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The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago

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The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago The Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project in Chicago Irving A. Spergel with Kwai Ming Wa and Susan Grossman Ayad Jacob Sungeun Ellie Choi Rolando V. Sosa Elisa M. Barrios Annot Spergel Also with Laura Anderson, Louis Arata, Lisa DeVivo, Joshua Levy, Kathryn Lyndes The Project and Evaluation were supported by grants awarded to the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. All views and conclusions expressed in this manuscript are those of the Authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority or the U. S. Department of Justice. © 2003 by Irving A. Spergel Table of Contents Chapters Chapter 1– Introduction and Review of Past Gang Programs .......................... 1.1 Chapter 2 – Project Formation.................................................. 2.1 Chapter 3 – Entering the Field.................................................. 3.1 Chapter 4 – Organizational Change and Team Development.......................... 4.1 Chapter 5 – Social Intervention: Outreach Youth Work .............................. 5.1 Chapter 6 – Suppression/Social Control .......................................... 6.1 Chapter 7 – Community Mobilization............................................ 7.1 Chapter 8 – Characteristics of Program and Comparison Youth........................ 8.1 Chapter 9 – Program-Worker Contacts, Services and Strategies ....................... 9.1 Chapter 10 – Self-Reported Offense, Arrest and Lifestyle Changes.................... 10.1 Chapter 11 – Criminal Histories and Outcome: Program and Comparison Youth Samples . 11.1 Chapter 12 – Modeling Program Effects: An Integrated Analysis ..................... 12.1 Chapter 13 – Typology of Gang Youth .......................................... 13.1 Chapter 14 – The Effectiveness of the Youth Worker............................... 14.1 Chapter 15 – Aggregate-Level Changes In Gang Crime............................. 15.1 Chapter 16 – Changes in Perceptions of the Gang Problem: Community Resident and Organization Respondents .............................................. 16.1 Chapter 17 – Conclusion..................................................... 17.1 References ii Figures Figure 2.1 – Youth Gang Crime ............................................... 2.18 Figure 11.1 – Distribution of Youth in Three Age Groups for the Three Samples ........ 11.22 Figure 15.1A – Comparison of Average Yearly Total Incidents (10-Year Period), 5 Pre-Program vs 5 Program Years .................................................. 15.53 Figure 15.2A – Comparison of Average Yearly Ratios (10-Year Period), 5 Pre-Program vs 5 Program Years...................................................... 15.54 Figure 15.3A – Ten-Year Trend of Gang Serious Violent Crime Ratios ............... 15.55 Figure 15.1B – Comparison of Average Yearly Total Incidents (6-Year Period): 3 Pre-Program vs 3 Program Years .................................................. 15.57 Figure 15.2B – Comparison of Average Yearly Ratios (6-Year Period): 3 Pre-Program vs 3 Program Years...................................................... 15.58 Figure 15.3B – Six-Year Trend of Gang Serious Violent Crime Ratios ................ 15.59 Tables Table 9.1 – Youth-Worker Gang Assignment, Tenure and Debriefing-Form Activity...... 9.27 Table 9.2 – Types of Services (Activities) ....................................... 9.28 Table 9.3 – Types of Person Contacted .......................................... 9.29 Table 9.4 – Type of Service (Activity), by Person(s) Contacted ....................... 9.30 Table 9.5 – Gang-Related Issues, by Person(s) Contacted ........................... 9.31 Table 9.6 – Job-Related Services, by Type of Person(s) Contacted .................... 9.32 Table 9.7 – Education-Related Services, by Type of Person(s) Contacted ............... 9.33 Table 9.8 – Criminal-Justice-Related Services /Issues, by Type of Person(s) Contacted .... 9.34 Table 9.9 – Relating Services (Activities) to Project Strategies ....................... 9.35 iii Table 9.10 – Aggregated Types of Persons Contacted .............................. 9.36 Table 9.11 – Project Strategies, by Youth-Worker Gang Assignment .................. 9.37 Table 9.12 – Project Strategies, by Youth-Worker Gang Assignment .................. 9.38 Table 9.13 – Person(s) Contacted, by Youth-Worker Gang Assignment ................ 9.39 Table 9.14 – Services (Activities), by Youth-Worker Gang Assignment ................ 9.40 Table 9.15 – Person(s) Contacted, by Youth-Worker Gang Assignment ................ 9.41 Table 10.1 – Mean Frequencies of Self-Reported Offenses and Arrests for Program Youth, Comparing Time I and Time III......................................... 10.40 Table 10.2 – Mean Frequencies of Self-Reported Offenses and Arrests for the Two Gangs , Latin King (LK) and Two Six (26), Comparing Time I and Time III ................ 10.41 Table 10.3 –Mean Frequencies of Self-Reported Offenses and Arrests for the Three Cohorts, Comparing Time I and Time III......................................... 10.42 Table 10.4 – Mean Frequencies of Self-Reported Offenses and Arrests for the Three Age Groups (16 & Under, 17 & 18, 19 and Over), Comparing Time I and Time III .......... 10.43 Table 10.5 – Mean Frequencies of Self-Reported Offenses and Arrests for the Four Offender Types, Comparing Time I and Time III................................... 10.44 Table 10.6 – Mean Frequencies of Self-Reported Offenses and Arrests for the Four Violent Offender Types, Comparing Time I and Time III........................... 10.45 Table 10.7 – Program Youth (N = 121) Committing Offenses, Numbers (%) of Youth and Means (Standard Deviations) of Offenses, Time I and Time III...................... 10.46 Table 10.8 – Self-Reported Offenses – Program Youth (N = 121), With and Without Gang Peers, Time I and Time III.................................................. 10.47 Table 10.9 – Types of Drugs and Alcohol, Percent of Youth (N = 121) Using and Selling Drugs/Alcohol, Time I and Time III ..................................... 10.48 Table 10.10 – Best Model Predicting Self-Reported Total Offenses at Time III ......... 10.49 Table 10.11 – Best Model Predicting Change In Self-Reported Total Offenses, Between Time I and Time III........................................................ 10.50 iv Table 10.12 – Best Model Predicting Self-Reported Total Violence Offenses at Time III . 10.51 Table 10.13 – Best Model Predicting Change In Self-Reported Total Violence Offenses of Youth Who Reduced Their Total Violence Offenses Between Time I and Time III...... 10.52 Table 10.14 – Best Model Predicting Change In Self-Reported Total Violence Offenses for Youth Who Increased (or Experienced No Change) in Total Violence Offenses Between Time I and Time III.................................................. 10.53 Table 11.1 – Pre-Program Arrest Levels (Quartiles) for Different Types of Arrests ...... 11.23 Table 11.2 – Pre-Program Period Distribution of Youth (N = 418) in the Three Samples by Levels and Types of Arrests ........................................... 11.24 Table 11.3 – An Analysis of Variance of Change in Total Arrests During the Program Period for the Program, Comparison and Quasi-Program Samples...................... 11.25 Table 11.4 – An Analysis of Variance of Change in Serious Violence Arrests During the Program Period for the Program, Comparison and Quasi-Program Samples...... 11.27 Table 11.5 – An Analysis of Variance of Change in Total Violence Arrests During the Program Period for the Program, Comparison and Quasi-Program Samples ............. 11.30 Table 11.6 – An Analysis of Variance of Change in Property Arrests During the Program Period for the Program, Comparison and Quasi-Program Samples ................... 11.33 Table 11.7 – An Analysis of Variance of Change in Drug Arrests During the Program Period for the Program, Comparison and Quasi-Program Samples...................... 11.35 Table 11.8 – An Analysis of Variance of Change in Other Arrests During the Program Period for the Program, Comparison and Quasi-Program Samples...................... 11.38 Table 11.9– An Analysis of Variance of Change in Special Police Arrests During the Program Period for the Program, Comparison and Quasi-Program Samples ............. 11.41 Table 12.1 – Pre-Program Arrest Patterns for Youth With Different Numbers of Worker Tracking Forms: Means and Standard Deviations.......................... 12.21 v Table 12.2 – Best Model Predicting Change In Total Arrests Between Pre-Program and Program Periods............................................................ 12.22 Table 12.3 – Best Model Predicting Change in Serious Violence Arrests Between Pre-Program and Program Periods ................................................. 12.23 Table 12.4 – Best Model Predicting Change In Self-Reported Total Violence Arrests Between Pre-Program and Program Periods....................................... 12.24 Table 12.5 – Best Model Predicting Change In Total Drug Arrests Between Pre-Program and Program Periods..................................................... 12.25 Table 12.6 – Summary of Logistic Regression of Program Youth (N=148) Life-Space/Life- Course Characteristics on Age and Service Variables........................ 12.26 Table 13.1 – Typology of Gang-Youth Arrestees: Program, Comparison and Quasi-Program Samples ........................................................... 13.22 Table 13.2 – Yearly Arrests of Youth
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