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University of Nigeria Nsukka 1 UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY/ANTHROPOLOGY A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS ON FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN IMO AND EDO STATES OF NIGERIA BY NWOKEOMA, BONAVENTURE NGOZI PG/Ph.D/03/34450 PROF. E.U.M. IGBO SUPERVISOR 2 NOVEMBER, 2010 i A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF OPINIONS AND PERCEPTIONS ON FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN IMO AND EDO STATES OF NIGERIA A Thesis Presented to the Department of Sociology/Anthropology University of Nigeria, Nsukka In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Ph.D Degree in Sociology/Anthropology (Criminology/Penology) By NWOKEOMA BONAVENTURE NGOZI PG/Ph.D/03/34450 Supervisor PROF. E.U.M. IGBO ii DEDICATION TO THE MEMORY OF MY LATE MOTHER, NNEOMA MARIA MMAHU NWOKEOMA iii APPROVAL PAGE THIS THESIS HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY/ANTHROPOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA Prof. E.U.M. Igbo Prof. V. I. Okeke Thesis Supervisor, Head, Department of Sociology/Anthropology Department of Soc/Anth. University of Nigeria, Nsukka University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Prof. E. C. Ezeani Rev. (Prof.) A.N. Akwanya Dean, Dean, Faculty of the Social Sciences, School of Postgraduate Studies University of Nigeria, Nsukka University of Nigeria, Nsukka iv CERTIFICATION This is to certify that Nwokeoma Bonaventure Ngozi, a postgraduate student in the Department of Sociology/Anthropology, with Registration Number, PG/Ph.D/03/34450 has satisfactorily completed the requirements for course and Research work for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in Sociology/Anthropology with stress on Criminology and Penology. The work embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted in part or in full for any other diploma, certificate or degree of this or any other university. PROF. E. U.M. IGBO PROF. C.O.T. UGWU Supervisor Faculty PG. Representative PROF. I.V.O. MODO EXTERNAL EXAMINER v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank God the Almighty for giving me the strength and wisdom to complete this work. I thank my Dear wife Udochi, my son Michael, and Tracy my baby who often read and write with me, for their support and understanding throughout the duration of the work. Many individuals and organizations also made important contributions to the success of this research effort. The most outstanding among these is my supervisor, Prof. E.U.M Igbo whom I consider my academic father and mentor. His suggestions, directions and guidance tremendously enhanced the quality and standard of this study. I am also highly indebted to Prof. J. C. Okeibunor and Dr. Nkechi Onyeneho for their all round support and encouragement from the beginning to the end of this work, more thanks are due to this Duo than I can actually convey here, God shall reward you abundantly. I further thank all the academic staff of the department of Sociology/Anthropology and Social work, whose superior advice and positive disposition facilitated the progress of this work. These include: Prof. V. I. Okeke (HOD), Dr. Eze (HOD), Prof. D. S. Obikeze, Prof. Nkoli Ezumah, Dr. E. E. Uwakwe, Dr. E. E. Anugwom, Dr. P-J Eze, Dr. Uzo Okoye, Dr. Alumanah, Dr. C. U. Ugwoke, A. Onu, S. C. Ejiofor, F. U. Mbah, A. Nzei, Kene Anugwom, N. Arukwe, Mrs. Obikeguna, Tanyi Lum, Ngozi I Aronu, Ass. Prof. Iffih, and others. My bossom friend Osadebe Nnabuike is also appreciated. My special thanks to Rev. Sr. Florence Nwanguma and her organization Cosudow, Benin, Roland Nwoha of Idia Renaissance, Nigeria Immigration staff, Benin, Enugu and Owerri, NAPTIP staff Benin, Edo State committee on human trafficking. Edo state coalition of NGO on human trafficking, Prof. P. Ebigbo and ANPPCAN, Enugu, Chief Jude Alozie and family, and Mr. Okojie in Uniben. vi Finally I thank Cyril Ugwuoke, for his assistance during the field work, and Gloria Nnadozie, Blessing Aneke for typesetting the work. Thanks in the end to God Almighty for his mercies. Nwokeoma, Bonaventure Ngozi Department of Sociology/Anthropology University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Enugu State, Nigeria. vii Abstract The phenomenon of human trafficking which is the recruitment, harbouring, transportation or receipt of persons within national and international borders for the purpose of exploitation has been very prevalent in Nigeria. Therefore, this study carried out a comparative examination of opinions and perceptions on factors affecting human trafficking in Imo and Edo states of Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey of one thousand, two hundred (1200) respondents was conducted in Oredo and Ikpoba-Okha of Edo state, and Ahiazu-Mbaise and Ehime-Mbano of Imo state. The main instrument for data collection was a uniform set of structured questionnaire schedule, administered by trained research assistants. This was supported by data from in-depth interview with purposively selected victims and individuals, and focus group discussions with victims, adult male, female and youth groups. The analysis of the data showed that there was a high level of awareness of human trafficking in Edo and Imo states. In Edo state, the perception showed that there was higher level of women trafficking, while in Imo state, there was higher level of child trafficking. It was also established that the traffickers were mostly made up of close relatives and even parents. Indeed the study established that in most cases, there is a nexus between the trafficker and the victim. Also females were found to participate more as traffickers than males, hence there is a significant relationship(x2 = 89.429, df = 3, p<0.001) between the sex of traffickers male and female and human trafficking in both states. The age group of persons with the most vulnerability of being trafficked were identified from the study as 15 – 24 years for women, while the age group of children with the most vulnerability of being trafficked were 6 – 15 years. Similar outcome was presented in both Imo and Edo states and it is also statistically significant (P<0.001). It was also found that unemployed and out of school persons were identified as most likely victims of trafficking than employed and in school persons, (P<0.028). Also poverty was confirmed to be significantly related to human trafficking (P<0.0001). Another important factor that was found to be significantly related to human trafficking was families with large number of children (P<0.0001). It was also established that most households in the area have high number of children which may be a positive factor to human trafficking, and this is supported by the culture and tradition of the people. In Edo state, it was found that the traditional system of inheritance propels women to give birth to as many men as possible which leads in most cases to large number of children without a functional mother figure. Also in Imo state, the cultural practice of ‘Ewu-Ukwu’ makes most women to give birth to ten children or more. Furthermore, fathers with no formal education, low income families, and mothers with no formal education, are most likely to give out their children to traffickers. The victims were also found to go through some traditional rites of bondage to ensure obedience and loyalty to their exploiters, the traffickers. It was concluded that factors like large family size, unemployment, poverty, father with no formal education, mother with no formal education, poor households, and cultural disposition to high number of children are positively related to human trafficking. It was consequently recommended that aggressive awareness campaign should be embarked upon to educate families on the need for small number of children in households, that there should be provision of employment especially for the youths, free education for children, the establishment of effective and functional programmes to alleviate the poor conditions of the individuals and severe punishment for arrested traffickers. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page - - - - - - - - - - i Dedication - - - - - - - - - - ii Approval page - - - - - - - - - - iii Certification - - - - - - - - - - iv Acknowledgment - - - - - - - - - v Abstract - - - - - - - - - - vii Table of contents - - - - - - - - - ix List of tables - - - - - - - - - xi List of figures - - - - - - - - - - xii Abbreviation/Acronyms- - - - - - - - - xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study - - - - - - - 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem - - - - - - - - 2 1.3 Research Questions - - - - - - - - - 6 1.4 Objectives of the Study - - - - - - - - 7 1.5 significance of the study - - - - - - - - 7 1.6 Definition of Concepts - - - - -- - - - 8 CHAPTER TWO Literature Review 2.1 Global Review of Human Trafficking - - - - - 11 2.2 Human Trafficking and Related Concepts - - - - - - 12 2.2.1 Human Trafficking and Migration - - - - - 12 2.2.2. Human Trafficking and Organised Crime - - - - - - 13 2.2.3 Human Trafficking and the Concept of Demand and Profit - 14 2.2.4 Human Trafficking and the Push and Pull Model - - - 15 2.3 Empirical Literature Review - - - - - - - 16 2.4 Review of Theoretical Literature - - - - - - - 20 2.4.1 Routine Activities Theory (RAT)- - - - - - 20 2.4.2 Differential Association Theory - - - - - - 21 2.4.3 The Structural and Anomie Theory - - - - - 22 2.4.4. Conflict Theory - - - - - - - - 23 2.5 Theoretical Orientation - - - - - - - - 23 2.6 Research Hypotheses - - - - - - - - 25 ix CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design - - - - - - - - - 26 3.2 Area of Study - - - - - - - - - 26 3.3 Study Population- - - - - - - - 27 3.4 Sample Frame - - - - - - - - - 27 3.5 Sample Size - - - - - - - - - - 28 3.6 Sampling Procedure -
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