A Comparative Study of Selected Hindustani Raga-s Based on Contemporary Practice

Patrick Moutal M.A., M.Mus., D.Mus. (Banaras Hindu University) Prof. Indian Music (Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Paris)

Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd Contents

Contents 5 List of illustrations. 17 Preface (original version) 21 Preface (revised and augmented version) 23 Acknowledgments (original version) 25 Transliteration 29 Transliteration Code 32 Music Notation System 34 A Name of the notes with their correspondences 34 B Help to the hand-writing of notos &. Bola-s 35 C Notation System 36 Comparative Chart : Music Notation System 41 Introduction 45

Part I: Raga-s of Kalyana Group

1 Rag Yaman 53 Calana 56 Bibliographical references 56 2 Rag Shuddh Kalyan 59 Catana 62 Bibliographical references 62 3 Rag Bhupali 85 Calana 67 Bibliographical references 67 4 Rag Jait Kalyan 69 Calana 70 Bibliographical references 70 5 Rag Chandrakant 73 Calana (V.N. Bhatkhande) 73 Bibliographical references 73 Comparative Chart: Suddha Katyäna, Bhüpalï, Desakâra, Jaita Kalyána, Candrakänta 75 6 Rag Puriya Kalyan 77 Calana 79 Bibliographical references 80 7 Rag Sawani Kalyan 81 Bibliographical references 82 8 Rag Malashree 85 Calana 85 Bibliographical references 86 9 Rag Dhavalashree 87 Dhavasri / Malasri comparison 87 Calana 87 Bibliographical references 88 Uncommon Varieties of the Kalyäna Group of Räga-s 91 10 Rag Hem-Kalyan 91 Calana (V.N. Bhatkhande ) 92 Bibliographical references 92 11 Rag Panch Kalyan 92 Calana (of R.N. Vaze) 93 Bibliographical references 93 12 Rag Samant Kalyan 93 Calana (of R.N. Vaze) 93 Bibliographical references 93 13 Rag Gaur Kalyan 94 Calana (R.N. Vaze) 94 Bibliographical references 94 14 Rag Shree Kalyan 94 Bibliographical references 95 15 Rag Malarani 95 Principal movements 95 Bibliographical references 96 16 Rag Lakshmi Kalyan 96 Calana $0 Bibliographical references 17 Rag Vaijyanti 96 Calana 97 Bibliographic 97 18 Rag Durga Kalyaa ¿7 Bibliographical references 98 Kalyana Group of Räga-s: Conclusion 101 Recapitulation - kalyana Räga-s: (different types) 107 Preliminary remarks 107 Recapitulation 107 Part II: Räga-s of Säranga Group

1 Rag Vlndravani Sarang 117 General features: Sâranga family 119 Catana 119 Bibliographical references 119 2 Rag Madhyamadi Sarang 121 Calana 122 Bibliographical references 123 3 Rag Shuddh Saranq 125 Calana 128 Bibliographical references 128 4 Rag Miya Ki Sarang 120 Calana: 129 1 V.N. Bhatkhande 129 2 Author's Calana 130 Bibliographical references 130 5 Rag Samant Sarang 131 Bibliographical references 134 6 Rag Badhans Sarang 135 A First type 135 B Second type 136 Calana 137 Bibliographical References 137 7 Rag Lankadahan Sarang 139 A First type: 139 Calana 139 B Second type: 140 Bibliographical references 141 8 Rag Narayani 143 Calana 144 Bibliographical references 144 Recapitulation: Särariga Räga-s 147 Preliminary remarks 147 Recapitulation of the types 147 Part III: Räga-s of Bbairava Group

1 Rag Bhairav 153 Calana 154 Bibliographical references 155 2 Rag Kalingada 157 Comparison: Bhairava Kalingadâ 157 Calana 158 Bibliographical references 158 3 Rag Ramkali 161 Calana 163 Bibliographical references 163 4 Rag Bibhas 165 Comparative Chart of Bibhäsa / Reva 166 Calana 167 Bibliographical references 167 5 Rag Nat Bhairav 160 Calana 169 Bibliographical references 170 8 Rag Vasant Mukhari 171 Calana 172 Bibliographical references 172 7 Rag Kaushi Bhairav 173 1 Rejected type 173 2 Accepted type 173 3 Calana (Alâpa of Ravi Shankar's version) 175 4 Comparative Chart: Kaust Bhairava / Vasanta Mukhari 175 Calana (accepted type) 176 Bibliographical references 176 8 Rag Jogiya 177 Comparative Chart: Jogiya / Saveri 178 Calana 179 Bibliographical references 179 9 Rag Gunkàri 181 Calana 182 Comparative Chart: Jogiya / Gunakäri 182 Bibliographical references 182 10 Rag Kabir Bhairav 185 Calana (from V.R. Patuardhan's Äläpa) 185 Bibliographical references 186 11 Rag Bairagi Bhairav 187 Calana 188 Bibliographical references 188 12 Rag Mangal Bhairav 189 Calana 189 Bibliographical references 190 13 Rag Bangal Bhairav 191 Calana 192 Bibliographical references 192 14 Rag Sorashtra Bhairav 195 Catana 196 Bibliographical references 197 15 Rag Prabhat Bhairav 199 Calana 199 Bibliographical references 200 16 Rag Shiv Mat Bhairav 201 Calana 202 Bibliographical references 202 17 Rag Anand Bhairav 203 Type 1 (main type) 203 Catana (main type) 204 Type 2 204 Calana (2nd type) 204 Bibliographical references 205 18 Rag Bhatiyar 207 Calana 209 Bibliographical references 209 19 Rag Bhankhar 211 Type 1 (main type) 211 Calana (main type) 212 213 Catana 213 Type 3 213 Calana 214 Comparative Chart: Bhatiyira / Bharikhära 214 214 Bibliographical references 214 20 Rag Madhu Bhairav 217 Calana 218 21 Rag Jogi Asavari 219 Catana 219 Bibliographical references 220 22 Rag Ahir Bhairav 221 Catana 223 Bibliographical references 223 23 Rag Bhairav Bahar 225 Description 225 Calana 226 Bibliographical references 227 uncommon Varieties: Bhairava 6roup of R&ga-s 231 24 Rag Devranjani 231 Calana 232 Bibliographical reference 232 25 Rag Desh Gaud 233 Calana 233 Bibliographical references 233 26 Rag Meghranjani 234 Catana (Suddha type) 235 Bibliographical references 235 27 Rag Jangula 235 Calana 236 Bibliographical references 237 28 Rag Jhilaf 237 Calana 238 Bibliographical references 238 Bhairava 6roup of Räga-s: Conclusion 241 Recapitulation: Bhairava Raga-s: (different types) 245 Preliminary remarks 245 Recapitulation 246

10 Pari IV: Räga-s of Gaurl Group

Introduction 257 1 Rag Gauri 259 A Râga Gauri (Bhairava Ariga ) 259 Catana 261 B Râga Gauri (Pürvi Ariga ) 261 Calana 262 C Râga Gauri (Pürvi Thâta ) 263 Calana 263 Bibliographical references 263 2 Rag Laiita 6aur¡ 265 A Râga Lalitä Gauri (Mâravâ Thâta ] 265 Calana 265 B Râga Lalitâ Gauri (Bhairava Ariga ) 266 Catana 267 C Râga Lalitâ Gaurï (Pürvi Ariga ) 267 Calana 267 Bibliographical references 268 3 Rag Chaiti 6auri 269 Calana 270 Bibliographical references 270 Recapitulation: Gauri Ràga-s: (different types) 273 Part V: Räqa-s of Kanada Group

Introduction 279 ! Rag Darbari Kanada 285 Calana 291 Bibliographical references 292 2 Rag Adana Kanada 293 Calana 295 Bibiographical references 295 Comparative Chart of Darabäri and Adana 297 A Points of resemblance 297 B Points of difference 297 3 Rag Naikl Kanada 299 1 Usage of 299 2 Usage of 300 3 Predominant octaves 301 4 Agra Gharänä Nàyakï 301 11 Calana 304 Bibliographical references 304 4 Rag Suha Kanada 307 Treatment of the notes In Suhä 310 Calana 310 Bibilographical references 311 5 Rag Sughrai Kanada 313 Calana 316 Bibliographical references 318 6 Rag Suha Sughrai Kanada 317 Calana 318 Bibliographical references 318 7 Rag Devsakh 321 Calana 324 Bibliographical references 325 8 Rag Bhavsakh 327 A Bhavasâkha (Agra Gharânâ Prakâra ), J. Shah(1) 327 Calana 328 B Bhavasâkha (second Prakàra), J. Shah(2) 329 Calana 329 C Bhavasakha - Raja Nawab Ali(l) 330 D Bhavasakha, R. Jha 330 Calana 331 Bibliographical references 331 9 Rag Ram Sakh 333 Bibliographical references 334 Comparative Chart of Naiki, Suha, Sughrai, Suha Sughrai & Dev Sakh 337 A Points of resemblance 337 B Basic forms 337 C Points of difference 337 10 Rag Shahana 343 Calana (main type) 347 Bibliographical references 348 11 Rag Raisa Kanada 349 Calana 351 Bibliographical references 352 12 Rag Huseni Kanada 353 A Huseni Kanada (Suddha & Prakära ) 355 1 Mandra-Madhya Saptaka Prakära 355 Calana 357 12 2 Madhya &, Tara Saptaka Prakàra 358 Calana 358 8 Huseni Kanada (both & Prakâra) 359 Calana 361 Bibliographical references 362 13 Rag Mudriki Kanada 369 A V.N. Bhatkhande's version 369 B V.R. Patwardhan's version 369 C Raja Mauab All's version (also described by J. Shah [2nd Prakara]) 370 D J. Shah's version (Agra Gharänä) 371 Calana 373 Bibliographical references 374 Comparative Charts of Sahänä, Rayasa, Huseni & Mudriki Kanada 377 1 Points of resemblance 377 2 Basic forms 377 3 Points of difference 377 H Rag Kaft Kanada 381 Calana 383 Bibliographical references 384 15 Rag Bageshree Kanada 385 Calana (according to D.V. Paluskar) 389 Bibliographical references 392 18 Rag Kausi Kanada 393 A Kaurisi Kanada (Bâgesri Ariga) 394 BKaurisi Kanad a (Mälakurisa Ariga) 396 Calana 400 Bibliographical references 400 Comparative Charts of Kafi Kanada, Bägesri Kanada & Kaunsi Kanada (Bägesri Ariga) 407 1 Points of resemblance 407 2 Basic forms 407 3 Points of difference 407 17 Rag Abhogi Kanada 411 Calana 413 Bibliographical references 414

13 Part VI: Miscellaneous Räga-s

1 Rag Ahir Lalit 421 Calana (extracts from Ravi Shankar's Ahïra Laiita) 422 Bibliographical references 423 2 Rag Ranchan» 425 Calana (Sâdava Jàti, accepted type) 426 Calana (Samüna : V.N. Bhatkhande's variety) 426 Bibliographical references 427 Introduction on Asâvarï based Raga-s 431 Calana: Raga Asavarï 432 Calana: Raga Jaunapurï 433 Catana: Raga Bilasakhani Todi 433 Bibliographical references 434 3 Rag 6andhari 437 Calana 438 Bibliographical references 438 4 Rag Devgandhar 441 Calana 442 Bibliographical references 443 5 Rag Jait 445 A First type: (accepted version) 445 Calana 446 B Second type 446 C Third type 446 Calana (V.N. Bhatkhande) 446 0 Fourth type 447 E Fifth type 447 Bibliographical references 447 6 Rag Hemant 451 Calana 452 Bibliographical references 453 7 Rag Jhinjhoti 455 Calana 458 Bibliographical references 450 8 Rag Kalavati 461 Calana 463 Bibliographical references 463 9 Rag Lalit Pancham 465 Calana (V.N. Bhatkhande) 466 14 Use of In V.N. Bhatkhande's Vistara-s 466 Calana (V.R. Patuardhan) accepted version 466 Bibliographical references 467 10 Rag Dhanashree 469 A Dhansri (Käfï Ariga) 469 B Dhanasri (Bhauravi Ariga) 471 Calana: 471 C Dhanäsri(PatadTpa Ariga) 471 Calana (R.N. Vaze) 472 DDhanäsri (Khamaj a or Bilavala Ariga) 472 E Dhanasri (Suddha Svara-s with Tivra) 472 Bibliographical references 472 11 Rag Multani 475 Calana 475 Bibliographical references 476 12 Rag Multani Dhanashree 477 Calana 478 Bibliographical references 478 13 Rag Khat 479 Catana (V.N. Bhatkhande) 483 Calana (RJha) 483 Calana (R.Vaze) 483 Bibliographical references 483 14 Rag Vashaspati 485 Catana 486 Bibliographical references 486 15 Rag Madhukauns 487 Catana 487 Bibliographical references 488 16 Rag Bhinna Shadj 489 Catana 491 Bibliographical references 491 17 Rag Maligaura 493 Catana 496 Bibliographical references 496

Index of Raga-s examined in the Text (English based form / Transliteration / Devanàgari) 499 Musicological Terminology (English based form / Transliteration / Devanagari) 513

15 6lossary 525 Bibliography 540 A Major Works on Räga-s used in this Study 549 ! Devanägari 549 2 Transliteration 551 3 Detailed references 552 B Other Works In Devanagarf 554 1 Devanâgarï 554 2 Transliteration 557 3 Detailed references 559 C Works in European Languages (English / French) 562 D Dictionaries used 565 E Methodology: Work presentation 566 Index 560