100mm x 190mm x 320mm. The scanner dimensions are 800mm x 600 mm and a heigght of 600mm. The PEDUS scanner includes three scanning heads and an average maximum error of ≤ 2 mm.

Figure 11. FootIn3D images.

Figure 10. FootIn3D Scanner.

4.4.10 BoSS XXI Photogrammetric Scanner

The Body Sizing System (BoSS) XXI (VisImage Systems Inc., Markham) is a photogrammetrric data collection system that utilizes two digital cameras taking simultaneous pictures of a subject. The pictures are taken from the frontal and sagittal planes. Proprietary algorithms interpret the recorded images such that in-line and circumferential measurements of the subject are generated. Studies have validated the metrics that BoSS collects in regard to sizing uniforms for the Canadian Forces (Meunier and Yin, 2001). Thirty-eight anthropometric measurements are generated from the two 2D digital photos processed using the BoSS algorithms.

Figure 12. BoSS XXI Scanner. Figure 13. BoSS XXI image.

4.5 Measurements

4.5.1 Demographic Information

The anthropometric survey will capture demographic information. Information will include the following:  Service information: MOSID, rank, etc.  Biographical information: Generic demographic data captured will be based on the Statistics Canada 2011 National Household Survey (2011).  Body shape information: This information is being collected to assist in identifying the appropriate scanning apparel required.

Detailed questions in the demographic survey are provided in Annex C.

4.5.2 Landmarks

Anthropometric measurements are taken from specific anatomical landmarks on the body. Anatomical landmarks serve as the point of origin (e.g. stylion for hand length), termination (right and left dactylion II for span) or level of a measurement (e.g. suprasternale for suprasternaale height).

While the ANTHROSCAN and BoSS XXI do have landmark detection algorithms, ISO 20685:2010(E) recommends the physical identification of the following landmarks as a minimum.

Table 21. ISO 20685:2010(E) minimum landmark set.  Cervicale  Suprasternale  Deltoid Point, Right  Illiocristale (right and left) and Left  Glabella  Bustpoint  Infraorbitale  Crotch Height  Infrathyroid  Mesosternale  Suprapatella (Standing and sitting) (anterior and  Lateral Epicondyle posterior)  Menton  Axillary Fold, Anterior and Posterior  Metacarpale II  Lateral Femoral Epicondyle  Metacarpale III  Tibiale  Metacarpale IV  Nipple (Right and Left)  Midshoulder  Anterior Superior Illiac Spine (right and left)  Neck, anterior and  Omphalion (right, left and posterior) Lateral  Olecranon  Lateral Malleolus  Sellion  Trochanter  Stylion  Fifth metatarsophalangeal protrusion  Tragion  Lowest Rib  Ulnar Styloid  First metatarsophalangeal protrusion  Scye, Anterior, Posterior, and Mid (Right and  Zygion Left)

The proposed landmarks identified in Table 21 are detailed in ISO 7250-1:2008(E) and in Gordon et al (1989). A visual index of the landmarks is included in Annex A.

The survey will utilize one team of two landmarkers, including one male and one female marker. The markers will identify the landmarks by sight, palpation and movement. The landmarks will be drawn on the participants with removable eye make-up pencils and with stickers where required (e.g. bust point on top of women’s sports bra, trochanter hidden by shorts).

4.5.3 Standard Measurements

The proposed anthropometric survey includes approximately 46 traditional measurements, 120 scanned measurements and a number of derived measurements. The traditional measures include 39 essential and 34 desirable measures. The results of the pilot trial will determine the possibility of collecting more than essential measures. Where there is a choice of right or left, all measurements will be taken from the right side unless specified. All physical measures will be repeated twice, if the measures show too great a variance, the measure will be taken a third time. See Section 4.6 for error control. Standard measures include the following:

Table 22. Standard measurements target for data collection.

Acromial height, sitting Elbow rest height, sitting Popliteal height Acromial height, standing Eye height, standing Eye Sagittal arc Acromial‐wall depth Finger Length Scye circumference Arm Length Foot breadth Span Axillary arm circumference Hand breadth Index Stature, sitting Biacromial breadth Hand circumference Stature, standing Bideltoid breadth Hand length Thigh Clearance Bitragion coronal arc Head breadth Thumbtip reach Bizygomatic breadth Head length Thumbtip reach, extended Buttock circumference height, sitting Vertical Trunk Circumference Buttock‐ knee length Hip breadth, sitting Waist Circumference Buttock‐popliteal length Hip breadth, standing Weight Cervical to wrist length Interpupillary breadth Wrist – wall length Chest breadth Knee height Foot length Chest circumference Menton‐Sellion Elbow girth Outer Leg Length

The measures to be used to evaluate the PEDUS and Vitus Ahead head scanners will be determined upon evaluation of the data extraction algorithms of the software associated with each scanner. Note that the interactive measurement approach will be used with the PEDUS and aHead scanners.

4.5.4 Scanned Measures

The proposed anthropometric survey includes whole body, head, foot and hand scanning. Automatic and interactive measurements are possible with the scanners. Measures obtainable from the 3D scanners are detailed in Annex B. The measures include those identified in ISO 7250-1:2008(E) and ISO 8859:1989(E).

4.6 Error Control

The proposed survey will use a number of mechanisms to reduce error, these measures include:  Test instrument calibration  Scanner calibration  Scanning attire  Scanning position  Observer error control

4.6.1 Test Instrument Accuracy

The accuracy of the test instruments and scanners will be calibrated and measured at the start of every day. The accuracy of the traditional sliding and spreading calipers will be assessed using the Caliper checking gauge (model 219). If errors are found, correction factors will be utilized.

4.6.2 Scanner Accuracy

The scanner hardware will be calibrated upon setup and at the start of every day. Scanner calibration will follow the calibration procedure recommended by the manufacturer. In general, the procedure will be as follows:

4.6.3 Test object

The scanners will be tested with an object of known dimensions. For this purpose a rigid column of known dimension will be used as human surrogates. The test device will be placed at various points within the scanning volume. The location and placement of the test devices will be standardized.

4.6.4 Test measurements

The following test measurements will be made on the test object during a future validation study:  point-to-point distance;  arc length;  cross-section circumference.

Readings will be taken at various heights of the manikin (ISO 20685:2010(E) recommends 500mm, 1000mm, 1500mm and 2000mm). A minimum of three scans will be taken.

4.6.5 Test Accuracy

The results of the scans will be compared to dimensions captured using calibrated traditional instruments. The min, max and mean measures will be compared to the manual methods. ISO 20685:2010(E) has established limits on scanner error between extracted values derived from scans and traditionally measured values – see Table 23. The accuracy of the scanning systems will be reported. Table 23. Maximum allowable error between extracted value and traditionally measured value.

Measurement type Maximum mean difference (mm) Segment lengths (e.g. buttock‐popliteal length) 5 Body heights (e.g. shoulder height) 4 Large circumferences (e.g. chest circumference) 9 Small circumferences (e.g. neck circumference) 4

Body breadths (e.g. biacromial breadth) 4 Body depths (e.g. chest depth) 5 Head dimensions without hair 1 Head dimensions with hair 2 Hand dimensions 1 Foot dimensions 2

4.6.6 Scanning Attire

Form fitting scanning attire will be used in the survey to reduce the presence of folds, etc. ANSUR II and ISO 20685:2010(E) recommends the use of non-padded bicycle compression shorts and sports bras for women. Participants will still wear their lower body underwear underneath the shorts.

The clothing will be sized so as to not cause tissue compression. Light coloured clothing will be used (non-black) to facilitate scanning. The sports bras utilized will be selected so that the mesosternale notch is still visible. The shorts selected should expose the omphalion.

Form fitting wig/swim caps will be used to compress hair.

4.6.7 Scanning Position

Six standardized scanning positions will be used. Typical positions include standing straight, head in the Frankfurt plane, heels parallel; standing straight, head in the Frankfurt plane, heels, together, seated, etc. Examples of scanning positions are described in Annex C. ISO 20685:2010(E) standing postures A, B, C, and D will be used with the whole body scanner.

Fiigure 14. ISO 20685:2010 (E) standing Figure 15. ISO 20685:2010 (E) standing posture A. poosture B.

Figure 16. ISO 20685:2010 (E) standing Figure 17. ISO 20685:2010 (E) standing posture C. poosture D.

4.6.8 Observer Error Control

Acceptable observer error is identified in ANSUR and referenced in ISO 20695:2010(E). The allowable observer error used in this survey will be taken from the limits identified by (Gordon, 1989) and detailed in Table 24. Note the entire ANSUR error limit database is detailed below but a number of dimensions will not be captured in this survey Table 24. Maximum allowable observer error.

Allowable Dimension Error (mm) Abdominal Extension Depth, Sitting 10 Acromial Height 7 Acromial Height, Sitting 9

Allowable Dimension Error (mm) Acromion‐Radiale Length 4 Ankle Circumference 4 Axilla Height 10 Axillary Arm Circumference 8 Ball of Foot Circumference 4 Ball of Foot Length 6 Biacromial Breadth 8 Biceps Circumference, Flexed 6 Bideltoid Breadth 8 Bimalleolar Breadth 2 Bispinous Breadth 3 Bitragion Chin Arc 8 Bitragion Coronal Arc 7 Bitragion Crinion Arc 5 Bitragion Frontal Arc 5 Bitragion Submandibular Arc 6 Bitragion Subnasale Arc 6 Bizygomatic Breadth 2 Bustpoint/Thelion‐Bustpoint/Thelion 10 Breadth Buttock Circumference 12 Buttock Depth 8 Buttock Height 7 Buttock‐Knee Length 6 Buttock‐Popliteal Length 7 Calf Circumference 5 Calf Height 3 Cervicale Height 7 Cervicale Height, Sitting 10 Chest Breadth 8 Chest Circumference 15 Chest Circumference at Scye 15 Chest Circumference below Breast 16 Chest Depth 4 Chest Height 11 Crotch Height 10 Crotch Length (Natural Indentation) 16 Crotch Length (Omphalion) 18 Crotch Length, Posterior (Natural 11 Indentation) Crotch Length, Posterior (Omphalion) 11 Ear Breadth 3

Allowable Dimension Error (mm) Ear Length 2 Ear Length above Tragion 2 Ear Protrusion 3 Elbow Circumference 4 Elbow Rest Height 10 Eye Height, Sitting 8 Foot Breadth, Horizontal 2 Foot Length 3 Forearm Circumference, Flexed 5 Forearm-Forearm Breadth 17 Forearm-Hand Length 4 Functional Leg Length 17 Gluteal Furrow Height 6 Hand Breadth 2 Hand Circumference 4 Hand Length 3 Head Breadth 2 Head Circumference 5 Head Length 2 Heel Ankle Circumference 6 Heel Breadth 2 Hip Breadth 7 Hip Breadth, Sitting 6 Iliocristale Height 5 Interpupillary Breadth 2 Interscye I 10 Interscye II 13 Knee Circumference 4 Knee Height, Midpatella 6 Knee Height, Sitting 2 Lateral Femoral Epicondyle Height 3 Lateral Malleolus Height 3 Lower Thigh Circumference 4 Menton-Sellion Length 3 Midshoulder Height, Sitting 9 Neck-Bustpoint/Thelion Length 8 Neck Circumference 6 Neck Circumference, Base 11 Neck Height, Lateral 7 Overhead Fingertip Reach 20 Overhead Fingertip Reach, Extended 20 Overhead Fingertip Reach, Sitting 20

Allowable Dimension Error (mm) Popliteal Height 7 Radiale-Stylion Length 6 Scye Circumference 13 Scye Depth 4 Shoulder Circumference 22 Shoulder˜El bow Length 6 Shoulder Length 3 Sitting Height 6 Sleeve Length: Spine˜Elbow 10 Sleeve Length: Spine˜Scy e 11 Sleeve Length: Spine˜Wrist 9 Sleeve Outseam 6 Span 10 Stature 10 Strap Length 12 Suprasternale Height 5 Tenth Rib Height 5 Thigh Circumference 6 Thigh Clearance 3 Thumb Breadth 2 Thumbtip Reach 20 Trochanteric Height 7 Vertical Trunk Circumference (ASCC) 22 Vertical Trunk Circumference (USA) 24 Waist Back Length (Natural Indentation) 5 Waist Back Length (Omphalion) 5 Waist Breadth 6 Waist Circumference (Natural Indentation) 11 Waist Circumference (Omphalion) 12 Waist Depth 8 Waist Front Length (Natural Indentation) 5 Waist Front Length (Omphalion) 5 Waist Height (Natural Indentation) 4 Waist Height (Omphalion) 7 Waist Height, Sitting (Natural Indentation) 6 Waist Height, Sitting (Omphalion) 8 Waist-Hip Length 6 Waist (Natural Indentation) ˜Waist 3 (Omphalion) Weight .3kg Wrist-Center of Grip Length 4 Wrist Circumference 5

Allowable Dimension Error (mm) Wrist Height 11 Wrist Height, Sitting 10 Wrist-Index Finger Length 4 Wrist-Thumbtip Length 3 Wrist-Wall Length 20 Wrist-Wall Length, Extended 20

Observer error will be recorded in the training sessions and if greater error is identified than allowed, remedial training will be implemented.

Measures taken manually will be replicated for a total of two measures. The measures will be analyzed to determine the min, max and mean. If the variance in the measure is greater than the allowable limit (Table 24) an investigation will be conducted to determine the source of error. The measure will also be taken again to confirm the actual dimension. If required, remedial training will be conducted to achieve consistency and accuracy. A software checking system will be utilized in determining if recorded measures are outside the variance (min ± 2 standard deviations) of the measure in the 1997 CLFS and ANSUR database. If identified, the recorded dimension will be flagged and an additional measurement will be taken. Unlike the ANSUR, regression algorithms will not be utilized to check dimensions against other covariates.

4.7 Process

The survey process will begin with traditional anthropometry training and 3D scanner training. Given the use of automated data collection, traditional anthropometry training will focus on those measures that will not be captured by the whole body, head, hand, or foot scanners.

4.7.1 Measurer training

4.7.1.1 Traditional anthropometry

The comprehensive manuals developed for the ANSUR and ANSUR II surveys will serve as the basis for traditional anthropometry training and instruction. HSI participants will conduct in- house supervised training from personnel who have received formal surface anthropometry training.

Participants will receive formal training at DRDC Toronto. Training will focus on first on the dimensions to be captured manually and secondarily on all dimensions.

Participants will utilize the Measurer's Handbook: U.S. Army Anthropometric Survey, 1987-1988 (Clauser, Tebbetts, Bradtmiller, McConville and Gordon, 1988) as a guide for the traditional measuring and landmarking. Upon measurement training, measurers will be tested on their reliability in landmarking and measuring.

4.7.1.2 Scanner training

The scanner user manuals will serve as a basis for operator training and instructions. The system manufacturer (Human-Solutions; Kaiserslautern), will provide on-site training with the systems. Training will focus on equipment setup, calibration, data acquisition, measurement extraction, system disassembly and packing.

4.7.2 Pilot testing

Upon completion of the measurer training (scanner and traditional), pilot testing of the survey protocol will be undertaken at DRDC Toronto. Pilot testing will include disassembly and reassembly of the scanner, site set-up, calibration, data collection, measurement extraction, site disassembly and repacking.

The proposed plan is to do a complete data set up and then data capture with a minimum of 12 subjects. The systems will be torn down and then re-setup and a second data capture with the same subjects will be performed. The data from the two scanning sessions will be analyzed to identify systemic issues. On the last day of the pilot, the survey equipment will be packed for shipping and a hot wash will take place.

4.7.3 Subject Processing

4.7.3.1 Set-up

The actual survey will begin with the transport of the survey equipment to the survey site. An advance party from DRDC Toronto will identify a suitable site and establish tentative locations for the survey test stands and stations. On arrival at the test site, the survey equipment will be off-loaded using pallet trucks and setup in the assigned locations. Teams will be assigned dedicated off-loading and setup tasks. Once the scanning equipment is off-loaded the scanners will be set-up and calibrated. At the same time, privacy screens will be set up and measuring stations will be established and marked.

4.7.3.2 Data collection

Participants will be processed through a series of stations. A generic depiction of a gymnasium or hanger floor set up is detailed below in Figure 18. Notional layout of the measurement stations.

Figure 18. Notional layout of the measurement stations.

4.7.3.3 Screening and Intake

The next morning after site set up the scanning of subjects will begin. Subjects selected for scanning will be identified as per the stratified plan. Rosters of targeted subjects will be forwarded to each base prior to the team’s arrival. The advance party from DRDC will liaise with target units to identify available candidates for scanning. The participants will assemble at the survey intake site at pre- determined times (0730, 0930, 1230, 1430hrs- To Be Confirmed (TBC)). Subjects will be screened and given subject consent, image release, and permission to contact forms to complete. Once consent and image release forms are complete, the participants will be assigned subject numbers.

Note the master list linking subject information to subject number will be strictly controlled in accordance with Privacy legislation. The demographic information will then be collected. Once the participant completes the demographic information sheet, the data will be checked for completeness and the subject will be sent to the change room with a padlock and key on a lanyard.

Note: Although the current goal is to capture complete data sets on all participants, delays in traditional anthropometry may warrant a double stream where some participants are measured just with the Vitus XXL and BoSS XXI scanners. Participants screened for full processing will be identified at the intake stand.

Male and female change rooms will be provided. Participants will disrobe to a semi-nude state. They will don appropriately sized compression shorts over their underwear and sports bras (females). The participant will secure their clothing in a barracks box with a key provided by the intake supervisor. All watches and jewelry will be removed and secured in the numbered barracks box. The participant will don a terrycloth robe and slippers and then proceed to the landmarking

station. will utilize privacy screens. Each station will utilize a screen to ensure participant privacy.

4.7.3.4 Landmarking

At the landmarking station, landmarks will be identified by observation, palpation and joint movement. Once a landmark is identified it will be drawn on the participant using a water soluble pen/wax-based eye-liner or sticker. Once all the landmarks are located, the participant’s master data form will be checked off and they will proceed to the traditional anthropometry measuring stations or the Vitus XXl whole body scanner. Gender appropriate landmarkers will be used for some dimensions.

The number of landmarks required is dependent on the number of measures to be captured. A number of tools will be used to assist in landmarking, they include the following:

• Scye marking aid

• Landmark transfer rod

• 44cm high table

• Mirror

• Wax‐based eye liner pencils, water soluble pens

• Retro‐reflective stickers

4.7.3.5 Traditional Measurement

At the traditional anthropometry measuring stations, teams of measurer and recorders will capture the dimensions of a variety of measures. Upon entry, the subject will take off their robe. The participant’s subject number will be entered into a new data capture form and the team will brief the participant as to what they will be measuring and how. The dimensions captured at each station will be selected to minimize tool and posture changes. Three measurements will be taken of each dimension. The data recorder will enter the information directly into the electronic data form.

Gender appropriate measurers will be utilized for some unique dimensions (e.g. identifying nipple point). Once all the dimensions of the measuring station are collected, the subject’s master data form will be initialed. The subject will re-don their robe and be sent to the next traditional anthropometry stand. Between participants, the anthropometric instruments will be wiped down with cleaning agent.

The traditional measurements will involve a variety of instruments. The instruments and associated measures are detailed in Table 25. A total of 46 essential measures will be collected.

Table 25. Proposed anthropometric measures and associated instruments.

Proposed manual Measurements Landmark Instrument measurements

Abdominal Extension (X) Anterior point of abdomen Beam caliper Depth, Sitting Acromial Height X Acromion Anthropometer Acromial Height, Sitting X Acromion Anthropometer Acromion‐Radiale (X) Acromion, radiale Beam caliper Length Acromion‐Wall Depth X Acromion Ht gauge Ankle Circumference (X) Ankle Tape Biacromial Breadth X Acromion Biceps Circumference, (X) Biceps point Tape Flexed Bideltoid Breadth X Deltoid point Beam caliper Bitragion Coronal Arc X Tragion Tape Bizygomatic Breadth X Zygion Spreading caliper Buttock Circumference X Max protrusion of buttock Tape

Buttock Height (X) Max protrusion of buttock Anthropometer

Buttock‐Knee Length X Anterior point of knee Anthropometer Buttock‐Popliteal X Popliteal fossa Anthropometer Length Calf Circumference (X) Calf Tape Cervicale Height (X) Cervicale Anthropometer Chest Breadth X Nipple, bust point Beam caliper Chest Circumference X Fullest part of breast Tape Large spreading Chest Dept (X) Nipple/bust point caliper

Distal part of inferior Modified tape or Crotch Height X ramus of the pubic bone anthropometer

Elbow Rest Height, (X) Olecranon Anthropometer Standing Elbow Rest Height, X Olecranon Anthropometer Sitting Eye Height, Standing X Ectocanthus Anthropometer Eye Height, Sitting X Eectocanthus Anthropometer Foot Length X Box with grids Forearm Circumference, Automatic with Vitus Flexed (X) Tape

Measurements Proposed manual Landmark Instrument Forearm‐Forearm (X) Outer sides of forearm Beam caliper Breadth Forearm‐Hand Length (X) Olecranon Beam caliper Functional Leg Length (X) Foot and buttock Special tool

II and V Metacarpale Hand Breadth X Sliding caliper

II and V Metacarpale Hand Circumference X Tape Hand Length X Stylion Poech caliper Hand Thickness (X) Metacarpale III Sliding caliper

Automatic with Vitus Head Breadth X Spreading caliper

Automatic with Vitus Head Circumference (X) Tape Head Length X Glabella Spreading caliper Hip Breadth X Hip point Beam caliper Hip Breadth, Sitting X Beam caliper Iliocristale Height (X) Iliocristale Anthropometer Index finger length X Sliding caliper

Index finger breadth, Sliding caliper proximal (X)

Index finger breadth, (X) Sliding caliper distal Interpupillary Breadth (X) Pupillometer Knee Height, Midpatella (X) Midpatella Anthropometer Knee Height, Sitting X Suprapatella Anthropometer Menton‐Sellion Height X Menton, Sellion Sliding caliper Neck Circumference (X) Infrathyroid Tape

Wrist crease, base digit 3 Palm Length (X) Sliding caliper Popliteal Height X Popliteal Anthropometer Radiale‐Stylion Length (X) Radiale, stylion Beam caliper Sagittal Arc (glabella to crinion) X Glabella, crinion Tape Scye Circumference X Acromion Tape Shoulder Circumference (X) Deltoid Tape

Acromion, olecranon Shoulder‐Elbow Length (X) Beam caliper Sitting Height X Top of head Anthropometer Sleeve Length: Spine‐ (X) Mid spine, dorsal Beam caliper Wrist Span X Finger tips Wall graph Stature X Top of head Anthropometer

Automatic with Vitus Thigh Circumference (X) Tape

Top of thigh, buttocks Thigh Clearance X Anthropometer

Measurements Proposed manual Landmark Instrument Tibial Height (X) Tibiale Anthropometer Vertical Trunk Circumference (ASCC) X Midshoulder Tape Vertical Trunk Circumference USA (X) Midshoulder Tape Waist Breadth (X) Omphalion Beam caliper Waist Circumference (Omphalion) X Omphalion Tape Waist Depth (X) Omphalion Beam caliper

Waist Height Automatic with Vitus X Anthropometer (Omphalion) Weight X NA Scale Wrist Circumference (X) Stylion Tape Wrist‐Wall Length X Stylion Wall graph

Note: X = essential, (X) = desirable

4.7.3.6 BoSS XXI Scanning

Upon completion of traditional anthropometry stands, the subjects will proceed to the BoSS XXI stand. Upon entry, the subject will take off their robe. The participant’s subject number will be entered into a new data capture form and a team will brief the participant as to what they will be measuring and how. The subject will don a latex swim cap to compress the hair. The subject will be placed in the correct anatomical position by the team and images will be captured.

Immediately after scanning, the team will visually check the BoSS XXI scan for completeness, the presence of movement artifacts, incorrect posture, etc. If required, a second scan will be taken. The scans will be saved on the BoSS XXI server.

Once the BoSS XXI data collection is complete, the subject’s master data form will be initialed and the subject will be sent to the Vitus XXL whole body scanner. The ability of BoSS XXI to export derived data to a common database will be pursued.

4.7.3.7 Vitus XXL whole body scanning

Upon completion of the BoSS XXI stand, the subjects will proceed to the Vitus XXL whole body scanner stand. Upon entry, the subject will take off their robe. The participant’s subject number will be entered into a new data capture form and a team will brief the participant as to what they will be measuring and how. (Note the subject will retain the latex swim cap after the BoSS XXI stand). Additional 15 mm x 15 mm double sided stickers will be located on specific landmarks. Reflective domes will be placed on the stickers. These buttons will be used to augment the ANTHROSCAN landmark identification routines. The subject will be placed in the correct anatomical position by the team and scans will be captured. The whole body scanning process includes six distinct postures.

Immediately after scanning, the team will visually check the ANTHROSCAN scan for completeness, the presence of movement artifacts, incorrect posture, etc. If required, other scans

will be taken. The scans will be saved on the ANTHROSCAN server. Once the Vitus XXL data collection is complete, the additional stickers will be removed and the subject’s master data form will be initialed. After donning their robe the subjects will be sent to the Vitus aHead scanner.

4.7.3.8 Vitus aHead head scanning

Upon completion of the Vitus XXL whole body scanner stand, the subjects will proceed to the Vitus aHead head scanner stand. On entry, the subject will take off their robe. The participant’s subject number will be entered into a new data capture form and a team will brief the participant as to what they will be measuring and how. (Note the subject will retain the latex swim cap after the BoSS XXI stand). Additional 15 mm x 15 mm double sided stickers may be located on specific cranium landmarks. Foam triangles or domes will be placed on the stickers. These buttons will be used to augment the ANTHROSCAN landmark identification routines. The subject will be placed in the correct anatomical position by the team and scans will be captured. Immediately after scanning, the team will visually check the ANTHROSCAN head scan for completeness, the presence of movement artifacts, incorrect posture, etc. If required, other scans will be taken. The scans will be saved on the ANTHROSCAN server. Once the Vitus XXL whole body data collection is complete, any additional stickers will be removed and the subject’s master data form will be initialed. After donning their robe, the subjects will be sent to the PEDUS hand and foot scanner.

4.7.3.9 PEDUS hand and foot scanning

Upon completion of the Vitus aHead head scanner stand, the subjects will proceed to the PEDUS hand and foot scanner stand. On entry, the subject will take off their robe. The participant’s subject number will be entered into a new data capture form and a team will brief the participant as to what they will be measuring and how. Additional 15 mm x 15 mm double sided stickers may be located on specific hand or foot landmarks. Foam triangles or domes will be placed on the stickers. These buttons will be used to augment the ANTHROSCAN landmark identification routines. The subject will be placed in the correct anatomical position by the team and scans will be captured.

Immediately after scanning, the team will visually check the hand and foot scans for completeness, the presence of movement artifacts, incorrect posture, etc. If required, other scans will be taken. The scans will be saved on the PEDUS server. Once the PEDUS data collection is complete any additional stickers will be removed. The subject’s master data form will be initialed and after donning their robe, the subjects will be sent to the out processing stand.

4.7.3.10 Out Processing

At the out processing stand, the subject’s master data form will be checked for completeness, and if complete, the subject will be sent to the dressing room. The subject will be given access to cleaning wipes to erase the drawn on water soluble landmarks. The subject will dispose of their compression shorts and tops in a laundry bin. Once dressed and cleaned, the subject will pass through the out processing station depositing the barracks box key and master data form. The subject will be thanked and given a 2012 Canadian Forces Anthropometric Survey certificate as a measure of appreciation.

4.7.3.11 End day Activities

Upon completion of the daily scanning sessions, routine maintenance will be performed on the scanners as necessary and the site will be prepared for the next day’s session. Specialized equipment (anthropometric tools, laptops, etc.) may be secured during the night to help prevent theft. Data from each measuring site will be complied into a master data file and the file will be backed up on an external hard drive. The master subject number code list will be secured and treated as protected.

4.7.3.12 Next day start activities

At the start of each day the scanners will be calibrated and the stations prepared for the scanning process. Consent and photographic release forms will be prepared. Measuring teams will rotate recorder and measurer duties (on the half-day).

4.7.3.13 Tear-down

The site survey will end with the repacking and transport of the survey equipment to the new survey site. Teams will be assigned dedicated tasks for both tear-down and truck-loading tasks. Equipment will be packed into specific pallet containers and pallets. An equipment audit will be performed to insure all equipment is accounted for. The truck will be loaded in a specified manner to insure optimum capacity and to assist in the set up at the next site. Once the truck is loaded the equipment will be secured to prevent load shifting and inadvertent damage.

4.7.4 Schedule

The proposed anthropometric schedule is detailed below in Figure 19 to Figure 22. The pilot session will confirm test protocols and timings. It is hoped that a minimum of 40 to 50 participants a day will be scanned. Note the schedule is subject to change.

Figure 19. Schedule 9 January to 29 January 2012.

Figure 20. Schedule 30 January to 24 February 2012.

Figure 21. Schedule 25 February to 21 March 2012.

Figure 22. Schedule 22 March to 31 March 2012.

4.8 Data Analysis

The data captured will be entered into the ANTHROSCAN and a Statistica 9.0 Software package from StatSoft Inc.

4.8.1 Summary Statistics

Summary descriptive statistics will be captured for male and female data sets for each measure. The summary statistics shall include the following (TBC):

 Dimension description and measurement protocol  Percentiles  Frequency tables

 Mean  Standard deviation  Standard error  Minimum  Maximum  Symmetry  Kurtosis  Coefficient of variance  Number of subjects

The primary source of the dimension data set (scanner or traditional) is to be determined.

4.8.2 Scanner Measurement Validation

A separate analysis will be performed comparing scanned dimensions and those captured traditionally. Summary statistics for scanner and traditional measurement data sets will be displayed for male and female participants. T-test will be run on all matched data sets by dimension. Note: If BoSS XXI data can be exported, ANOVA tests will be run comparing traditional, 3D scanner and BoSS XXI derived data.

4.8.3 Observer Error

A separate analysis will be performed on inter- and intra-observer error.

4.9 Risks

This anthropometric survey offers minimal risk to the volunteer’s health and well-being. The lasers used in the Vitus XXL, Vitus aHead and Pedus are FTA, TÜV and CE certificated. They are certified safe (Class 1). A Class 1 laser is safe under all conditions of normal use. This means the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) cannot be exceeded.

No benefits have been promised or are expected to be given to the volunteers who participate in this evaluation. However, the data resulting from this research will be the primary information used to support future capital acquisitions and research.

In a site emergency from any source, the investigators will have the capability for telephone contact with the local base medical center and Emergency Medical Service (EMS) ambulance personnel by dialing 911 from the test site. EMS ambulance service is approximately 20 minutes away at the local Hospital and is available 24 hours a day.

5 Resources

The following resources are requested for this trial. Specific clothing and equipment items, required for the trial are tabulated in Annex D.

5.1 Facilities

The proposed approach requires approximately 10 x 3.3m x3.3m rooms for the various stations and processing centers. Approximately 1600ft2 of open floor space is required if the survey has to be conducted in a drill hall, gymnasium or hangar floor. Facilities to support offloading and loading of the stores truck.

5.1.1 Power requirements

The scanning systems and computers require a minimum of 10 x 110v x 15 amp outlets. Given the power draw, it is requested that a minimum of two separate circuits be available.

5.2 Meals and Quarters

5.2.1 Meals

Given the tight budget, participants will be required to utilize rations and quarters whenever possible.

Meals are required for all personnel involved in the trial.

Personnel include:

DRDC Toronto staff x 3 Canadian Forces Environmental Medicine Establishment (CFEME) staff x 3 HSI staff x 7

Box lunch meals will be required during data collection days.

Table 26. Meal requirements staff.

DATE LOCATION DESCRIPTION QUANTITY OF NOTES PARTICIPANTS 24 Jan to 25 Jan CFB Trenton Breakfast 15 2 extra pers for 3 2012 Lunch days Supper 26 Jan to 31 Jan CFB Trenton Breakfast 13 Lunch

Supper 2 Feb to 8 Feb CFB Bagotville Breakfast 13 Lunch Supper 2 Feb to 8 Feb CFB Greenwood Breakfast 13 Lunch Supper 23 Feb to 26 Feb CFB Shearwater Breakfast 13 Lunch Supper 27 Feb to 8 Mar CFB Halifax Breakfast 13 Lunch Supper 18 Mar to 29 Mar CFB Valcartier Breakfast 13 Lunch Supper

During moves between bases, meals will be provided on a per diem basis in accordance with Treasury Board rates.

5.2.2 Quarters

Given the tight budget participants will be required to utilize rations and quarters whenever possible. Quarters are requested for all nights the measurement team is on base.

Table 27. Quarters requirements staff.

DATE LOCATION Rooms Participants 24 Jan to 25 Jan CFB Trenton 15 2012 26 Jan to 31 Jan CFB Trenton 13

2 Feb to 8 Feb CFB Bagotville 13

11 Feb to 21 Feb CFB Greenwood 13

23 Feb to 26 Feb CFB Shearwater 13

27 Feb to 8 Mar CFB Halifax 13

18 Mar to 29 Mar CFB Valcartier 13

During moves between bases, accommodations will be provided on a per diem basis in accordance with Treasury Board rates.

5.2.3 Trial staff

The trial staff will include the following: • DRDC Toronto observers x 3 • CFEME support personnel x 3 • DRDC Toronto advance party Non-Commisioned Officer (NCO) x 1 • HSI staff x 7

5.3 Other Requirements

5.3.1 Personnel

5.3.1.1 Base Office of Primary Interest (OPIs) OPIs for each base are requested. The OPI’s will liaise with the DRDC Toronto advance party to insure suitable site selection and to assist in recruiting participants.

5.3.1.2 Headquarters Office of Primary Interest (OPIs) Headquarters OPI’s for the army, navy and air force are requested. The headquarters OPI’s will liaise with the DRDC Toronto advance party to assist in recruiting participants.

5.3.2 Vehicles A number of vehicles are required to support this trial. • 24 foot panel truck with hydraulic gate lift • Panel van/Passenger van (for trial equipment/personnel) x 2 • Forklift support at each base

References/Bibliography....

[1] Clauser, C., Tebbetts, I, Bradtmiller, B., McConville, J., and Gordon, C. (1988). Measurer's Handbook: U.S. Army Anthropometric Survey 1987-1988. Technical Report NATICK/TR- 88/043. United States Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center Natick, Massachusetts 01760-5000

[2] Gordon, C., Churchill, T., Clauser, C, Bradtmiller, B., McConville, J., Tebbetts, I and Walker, R.

[3] 1989. 1988 Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Army Personnel: methods and Summary Statistics. Technical Report NATICK/TR-89/044. United States Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center Natick, Massachusetts 01760-5000

[4] Grenier, T. 1992. Hand Anthropometry of U.S. Army personnel. Technical Report NATICK/TR- 92/011. United States Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center Natick, Massachusetts 01760-5000

[5] ISO. 1989. International Standard ISO 8559:1989(E) Garment construction and anthropometric surveys- Body dimensions. International Organization for Standardization. Geneva, Switzerland.

[6] ISO. 2008. International Standard ISO 7250-1:2008(E) Basic human body measurements for technological design — Part 1: Body measurement definitions and landmarks. International Organization for Standardization. Geneva, Switzerland.

[7] ISO. 2010. International Standard ISO 20685:2010(E) 3D scanning methodologies for internationally compatible anthropometric databases. International Organization for Standardization. Geneva, Switzerland.

[8] Khandkar, S.M., MacDonald, G.A.H., Beevis, D., and Noy, I. (1980). Clothed Anthropometry in the Canadian Forces Using Direct and Photogrammetric Methods (Report No. 81-R-04). Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine. Downsview, Ontario.

[9] Mangan, B. Morton, A. Angel, H. (2010). Comparison of 1997 Canadian Land Forces Anthropometric Survey with Digital BoSS XXI Anthropometric Data. (Report CR 2011- 176) Defence Research and Development Canada-Toronto. Downsview, Ontario

[10] Meunier, P., and Yin, S. (1999). Measurement accuracy and precision assessment of an image-based clothing and equipment sizing system (DCIEM TR 1999-070). Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine. Downsview, Ontario.

[11] Meunier, P. and Yin, S. 2001. The Intelligent Clothing and Equipment Sizing System: Final report. Technical report DCIEM TR 2001-138. Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine. Toronto

[12] Morris, E. 2011. Sampling from Small Populations. Retrieved on 29 December from http://uregina.ca/~morrisev/Sociology/Sampling%20from%20small%20populations.htm

[13] Paquett, S., Gordon, C. and Bradtmiller, B. 2009. Anthropometric Survey (ANSUR) II Pilot Study: Methods and Summary Statistics. Technical Report NATICK/TR-09/014. U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center Natick, Massachusetts 01760-5020

[14] Statistics Canada, 2006. 2006 Census: The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, 2006 Census: The proportion of Francophones and of French continue to decline. Retrieved on 1 December from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-555/p6-eng.cfm

[15] Zehner, G., Deason, V., Ervin, C. and Gordon, C. 1987. A Photographic Device for the Collection of Anthropometric Data on the Hand. Technical Report NATICK/TR-87/044. United States Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center Natick, Massachusetts 01760- 5000

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Annex A: Visual Index of Landmarks

Annex B: Measurements Captured Manually and by Scanners

Measurements 1997 Land Proposed Automatic Instrument ANSUR Forces manual and semi‐ 1988 Survey measurements automatic for 2012 CF scan derived Survey measures

Abdominal Extension Depth, X (X) beam caliper Sitting

Acromial Height X X X anthropometer Acromial Height, Sitting X X X anthropometer Acromion‐Radiale Length X X (X) beam caliper Acromion‐Wall De th X height gauge Alare‐Back of Head X (X) Alare‐Top of Head X (X) Ankle Breadth (X) Ankle Circumference X X (X) tape Ankle Height (X) Axilla Height X X (X) Axillary Arm Circumference X X (X) tape Ball of Foot Circumference X X (X) tape Ball of Foot Length X X (X) box Biacromial Breadth X X X Bicep Breadth, Flexed Bicep Depth, Flexed Biceps Circumference, X X (X) tape Flexed Biceps Circumference, X (X) Relaxed

Bicristal Breadth Bideltoid Breadth X X X beam caliper Bideltoid Breadth, Compressed Bigonial Breadth X (X) Biinfraorbitale Breadth X (X) Bimalleolar Breadth X X (X) holtain caliper Biocular Breadth, Maximum X (X) Bispinous Breadth X X (X) Bitragion (ear cup) Breadth (X)

Measurements 1997 Land Proposed Automatic Instrument ANSUR Forces manual and semi‐ 1988 Survey measurements automatic for 2012 CF scan derived Survey measures

Bitragion Breadth X (X) Bitragion Chin Arc X X (X) tape Bitragion Coronal Arc X X X tape Bitragion Crinion Arc X X (X) Bitragion Frontal Arc X X (X) Bitragion Submandibular Arc tape Bitragion Subnasale Arc X X (X) Bizygomatic Breadth X X X spreading caliper Bizygomatic Breadth X ? (X) Body depth (X) anthropometer Bustpoint/Thelion‐ Bustpoint/Thelion Buttock‐abdomen depth sitting X anthropometer Buttock Circumference X X X tape Buttock Circumference, Compressed Buttock Depth X X (X) Buttock Height X X (X) anthropometer Buttock‐Knee Length X X X anthropometer Buttock‐Popliteal Length X X X anthropometer Calf Breadth Calf Circumference X X (X) tape Calf Depth Calf Height X X (X) Cervicale Height X X (X) anthropometer Cervicale Height, Sitting X X (X) Cheilion‐Back of Head X (X) Cheilion‐Top of Head X (X)

Chest Breadth X X X beam caliper Chest Circumference X X X tape Chest Circumference at Scye X X (X) Chest Circumference Below Breast X X (X) Chest Depth X (X) large spreading caliper Chest Depth ‐ Deltoid Pt, Chest Depth ‐ Deltoid Pt, Chest Height X X anthropometer

Measurements 1997 Land Proposed Automatic Instrument ANSUR Forces manual and semi‐ 1988 Survey measurements automatic for 2012 CF scan derived Survey measures

Chest Maximum Breadth (X) Chest Maximum Circumference Chest Maximum Depth (X) Chest Maximum Height (X) Chin Back of Head X (X) Chin Top of Head X (X) Crinion‐Back of Head X (X) Crinion‐Top of Head X (X) Crotch Height X X X modified tape or anthropometer

Crotch Length (Natural Indentation) X X (X) Crotch Length (Omphalion) X X (X) Crotch Length, Anterior (Nat. Ind) X (X) Crotch Length, Anterior (Omph. Ind) X (X) Crotch Length Posterior (Omphalion) X X (X) Crotch Length, Posterior (Natural X X (X) di) Deltoid Point Height Ear Breadth X X (X) Ear Length X X (X) Ear Length Above Tragion X X (X) Ear Protrusion X X (X) Ectoorbitale ‐ Top of Head (X) Ectoorbitale‐Back of Head X (X) Ectoorbitale‐Top o Head X (X) Elbow Breadth (X) Elbow Circumference X X (X) Elbow Depth Elbow Rest Height, Standing (X) anthropometer Elbow Rest Height, Sitting X X X anthropometer Eye Height, Standing X anthropometer Eye Height, Sitting X X X anthropometer Foot Breadth, Horizontal X X X box Foot Length X X X box Forearm Breadth, Flexed

Measurements 1997 Land Proposed Automatic Instrument ANSUR Forces manual and semi‐ 1988 Survey measurements automatic for 2012 CF scan derived Survey measures

Forearm Circumference, Flexed X X (X) tape Forearm Circumference, X (X) Relaxed

Forearm Depth, Flexed Forearm‐Center of Grip Length Forearm‐Forearm Breadth X X (X) beam caliper Forearm‐Hand Length X X (X) beam caliper Frontotemporale‐Back of Head X (X) Frontotemporale‐Top of Head X (X) Functional Leg Length X X (X) special tool

Glabella‐Back of Head X (X) Glabella‐Top of Head X (X) Glabella‐Helmet Rim Glut al Furrow Height X X (X) Gonion‐Back of Head X (X) Gonion‐Top of Head X (X) Hand Breadth X X X sliding caliper Hand Circumference X X X Hand Length X X X poech caliper Hand Thickness X (X) sliding caliper Head Breadth X X X spreading caliper Head Circumference X X (X) tape Head Length X X X spreading caliper Heel Ankle Circumference X X (X) Heel Breadth X X (X) Helmet Rim ‐ Top of Head Hip Breadth X X X beam caliper Hip Breadth, Compressed Hip Breadth, Sitting X X X beam caliper Iliocristale Height X X (X) anthropometer Index finger length X sliding caliper Index finger breadth, proximal (X) sliding caliper Index finger breadth, distal (X) sliding caliper

Measurements 1997 Land Proposed Automatic Instrument ANSUR Forces manual and semi‐ 1988 Survey measurements automatic for 2012 CF scan derived Survey measures

Interpupillary Breadth X X (X) interpupillometer Interscye I X X (X) Interscye II X X (X) Intraorbitale‐Back of Head X (X) Intraorbitale‐Top of Head X (X) Knee Breadth Knee Circumference X X (X) Knee Depth Knee Height, Midpatella X X (X) anthropometer Knee Height, Sitting X X X anthropometer Lateral Femoral Epicondyle Height X X (X) anthropometer Lateral Malleolus Height X X ht gauge Lip Length X (X) Lower Thigh Circumference X X Maximum Frontal Breadth X (X) Menton ‐ Top of Head (X) Menton‐Back of Head X (X) Menton‐Crinion Length X (X) Menton‐Sellion Height X X (X) sliding caliper Menton‐Sellion Length X (X) Menton‐Sellion Length X (X) Menton‐Subnasale Length X (X) Menton‐Top of Head X (X) Midshoulder Height Midshoulder Height, Sitting X X (X) anthropometer Midthigh Breadth Midthigh Circumference Midthigh Depth Midthigh Height Minimum Frontal Breadth X (X) Neck Breadth Neck Circumference X X X tape Neck Circumference, Base X X (X) tape Neck Depth

Measurements 1997 Land Proposed Automatic Instrument ANSUR Forces manual and semi‐ 1988 Survey measurements automatic for 2012 CF scan derived Survey measures

Neck Height, Lateral X X (X) Neck‐Bustpoint/Thelion Length X X (X) Nose Breadth X (X) Nose Protrusion X (X) Overhead Fingertip Reach X X Overhead Fingertip Reach, Extended X X Overhead Fingertip Reach, Sitting X X Palm Length (X) sliding caliper Popliteal Height X X X anthropometer Pronasale‐Back of Head X (X) Pronasale‐Top of Head X (X) Radiale‐Stylion Length X X (X) beam caliper Sagital Arc (glabella to crinion) X tape Scye Circumference X X X tape Scye Depth X X (X) Sellion ‐ Top of Head (X) Sellion‐ Back of Head (X) Sellion‐Back of Head X (X) Sellion‐Top of Head X (X) Shoulder Circumference X X (X) tape Shoulder Circumference, Compressed Shoulder Length X X (X) Shoulder‐Elbow Length X X (X) beam caliper Sitting Height X X X anthropometer Sleeve Inseam Length X (X) Sleeve Length: Spine‐Elbow X X (X) Sleeve Length: Spine‐Scye X X (X) Sleeve Length: Spine‐Wrist X X (X) beam caliper Sleeve Outseam X X (X) Span X X X wall graph Stature X X X anthropometer Stomion‐Back of Head X (X) Stomion‐Top of Head X (X) Strap Length X X (X)

Measurements 1997 Land Proposed Automatic Instrument ANSUR Forces manual and semi‐ 1988 Survey measurements automatic for 2012 CF scan derived Survey measures

Subnasale‐Back of Head X (X) Subnasale‐Sellion Length X (X) Subnasale‐Top of Head X (X) Suprapatella Height (X) Suprasternale Height X X (X) anthropometer Tenth Rib Height X X (X) Thigh breadth, Crotch Thigh Circumference X X (X) tape Thigh Circumference, Crotch Thigh Clearance X X X anthropometer Thigh Depth, Crotch Thigh Maximum Breadth Thigh Maximum Circumference Thigh Maximum Depth Thigh Maximum Height Thumb Breadth X X (X) Thumb tip Reach X X Tibial Height (X) anthropometer Tragion‐Back of Head X (X) Tragion‐Top of Head X (X) Trochanterion Height X X (X) anthropometer Vertical Trunk Circumference X X X tape Vertical Trunk Circumference USA X (X) tape Waist (Natural Indentation)‐ Waist X X (X) Waist Back Length (Natural X X (X) di) Waist Back Length (Omphalion) X X (X) Waist Breadth X X (X) beam caliper Waist Circumference (Natural X X (X) Waist Circumference (Omphalion) X X X tape Waist Depth X X (X) beam caliper Waist Front Length (Natural X X (X) di) Waist Front Length (Omphalion) X X (X) Waist Front Length, Sitting Waist Height (Natural Indentation) X X (X)

Measurements 1997 Land Proposed Automatic Instrument ANSUR Forces manual and semi‐ 1988 Survey measurements automatic for 2012 CF scan derived Survey measures

Waist Height (Omphalion) X X (X) anthropometer Waist Height, Sitting (Natural X X (X) di) Waist Height, Sitting (Omphalion) X X (X) Waist Maximum Breadth Waist Maximum Circumference Waist Maximum Depth Waist Maximum Height Waist‐Hip Length X X (X) Weight X X X scale Wrist Breadth Wrist Circumference X X (X) tape Wrist Depth Wrist Height X X (X) Wrist Height, Sitting X X (X) Wrist‐Center of Grip Length X X Wrist‐Index Finger Length X X sliding caliper Wrist‐Thumb tip Length X X Wrist‐Wall Length X X X wall graph Wrist‐Wall Length, Extended X X Zygion‐Back of Head X (X) Zygion‐Top of Head X (X) Zygofrontale‐Back of Head X (X) Zygofrontale‐Top of Head X (X)

X = essential

(X) = desirable

Annex C: Demographic Questionnaire

 Biographical data: Service Information  Subject number provided (type)  Rank (List)  MOSID (List)  Environmental affiliation o Land o Sea o Air  Component o Regular force o Reserve o Canadian Rangers  Unit (type)  Time in Service o Years o Months  If air crew, what aircraft are you a crewmember of? (List)

Biographical data: Personal History  Date of birth (mm/dd/yyyy)  Gender o Male o Female  Place of birth (type)  With what hand do you usually write with? o Right o Left o Either  With which hand do you usually sight your weapon? o Right o Left o Either eye  Do you wear prescription lenses or contacts o Yes o No  Ethnicity – how would you describe your ethnicity? o Anglophone o Francophone o Neither Anglophone or Francophone

Are you an Aboriginal person, that is, First Nations (North American Indian), Métis or Inuk (Inuit)? Note: First Nations (North American Indian) includes Status and Non‐Status Indians.  Yes  No

If "Yes", select the best selection that describes you.  First Nations (North American Indian)  Métis  Inuk (Inuit)

Population sub‐group. Are you:

Select more than one or specify, if applicable.

This information is collected in accordance with the Employment Equity Act and its Regulations and Guidelines to support programs that promote equal opportunity for everyone to share in the social, cultural, and economic life of Canada.  White  South Asian (e.g., East Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, etc.)  Chinese  Black Filipino  Latin American Arab  Southeast Asian (e.g., Vietnamese, Cambodian, Malaysian, Laotian, etc.)  West Asian (e.g., Iranian, Afghan, etc.)  Korean Japanese Other – Specify  Physical data: waist and chest size

This information is being collected to assist in identifying the appropriate short and top required. What is your waist size? (metric)  22-24” (56-61)  23-25” (58-64)  25-28” (64-71)  28-31” (71-79)  31-34” (79-86)  34-37” (86-94)  38-41” (96-104)  41-44” (104-112)  44-47” (112-119)  47-50” (119-127)

What is your chest size?  31-33” (79-84)  33-36” (84-91)  36-39” (91-99)

 39-42” (99-107)  42-45” (107-114)

Annex D: Consolidated Trial Items Required

Number Spares Item Source Required Desired/Note Anthropometry Tools

Skinfold Calipers 1 Harpenden – DRDC‐T Health O'Meter from Fitsystems Digital scale 1 ($625)

HSI x 1 Anthropometer 3 DRDC‐T x 2 HSI x 1 Anthropometer base 3 Seritex #1041F $321USD

HSI x 1 Sliding caliper 3 DRDC‐T x 1 Sliding caliper (Poech type) 1 HSI x 1 Calibration Gauge 1 HSI x 1 HSI x 1 Small spreading caliper 3 DRDC‐T x 2 Large spreading caliper 1 HSI Tresnainstrument.com http://www.tresnainstru ment.com/product/vc08_ 796.html Large sliding 2 1 $1464 caliper 0‐ 1500mm/beam May be able to use caliper anthropometer as beam caliper

Fitsystems Gulick measuring tapes 4 1 ($39 ea) Tresnainstrumens.com

http://www.tresnainstru Vernier height gauge 1 ment.com/product/h05.h tml $125

Number Spares Item Source Required Desired/Note

Steel tape 3 1 Lufkin ¼” x 2m Executive tape, millimeters W606PM

Landmark transfer rod 2 To be made Scye marking aid 2 To be made Pupillometer PDM 400M 1 GetOptic.com $500 DRDC‐T Wall graph 1 To be made Scanners Vitus XXL whole body 1 Vitus aHead head scanner 1 PEDUS hand and foot scanner 1 BoSS XXI scanner 1 DRDC‐T Head scanner calibration 1 gauge Headform Whole body calibration gauge 1 Manikin Hand/foot gauge 1 Foot model Computers Intake x 2

Traditional x 2

Laptop 8 AHead stand x DRDC‐T 1 PEDUS stand x 1 BoSS stand 1 Portable disk drives (3 TB) 5 $250 Printer 1 HSI Depends on # of Barcode scanner TBC $250 ea stands Preprinted Barcode labels (.75”x1.5”) 3 $89.95 Sequential labels Measuring station Clinical Health Svcs Stool for head scanner 1 ($100)

Number Spares Item Source Required Desired/Note Clinical Health Svcs Stool for whole body scanner 1 ($100)

3 44cm high Tables for landmarking

4 For anthro seated Exercise steps ($100) Adjustable platform position

2 Assists in circ Mirror measures

Extended arm Right‐hand corner reach if no wall present Reelcraft Industries Inc. 10/3 extension cords x 30m 8 $299 ea

10 $40 ea 12/3 extension cords x 10m

8 Y splitters

qty If on hangar floors Cable guards

http://www.onlineeei.co Portable screens 32 m/drapes.cfm Portable backdrop $149

8 DRDC‐T 6 foot tables

12 DRDC‐T Folding chairs

10 DRDC‐T Folding benches

20 DRDC‐T Barracks boxes

20 $240 Pad locks with key

Number Spares Item Source Required Desired/Note 20 Lanyards

Apparel Sports bras for females 20 Nike Sports Bra @ $30 Luna Sports Clothing Compression shorts for females 20 Ricicli Short – Women’s @ $50 Fox Racing 2011 Men’s Titan Bicycle shorts for males 40 Sport Bike Shorts – Black – 26073‐001@ $50 ea

Lab coats 10 Scrubs lab coats @$30

Gown/Robes 20 patient gowns @$30 ea

Consumables Landmark buttons 2 $375 for 25 markers 1000 stickers for $100 Landmark stickers 5 from Human‐solutions Marking pens Qty

Latex gloves Qty $7 per 100 gloves

Baby wipes/alcohol wipes Qty Laundry soap Qty Garbage bags Qty Transport System Pallet trucks 2 $600 ea http://www.fastenal.com plastic pallet containers or 4 /web/products/detail.ex? plastic box trucks sku=7046101&ucst=t @$650ea

Number Spares Item Source Required Desired/Note http://www.fastenal.com Linen cart 2 /web/products/detail.ex? sku=0524123&ucst=t @$430 ea

List of acronyms

The following acronyms will be used throughout this plan: 2D Two Dimensional 3D Three Dimensional A/D Analog to Digital ANSUR Anthropometric Survey of US Army Personnel BLOB Binary large objects BoSS XXI Body Sizing System 21st Century CE European Conformity CF Canadian Forces CFAS Canadian Forces Anthropometric Survey CFEME Canadian Forces Environmental Medicine Establishment CLFS Canadian Land Forces Survey CCD Charge-coupled device DAR Directorate Air Requirements DRDC Defence Research and Development Canada DND Department of National Defence DSSPM Director Soldier Systems Program Management EMS Emergency Medical System HSI Human Systems Incorporated HTML Hypertext Markup Language ISO International Organization for Standardization LF Land Forces MPE Maximum Permissible Exposure MS Microsoft MOSID Military Occupation Structure Identification MOS Military Occupational Specialty NCO Non-Commissioned Officer OPI Office of Primary Interest PC Personal Computer RCAF Royal Canadian Air Force RCN Royal Canadian Navy TÜV Technical Inspection Association (Technischer Überwachungsverein) TBC To Be Confirmed XML Extensible Markup Language

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA *Security markings for the title, authors, abstract and keywords must be entered when the document is sensitive 1. ORIGINATOR (Name and address of the organization preparing the document. 2a. SECURITY MARKING A DRDC Centre sponsoring a contractor's report, or tasking agency, is entered (Overall security marking of the document including in Section 8.) special supplemental markings if applicable.)

DRDC – Toronto Research Centre CAN UNCLASSIFIED Defence Research and Development Canada 1133 Sheppard Avenue West P.O. Box 2000 2b. CONTROLLED GOODS Toronto, Ontario M3M 3B9 NON-CONTROLLED GOODS Canada DMC A

3. TITLE (The document title and sub-title as indicated on the title page.)

Human Factors Plan: 2012 Canadian Forces Anthropometric Survey

4. AUTHORS (last name, followed by initials – ranks, titles, etc., not to be used)

Mangan, B.; Angel, H.

5. DATE OF PUBLICATION 6a. NO. OF PAGES 6b. NO. OF REFS (Month and year of publication of document.) (Total pages, including (Total references cited.) Annexes, excluding DCD, covering and verso pages.) March 2018 95 15

7. DOCUMENT CATEGORY (e.g., Scientific Report, Contract Report, Scientific Letter.)

Contract Report

8. SPONSORING CENTRE (The name and address of the department project office or laboratory sponsoring the research and development.)

DRDC – Toronto Research Centre Defence Research and Development Canada 1133 Sheppard Avenue West P.O. Box 2000 Toronto, Ontario M3M 3B9 Canada

9a. PROJECT OR GRANT NO. (If appropriate, the applicable 9b. CONTRACT NO. (If appropriate, the applicable number under research and development project or grant number under which which the document was written.) the document was written. Please specify whether project or grant.)

10a. DRDC PUBLICATION NUMBER (The official document number 10b. OTHER DOCUMENT NO(s). (Any other numbers which may be by which the document is identified by the originating assigned this document either by the originator or by the sponsor.) activity. This number must be unique to this document.)

DRDC-RDDC-2018-C055

11a. FUTURE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN CANADA (Approval for further dissemination of the document. Security classification must also be considered.)

Public release

11b. FUTURE DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE CANADA (Approval for further dissemination of the document. Security classification must also be considered.)

12. KEYWORDS, DESCRIPTORS or IDENTIFIERS (Use semi-colon as a delimiter.)

Anthropometry; Human Factors Plan

13. ABSTRACT/RESUME (When available in the document, the French version of the abstract must be included here.)