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ANALYSIS of ALTERNATIVES Non-Confidential Report ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES non-confidential report Legal name of applicant(s): LANXESS Deutschland GmbH in its legal capacity as Only Representative of LANXESS CISA (Pty) Ltd.; Atotech Deutschland GmbH; Aviall Services Inc.; BONDEX TRADING LTD in its legal capacity as Only Representative of Aktyubinsk Chromium Chemicals Plant, Kazakhstan; CROMITAL S.P.A. in its legal capacity as Only Representative of Soda Sanayii A.S.; Elementis Chromium LLP in its legal capacity as Only Representative of Elementis Chromium Inc; Enthone GmbH. Submitted by: LANXESS Deutschland GmbH in its legal capacity as Only Representative of LANXESS CISA (Pty) Ltd. Substance: Chromium trioxide, EC No: 215-607-8, CAS No: 1333-82-0 Use title: Functional Chrome Plating Use number: 2 Copy right protected – Property of Members of the CTAC Submission Consortium – No copying / use allowed. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Disclaimer This document shall not be construed as expressly or implicitly granting a license or any rights to use related to any content or information contained therein. In no event shall applicant be liable in this respect for any damage arising out or in connection with access, use of any content or information contained therein despite the lack of approval to do so. ii Use number: 2 Copy right protected – Property of Members of the CTAC Submission Consortium – No copying / use allowed. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 11 2.1. The substance ................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2. Uses of chromium trioxide ............................................................................................................... 11 2.3. Purpose and benefits of chromium trioxide ...................................................................................... 11 3. FUNCTIONAL CHROME PLATING ................................................................................................................... 13 3.1. Metallic chrome coatings .................................................................................................................. 13 3.2. Surface treatment process description “functional chrome plating” ................................................. 17 3.2.1. Pre-treatment processes ........................................................................................................................... 18 3.2.2. Functional chrome plating ....................................................................................................................... 19 3.2.3. Post-treatment processes .......................................................................................................................... 20 3.3. Key functionalities of functional chrome plating ............................................................................. 21 3.3.1. Key functionalities of chromium trioxide based surface pre-treatment ................................................... 21 3.3.2. Key functionalities of metallic chrome coatings ..................................................................................... 22 3.3.2.1 Wear resistance ...................................................................................................................................... 23 3.3.2.2 Hardness ................................................................................................................................................ 23 3.3.2.3 Layer thickness ...................................................................................................................................... 23 3.3.2.4 Corrosion resistance .............................................................................................................................. 24 3.3.2.5 Coefficient of friction ............................................................................................................................ 24 3.3.2.6 Effect on surface morphology ............................................................................................................... 25 4. ANNUAL TONNAGE............................................................................................................................................ 27 4.1. Annual tonnage band of chromium trioxide ..................................................................................... 27 5. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE PROCESS FOR ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT AND SECTOR SPECIFIC APPROVAL PROCESS .................................................................................................................. 28 5.1. Aerospace ......................................................................................................................................... 28 5.1.1 Development and qualification ......................................................................................................... 31 5.1.1.1 Requirements development .............................................................................................................. 31 5.1.1.2 Technology development ................................................................................................................. 32 5.1.1.3 Qualification ..................................................................................................................................... 34 5.1.1.4 Certification ...................................................................................................................................... 35 5.1.1.5 Implementation / industrialisation .................................................................................................... 37 5.1.1.6 Examples .......................................................................................................................................... 38 5.2. Automotive and general engineering ................................................................................................ 38 5.2.1. Current production parts in automotive applications - general considerations ........................................ 38 5.2.2. Current production parts - requirements for alternatives to chromium trioxide ...................................... 39 5.2.3. Past model service parts – general considerations ................................................................................... 40 5.2.4. Past model service parts – requirements for alternative metallic chrome coating ................................... 41 5.2.5. General engineering ................................................................................................................................. 42 5.3. Steel .................................................................................................................................................. 44 5.4. Metal precision parts ........................................................................................................................ 46 5.5. Manufacture of printing equipment .................................................................................................. 47 6. IDENTIFICATION OF POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES ......................................................................................... 49 6.1 Description of efforts made to identify possible alternatives ........................................................... 49 6.1.1 Research and development ............................................................................................................... 49 6.1.2 Data searches .................................................................................................................................... 51 6.1.3 Consultations .................................................................................................................................... 52 6.2 List of possible alternatives .............................................................................................................. 52 7. SUITABILITY AND AVAILABILITY OF POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES ......................................................... 54 7.1 ALTERNATIVE 1: Electroless plating ............................................................................................ 54 7.1.1 Substance ID and physicochemical properties of relevant substances ............................................. 56 7.1.2 Technical feasibility ......................................................................................................................... 56 7.1.3 Economic feasibility ......................................................................................................................... 63 7.1.4 Reduction of overall risk due to transition to the alternative ............................................................ 63 7.1.5 Availability ....................................................................................................................................... 64 7.1.6 Conclusion on suitability and availability for alternative electroless plating ................................... 64 Use number: 2 iii Copy right protected – Property of Members of the CTAC Submission Consortium – No copying / use allowed. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 7.2 ALTERNATIVE 2:
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