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Assessment of Community Perception, Care and Problems of Widows in Ilorin East Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria

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Assessment of Community Perception, Care and Problems of Widows in Ilorin East Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY PERCEPTION, CARE AND PROBLEMS OF WIDOWS IN ILORIN EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KWARA STATE, NIGERIA SUBMITTED BY DR. SALAMI SARAFADEEN KUNLE AF/011/04/007/352 DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH, UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN TEACHING HOSPITAL, ILORIN, NIGERIA TO THE NATIONAL POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF NIGERIA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE FINAL FELLOWSHIP OF THE MEDICAL COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH (FMCPH) MAY, 2012 1 DECLARATION PAGE I, Dr. Salami Sarafadeen Kunle, of Department of Epidemiology and Community health, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, hereby declare that this project was written by me under supervision and it has not been submitted in part or full for any degree or fellowship examination. …………………………………… Dr. Salami Sarafedeen Kunle AF/001/04/007/352 2 DEDICATION This project is dedicated to my parent, late Alhaji Abdulazeez Popoola Salami (1935-2003) and Mrs Rabiat Ajile Salami for giving me the opportunity to have Western education and My family (wife and children) for their support and perseverance. 3 CERTIFICATION PAGE I hereby certify that this project titled “Assessment of Community perception, care and problems of widows in Ilorin East Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria” has been carried out by Dr. Salami Sarafadeen Kunle, of the Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, under my close supervision. It is being submitted as a dissertation to the National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria. ………………………. ……………………………… Dr. I.S Abdulraheem Date MBBS, MPH, M.Sc., FMCPH, FRIPH Supervisor Consultant Epidemiologist and Community Health Physician, Department of Epidemiology and Community health, University of Ilorin, Kwara State. ………………………. ……………………………… Prof. A.O. Awoyemi Date MBBS, MPH. CIH, AFOM, FMCPH Head of Department Consultant Epidemiologist and Community Health Physician, Department of Epidemiology and Community health, University of Ilorin, Kwara State. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My journey through the residency programme was tough and challenging, but was made more tolerable through the assistance of my supervisor Dr. I.S. Abdulraheem. However, I must specially appreciate Prof. T.M. Akande, G.K. Osagbemi, M.J Saka T.P. Omojasola for their interest in making sure I succeed in my quest to learn and understand the nitty-gritty of the public health specialty. I also recognize the assistance of Prof. A.O Awoyemi, who played the role of a teacher, guardian and adviser and whose efforts contributed immensely to the successful rounding up of this fellowship programme. I made some friends who were dependable sources of support and encouragement in the period of tribulations. I therefore wish to appreciate Dr. I.S. Yusuf, R.K. Adewoye, A.O Aremu, H.A Ameen, A.A Ojiah, B.E Agbana, M. Olawale, K.A Durowade, O.A Jenyo, R.O Komolafe, M.A Jimoh and others, may God grant you successes in all your endeavours. I also want to pay tributes to late Dr. A.L. Salam for his support when he was alife. I wish to express my gratitude to all widows and non-widow respondents in Ilorin East Local Government Area of Kwara state for their co-operation and support in seeing to the success of this project. I also appreciate the efforts of the research assistants who participated in implementing various aspects of this 5 project. A lot of kudos goes to all staffs of Kwara state Ministry of Women Affair for their support and co-operation. All through the challenges of the recent years, my wife was a source of pillar and motivation, I am glad for being privileged to build a home with her. And when the going was really tough, I found her as a source of inspiration. Finally, I appreciate my children Zainab Oluwatosin, Abdulazeez Kayode, my first set of twins Hameedat Kehinde and Halimat Taiyelolu and my second set of twins Muhammed Kehinde and Abdulrahman Taiyelolu for their understanding and support. God bless you all. 6 ACRONYMS NGO- Non Governmental Organization HIV-Human immune virus. AIDS-Acquire immuno deficiency syndrome FGD-Focus Group Discussion. KII-Key in-depth interview. LGA-Local Government Area. WOI- Widow’s Organization International. RUWOF-Rural widows and orphans foundation. FIDA – International Federation of women lawyers. NBA- Nigeria Bar association. AU – Africa Union WRI - Widows Rights International TASO – The Aids Support Organization WIDO – Widows Development Organization VOWAN – Voice of Divorces and Widows Association of Nigeria THO – Total Health Organization CEDAW – Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page i Declaration ii Dedication iii Certification iv Acknowledgement v Acronyms vii Table of contents viii List of tables’ xi Summary xiv CHAPTER ONE 1.0. Introduction 1 1.1. Background information 1 1.2. Statement of the problem 5 1.3. Rationale and Justification 6 1.4. Scope of the study 8 1.5. Aims and objectives of the study 9 CHAPTER TWO 2.0. Literature review 10 2.1. Concept of widowhood practices 10 2.2. Causes of widowhood 12 2.3. Reaction to bereavement 13 2.4. Treatment and care of widows 15 2.5. Factors influencing widowhood practices 18 2.5.1. Educational Status and Widowhood practices 20 2.5.2. Age and Widowhood practice 22 2.5.3. Religion and widowhood practice 25 2.6. Cultural practices of mourning and widowhood in Nigeria 31 2.6.1. Eastern Region of Nigeria 31 2.6.2. Northern Region of Nigeria 32 2.6.3. Western Region of Nigeria 33 8 2.7. Perception of widow and widowhood practices 34 2.8. Health problems associated with widowhood practices 37 2.8.1. Emotional health problems 37 2.8.2 Physical health problems 39 2.8.3 Social health problems 40 2.9 Government and NGO Response to widowhood Problems 41 2.9.1 Government Response to widowhood problems 41 2.9.2 NGO Response to widowhood problems 44 2.10 Women’s Right and Law 47 CHAPTER THREE 3.0. Methodology 52 3.1. Description of the study location 52 3.2. Study population 53 3.3. Community Entry 53 3.4. Study Design 54 3.5. Sample size determination 54 3.5.1. Sample size determination for non-widows 54 3.5.2 Sample Size Determination for Widows 55 3.6. Sampling technique 57 3.6.1. Sampling technique for non-widows 57 3.6.2. Sampling technique for widows 61 3.7. Inclusion criteria 61 3.8. Exclusion criteria 62 3.9. Research Instruments 62 9 3.10. Pre test 62 3.11. Method of Data Collection 62 3.11.1. Focus Group Discussion 62 3.11.2. Key in-depth interview 64 3.12. Method of Data Analysis 64 3.13. Ethical considerations 65 3.14. Limitation of Study 65 CHAPTER FOUR Results 66-118 CHAPTER FIVE Discussion 119 Conclusion 132 Recommendation 133 References 134 Appendix Appendix I Questionnaire for non widow 148 Appendix II Questionnaire for widow 155 Appendix III Focus Group Discussion (FGD) Guide 160 Appendix IV Consent to participate in Focus Group 163 Appendix V –In depth Interview 164 Appendix VI Participant Consent Form 166 Ethical Clearance 167 10 LIST OF TABLES Brief introductory notes on results 66 SECTION 1: Socio-economic variables Table 1.1 Socio-economic variables of non widow respondents 67 Table 1.1 Continued 68 Table 1.1 Continued 69 Table 1.1 Continued 70 Table 1.2 A socio-economic variables of widows respondent 71 Table 1.2 Continued 72 Table 1.2 Continued 73 SECTION 2 PERCEPTIONS OF WIDOWS Table 2.1 Non-widow Respondent’s opinion on whether widowhood practices were necessary 74 Table 2.2: Opinion of non-widow respondents on whether widowhood rites needs modification 75 Table 2.3 Perception of non-widow respondents on whether widow have Inheritance right or not 76 Table 2.4: Opinion of non-widow respondent on whether widow have right to Re-marry 78 Table 2.5 Perception of non-widow respondents on widows been forced to re-marry late husband relations 79 Table 2.6: Perception of non-widow respondents on whether widowhood practices can cause increase in HIV/AIDS 80 Table 2.7 Perception of non-widow respondents on widows 81 Table 2.8: Opinion of widows respondents on how they are being perceived 82 Table 2.9 Non-widows respondents’ opinion on inheritance right of a widow in relation to their level of education 83 FGD Result on perception of widows 84 SECTION 3 CARE OF WIDOWS Table 3.1 Opinion of non-widow respondents on who cares for widows and her children 85 Table 3.2: Widows respondent responses on who took care of them during widowhood period 86 FGD Result on cares of widows 87 11 SECTION 4 WIDOWS EXPERIENCE Table 4.1 Experiences of widows respondents during widowhood period 88 FGD Result on widows experiences 89 SECTION 5 HEALTH PROBLEMS OF WIDOWS Table 5.1: Non-widows respondents’ opinion on social health problems Associated with widowhood practices and affecting widows 90 Table 5.2: Social health problems experienced by widow during Widowhood period 91 Table 5.3: Psychological/emotional problem experienced by widow 92 Table 5.4: Loneliness problem among widows in relation to their Level of education 93 Table 5.5: Correlation between respondents’ level of education and loneliness 94 Table 5.6: Stress problem among widows in relation to their level of Education 95 FGD Result on problems of widow 96 SECTION 6 WIDOWHOOD PRACTICES Table 6.1 Various widowhood practices done to widows by non-widow Respondents 98 Table 6.2: Non-widow Respondents opinion on who chooses a male partner for widow and control deceased properties 99 Table 6.3: Non-widow Respondent’s opinion on widowhood practice as a cause of HIV/AIDS in relation to their level of education
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