Forest Biology Ranger District Reports, Ontario; Forest Insect Laboratory

DIFORESTST BIOLOGYRICT RANGER REPORTS DISTRICT REPORTS ONTARIO FOREST

FOREST INSECT LABORATORY 1957 U.BRARY TORY FOREST cANADA DEirEt\ETM;: (...;JE FORESTRY TORIA, B,C,

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

REPORT OF FOREST BIOLOGY RANGERS

Foreword, J.E. MacDonald 1 SOUTHEASTERN FOREST REGION (L.S. MacLeod) 4 Lindsay District, L.S. MacLeod 10 Tweed District, L.S. MacLeod, and M.X. Thompson 19 Kemptville District, M.J. Thompson 27

SOUTHWESTERN FOREST REGION (H.G. McPhee) 36 Lake Simcoe District, H.G. McPhee 49 Lake Erie District, H. R. Foster 58 Lake Hur on District, D.F. Lynn 68

SOUTH-CENTRAL FOREST REGION (A.A. Harden) 80 North Bay District, A.A. Harnden 93 Pembroke District, H.J. Weir 106 Parry Sound District, D.G. Grisdale 119

CENTRAL FOREST REGION (W.J. Miller) 141 Sudbury District, J.R. McPhee 152 Sault Ste. Marie District, W.J. Miller 164 Chapleau District, R.L. Bowser 182 Gogama District, C.A. Barnes 192 White River District, L.R. Moore 205

NORTHERN FOREST REGION (F.A. Bricault) 212 Kapuskasing District, F.A. Bricault 218 Cochrane District, F.A. Bricault 223 Swastika District, J. Hook 235

MID-WESTERN FOREST REGION (LC. Hall) 241 Port Arthur District, K.C. Hall 249 Geraldton District, WA. Horricks 260

WESTERN FOREST REGION (P. E. Buchan) 265 Sioux Lookout District, P.E. Buchan 275 Kenora District, D.T. Bowen 284 Fort Frances District, M.J. Hildebrand 294 FOREWORD

J. E. MacDonald

One long-range objective of the Forest Insect Survey is to keep up-to-date and accurate records of insect populations, with the view to establishing periods of abundance and scarcity of the important species, and eventually forecasting outbreaks. When available, this information will have many practical uses, not the least being adjustments in forest management plans, the organization of surveys, research projects, and possible control measures in advance of heavy infestations.

Already records show that the build-up and decline of infestations of certain insects are cyclic in nature, with periods of abundance and scarcity occurring at more or less regular intervals. For instance, spectacular outbreaks of the forest tent caterpillar have been reported periodically for almost a century, and although early reports are fragmentary, it is apparent that heavy infestations have occurred about every ten years for many decades, This, of course, is an outstanding example since relatively few insects exhibit as wide and obvious a range in population levels. However, with continued improvement of sampling techniques and a better understanding of population dynamics, trends of insect populations which show much less abrupt changes will in time also be determined and their implications evaluated.

Experience has shown that insect populations are greatly in- fluenced by weather cycles and fires. For example in 1957 an extremely heavy infestation of the black army cutworm flared up in the White River area northeast of Sault Ste, Marie where fires had occurred in 1948 and 1955, Details of this unusual and interesting outbreak are given in the report for the Sault ste. Marie District which follows. The influence of weather on insect populations has been demonstrated numerous times in recent years. A more and more precise measurement of the effect of these factors will be possible as the results from sampling techniques now in use and others which will be devised and employed in the future are analysed.

Insect survey highlights in 1957 include the spread of spruce budworm infestations in the Port Arthur District, the widespread occurrence of large aspen tortrix infestations, and the decline of European pine shoot moth infestations in parts of southern Ontario. Infestations of these, and other important forest insects are dealt with in district and regional reports. On the whole, the quality of insect samples submitted to the laboratory in Sault Ste, Marie in 1957 was good, A total of 8,915 collections was received, of which 617 were made by Department of Lands and Forests personnel, Forest Biology rangers submitted a total of 498 tree disease samples to the Forest pathology Laboratory at Maple, A summary of insect and tree disease samples follows, Summary by Forest District of Insect and Tree Disease Collections Submitted from all Sources in Ontario in 1957.

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Forestry Number of 8 0 15 9 5 4 2 50 112 17 18 10 20 23 16 16 54 insect 16 7 16 3. 6 personnel collections submitted Number of independ- 6 0 6 3 6 3 1 13 2 5 11 7 10 7 11 9 39 personnel 3 2 13 4 3 ently involved

Forestry personnel with 47 10 73 2 19 15 19 0 10 1 13 3 32 3 16 0 8 0 9 0 10 0 forest biology rangers

Forest Insect biology collections 480 309 275 323 441 292 183 378 465 401 289 308 519 513 392 322 540 314 538 335 233 357 rangers Tree independ- disease ently collections 12 47 20 13 8 32 1 27 28 15 8 17 93 37 25 10 29 12 24 30 10 0

Insect collections by other entomological 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 15 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 61 1 1 0 0 0 personnel

Insect collections by I 0 1 other coco-operators- 2 6 1 1 1 0 2 1 3 6 11 2 0 0 4 2 2 1, 0 1 including woods operators) INTRODUCTION

Southeastern Forest Region

The decline in European pine shoot moth infestations noted in the autumn of 1956 continued in 1957, No insects were found in check plots in the Northumberland County Forest where an experimental hand-picking control program was instituted in 1956, Very low populations were found in plantations through Durham County,

Larch sawfly populations in the region remained at approximately the same level as in 1956 with slight declines in infestation intensity at several points in the Tweed District,

In the spring of 1956 chemical control measures were taken against the white pine weevil by the Department of Lands and Forests in the Victoria County Forest, Examination of sprayed and unsprayed plots in the late summer of 1957 revealed that good control had been obtained,

Two species of agricultural insects heavily damaged seedlings in the Provincial Tree Nursery at Orono, The strawberry root weevil, Brachyrhinus ovatus (L,) attacked the roots of red pine in seed beds and white grubs (June beetle larvae) caused mortality of white pine in transplant beds,

The early foliage of many species of deciduous trees was blackened by severe spring frosts, occurring as late as may 17- 18, Conifers planted along highways were occasionally damaged by salt used in winter to keep roads clear of ice and snow,

Forest pathology projects included general surveys for Fomes annosus, Polyporus tomentosus-circinatus complex, Septobasidium pini and balsam-fir dieback, The first two of these diseases were not found in the region in 1957,

During the field season 724 insect collections and 28 forest pathology samples were submitted to the Forest Insect and Forest Pathology laboratories; and 15 mass collections were made for detailed population and pathological investigations, Co-operation by Department of Lands and Forests staffs aided in the detection of infestations and general survey work,

Considerable time was spent in answering service and extension calls in 1957, k total of 62 extension calls were dealt with by forest biology rangers, 54 of which originated in the Lindsay District,

L, S, MacLeod, STATUS (IF INSECTS AND TREE DISEASES IN THE

SOUTHEASTERN FOREST REGION

INSECTS

European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana Schiff. Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii

TREE DISEASES

Septobasidium pinicola Balsam-fir Dieback Ceratocystes ulmi Summary of Miscellaneous Tree Diseases STATUS OF INSECTS

European Pine Shoot Loth, Rhyacionia buoliana Schiff„ in Southern Ontario

Pronounced reductions in population levels of the European pine shoot moth occurred at several points in southern Ontario in 1957, Overwintering mortality, parasites, predators and disease were partly responsible for these declines, Studies to determine the effect of these and other mortality factors will be continued by research officers at the Elmira Field Station,

In the eastern part of the Lake Erie District and in the southern parts of the Lake Huron and Take Simcoe districts plantations which had been heavily infested for several years were only lightly attacked, The decline in population levels reported in the Lindsay District in 1956 continued in 1957. The shoot moth was not found in the Parry Sound and Pembroke districts in 1957, STATUS OF INSECTS

Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg,)

Although declines in population intensities of the larch sawfly occurred at several points in the Tweed District, increases in distribution were evident in the region in 1957. The sawfly was found in all larch stands examined from the Ottawa River in the Kemptville District west to Durham and Victoria counties in the Lindsey District,

In 1956, medium infestations occurred in Palmerston, Brougham, Miller, South Canonto and Lavant townships in the Tweed District, In 1957 larch stands in these areas were only lightly infested, Since colonies contained unusually small numbers of larvae it is assured that unfavourable weather, predators or other factors that decimate young larval populations contributed to the decline of infestations in these areas,

Pockets of light infestation which occurred at various points in the region are shown on hp 1,

SOUTHEASTERN FOREST REGION

I. LINDSAY 2. TWEED 3. KEMPTVILLE

Map 1 LARCH SAWFLY

Locations where infestations of the larch sawfly were observed in 1957•

Legend Light infestation STATUS OF TREE DISEASES

Septobasidium pinicola

Extensive surveys for this fungus carried out in white pine plantations and natural stands in the Southeastern Region in 1957. Infested trees were found in killer and Lyndoch townships in the Tweed District, At both locations the fungus was observed on regeneration, white-pine trees in the 2 - 5" diameter class, The fungus occurred commonly in low-lying pockets while trees on high land were relatively free of infection,

Balsam-fir Dieback

Large numbers of lead and dying balsam-fir trees were observed through the northern part of the Tweed District, Al- though trees in both open and closed stands were affected, mortality was heaviest on open-grown trees, The fungi Micropera abietinum and Thyronectria balsamea were found in collections from this area submitted to the Forest Pathology Laboratory at Maple,

Ceratocystes ulmi

As surveys for this disease were restricted to calls in- volving elm trees, no extension of infestation boundaries was noted in 1957. At the request of the Parks Commission of Port Hope a survey of ornamental elm trees was conducted in that town. Trees at six locations were found to be infected with the Dutch Elm Disease, All dead trees and trees showing symptoms of deterioration were removed and burned, Table 1

Distribution of Collections of Miscellaneous Tree Diseases in the Southeastern Forest Region in 1957

Organism Hosts Remarks

Hypoxylon pruinatum tA. Found commonly through the region,

Lophodermium pinastri rP Several young trees affected in the Victoria County Forest,

Nectria galligena Found on recently dead trees in Cavendish Township,

Pleurotus ulmarius Found on several large dead and dying trees in Weed,

Pseudovalsa Longipes 0 Dead branches on open- grown trees in Belmont Township,

Sooty mould rP Occasional trees affected„

Tubercularia prob. T. vulgaris rM Dead and dying branches eM on an ornamental tree in Port Hope and in a woodlot in Lutterworth Township, Status of Insects in the Lindsay District

Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodi prion lecontei (Fitch) Balsam-fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Harr.) Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (F.) Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.) Orange-striped Oakworm, Anisota senatoria (A. S.). European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.). Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella Hbn. Larch Twig Borer, Argyresthia laricella Kft. White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck. Cedar Leaf Miner, Argyresthia thuiella (Pack.) Spring Cankerwork, Paleacrita vernata (Peck.) Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Dru. Walkingstick, Diapheromera femorata Say Yellow-necked Caterpillar, Da_ tana ministra Dru. Cherry Scallop Shell Moth, Calocalpe prunivorata Ferguson Basswood Leaf Miner, Baliosus ruber (Web.) Hemlock Looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.) Imported Willow Leaf Beetle, Plagiodera versicolor (Laich.) Elm Leaf Beetle, Galerucella zanthomelaena (Shrank.) European Elm Bark Beetle, Scolytus multistriatus Marsh. Ugly Nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana Fitch Strawberry Root Weevil, Brachyrhinus ovatus (L.) Tack-pine Needle Miner, Exotelia pinifoliella (chamb.) Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

L. S. MacLeod 0

STATUS OF INSECTS

Red headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch)

A decline in population levels of this sawfly was recorded at most permanent sample points in the district (Table 2). Al- though egg surveys indicated that heavy infestations would occur, larval populations were generally low. The principal cause of this decline was unusually high egg parasitism.

Heavy infestations persisted in the Victoria County Forest and in small plantations in Haliburton and Peterborough counties. The Department of Lands and Forests continued the annual hand- spraying program in the Victoria County Forest but trees in several blocks were heavily defoliated. Red-pine in some tracts of this forest have attained such height that control by hand- spraying methods has become difficult. Chemical control measures were carried out by plantation owners near Minden and Ingoldsby in the Haliburton county.

Larval colony counts made at eight permanent sample points reflect the overall decrease in populations in 1957.

Table 2

Summary of Red-headed Pine Sawfly Larval Colony Counts at Eight Points in the Lindsay District in 1956 and 1957

-I, ■ . ... 4 Location Tree Average No. of No. of Avery ao. of (township) species D.B.H. in tree trees colonies per inches examined infested infested tree , 1956 1957 1956 1957 1956 1957 . , Somerville rP 2 100 100 26 26 2.5 2 Fenelon jP 3 110 110 2 11 1.0 2 Minden rP 1 150 150 150 0 3.0 0 Minden jP 2 85 85 85 0 6.0 0 Verulam rP 2 130 130 30 0 3.0 0 Laxton rP 1 128 128 3 0 1.0 0 Haldimand rP 1 46 100 1 0 1.0 0 Chandos . rP 2 24 100 9 10 1.0 1

Distribution records of the sawfly in the district are shown on Map 2.

Balsam-fir sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Harr.).

Small, light infestations of this sawfly occurred in Cardiff and Monmouth townships in Haliburton County. In both areas open- grown trees in the 3-inch diameter class were the preferred hosts. Larval colony counts made on 10 trees at each point averaged three and four colonies per tree respectively. No insects were found at LINDSAY DISTRICT

MILES 20 10 0 20 40 Map 2 RED-HEADED PINE SAWFLY Locations where the red-headed pine sawfly was observed in 1957 Legend Trace C) Light infestation a) Heavy infestation • check points in Lutterworth, Laxton, Douro, Bexley and Asphodel townships where infestations occurred from 1953 to 1955.

Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (F.)

Low populations of this caterpillar were observed at all sample points in 1957. Square chain plots were established at three points to maintain an annual check on population levels of the insect. In Snowdon and Minden townships no tents occurred within the plots and only two tents were found in the third plot in Laxton Township.

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alakensis (Roh.)

Small, white-spruce trees in a few plantations were lightly infested with this sawfly in Haliburton, Victoria and Peterborough counties. Scattered white and black-spruce trees growing along roads and lake shores were heavily defoliated at several points in the district.

Orange-striped Oakworm, Anisota senatoria (A. S.)

After declining to a low level in 1956 the oakworm infestation in Murray Township increased in intensity in 1957. All the white-oak trees in a 20-acre stand south of Frankford were heavily defoliated. Light defoliation of red and white-oak trees was observed along roads near Campbellford in Seymour Township.

European Spruce Sawfly, Di prion hercyniae (Htg.)

No appreciable change in population levels of this sawfly was observed in 1957. A summary of larval counts made at permanent sample points is shown in Table 3.

Table 3

European Spruce Sawfly Larval Counts Taken in the Lindsay District, 1955 - 1957

Location Ave. D.B.H. of Ave. No. of larvae (township) trees in inches per mat sample 1955 1956 1957

Snowdon 2 0.8 3.5 1.8 Galway 2 0.5 3.0 0.8 Burleigh 14 0.5 12.0 16.0 Somerville 6 5.3 7.5 Laxton 4 1110 4.0 3.5 Carden 4 5.3 6.0 Cardiff 00 3.0 2.3 Fenlon 14 1.0 3.5 Stanhope 3 3.1 2.5 13

Larch Casebearer, Coleo phora laricella Hbn.

The light infestation of this insect in Asphodel Township east of Norwood increased in intensity in 1957. Population levels declined in the northwest corner of Hamilton Township where a medium infestation occurred in 1956. The numbers of casebearers have shown little change at other sample points in the district since 1955 (Table 4). -

Table 4

Larch Casebearer Larval Counts taken in the Lindsay District, 1955 - 1957

Note - Counts were based on the number of larvae on sixteen 18 inch branch tips from the mid-crown of four sample trees at each point.

Location Ave. D.B.H. of sample Ave. no. of larvae per 18"-tip (township) trees in inches 1955 1956 1957

Somerville 2 0.5 1.7 0.1 Galway 4 6.8 1.0 1.1 Stanhope 3 5.0 4.5 1.5 Anson 6 3.0 1.5 9.0 Snowdon 2 .6 2.5 1.5 Minden 4 4.7 2.5 0.5 Dysart 4 1.0 0.5 1.0 Hamilton 3 4.6 34.9 9.0 Haldimand 3 - 2.5 3.0 Harvey 2 - 1.9 3.5 Asphodel 1 - 14.0 21.0 Cardiff 5 - 4.5 7.5

Larch Twig Borer, Argyresthia laricella Kft.

Larch stands throughout the district were examined in 1956 and 1957 to determine the distribution of this twig borer. Inf- ested twigs were collected in Haliburton, Victoria, Peterborough and Northumberland counties but in all instances only a few larvae were found.

White Pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck.

Although infested shoots were found in all white-pine stands examined, weevil populations were generally lower in 1957 than in 1956. Control measures were carried out by Christmas tree growers in Scotch-pine plantations at several points in the district. Very low populations were found in all plots except one in the Victoria County Forest where plantations were hand-sprayed by the Department of Lands and Forests in 1956. In Lot 7, Concession XI, Somerville Township, 21.7 per cent of the trees were infested in 1957.

Infestation counts taken at four other points in the district are shown in Table 5. Table 5

Summary of Infestation by the White Pine Weevil at Four Points in the Lindsay District, 1957

Location No. trees Ave. D.B.H. Trees not No. of In 1957 In (township) examined of trees infested trees and past in inches infested past years in 1957 years only

Stanhope 102 1 56 3 17 26

Galway 101 2 56 1 11 33

MFnvers 107 2 82 0 0 25

Hamilton 110 1 65 0 1 44

White Pine Shoot Borer, Eucosma gloriola Heinr.

Populations of this insect remained at approximately the same level as in 1956. Infested trees were found commonly through Durham and Northumberland counties. Infested shoots in a heavy infestations in a red-pine plantation at Orono were removed and destroyed by the Department of Lands and Forests as a control measure.

American Poplar Leaf Beetle, Gonioctena americana Schaeff.

Light infestations of this insect in Snowdon, Glamorgan and Bruton townships declined sharply in 1957. No appreciable defoliation occurred at sample points in these areas.

Cedar Leaf Miner, Argyresthia thuiella (Pack.)

No appreciable change in population levels of this leaf miner occurred in 1957. Infested white-cedar trees were found commonly through Durham, Northumberland and Peterborough counties.

Spring Cankerworm, Paleacrita vernata (Peck.)

Several white-elm trees in Asphodel, Percy and Seymour townships were lightly defoliated by the spring cankerworm. Several larvae of the fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harr.). were found in collections of spring cankerworm from these areas.

Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Dru.

Tents of this species were found commonly on deciduous hosts in all counties in the district. Populations were heavier in woodlots and along roads south of Highway 7.

Walkingstick, Diapheromera femorata Say

Medium and heavy infestations of walkingsticks occurred in woodlots through Haldimand Township from Castleton west to the 15

Northumberland County Forest. Red-oak, white-oak, basswood and white-birch trees were heavily defoliated in this area. A heavy infestation caused complete defoliation of all species of deciduous trees in a 100-acre block in the Ganaraska County Forest in Hope Township. Light defoliation was observed in two small woodlots north and west of Pontypool in Manvers Township.

Yellow-necked Caterpillar, Datana ministra Dru.

This insect caused light defoliation of elm, birch and willow trees at widely-scattered points in the district. Small, heavy infestations occurred on white-elm trees near Norwood in Asphodel Township and at the Provincial Tree Nursery at Orono.

Cherry Scallop Shell Moth, Calocal pe prunivorata Ferguson

The heavy infestation of this insect in Durham County in 1956 declined to medium intensity in 1957, however, the area of infestation remained approximately the same. All species of cherry were moderately infested in Manvers Township near Pontypool and lightly infested trees were found commonly through Clarke Township.

Basswood Leaf Miner, Baliosus ruber (Web.)

The heavy infestation of this leaf miner which occurred in Harvey Township near Buckhorn in 1956 declined to light intensity in 1957.

Hemlock Looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.).

Low populations of this loo p er were found at all sample points in the district. Eat sam ples taken in Sherborne, Chandos and Lutterworth townships averaged 2, 4 and 2 larvae respectively.

Imported Willow Leaf Beetle, Plagiodera versicolor (Laich.)

Infestations of this beetle caused heavy defoliation of willows in swales in Clarke and Hope townships and of large willow trees in a shelter-belt in Manvers Township, Durham County.

Elm Leaf Beetle, Galerucella zanthomelaena (Shrank.)

Ornamental European-elm trees were lightly defoliated by these beetles in the city of Cobourg in 1957. The insects were not collected from native elms in the area.

European Elm Bark Beetle, Scolytus multistriatus Marsh.

A pile of elm logs in Port Hope was heavily infested by these beetles. It is noteworthy that several trees in the vicinity were infected by Dutch elm disease. All infected trees and logs were removed and burned by the Port Hope Parks Commis- sion.

Ugly Nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana Fitch

The ugly-nest caterpillar was found commonly on clumps of cherry in fields and along roadsides in the district. High 16

populations occurred at several points in Durham and Northumber- land counties.

Strawberry Root Weevil, Brachyrhinus ovatus (L.)

An infestation of this insect caused heavy mortality of 2:0 red-pine nursery stock at the Orono Nursery. Good control was obtained by treating the beds with Aldrin. High populations caused concern among cottagers and campers at several points in Haliburton and Peterborough counties.

Jack-pine Needle Miner, Exotelia pinifoliella (Chamb.)

This needle miner was found commonly in jack-pine stands and plantations in the southern part of the district. Light infestations occurred in several plantations in Durham and Northumberland counties. In several instances larvae were observed mining Scotch-pine needles. Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

Insect Host(s) Remarks

Acleris logiana Linn. wB Occasionally found with other insects (2) Acrobasis betulella Hlst. wB Occasionally found with other insects (3) Acronicta interrupta Gn. rCh Only one collection obtained Adelges abietis Linn. wS,nS Observed commonly in the district (2) Adelges lariciatus (Patch) nS Observed commonly in the district (3) Agromyza ulmi Frost wE Mines found commonly on elm (2) Alsophilapometaria (Harr.) ba, BHi Found with Paleaerita vernata (2) Altica ulmi wood wE Found commonly in Victoria and Durham Counties Anavitrinella panpinaria Gn. wB Insects in small numbers Amphidasis cognataria Gn. Ba Occasionally found with other insects (2) Anisota rubicunda Fob. siM,wo Low population in district (2) Archips argyrospila Wlk. icCh,bPo Insects in small numbers at widely scattered points (2) Archips rosaciana Harr. W,We Found commonly but in very small numbers (2) Arge pectoralis (Leach) wB Light defoliation of several trees in Fenelon and Manvers twps. (2) Argyresthia pygmaeella Hbn. H. Found only at one location Argyresthia thuiella Pack. eC Found commonly on white cedar Calligrapha multipunctata bigsbyana Kby. ecC1 Found only at one location Compaea perlata Gn. w Insects in small numbers Cenopis pettitona Rob. Ba Found commonly but in small numbers on basswood (8) Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. wS Very low population in district Chrysomela scripta F. bPo One collection found Coleophora salmani Hein. wB Casebearers found in low numbers at scattered points Coleophora ulmifoliella McD. European elm Found commonly on ornamental trees in Cobourg. Croesus latitarsus Nort. wB,yB Two colonies found Dasyneura gleditschiae O.S. Lo Several larvae found at one point Dotana integerrima G. and R. Wa Light defoliation in Hope and Clarke townships

1. Number of collections is given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once. 18

Insect Host(s) Remarksl

Datana perspicua G. and R. Su Several trees heavily defoliated in Clarke tp, Dichelonyx subvittata Lec. Ba Found at one location Dioryctria abietellaD. and S scP Low population at collection points Diprion frutetorum (F.) scP,jP,rP Found commonly in small numbers (Li) Erannis tiliaria Harr, W,Ba Very low population in 1957 (2) Erynnis icelus Scud. and Burg. W One collection found. Eupithecia filmata Pears. wS One larva found in collection of Diprion bercyniae Fenusa ulmi Sund. European elm High population in Cobourg Feralia jocosa Gn. eH Found in collections of hemlock looper. Gonioctena americana Schaef. tA Low population at collection points (2) Gracillaria invariobilis Braun. rCh Insects in small numbers Halisidota caryae Harr. Ba wB Low population in 1957 (3) Halisidota maculata Harr. wB Found with Halisidota caryae Halisidota tessellaris A,and S. wB Found with Halisidota caryae Hemerocampa leucostigma A,and S. w One collection found Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eich.) wE Common in wood lots in Durham and Victoria (2) Lithocolletis hamadryadella Clem. w0 Found commonly through the white oak range (3) Muisantina picta Rand. wS Larva found with other insects Nematus sp. tA,w Found commonly through district Nepytia canosaria Wlk. eH Found in low numbers where hemlock was sampled. Nycteola frigidana Wlk. One collection found Petrova albicapitana Busck. jP Found commonly through district Phigalea titea Cram. Ba,bHi Insects in small numbers (2) Physokermes piceae Schr. wS Scale insects found at one location Pikonema dimmockii Cress. wS Occasionally found with other insects Pristiphora geniculata (Htg.) Mo In small numbers through district (6) Profenusa alumna (MacG.) wB Low population (2) Recurvaria thujaella Kft. eC Found commonly on white cedar (3) Scolytus multistriatus Marsh. European elm Log pile in Part Hope heavily infested with this insect. Salebria semiobscurella Hlst, wS Insects in small numbers. Salebria sulphuriana Clem. rP Insects in small numbers (6) Symmerista canicosta Francl. r0 Low population (2) Tortrixpackardiana Fern. wS Several larvae found with other insects (3) Trichiosoma triangulum Kby. ePi. One collection found Xylomges dolosa Grt. tA One collection found Zellaria haimbacki Busch. jP,scP. Found commonly in jack-pine stands in small numbers. Zenobia plionectusa Grt. tA Insects in small numbers. STATUS OF INSECTS IN THE TWEED DISTRICT

Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch) Balsam-fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Harr.). Black-headed jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Rohwer Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex Rohwer European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.) Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.) Eastern Spruce Bark Beetle, Dendroctonus piceaperda Hopk. Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella Hbn. Birch Sawfly, Arge pectoralis Leach Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum(F.) Orange-striped Oakworm, Anisota senatoria (A, and. S.) White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck. Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) Walnut Caterpillar, Datana integerrima G. and R. A Pine Stump Weevil, Pissodes approximatus Hopk. Pine Needle Miner, Exotelia pinifoliella (Chamb.) Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

L. S. MacLeod and M. J. Thompson 19

STATUS OF INSECTS

Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem).

The medium infestation of the spruce budworm that occurred in Admaston Township in 1956 declined to light intensity in 1957. Defoliation of the current years foliage reached up to 10 per cent in the area. Although larvae were plentiful in the early instars a marked decrease in numbers occurred before pupation. The diseases Polyhedral virus, Capsule virus, Microsporidia a spore-forming Bacterium, and several species of parasites were obtained from mass collections from the area. This combination of disease and parasites undoubtedly contributed to the decline in population.

Egg mass counts made on foliage samples from six white-spruce trees indicate that a light infestation will recur in 1958.

Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch)

A general increase in population levels of this sawfly was observed in the district in 1957. Severe defoliation of open-grown red-pine trees occurred at several points in Wicklow, Bangor and Sebastopol townships, and in a small plantation in Denbigh Township. Red-pine plantations in Kaladar and Hungerford townships were also lightly infested. Other locations where the sawfly was collected are shown on Map 2. No insects were found in a plantation in Faraday Township that was heavily infested from 1953 to 1956. Repeated defoliation during that period caused approximately 30 per cent tree mortality. Red and jack pine trees at the White Lake Fish Rearing Station were sprayed to destroy numerous early instar larval colonies. As a result very little defoliation occurred.

Larval colony counts were made at seven points to maintain an annual check on population levels in the district (Table 2).

TABLE 2

Red-headed Pine Sawfly Larval Counts Made on 100 Trees at Each of Seven Points in the Tweed District in 1957.

Location Tree Ave. D.B.H. No. Trees Ave. no. lr (township) Species in inches infested colonies per infested tree Inc nbrooke rP .. Clarendon rP 1 1 1.0 Kaladar rP 2 3 1.0 Denbigh rP 1 41 1.5 Olden rP 2 6 1.0 Hungerford rP 1 6 6.0 Thurlow rP 1 7 1.0 20

TWEED DISTRICT

MILES 20 10 0 20 40 I map 2 I-- RED-HEADED PINE SAWFLY Locations where the red-headed pine sawfly was observed in 1957. Legend Trace 0 Light infestation 41 Heavy infestation • Balsam-fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Harr.).

Medium infestations of this sawfly occurred in McNabb and Horton townships in Renfrew County. The upper third of the crowns of open-grown balsam-fir trees in the three-inch diameter class were moderately defoliated. Although scattered colonies were observed feeding on the lower branches of host trees, defoliation of the lower crowns was negligible. Lightly infested fringe trees were noted in the townships of Bagot, Admaston, Faraday and Herschel.

Colony counts were made on ten trees at four points in the district (Table 3).

TABLE 3

Summary of Balsam-fir Larval Colony Counts in the Tweed District, 1956 - 1957.

Location Ave. D.B.H. of sample Ave. no. of colonies trees in inches per tree 1956 1957

McNabb 3 - 4.0 Horton 3 - 5.1 Bagot 5 1 0.1 Faraday 3 2 0.5

Black-headed Jack- Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Rohwer

Populations of this sawfly in McNabb Township declined from a heavy infestation in 1956 to light infestation in 1957. Pockets of light infestation were also observed in Hungerford and Elziver townships (Table 4).

TABLE /I

Summary of Black-headed Jack pine Sawfly Colony Counts Made on Ten Trees at Each of Four Points in the Tweed District 1956-1957

Location Ave. D.B.H. of Ave. no. of colonies sample trees in inches per tree 1956 1957

McNabb 4 8 1.4 Elziver 7 3 4.0 Hungerford 10 1 10.0 Kaladar 2 0 0.1 Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex Rohwer

A medium infestation of this sawfly occurred in a small pocket of jack pine trees in amixed coniferous stand in Bangor Township. Approximately 30 per cent defoliation of host trees was observed at this point. One colony was collected from a small stand of jack pine in Grattan Township.

European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.)

Spruce trees in a Department of Highways roadside plantation in McNabb Township were lightly infested by second generation larvae of this insect. Populations remained at a low level through the remainder of the district (Table 5).

TABLE 5

European Spruce Sawfly Larval Counts of the Second Generation Taken in the Tweed District 1956 - 1957.

Note.- Based on a beating mat sample from each of six white spruce trees per area, beating mat 6x8, foliage 6x6 over mat was sampled.

Location Ave. D.B.H. of sample Ave. no. of larvae (township) tree in inches -per mat sample 1956 1957

Hungerford 9 1 1,1 Wollaston 4 2 2.6 .Dungannon 4 2 6.9 Herschel 8 5 5.3 Brudenell 4 2 0,0 • Denbigh 8 5 2.0 Gratton 6 4 3.0 McNabb 6 4 19.0

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis Roh.)

Populations of this sawfly remained at a very low level in 1957 Few larvae were recovered in beating samples taken at numerous points in the district.

Eastern Spruce Bark Beetle, Dendroctonus piceaperda Hopk.

Mature and near-mature white spruce trees in several swamps in South Canonto Township were heavily infested by this beetle. Appreciable mortality of merchantable timber occurred in a swamp in the Whitesucker Creek area. After an aerial survey, strip cruises were run in three areas where dead and dying trees were observed. A summary of the results 23 of the cruises appears in Table 6.

TABLE 6

Summary of Infestation and Mortality of White Spruce Trees in South Canonto Townships in 1957.

Location Plot size Ave. D.B.H. , 0. of Percent of trees infested in acres in inches trees Over 14 inches Under 14 inches per plot D.B.H. D.B.H. L Living. Dead Living, Dead

Whitesucker Creek 1.2 10 79 5.3 3.8 r 0 2.5

Dwyers Marsh 1. 5 10 117 0.8 0 0 Redhorse Lake 1.7 9 97 1 1 0

Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella Hbn.

Low populations of this insect were found in all larch stands examined in the district. Counts made at permanent sample points show a slight decline in population levels compared with 1956 (Table 7).

TABLE 7

Larch Casebearer Larval Counts Taken in the Tweed District 1956 - 1957.

Note.- Counts were based on the number of larvae on sixteen 18 n-branch tips from the mid-crown of four sample trees at each point.

Location Ave. D. B. H. of sample Ave. no.of larvae (township) trees in inches per 18-branch tip 1956 1957

Elziver 3 5 1. 6 Tudor 5 0.0 Cashel 3 0.1,. Wollaston 3 1 0.2 Carlow 1 0 0.1 Faraday 5 .2 2.8 Wicklow 0 0;0 Olden 6 12 2.1 Admaston 6 2 1.0 Barrie 1 1.0 Denbigh 4 1 0.2 Clarendon 4 2 0.5 Palmerston L 2 0.5 Brougham 1 0.1 Bagot 4 1 0.7 24

Birch Sawfly, Arge pectoralis Leach

A small group of open-grown white-birch trees in Monteagle Township was moderately defoliated by this sawfly. None were found on birch stands examined at numerous points in the remainder of the district.

Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (F.)

Populations of the eastern tent caterpillar remained at a low level in 1957. Occasional colonies were observed on cherry and wild-apple trees along roadsides but no caterpillars were found in four permanent sample plots established in the early spring for long- range population studies.

Orange-striped Oakworm, Anisota senatoria (A. and S.)

Two small heavy infestations of this caterpillar were observed in the southern part of the district. White-oak trees in pastures and woodlots west and north of Shannonville in Tyendinaga Township were heavily defoliated. White oaks on approximately 20 acres of pasture land in Ameliasburgh and Sophiasburgh townships in Prince Edward County were completely defoliated.

White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck

Although infestations were generally light in 1957, this weevil was found in all white pine stands examined. In Miller Township, where a strip cruise was run in a regeneration stand, two per cent of the trees were infested.

Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Dru.

Small infestations of this insect caused light and medium defoliation of many species of deciduous trees in the southern part of the district.

Walnut Caterpillar, Datana integerrima G. and R.

Open-grown hickory and butternut trees in a small area in Hallowell Township near Bloomfield were completely defoliated by this caterpillar.

A Pine Stump Weevil, Pissodes approximatus Hopk.

This insect was found in two small plantations in the district in 1957. A small number of red-pine trees were infested and severely damaged in Clarendon Township., Considerable tree mortality occurred in a small plantation west of Denbigh. In both instances the infested trees were growing in low-lying sandy areas.

Pine Needle Miner, Exotelia pinifoliella (Chamb.)

Low populations of this insect occurred in jack-pine stands at 25

several points in the district. Lightly infested trees were found in plantations in Hungerford and Ameliasburgh townships.

TABLE 8

SUMMARY OF MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS

Insect Host (s) Remarks 1

Adelges abietis Linn. wS Low population observed at numerous points in the district (2) Alsophila pometaria Harr. wE Heavy infestation on one tree (2) Anacampsis innocuella Zell. 1T Three larvae collected Argyresthia thuiella pack. eC Insects in small numbers at points where collected (2) Authiraes polyphemus Cram. One larva collected Baliosus ruber Web. Ba Insects in small numbers Brachyacantha ursina F. bPo Two adults collected Calocalpe prunivorata Ferguson bCh Insects in small numbers Cantharis carolinus F. wS Three adults collected Caripeta divisata Wlk. wS One larva collected Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn. bF Insects in small numbers Cimbex americana Leach wE One larva collected Cryptocephalus notatus Eab. rP Insects in small numbers Datana ministra Dru. wE,wO Low population at points where collected (5) Diprion frutetorum (F.) scP Insects in small numbers Dioryetria abietella D.4 S. rP Low population at points where collected (2) Epinotia solandriana Linn tA Insects in small numbers Erannis tiliaria Harr. wB Insects in small numbers Eucordylea atrupictella Dietl. bF One larva collected Eupithesia palpata Pack. wS One larva collected Exartema appendiceum Zell. bPo Three dead larva collected Gonioctena americana Schaef. tA Insects in small numbers Gracillaria invariabilis Braun. rCh One larva collected Halisidota maculata Harr. Ba One larva collected Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eich.) wE Light infestation at collection point Hypagyrtis piniata Pack. wS One larva collected Paleacrita vernata Peck wE Insects in small numbers Papilio glaucus Linn. rCh One larva collected Petrova albicapitana Busck. jP Low population in jack-pine stands throughout district Phigalia titea Cram. Ba One larva collected

1. Number of collections is given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once. 26

Insect Host (s) Remarks

Philainus spumarius Fall. bF Pikonema dimmockii (Cress.) wS Insects in small numbers Profenusa alumna (MacG.) wB3 Low population at collection points (3) Protoboarmia porcelaria Gn. wS Recurvaria thujaella Kft. eC Low population at collection points (10) Schizura concinna A.and S. IIW Insects in small numbers at points where collected (3) Schizura ipomoeae Dbldy. siM Two larvae collected Semiothisa granitata Gn. wS Insects in small numbers at points where collected (3) Sparganothis sulfureana Clem. rP Insects in smallmmbers Symmerista canicosta Francl. r0 Insects in small numbers Tortrix packardiana Ferm wS Insects in small numbers Xylomyges dolosa Grt. tA One larva collected Zale minerea Gn. Ba Two larvae collected Zelleria haimbacki Busck. jP Low population at points where collected (L) Status of Insects in the Kemptville District

Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch) Balsam-fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis complex Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Rohwer Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.). Birch Leaf Miner, Fenusa pusilla (Lep.) European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.). Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Hbn.) Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (F.) Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Dru. A Tube Maker on Red Pine, Ocnerostoma piniariella Zell Pine Needle Miner, Exotelia pinifoliella (Chamb.) Ugly Nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana (Fitch). A Pyralid, Dioryctria abietella D. and S. Larch Twig Borer, Argyresthia laricella Kft. Cedar Leaf Miner, Recurvaria thujaella Kft. White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck Sugar Maple Borer, Glycobius speciosus Say A Pine Stump Weevil, Pissodes approximatus Hopk. Summary of Miscellaneous insects

M. J. Thompson 27

STATUS OF INSECTS

Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch)

Populations of this sawfly ranged from scattered colonies to heavy infestations in county forests and private plantations in 1957 (Map 2).

In some of the plantations in the Larose County Forest the infestation intensity was greatly reduced due to the failure of eggs to hatch. This condition was caused by egg parasites and an unknown mortality factor and was evident to a lesser degree in a red-pine plantation in the Berwick County Forest.

In private plantations scattered colonies of larvae were observed and occasionally small, open-grown trees were severely defoliated (Fig. 1). No larvae were found in the South Crosby Township plantation where a spraying operation was carried out in 1956.

Heavily infected areas were sprayed with insecticides by the Department of Lands and Forests while the larvae were in the early instars. As a result infected trees were only lightly defoliated.

Larval colony counts made at seven points show variable population trends in the district in 1956 and 1957 (Table 2).

Table 2 Summary of Red-headed Pine Sawfly Larval Counts in Red-pine Plantations at Seven Points in the Kemptville District, 1956-1957

Note - Counts were made on 100 trees at each point.

Location Ave. D.B.H. No. trees Average number of colonies (Township) in inches infested er infested tree

Augusta 1 13 1 1 1 Walford 1 13 1.5 South Crosby 1 20 0 5 0 North Crosby 1 1 7 1 1 Russell 2 1 1 Cambridge 1 140 MO 1.5 Clarence 1 8 ANN 1.5 Fig«> 1 - Severe defoliation of red pines "by the red-headed pine sawfly• Such defoliation frequently results in tree mortality* By: F. A, Bricault.

Fig® 2 - A clump of jack pine trees severely defoliated toy the black-headed jack-pine sawfly* By: M# J. Thompson* 29 KEMPTVILLE DISTRICT

SCALE

20 10 1_2 20 4 I I-I P MILES Map 2 RED-HEADED PINE SAWFLY Locations where the red-headed pine sawfly was observed in 1957. Legend Trace 0 Light infestation 0 Medium infestation Heavy infestation • 30

European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercynial (Htg.) A slight increase in population levels of this sawfly was recorded in the district in 1957, as shown by larval counts made at permanent sample points which were established in 1956 (Table 3).

Table 3 Summary of European Spruce Sawfly Larval Counts at Permanent Sample Points in the Kemptville District in 1956 and 1957

Location Ave. D.B.H. of sample Ave. no. of larvae per mat sample (township) trees in inches 1956 I 1957

Drummond 0.3 South Sherbrooke 7 0.3 2 Mountain 1.0 1 Ramsay 3 0.0 1 Oxford 2 2

Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Hbn.) Light infestations of this casebearer occurred for the second consecutive year throughout the distribution of larch in the district. Larval counts made on 18 - inch branch tips at six permanent sample points revealed increases in populations levels in some stands and decreases in others (Table 4).

Table 4

Summary of Larch Casebearer Larval Counts at Six Points in the Kemptville District in 1956 and 1957

Note - Counts are based on the number of larvae on sixteen, 18 - inch branch tips from the middle section of the crown of four sample trees at each point.

Location Ave. D.B.H. of Ave. no. of larvae EaLL1pualnlia__ (township) trees in inches 1956 19

Elizabethtown 12 0.7 Oxford 1 0.5 Montague 6 Goulborn 2 1.3 Alfred 0.5 1 Dalhousie 3 1 31

Balsam-fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis complex

Population levels of this sawfly increased in the district in 1957. A heavy infestation in a. stand of open-grown balsam-fir in Gloucester Township caused 75 to 100 per cent defoliation. Light infestations occurred in Lanark, Fitzroy and Ramsay townships, however, defoliation in these areas was confined to the top third of the host trees crowns and in all cases was less than 10 per cent. Single colonies were observed on balsam-fir trees at other points in the district.

Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Rohwer

Marked increases in population levels of this pine sawfly occurred in the district in 1957. Pockets of infestation were observed in jack- pine plantations in Finch, Kitley and Goulborn townships.

Jack-pine trees were heavily infested in the Berwick Forest, Finch Township, and in a small plantation on Highway 29, Kitley Township. Defoliation of the 1956 foliage was approximately 90 per cent in the former area and ranged from 50 to 75 per cent in the latter area (Figure 2). In Goulborn Township a light infestation in a mixed pine stand caused approximately 10 per cent defoliation of some jack-pine trees. Single colonies were observed at other points in the district.

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.).

This insect infested white-spruce trees at many points in the district in 1957 (Map 3). Heavy infestations in the Limerick Forest, Walford Township and in a private plantation in Lanark Township caused considerable defoliation of host trees in the 1 - to 2 - inch diameter class. In Augusta and Cambridge townshi ps pockets of medium infestation were observed. Defoliation in these areas approximated district25 per cent. Light infestations occurred at several points in the

A 30 - acre plantation in Oxford Township was sprayed by the Department of Lands and Forests shortly after larval emergence. Heavy defoliation was prevented.

Birch Leaf Miner, Fenusa pusilla(Lep.)

Gray-birch stands in Grenville, Dundas, Stormont and Glengarry counties were heavily infested for the second consecutive year by this sawfly. Examination of trees at several points showed that as much as 90 per cent of the foliage was severely mined. This-mining caused conspicuous discoloration of the foliage in late summer.

One hundred and seventy-five adult sawflies were trapped in Oxford Township and forwarded to the forest Insect Laboratory, Sault Ste. Marie, for taxanomic studies. 3 2

KEMPTVILLE DISTRICT

SCALE 20 10 Q 20 4P Mp YELLOW-HEADED SPRUCE SAWFLY Locations where the yellow-headed spruce sawfly was observed in 1957. Legend Light infestation (1) Medium infestation Heavy infestation 33

Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (F.)

Populations of this tent caterpillar declined to a low ebb in the district in 1957. Wild-apple and cherry trees were examined in all counties but very small numbers of tents were observed. Permanent sample plots were established in wild cherry groves in Oxford and Torbolton townships to record trends in populations in future years.

Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Dru.

Populations of this webworm remained at much the same level as in 1956. Small, localized infestations caused light defoliation of many species of hardwoods. The infested trees were generally confined to low-lying areas. Scattered colonies were observed along roadsides in all counties.

A Tube Maker on Red Pine, Ocnerostoma piniariella Zell.

The first collections of this tube maker were submitted to the Forest Insect Laboratory from the Kemptville District in 1957. Low populations occurred on red-pine trees in Prescott and Leeds counties.

The Pine Needle Miner, Exoteleia pinifoliella (Chamb.) Infestations of this needle miner were observed in jack- pine plantation in Stormont and Grenville counties, A heavy infestation Caused discoloration of the foliage in a jack-pine-plantation in the Berwick Forest, Stormont County. Pockets of light infestation were observed in the Limerick Forest in Grenville County,

Ugly Nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana (Fitch).

A heavy infestation of this caterpillar caused severe defoliation of a small group of wild-cherry trees in North Elmsley Town- ship. Scattered colonies were observed in Kitley, Caledonia and West Hawksbury townships.

A pyralid, Dioryctria abietella D. and S.

A small number of Scotch-pine trees in a windbreak at Kemptville nursery were infested by this insect.

Examination of the cambium layer of some of the infested trees showed that the stems of dead trees had been completely girdled by the larvae, whereas discolored trees were partly girdled. This is the same insect that occasionally feeas on the pruned tips of scotch pine and that has been collected much more frequently in recent years than during the earlier years of the Survey. 34

Larch Twig Borer, Argyresthia laricella , Kft.

A survey was made to determine the distribution of this borer in the district in 1957. Low populations were observed throughout the distribution of larch. Damaged shoots were most commonly found on trees in the 3 - to 6 - inch diameter class.

Cedar Leaf Miner, Recurvaria thujaella Kft. This insect was observed on white-cedar trees at several points in the district in 1957. Populations were low at all locations where collections were made.

White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck

Populations of this weevil remained at a low level for the second consecutive year. Host trees were examined at numerous points but little new damage was observed. Population counts were made at two permanent sample points to determine population levels in comparison with previous years (Table 5).

Table 5

Summary of Infestation by the White Pine Weevil at Two Points in the Kemptville District, 1957

Location No. trees Ave. D.B.H. of Trees not In 1957 and In past (township) examined trees in inches infested In 1957 past years years only

Charlottenburgh 120 2 58 1 13 48 Oxford 113 2 95 2 3 13

Sugar Maple Borer, Glycobius speciosus Say

Surveys for this insect were carried out in farm woodlots in Lanark County in 1957. Although no insects were found, extensive damage to sugar maple stands was observed. Examination of damaged trees indicated that infestations had occurred between 1952 and 1955.

A Pine Stump Weevil, Pissodes approximatus Hopk.

A small number of trees in a red-pine plantation in the Limerick Forest were severely infested by this insect. Severe browning of the foliage and some tree mortality was observed. The infested trees were confined to a low-lying sandy area in the plantation. Table 6

Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

INSECT HOST(S) REMARKS

Acronicta americana Harr. Ba One larva collected in beating samples Lo Insects in small numbers Agonoptenix robiniella Pack A. Anacampsis innocuella Zell. tA Three larvae found Argyresthia thuiella Pack. eC Insects in small numbers Autheraea polyphemus Cram. wE One larva collected Cimbex americana Leach wE One pupa collected Diprion fruititorium (F.) rP Three larvae collected in beating samples Eacles imperialis pini Mitchener rP Insects in small numbers in one plantation Ennomos subsignarius Hbn. wE One larva collected Fenusa ulmi Sund. wE Insects in small numbers (2) Ferallia jocosa On. jP One larva collected Gracillaria invariabilis Braun. rCh Insects in small numbers Hypagyrtis piniata Pack. bHibF One larva collected Malacosoma disstria Hbn. One larva collected in the district Nematus ventralis Say Insects in small numbers Nymphalis antiopa Linn. wE One colony found Petrova albicapitana Busck. jP Low populations in jack-pine stands throughout district Pikonema dimmockii (Cress.) wS One larva collected in beating mat sample Plagiodera versicolor Laich. Seven adults collected Profenusa alumna (MacG.) wB Very few insects found Salebria subcaesiella Clem. Lo Insects in small numbers Schizura concinna A. and S. wE Insects in small numbers Sparganothis sulfureana Clem. rP Insects in small numbers Symmerista leucitys Francl. sM Insects in small numbers Tortrix packardiana Fern. wS One larva found Toumeyella numismaticum P. Ma. jP One small jack-pine tree heavily infested Zelleria haimbachi Busck. jP Insects in small numbers at points where collected (3)

1 Number of collections is given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once. 38

Southwestern Forest Region INTRODUCTION

The following report deals with the status of forest insects and tree diseases in 1957. The Forest Biology Rangers were engaged at field work in the region from early May until mid-October. One change in staff occurred, with H. R. Foster replacing L. G. Jago in the Lake Erie District,

The European pine sawfly and the European pine shoot moth continued as the principal insect pests, however, a sharp reduction in severity of attack by the shoot moth occurred in several areas. Extensive control operations were carried out against the European pine sawfly in the Lake Huron District. Larch sawfly populations, although well distributed through the region, remained at a moderate level. The pine root collar weevil infestation centered in the Angus area showed little change, however, new outbreaks occurred in the Balm Beach area of Simcoe County. Damage to plantations of Scots pine by the pine spittle bug occurred at several points in the region. Other insects which caused defoliation in localized areas were the cankerworms, red-headed pine sawfly, walkingstick insect, walnut caterpillar, yellow-necked caterpillar, and the spruce budworm.

Forest pathology work during the season was devoted mainly to surveys of the dieback of balsam fir and the occurrence of Polyporus tomentosus circinatus, and Fomes annosus, Special emphasis was placed on the latter disease in the Lake Erie District in the autumn. The numbers of trees affected by the Dutch elm disease continued to increase in 1957; several cities and muni- cipalities planned control work. Late spring frosts during early leaf development caused extensive damage to red and white oak, white ash, and trembling aspen at several points in the region.

Special projects during 1957 included a weekly recording of red-pine growth in cooperation with research officers of the Elmira field station, extension calls and public relations work, inspection of nurseries for damage by insects and diseases, as well as special surveys of ornamental plantings along super highways.

A total of 1,202 insect collections were submitted from the region in 1957. Of this total 1,168 were collected by Forest Biology Rangers and the remainder by personnel of the Department of Lands and Forests and other cooperators. Disease collections submitted to the Forest Pathology Laboratory at Maple by rangers totalled 51. Fifty-one mass collections of insects were collected for use as research material at the Sault Ste. Marie laboratories.

Forest Biology Rangers assigned to the Southwestern Region gratefully acknowledge the interest and assistance in the work given by personnel of the Department of Lands and Forests.

H. G. McPhee STATUS OF INSECTS AND TREE DISEASES

IN THE SOUTHWESTERN FOREST REGION

European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana Schiff. European Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer Geoff.) Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii Htg.) Pine Spittle Bug, Aphrophora parallela Say The native Elm Bark Beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes Eich and the Smaller EurOpean Elm Bark Beetle, Scolytus multistriatus Marsh.

TREE DISEASES

Fomes Annosus Polyporus tomentosus circinatus Balsam-fir Dieback Ceratosystis ulmi Frost Damage STATUS OF INSECTS

European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana Schiff, in Southern Ontario

In the eastern part of the Lake Erie District and in the southern parts of the Lake Huron and Lake Simcoe districts plantations which had been heavily infested for several years were only lightly attacked, The decline in population levels reported in the Lindsay District in 1956 continued in 1957. The shoot moth was not found in the Parry Sound and Pembroke districts in 1957, STATUS OF INSECTS

European Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.)

Infestations of the European pine sawfly persisted in Scotch pine plantations in most of Lake Erie and Lake Huron districts and the western part of Dufferin County in the Lake Simcoe District The principal increases in distribution of the insect occurred in Wellington, Wentworth and Halton counties of the Lake Huron District and in Peel and Dufferin counties, Lake Simcoe District (Map 1). Minor changes were also observed in the northern part of Norfolk, Haldimand and Lincoln counties. Lake Erie District, Population levels in the newly infested areas varied from few scattered colonies of larvae in Niagara Peninsula to light infestations in Lake Huron and Lake Simcoe districts,

Heavy infestations occurred in Huron, Bruce, Wellington, Oxford, Waterloo and Brant counties, Lake Huron District, where 80 to 90 per cent defoliation was observed commonly in plantations and windbreaks (Figure 3). Heavy infestations in the Lake Erie District were limited to a few plantations in McGillivray, Yarmouth, Aldborough and Howard townships.

Colony counts at 21 points in the region are summarized in Table 1. Larval trends are difficult to assess due to the effects of chemical and virus sprays. Although the table shows appreciable defoliation at many points, the overall effects of early feeding by the European pine sawfly are minimized by the development of the current years foliage.

Table 1

Summary of European Pine Sawfly Larval Counts and Defoliation Estimates on Scotch Pine Trees in the Southwestern Region

Location Ave. ht, rer cent 1 Ave. Tro,cf -Per cent (township) in feet trees in- ! colonies per defoliation (1957) festedinfested tree (1957) (1957) 19 56 , 19 57 –

Lake Erie District I

McGillivray 11 loo 3.6 10.4 80 Adelaide 3 54 1.1 1.4 3o 30 Zone 3 6o 1.8 1,2 Euphemia 10 80 2.1 6.2 30 Yarmouth 12 100 2.3 1 3.4 30 Romney 6 80 2.7 ! 2.3 20 Enniskillen 12 70 2.1 3,0 15 South Colchester 10 100 2.3 9.6 6o 39

Table 1 continued

Per cent Ave.no.of Per cent Location Ave, ht. trees colonies per defoliation (township) ! in feet infested infested tree (1957) 1 ( 1957) (1957) 1956 1 1957

Lake Huron District

East Nissouri 7 55 1.2 4.5 50 Stanley 6 85 12.8 5.6 6o East Wawanosh 7 15 16.8 0.2 Trace Goderich 8 6o 1.5 6,1 45 Brant 6 35 2.5 1.7 j 20 Colborne 7 100 7.0 7.6 80 North Dumfries 7 10 1,5 0.6 I Trace Ashf ield 8 45 16.1 2.0 30 Blandford 5 80 2.3 2.8 f 40 East Oxford 7 45 5.2 1.3 I 20

Lake Simcoe District

East Garafraxa 7 50 2.5 3.5 40 Amaranth 9 5 0.3 Trace Caledon 8 5 0.2 4 Trace

Defoliation estimates are based on old foliage

The combined efforts of the Department of Lands and Forests and Christmas trees Growers using virus and chemical sprays reduced infestations to light intensity in most of the Lake Erie District. In the Lake Huron District aircraft sprayers and a large mist blower mounted on a truck ware used extensively in large plantations, and portable-type mist blowers were employed in smaller plantations.

Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)

Populations of this sawfly which increased sharply in the region in 1956, showed little change in 1957. Light infestations occurred throughout the Lake Simcoe District on both native and European-larch stands, Di the Lake Huron District light infestations continued on Bruce Peninsula and the insect was more widely distributed elsewhere in the district than in 1956. A pocket of medium infestation persisted on European larch in Caradoc Township, Lake Erie District Map 2),

Infestations did not show the increase in 1957, which was expected to follow the marked upward trend that occurred in the region in 1956, Defoliation was much less severe than was expected on the basis of numbers of eggs laid.

Field observations indicated that natural control factors kept populations at a moderate level. Predacious insects, mainly pentatomids were observed feeding on larvae, and in many instances M

Fig* 3 - Heavy defoliation of Scots pine by the European pine sawfly, Colborne Township, Huron County* By: D.P. Lyrnn SOUTHWESTERN REGION

DISTRICTS

I. LAKE SIMCOE 2. LAKE HURON 3. LAKE ERIE

MILES 20 1 Map 1 EUROPEAN PINE SAWFLY

Area within which the European pine sawfly was observed in the Southwestern Region in 1957. Legend Area SOUTHWESTERN REGION

DISTRICTS

I. LAKE SIMCOE 2. LAKE HURON 3. LAKE ERIE

MILES 2P 1 Map 2 LARCH SAWFLY Locations where infestations of the larch sawfly ware observed in 1957• Legend Light infestation 0 Medium infestation ..... • • • • • colonies were completely decimated or reduced to a very few larvae before feeding was advanced. No evidence of disease was observed among larch sawfly populations in 1957,

Pine Spittle Bug, Aphrophora parallela Say

Damage to stands of Scots pine and jack pine by this insect has increased steadily in severity for the past four years. Heavy infestations occurred in Vivian and Uxbridge Forests, Lake Simcoe District, and in Beverley, Colborne and Keppel townships, Lake Huron District s A medium infestation was observed in a small plantation of Scots pine in Townsend Township, Lake Erie District. Light damage occurred at several points in Norfolk County.

Browning and thinning of foliage appeared in the early stages of heavy attack, followed by branch mortality (Figure 4), Light mortality of Scots pine trees occurred in Vivian Forest in 1956 and increased in 1957, Mortality plots established in this stand in the autumn of 1957 showed 34 per cent tree mortality.

The Native Elm Bark Beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes (Bich,) and the Smaller European Elm Bark Beetle, Scolytus mulistriatus Marsh.

The survey begun in 1956 to determine the distribution of these beetles in the Southwestern Region was continued in 1957, In addition to trap logs, which were set out at 17 locations, tops from cutting operations, fuel wood and other suitable material was examined for the beetles throughout the region.

The native elm bark beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eich.) was collected from most areas sampled and appears to be generally present throughout the region. The distribution of the European species was restricted to the southwestern sections of the region (Nap 3). IX 4

Fig# 4 - A typical stand of Scots pine where branch killing and tree mortality has "teen caused pine the pine spittle bug By: D* On Anderson• SOUTHWESTERN REGION

() OWEN SOUND I. DISTRICTS O

I. LAKE SIMCOE O BARRIE •WINGHAM 2. LAKE HURON O 3. LAKE ERIE O O O O O • O O • TORONTO O • LONDON O AMILTON INDSOR 0 O

MILES

Map 3 NATIVE AND EUROPEAN ELM BARK BEETLES Locations where the native elm bark beetle and the smaller European elm bark beetle were collected in the Southwestern Region up to and including 1957.

Legend

Native elm bark beetle Smaller European elm bark beetle . • 16

STATUS OF TREE DISEASES

Root and Butt Rot, Caused by Fomes annosus.

This disease has become well established in some of the older plantings at the St. Williams and Turkey Point Nurseries in the Lake Erie District, and at the Vivian Forest and the Midhurst Nursery in the Lake Simcoe District. The disease has caused small pockets of mortality in a good stand of Scotch pine at the St. Williams Forestry Station during the past several years. In the course of research by Mr. Erik Jorgensen, one acre of mixed conifers at the forestry farm was clear cut in October, 1957, revealing a high incidence of the disease in living trees.

A survey was carried out by the forest biology ranger to check the distribution of the disease in the older plantations in Norfolk County in the fall. Ten or more recently killed or decadent trees were examined at 25 points in the county and four samples of fruiting bodies were collected. Three samples were from the vicinity of known infections in the St. Williams and Turkey Point Nurseries, and the fourth was from a plantation of Scotch pine in Lot 9 Con, HIV, Windham Township. Since fruiting bodies of the causal organism form only under favourable conditions the above survey is not considered complete.

A White Pocket Rot of Tree Trunks and Roots, Caused by Polyporus tomentosus-circinatus complex.

Fruiting bodies are usually formed on the ground in the litter above the roots. Collections of this organism were made from white spruce trees at the St. Williams Nursery and Townsend Township in the Lake Erie District.

Balsam Fir Deterioration

The incidence of this disease, manifested by the dying of branches, tops and entire trees, has increased in the past three years and was found commonly in the Southwestern Region in 1957.

Three fungi have been isolated from material collected in the region as follows: Thyronectria balsamea, Micropera abietinum and Cytospora sp.

The disease can be readily recognized by the characteristic reddish discoloration of the foliage and cankers which usually appear at the base of the affected parts of the trees. The glossy reddish- brown needles adhere to the branches for a considerable period after death.

It is suspected that these fungi are introduced into living trees through wounds caused by insects, weather and other agents. 47

Dutch Elm Disease, Ceratocystis ulmi

The incidence of the Dutch elm disease increased throughout elm stands in the Southwestern Forest Region in 1957. The area affected included all counties of the Lake Erie District, parts of oxford, Brant, Wentworth and Halton counties in the Lake Huron District, and parts of Peel, York and Ontario counties in the Lake Simcoe District,

Tree mortality increased to medium intensity in the area from Windsor in Essex County to Coatsworth in Kent County (Figure 5), Mortality was generally light in other elm stands in the Lake Erie District and in the Hamilton area of the Lake Huron District. Scattered trees were killed elsewhere in the Lake Huron District, and in the Lake Simcoe District,

Extensive control measures consisting of cutting and des- troying infected trees in conjunction with sprays to control beetle populations, as undertaken in the Hamilton area, are under con- sideration at several centres in the region. Such control measures are most feasible in small areas,

Frost Damage

Temperatures dropped to 24 and 23 degrees Fahrenheit respectively on May 17 and 18, causing frost damage to the foliage of most deciduous, and some coniferous tree species, in the Southwestern Forest Region. The severity of damage varied depending on foliage development at the time of the frost. Severe damage of white oak in the Lake Erie District, and white ash, trembling aspen and oak trees in Lake Huron and Lake Simcoe districts was Observed, Other tree species affected by frost included maple, elm, black ash, basswood, hickory, white and norway spruce, balsam fir and Douglas fir,

The most severe damage to white oak foliage occurred in the Cayuga area where considerable branch and some tree mortality resulted. Trees in the 8-12 inch DBH class and a few mature trees were killed, 48

Fig. 5 - Elm trees in various stages of deterioration by the Dutch elm disease® Typical of elm tree damage and mortality in Essex County* by: H.R. Foster. Status of Insects in the Lake Simcoe District

Pine Root-collar Weevil, Hylobius radicis Buch. A Weevil in Pine Stumps, Pissodes approximatus Hopk. Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch.) Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis Roh. European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg,) Balsam Fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Harr.) White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex Black-headed jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Rohwer Pitch Nodule maker, Petrova albicapitana Busck. A Shoot Moth on Red Pine, Rhyacionia sp. Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum F. Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drum Spring Cankerworm, Paleacrita vernata Peck Walkingstick, Diapheromera femorata Say) Yellow-necked Caterpillar, Datana ministra Drury Walnut Caterpillar, Datana integerrima G. and R. Mountain-ash Sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata (Htg.) Summary of Miscellaneous Insects 4 9

STATUS CF INSECTS

Pine Root-collar Weevil, Hylobius radicis Buch.

Infestations of this weevil centered in the Angus area, Simcoe County, continued in 1957 with no change in the previously recorded boundaries. However, the Balm Beach infestations showed considerable increase in area with the result that infested Scots-pine plantations were found commonly in the western part of Tiny Township from Wyevale to Lafontaine. Most of the Scots-pine trees remaining in the plantations which were first attacked in the Angus area have been killed. Red-pine trees in the smaller diameter classes growing in association with Scots-pine in these areas, have suffered very little mortality to date. However heavily infested trees showed a reduction in terminal growth and the foliage presented a faded appearance indicating the possibility of additional mortality in 1958. Mortality of shelter belt trees along Balm Beach continued to occur in 1957.

The existence of an endemic population of this weevil on natural-grown red-pine trees in the larger diameter classes was revealed by surveys in 1957. Larvae, pupae, old pupal cells in resin impregnated soil, and feeding scars were found on all trees examined in the Balm Beach area. Similar evidences of the insect was found on stumps of older Scots-pine in the Angus and Midhurst areas. Attacks on young Scots-pine plantations usually occurred adjacent to these older trees, suggesting that when suitable food sources become available, the weevil attacks the young trees and populations reach an epidemic level,

A Weevil in Pine Stumps, Pissodes approximatus Hopk.

Scots-pine stumps left from the 1956 harvest of Christmas trees in Tiny Township supported high populations of this weevil in 1957, Branches and twigs of the remaining trees were severely damaged by adult feeding in late summer, following emergence of new adults. Larvae of the Pales weevil, Hylobius pales were found in large numbers in the same area.

Scots-pine trees which were killed or dying as a result of attack by Hylobius radicis were heavily infested by P, approximatus.

Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.

A heavy infestation of this insect persisted for the fifth consecutive year on a tract of white spruce in the Uxbridge Forest, Ontario County. Defoliation of the new growth reached 40 per cent which was slightly lower than that recorded in 1956. Egg surveys indicated that high populations will persist in 1957,

Despite the extensive loss of new foliage for the past five years on the whole the infested trees appear healthy and vigorous. A slight reduction in radial increment was evident in 1957, however, stand density could have been a major factor in this reduction of growth, 50

Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch)

A marked upward trend in populations of this pest of 2-needled pines was evident in 1957. New medium to heavy infestations occurred at several points, and larval colonies were found commonly in plantations elsewhere in the district,

The most serious outbreak occurred in the Silver Creek tract of the E. C, Drury Forest in Orillia Township, Larval colonies were present throughout the plantation, severe defoliation occurring on a 5-acre block in the central part of the infested area, Medium to heavy infestations were observed in East Gwillimbury, Tay, Vespra, Oro, Mara, and Caledon townships, Larval colony counts taken in these areas are summarized in Table 2,

Chemical control measures were employed by the Department of lands and Forests in East Gwillimbury Township, and at the Midhurst Forest Nursery where four compartments of 2-2 red-pine stock were attacked,

Table 2

Summary of Red-headed pine Sawfly Colony Counts on 100 Trees at Each of Seven Points in the Lake Simcoe District, 1957

Location Tree Ave, ht, No, trees Ave, no, (township) Species in feet infested colonies per tree

Orillia rP 9 82 7.2 Tay it 8 15 0.4 Vespra 6 23 0,2 Oro ScP 4 28 1.6 East Gwillimbury rP 11 52 4.7 Mara tt 6 36 3.1 Caledon 5 32 2.2

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis Roh,

Populations of this insect showed little change compared with 1956. Heavy defoliation of white and Norway-spruce trees continued for the third consecutive year on a tract of Dufferin County forest in East Garafraxa Township, Larvae were plentiful on shelter belts at the Midhurst Forest Nursery, Single open-grown trees were defoliated et several points elsewhere in the district, European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.)

This sawfly has been found commonly in small numbers in the district for several years. An upward trend in numbers was recorded in 1956 and sampling in 1957 showed a marked increase in population levels (Table 3).

Table 3

Summary of European Spruce Sawfly Sampling at Eight Points in the Lake Simcoe District, 1957

Ave. D.B.H. Ave. no of larvae per Location of sample trees mat sample (township) in inches 1956 1957

Oro 4 11 70 Vespra 8 9 42 n 5 13 52 Flos 7 2 5 Mara 4 10 6 Rama 3 16 55 Medonte 5 12 18 Nottawasaga 10 17 40

White-spruce trees were sampled at all points.

Balsam Fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Barr.)

Infestations of this sawfly declined sharply in 1956. Very light populations occurred in 1957 in Nottawasaga, Medonte, and Mulmer townships where medium-to-heavy infestations had persisted for five years. Larval colonies were collected from open-grown balsam-fir trees at ten points in Simcoe, Ontario and Dufferin counties.

White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck

Infestation of white-pine plantations and regeneration trees by this weevil in 1957 maintained a population level comparable to that of recent years. Permanent sample plots, established in repre- sentative stands to assess population trends, were re-examined in 1957 (Table 4).

A marked increase in damage to Scots and Austrian-pine stands occurred, particularly in Mulmur Township, Dufferin County, and in parts of York and Simcoe counties. Chemical controls were utilized in tracts of the Vivian Forest in York County with very satisfactory results. Table 4

Summary of Infestation by the White Pine Weevil on 100 Trees at Each of Four Points in the Lake Simcoe District, 1957

No, of Trees Infested 1957 Location Ave. D.B.H. Trees not in in in past Township) in inches infested 1957 and in years past years only

Whitechurch 2 76 12 9 3 Medonte 2 61 22 6 Tay 2 81 10 5 4 MUlmur 3 64 25 9 2

Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex

A new medium-to-heavy infestation occurred in 1957 in jack- pine plantations near Edgar in Oro Township. A light infestation persisted in Orillia Township near Washago for the fifth consecutive year,

Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Rohwer

Heavy infestations of this sawfly have persisted for several years on jack-pine shelter-belts along Highway 11 between Barrie and Orillia. These infestations continued in 1957, and new heavy outbreaks were observed on small shelter-belts in Medonte, Matchedash, and Tay townships. Larval colonies were found more commonly than in recent years elsewhere in the district.

Pitch Nodule Maker, Petrova albicapitana Busck,

This insect predominantly attacks jack-pine and Scots pine in Ontario. The larvae form pitch masses around the base of new growth or at the axis of branches, and feeding within the pitch masses, they girdle the shoots. This weakens shoots and predisposes them to breakage by wind, causing deformities of the attacked trees (Photograph 6).

A heavy infestation of this insect occurred on a 5-acre tract of jack-pine trees in the 10-foot height class in Uxbridge Township. Three hundred trees were examined in the stand; of these 236 had the leader broken off and several lateral branches damaged.

A heavy infestation persisted on a jack-pine shelter-belt in the north part of Rama Township. Light infestations were observed on Scots-pine stands in Oro, Essa, Orillia, and Whitechurch townships, Fig. 6 - Jack pine tree damaged by the pitch nodule makers Note distortion of current year's shoots By: D.C. Anderson* A Shoot Moth on Red Pine, Rhyacionia sp.

A shoot moth which attacks young red-pine, from nursery stock up to two feet in height, has been reported periodically in Simcoe County for several years. An outbreak of the insect was reported in the Annual Forest Biology Ranger Report for 1952, being erroneously identified at that time as Exotelia dodecella Linn. Further studies have shown the insect to be a species of Rhyacionia. Research work into its identity, life history and habits will be conducted by a research officer of the Forest Insect laboratory in 1958.

Heavy infestations of the insect were observed in young red- pine plantations in Medonte and Tay townships in 1957. The insect was collected in small numbers from 2-2 red-pine stock at the Midhurst Forest Nursery.

Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum F.

During the past three years populations of this insect have declined to an extremely low level in the Lake Simcoe District. Occasional tents were observed on fencerow cherry and wild-apple trees,

Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Dru.

Populations of this insect have shown an upward trend since 1955. The insect has been most troublesome in orchards and on deciduous ornamentals in York, Peel, and the south part of Ontario counties. A wide variety of deciduous hosts were infested by the larvae,

Spring Cankerworm, Paleacrita vernata Peck.

Populations of this insect showed a general increase in 1957, The infestation in Vespra Township near Craighurst, reached the heaviest intensity since 1950. Heavy defoliation of white-elm trees occurred in Peel County, south of Highway 7 in Chinguacousy and Toronto townships. Single, open-grown elms were defoliated at several points in York County, The fall cankerworm Alsophila pometaria Harr., was frequently found feeding in association with the spring cankerworm.

Walkingstick, Diapheromera femorata (Say)

A heavy infestation of this insect occurred in a tract of the Vivian Forest, Whitechurch Township, in 1957, The area affected was previously infested in 1953 and 1955. Basswood, black-cherry, trembling-aspen and red-oak trees were completely defoliated in an area of 100 acres.

Light defoliation of basswood trees was observed in a tract of the Uxbridge Forest, Single insects were collected in beating samples taken in hardwood stands in the Caledon Mountain area of Peel County. Yellow-necked Caterpillar, Datana ministra Drury

Heavy infestations of this caterpillar occurred along Highway 401 between Toronto and Oshawa. Ornamental white-elm and Chinese- elm trees were stripped of foliage. Light feeding was observed on basswood, white-birch and horse-chestnut trees. Larval colonies were collected from white elm and basswood at several other points in the district.

Walnut Caterpillar, Datana integerrima G. and R.

Populations of this caterpillar persisted in 1957 at a level comparable to that of recent years. Heavy defoliation of walnut and butternut trees was observed along Lake Ontario from Oshawa west to Cooksville. Defoliation of single trees or groups of trees occurred in York, Dufferin, and Peel counties.

Mountain-Ash Sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata (Htg.)

Medium-to-heavy defoliation of ornamental trees occurred at Midland, Beaverton, Mansfield, Loretto, and Gamebridge. Larval colonies were found commonly wherever host trees were examined.

Table 5

Summary of Miscellaneous Insects Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Abbottana clemataria A.andS. wB Insects in small numbers Acrobasis rubrifasiella Pack. Al Common in small numbers in Simcoe County Acarina sp. rZ 10 small ornamentals attacked in the Agincourt area Acordulecera sp. Hi, Heavy defoliation of understory Bu trees in Vivian Forest (2) Altica ulmi Wood wE Insects in small numbers Acronicta impressa Wlk. wAs Common in small numbers on young trees Anisota virginiansis Dru. rO, Common in small numbers (5) WO Anacampsis innocuella Zell. tA, Insects in small numbers (5) lA Anoplonyx luteipes (Cress.) Europe- One larva an larch Anatis mali (say) European Insects in small numbers ( 3) larch Al, rP Archips cerasivorana Fitch ecCh Small heavy infestations on fence row shrubs in Simcoe and Dufferin counties Archips rosaceana Harr. wS, tA Collected in beating samples (2) Arge sp. Haw. Single colony collected from ornamental tree in town of Barrie Table 5 continued

Insect Host(s) Remarks1

Arge scapularis (Klug.) r0 10 larvae collected pectoralis (Leach) wB Heavy defoliation of 5 trees at Angus Argyresthia laricellathuiella Kft. Lt Found commonly on native larch in small numbers (3) pack. eC Insects in small numbers Campaea perlata Gn. wB tt tt tt ft Cecidomyia sp, Ba Insects in small numbers Cecidomyidae sp. rP tt If Ceratomia undulosa Elk. wAs it 11 It Cimbex americana Leach bPo 1 adult collected Chrysomela alnicola alnicola Al Insects in small numbers Brown Coccinella novemnotata wS Insects found commonly on nursery stock at Midhurst Forest Nursery Coccinella trifasciata Linn, rP If It If tt It Coccinella transversoguttata Falk. wS tr It tt et tt (2) Conophthorus sp. rP Cones heavily attacked in Vespra Tp Croesus latitarsus Nort, Al Insects in small numbers (3) Coleophora laricella (Hbn.) Lt Light populations on all stands examined (6) Datana sp, w0 Insects in small numbers Dioryctria abietella D. and rP, ScP. jP Insects in small numbers (4) S. Diacrisia virginica Fabr. wAs, W It rt It " (2) Disonycla sp. tt ft Enargia decolor Wlk. to ft Epinotia solandriana Linn. to Insects in small numbers (3) Eriocampa ovata (Linn.) Al Small heavy infestation in vicinity of Willow Creek, Vespra Tp.(6) Erannis tiliaria Harr. wE, wAp 10 larvae collected (2) Fenusa pusilla (Lep,) wB Heavy infestation on ball stock at Midhurst Forest Nursery (2) Gonioctena americana Schaeff, tA Insects in small numbers Halisidota caryae Harr. wAp, Bu Insects in small numbers Hemerocampa leucostigma A. Dhinese and S. elm,Horse Heavy defoliation of 20 orna- chestnut mental trees in Oshawa area (3) aMo

1 Number of collections is given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once.

Table 5 continued Insect Host(s) emarks 1

Hyperasperis binotata Say tA Insects in small numbers Lambdina fiscellaria f is- cellaria Gn. He ft ft tt IT Lapara bombycoides Wlk. wP It tt It It It It Lecanium corni Bouche wE If It Monoctenus juniperinus MacG. eC Insects in small numbers (5) ff tf tt tt Nematus sp. Viz tt tt It (3) Nematus ventralis Say W Paratetranychus sp. rP tT ft It ft Pentatomidae sp. European Predacious on larch sawfly larch larvae (4) Periclista sp, r0 Insects in small numbers Pareophora minuta (MacG.) bAs Heavy defoliation of 7 trees in Vespra Tp. Plagiodera versicolora Laich. W Insects in small numbers (2) Phyllocnistis populiella Cham. OPo Insects in small numbers (2) Phyllocoptes sp. siM Heavy infestations on understory and ornamental trees (3) Raphis frater Grt. tA Insects in small numbers Recurvaria thujaella Kft. eC Insects in small numbers (2) Recurvaria piceaella Kft. wS Small numbers feeding in association with spruce budworm in the Uxbridge Forest Petinodiphosis sp. jP Insects in small numbers on jack-pine in Vivian Forest Schizura concinna A. and S. wO, to wAp Insects in small numbers (4) Semiothisa granitata Gn. He Found commonly in mat sample Sciaphila duplex Wlshm. tA Insects in small numbers Sphingidae sp. wAs Common on young wAs trees at Midhurst Forest Nursery Symmerista canicosta Francl. wO, 10 Light infestations along Severn River Taniva albolineana Kft. wS Heavy infestation on 6 ornamental trees in town of Elmvale Tomostethus multicinctus wAs Insects in small numbers at (Roh.) Midhurst Forest Nursery Tortrix alleniana Fern. wS, ScP Insects in small numbers (2) Tortrix pallorana Rob. Sep tt ft It Zenobia pleonectusa Grt. tA. It " (2) Status of Insects in the Lake Erie District

European Elm Leaf Beetle, Galerucella xanthomelaena (Schrank

A Weevil in Pine Stumps, Pissodes approximatus hopk,

White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck

Larch Twig Borer, Argyresthia laricella Kft •

Jack-pine Budworm, Choristoneura pinus Freem,

Walnut Caterpillar, Datana integerrima G. and R. yellow-necked Caterpillar, Datana ministra

Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella Hbn.

Birch-leaf Skeletonizer, Bucculatrix canadensisella Chamb.

Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum F.

Green-striped Mapleworm Anisota rubicunda Fabr.

Orange-striped Oakworm, Anisota senatoria A. end S.

The Question Mark Butterfly, Polygonia interrogationis Fabr.

Hickory Tussock Moth, Halisidota caryae Harr.

Oak Leaf Roller, Argyrotaenia quercifoliana Fitch

Solitary Oak-leaf Miner, Lithocolletis hamadryadella

White-marked Tussock Moth Hemerocampa leucostigma A, and S4

Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

Foster. 9 STATUS OF INSECTS

European Elm Leaf Beetle, Galerucella xanthomelaena (Schrank.)

Light infestations of the European elm leaf beetle persisted in the Niagara Peninsula where a minor westward extension of infestations occurred in the Grimsby area in 1957 and where moderate damage occurred in valleys along the Niagara Escarpment between Beamsville and St. Catharines, Populations remained at a low level in the southern part of the Niagara Peninsula.

The medium infestations which occurred in the city of St. Thomas and at Amherstburg in 1956 declined to light intensity in 1957. Only a few larvae were found at Essex where a medium infestation occurred in 1956. Light infestation recurred near the Fine Foods Factory in Tecumseh.

A. Weevil in Pine Stumps, Pissodes approximatus Hopk.

High populations of adult weevils that emerged from infested stumps and caused branch mortality to Scotch-pine trees in 1956, declined to low levels in 1957. Infestations were confined to Scotch- pine stumps and feeding by adult weevils was greatly reduced.

White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck

The white pine weevil is a serious pest of white-pine plantations in Ontario. Light infestations persisted in sample plots near Mossley in Middlesex County, and in a small stand at Turkey Point, Norfolk County (Table 2). Elsewhere in the district only a few white pine trees were damaged.

Table 2

Summary of Infestations by the White Pine Weevil at Two Points in the Lake Erie District in 1957

Number No, of trees infested Location of trees In !In 1957 and lin past (township)examined in inches a957 lin putt years years only

Charlotteville 119 3 s 3 16 North Dorchester 111 2 i 3 3 26

Larch Twig Borer, Argyresthia laricella Eft.

A newly-reported infestation of the larch twig borer occurred in a plantation of European larch and red pine in Lot 16, Con IV, South Walsingham Township, An average of 94 infested twigs per tree was counted on ten trees approximately 18 feet in height and the terminals of 16 per cent of the trees sampled in the plantation were damaged. Light damage of native larch occurred in Westminster, North Dorchester and South Cayuga townships. Jack-pine Budworm, Choristoneura pinus Freem,

Few larvae of the jack-pine budworm were found in the Vittoria area of Norfolk County where light infestation occurred in 1956. A new light infestation occurred in a small Scotch-pine plantation in Lot 6, Con V, South Colchester Township.

Walnut Caterpillar, Datana integerrima G. and R.

Population levels of the walnut caterpillar increased throughout the Lake Erie District in 1957, Complete defoliation of groups and single walnut trees occurred commonly west of Aylmer in Elgin County and less frequently between Aylmer and Fort Erie (Figure 8), Light infestations occurred generally in north Lambton and Middlesex counties where walnut trees are less abundant. Defoliation estimates at nine points in the district are indicative of the general increase in walnut caterpillar populations in 1957 (Table 3),

Table 3

Summary of Walnut Caterpillar Defoliation Estimates on Ten Trees at Nine Points in the Lake Erie District, 1956-7

ample tree description Location Ave, Ave. height ! Ave. per cent defoliation (township) in inches 1 in feet i 1956 1957

Rochester 5 20 100 Tilbury East 5 22 100 Raleigh 7 26 30 45 Dunwich 5 18 80 90 Ekfried 7 27 10 25 Enniskillen 8 36 10 35 Windham 6 24 10 30 South Cayuga 1 5 22 1 20 40 Bertie 5 21 I 15 20

Yellow-necked Caterpillar, Datana ministra Dru,

Light infestations of the yellow-necked caterpillar occurred generally on white-elm trees in Norfolk and Haldimand counties, however moderate- to-heavy infestations were observed in Wampole Township in the latter county. Light infestations occurred along, the queen Elizabeth Highway from Grimsby to St. Catharines, and along Highway 2 in the vicinity of Tilbury. Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella Hbn.

Population levels of this insect showed little change 4n European larch plantations compared with 1956 (Table 4), Light infestations persisted in plantations at numerous points in the district. A medium-to-heavy infestation occurred on native larch at Kettle Point, Lambton County.

Table 4

Summary of Larch Casebearer Larval Counts on Larch Trees at Six Points in the Lake Erie District, 1956-7 (Counts were taken on four 18-inch branch tips from each of four sample trees in each area)

Aye, number of larvae Location Sample tree description per 18-inch branch tip (township) Ave.D.B.H. Aye. height ! in inches in feet 1956 1957

South Walsingham 2 15 3 2 Charlotteville 3 22 5 1 North Dorchester 3 18 1 1 Bosanquet 5 40 18 31 Yarmouth 3 20 5 3 Dunn 3 19 1

This sample taken from native larch, remainder were from European larch.

Birch-leaf Skeletonizer, Bucculatrix canadensisella Chamb.

A heavy infestation of the birch-leaf skeletonizer persisted in white-birch plantations and woodlots in South Walsingham and Charlotteville townships. In 1957 this infestation spread northward through Miudleton Township into the Lake Huron District, Light infestations in farm woodlots in the southern part of Caradoc Township showed no appreciable change,

Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum F.

Population levels of the eastern tent caterpillar were lower in the Lake Erie District than in 1956, except in the northern part of Middlesex County where light-to-medium infestation occurred. This trend is evidenced in the colony counts made along roadsides and in the square chain plots that were established in McGillivray and West Nissouri townships to determine population trends (Table 5). 61 Table 5

Summary of Eastern Tent Caterpillar Colony Counts in Lake Erie District, 1956-57

Location Average number of colonies per mile (township) 1956 1957

Oneida 1 1 Moulton 4 0 Woodhouse 2 0 McGillivray (1) 4 7 McGillivray (2) 15 West Nissouri 16 10 Zone 5 1 South Dorchester 1 1 Enniskillen 3 9 South Walsingham 2 2

Count taken in one-square chain plot.

Green-striped Mapleworm, Anisota rubicunda Fabr.

Light-to-medium defoliation of red maple by the green- striped mapleworm occurred along Highway 2 from Delaware to Chatham. Light defoliation of scattered trees occurred in Kent, Lambton, Middlesex, Elgin and Welland counties,

Orange-striped Oakworm, Anisota senatoria A, and S.

Infestations of the orange-striped oakworm increased in 1957 in the Lake Erie District from Grand Bend east to Dunnville. Severe defoliation of scattered bur-oak trees occurred near Boston in Norfolk County. A few white-oak trees were moderately infested near Vienna in Yarmouth Township, Elgin County. Light infestations were observed commonly on the young open-grown oak in the Grand Bend-Port Franks area of Lambton County,

The Question Mark Butterfly, Polygonia interrogationis Fabr.

Light damage by question mark larvae occurred in young, roadside white-elm trees in Essex, Kent and Lambton counties, Damage occurred less frequently in Middlesex, Elgin, Norfolk, Haldimand, Lincoln, and Welland counties,

Damage by the question mark larvae may be readily recognized by the characteristic stripping of foliage leaving the outline of the leaf veins, and by the position of the early feeding at the uppermost twigs of trees, Fig. 8 - Severe defoliation of walnut trees caused fey the walnut caterpillar near Hagersville, Haldimand County* By: H@ Rf Foster• 63 hickory Tussock Moth, Halisidota caryae Harr.

Light defoliation of walnut and hickory by the hickory tussock moth occurred throughout the southern part of the district. Moderate to heavy defoliation of single walnut trees occurred in Norfolk County.

The hickory tussock moth spends a long period (from late August to October) in the final instar, feeding sporadically and travelling considerably. Full-grown larvae were found on most tree species in the district.

Oak Leaf Roller, Argyrotaenia quercifoliana Fitch

A moderate infestation of the oak leaf roller occurred in pin-oak woodlots in Crowland, Willoughby and Humberstone townships, and light infestation was observed elsewhere in Welland County.

The combined effects of the oak leaf roller, early frosts and oak-twig gall, resulted in severe damage of pin oak in woodlots in Willoughby Township.

Solitary Oak-leaf Miner, Lithocolletis hamadryadella (Clem.)

A heavy infestation of the solitary oak-leaf miner occurred in a woodlot in Lot 12, Con. XIV, Woodhouse Township, Norfolk County. Infestations in Rondeau Park varied from light in closed-canopy stands, to heavy intensity on open-grown red-oak trees.

White-marked Tussock Moth, Hemerocampa leucostigma A. and S.

Low populations of the white-marked tussock moth occurred commonly in the Lake Erie District in 1957. Moderate populations were observed on horse-chestnut trees along Highway 3 west of Dunnville, on wild crab-apple and plum trees along the queen Elizabeth Highway near Grimsby, on Chinese-elm trees along Highway 78 west of Dresden, and on honey locust trees east of Tilbury. Twelve collections were made from a variety of deciduous hosts.

Table 6

Summary of Miscellaneous Insects Insect I Host(s) ;remarks 1

Acordulecera sp. Su One colony (2) r0 One colony Acrobasis juglandis Leber We Larvae common but low in numbers near Port Talbot Acrobasis sp. Hi New species of twig borer, larvae scarce (3) 11E, Single larva found only (2) Acronicta americana Harr. Be dactylina Grt. tA, 1Po tt tt It " (2) tt haesitata Grt. 1.0 Few larvae tt impressa Wik. 1Po,ChE It It (2) 9 interrupta Gn. wE Single larva 9 l epusculina Gn. 1Po tt tt tt retarda Wlk. rM Few larvae Table 6 continued 1 64 Insect Host(s) Remarks

Actias luna Linn. One larva Adelges abietis Linn. wS Generally light, heavy on a few trees near Pearce Park Alsophila pometaria Harr. wE, pO,Ba Small numbers of larvae (3) Amphidasis cognataria Gn. wE One larva Altica ulmi Wood wE, rE Light infestation (2) Anisota virginiensis Dru. w0 One colony Aphania dextrana McD. 1Po Trace infestation Archips cerasivorana Fitch b Ch Light infestations were common along roadsides in Norfolk and Haldimand counties Archips fervidana Clem. p0, bOh Few scattered colonies in Nor- folk and Elgin counties Archips rosaceana Harr. Wa One larva Arge pectoralis (Leach) wB Few colonies at St. Williams Nursery Arge scapularis p0, r0 Scattered colonies in Nor- folk County Argyresthia freyella Wlsm. ewC Light infestation common in district thuiella Pack, ewC Light infestation common in district Argyrotaenia juglandana Fern. sHi Found commonly on shagbark hickory but populations were low Attelabus bipustulatus F. b0 Light infestation on a few small oak trees near Grand Bend Autherea polyphemus Cram. wB,wE,r0 Single larva (4) Automeris io Fabr. Be, p0 Single larva (2) Bucculatrix sp. Che Light infestation at St. Williams Caliroa cerasi (Linn.) P1 Medium damage to ornamentals along Queen Elizabeth Highway Caliroa sp. Simple- Heavy infestation at St.Williams leafed Nursery and medium at the Del- ash aware Nursery Cecidomyia sp. tA Light infestation pellex A, and S. wAs Few galls on one tree Cerambycidae wE Found commonly in elm bark beetle trap logs Ceramica pieta Harr. r0,1Po Trace to light infestations (5) Cerura sp. 1Po Single larva (2) Chalcoides nana Say tA Light feeding on some trees by this beetle Chilocorus stigma Say wE, w0 Two collections resulted from many beatings Chionodes vernella Murt. To Few larvae on oak near Grand Bend Chrysomela scripta F. 1Po Some defoliation in nursery stock at St. Williams Cimbex americana Leach wE,wB, I Light infestation on white birch highway stock at St.Williams (5)

1 Number of collections is given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once. Table 6 continued

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Cincticornia pilulae (Walsh r0 Light infestation Clastoptera sp. Wa Light populations on the mature walnut and a few larvae on young trees Coleophora ulmifoiella MCD. wE Light populations on highway stock at Turkey Point and Del- aware nurseries Coccinella transversoguttata Fald. Exotic One adult beetle Po Be Light population on mature beech Coleophoridae Compsolechia niveopulvella tA. Light infestation on leaf Chamb. rollers Corythucha sp. pCh Few nymphs and adults Croesus castaneae Roh. Che One small colony Cycloneda munda Say Teeds Few adults Datana angusii G. and R. sHi,wO. Few colonies (3) Datana drexeli Hy. Edw. Exotic One colony Al Datana perspicua G. and R. Su Few colonies (3) Diapheromera femerata Say Hi,Che,I, Collections of a few adults and bCh, w0 nymphs in Norfolk, Elgin and Lambton counties (8) Dicentria lignicolor Wlk. wO,r0,Be Few larvae per tree (5) Dimorphopteryx castaneae Roh. Che Few larvae per tree on understory chestnut at St.Williams Diprion frutetorum (F.) ScP One larva (2) Diprion hercyniae Htg. nS Small numbers at St.Williams and Court land, Norfolk County Enchenopa binotata Say Hon Light infestation, leaf hoppers on the ends of most twigs Ennomos subsignarius Hbn. wE One larva Erannis tiliaria Harr. hM Light infestation in S.Walsing- ham, Middleton and S.Cayuga townships Eriocampa juglandis (Fitch) Wa Light on understory walnut Erynnis icelus Scud. and Burg. tA One larva Fenusa dohrnii (Tischb.) Exotic Medium infestation of leaf Al miners Fenusa pusilla (Lep.) wB Medium infestation at Turkey Point, light at Delaware Gluphisia septentrionalis Wlk 1Po Few larvae (2) Gossyparia spuria Modeer wAs Light infestation of scale insect on highway stock at Delaware Nursery Gracillaria sp. prob. bAs Few larvae fraxinella Ely. Gypsonoma sp. Be Light, leaf rollers on one tree Eucosma sp. prob. gloriola ScP Light at private nursery near Courtland, and trace at St. Williams Nursery

Table 6 continued 1 Insect Host(s) Remarks

Halisidota harrisii Walsh Sy Medium on large sycamore trees at St, Williams Nursery tessellarist tessellaris A.andS. Hi,rE, Larvae found commonly in yB,Be, late summer rO,Ha, Wa,wE,w0 Hemerocampa plagiatabilineata Be, Hi Small numbers of larvae (2) b0, rE, Single larva (3) Pack. wE Hemerocampa41 guttivitta Wlk. wE, rE Few larvae (2) Hemerocampaft manteo Dbldy Be, w0 Small numbers of larvae (2) Hyalophora promethea Dru. wAs, bAs Few larvae (3) Hyperaspis bigeminatataproba Say Rand, wE One adult ladybeetle tt spo One adult ladybeetle Hyphantria cunea Dru. Many Light infestation throughout deci- the district (20) duous speciestree

Ichthyura albosigma Fitch 1po Few larvae Limacodidae r0 Small numbers of larvae (3) It Be Small numbers of larvae (2) tt sL,pCh, Small numbers of larvae (5) Che,gB Limenitus archippus Cram. tA,1Po f t t t it ft (2) Lithocolletis sp, I Light infestation in Rondeau Park Lophodonta angulosa A. and S. b0, rO, Single larva (4) Che Lycia ursaria Wlk. wE Single larva Macremphytus varianus Nort. Do Light to heavy in St.Williams Nursery Macrodactylus subspinosus F. rO,wAs, Light defoliation of highway wE,wB, stock at Turkey Point and Che,Sa Delaware nurseries Mantis religiosa L. Be Few scattered larvae Monoctenus juniperinus MacG. ewe Two larvae Mordwilkoja vagabunda Walsh 1Po Light infestation of aphids (2) Nematus ventralis Say Few colonies (2) Neodiprion lecontei Fitch rP One colony Nerice bidentata Wlk. wE Trace infestation Notodonta stragula Grt, tA One larva Nymphalis antiopa Linn. 1Po,wE, Scattered colonies (8) W, tA Operophtera bruceata Hlst. One larva Otidacephalus chevrolati Horn Hon One adult beetle Pachypsylla celtidismamma Ha Light infestation of galls on Riley a few trees Pachyphinx modesta Harr. b Co One larva Panthea furcilla Pack. ewP One larva Paonias excaecata A, and. S. r0 One larva Table 6 continued

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1 papilio cresphontes Cram. Ho Trace infestation papilioit glaucus L. bCh Single larva (2) papilio troilus Linn. Sa One larva Pheosia rimosa Pack. 1po One larva Phigalia titea Cram. Ha Trace infestation Phlegethontius sexta Joh. Tobacco Light infestation Phlyctaenia coronata tertialis Gn. I sHi Few larvae Phobitron pithicium A.and S. rO, hM Single larva (2) Pholus pandorus Hbn. I Wild One larva grape Phyllophaga sp. rP Moderate mortality of 1957 plantings at The Pinery near Grand Bend, Lambton County Plagiodera versicolor Laich. I W. Medium infestation in Strathroy playground, light at St. Will- iams and Turkey Point nurseries Pristiphora geniculata Htg. ivio Medium infestation on a few trees in Lot 1,Con.II, Bayham Township Proteides clarus Cram. Hon One larva Pulvinaria vitis (Linn.) rDfi Light infestation (3) Recurvaria thujaella Kft. ewC Light infestation on shelter- belts at St.Williams Nursery Recurvaria piceaella Kft. nS Light to medium on norway spruce in Norfolk County Salebria subcaesiella Clem. Hon Few larvae Scirtes tibialis Guer. sPo Few adults Schizura concinna A. and S. Ap Few colonies (3) Schizura leptinoides Grt. Wa Single larva (2) Smerinthus jamaicensis geminatus Say 1Po One larva Sphinx chersis Hbn. wAs Small number of larvae found commonly on young trees in Nor- folk and Haldimand counties Symmerista canicosta Francl. r0,w0, Light to medium infestations on I b0,c0 oaks St. Williams Nursery (6) Symmerista1T leucitys Francl. hM Light infestation in Walpole Township, Norfolk County Tethida cordigera (Beauv.) wAs Few larvae Tetralopha asperatella Clem. r0 Few larvae Tomostethus multicinctus (Roh.) wAs Few colonies Tortrix pallorana Rob. ScP Moderat e damage to Christmas trees planted in 1957 near Courtland Trichiocampus viminalis Co Light infestation on cottonwood Fall. at the St.Clair Golf Course, Essex County (3) Vespamia pini Kell. SP Few larvae on Scotch pine and norway spruce at St.Williams Nursery

Zale minera norda Sm. I Few larvae Zale undularis Dru. Hon One larva Status of Insects in the Lake Huron District

Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch Balsam-fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis Barr,) European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg,) Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Hbn.). Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (F,) Walnut Caterpillar, Datana integerrima G. and R, Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Roh White Pine Weevil, Pissodes,. strobi Peck Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh). Pitch Nodule Maker, Petrova albicapitana Busk, Spring Cankerworm, Paleacrita vernata (Peck.). Introduced Pine Sawfly, Diprion similis Htg, Walkingstick, Diapheromera femorata Say Yellow-necked Caterpillars Datana ministra (Drury) A Larch Twig Borer, Argyresthia laricella Kft, Fall Cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria Harr, Birch Sawfly, Arge pectoralis (Leach. Orange-striped oakworm, anisota senatoria A, and S. Birch Leaf-mining Sawfly, Heterarthrus nemoratus (Fall,) Ugly-nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana (Fitch). Hickory Tussock Moth, Helisidota caryae Harr, White pine Shoot Borer, Eucosma gloriola Heinr, The Question Nark Butterfly, Polygonia interrogationis (F.) Maple Trumpet Skeletonizer, Epinotia aceriella (Clem.) Reddish-yellow Spruce Budworm, Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana Rat A Leaf miner on Birch, Profenusa alumna (MacG,) A. Weevil in Pine Stumps, Pissodes approximatus Hopk, The Elm Leaf Miner, Fenusa ulmi Sund.). Tortricidae 68

STATUS OF INSECTS

Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch),

Individual colonies of larvae and infestations of this sawfly were found in parts of Grey, Bruce, Wellington, Waterloo, Wentworth and Halton counties, where the insect was not found in 1956,

Population levels, which declined in 1956, remained at a low level except in Sullivan Township (Table 2), In this area host tree mortality continued to occur as a result of previous years attack, reaching approximately 20 per cent in 1957. This plantation had been left unsprayed for the past numbEr of years to facilitate large collections of insects for parasite rearings at Belleville,

A light infestation occurred in approximately five acres of a 775-acre plantation in Brant Township, Bruce County, Larval colonies were widely scattered in the 200-acre Little tract in Puslinch Township, Wellington County,

As in 1956 control measures using DDT sprays, were carried out by the Department of Lands and Forests in all plantations known to be infested by this species,

Table 2

Summary of Red-headed Pine Sawfly Counts and Defoliation Estimates of Red Pine at Three Points in the Lake Huron District, 1955-57

Per cent Ave, no, of colonies Location Tract Ave, height trees infes- per tree (township) in feet ted 1957 1955 1956 1957

Sullivan Lustick 6 70 3.4 3.6 1,5 Brant Brant 5 1 - - .9 Glenelg Kenny 5 1 0.5 0,4 0,3

Balsam-fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Harr,)

Population levels of this species declined in 1957 compared with 1956, A decline from heavy to medium intensity occurred in the infestation in Brant Township, Bruce County, where open-grown balsam-fir trees had been severely defoliated for the past three years (Figure 7),

The moderate infestation that persisted for several years on balsam-fir regeneration along the shoreline of French Bay, Amabel Township, declined to very light intensity, Scattered colonies were found on open-grown and fringe trees in the area,

Small numbers of larvae were collected along Highway 21 in Arran Township and on open-grown balsam-fir trees in Glenelg Township, Colony counts and defoliation estimates were made at two points in the district (Table 3). G9

Table 3

Summary of Balsam-fir Sawfly Larval Colony Counts and Defoliation Estimates Taken on Ten Sample Trees at Each Sample Point in the Lake Huron District, 1957

Location :Ave. D.B.H. Ave. no, of colonies Ave, per cent (township) lin inches per sample tree defoliation i i Lot 13, Con.15 4 I 8.6 25 Brant Township

French Bay Amabel Town- 2 0,2 2 ship

European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.)

Populations of this insect remained at a very low level in 1957. Larval colony counts, based on mat samples made at ten permanent sample points, showed little change compared with 1956 (Table 4).

Table 4

Summary of Larval Counts of the European Spruce Sawfly at Two Points in the Lake Huron District, 1955-57

Ave. D.B.H. of Location sample trees ,Ave, no, of larvae per tree in inches 1955 1956 1957

pike Bay Bruce County 3 5 2 I 12

Williamsford Grey County 3 31 I 1 4 70 Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Hbn.)

Light infestations occurred on native and European larch throughout the district. A significant increase in larval populations occurred at a sample point in Amabel Township (Table 5).

Table 5

Larch Casebearer Larval Counts Based on the Examination of Four 18-inch Branch Tips from the kid-Crown of each of Four Sample Trees, in the Lake Huron District in 1957

Ave. nn. of larvae per branch Location D.B.H. of sample tip (township) trees in inches 1955 ' 1956 i 1957

Lindsay Tp. 3 3.7 1.7 2.5 Amabel Tp. 3.5 1.0 .25 i 4.4 Bentinick Tp. 3 .. 1,5 1 1.4

Blandford Tp. 3.5 - - 4.0 South Dumfries Tp. 3 - i - 3,1

Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (F.)

A. further decline in numbers of the eastern tent caterpillar was evident in 1957. Larval colony counts based on the number of tents per mile along roadsides reflect the continued decline in populations since 1955 (Table 6).

Table 6

Summary of Eastern Tent Caterpillar Colony Counts Made at Twelve Points in the Lake Huron District, 1955-1957

Location Ave. no. of colonies per mile (township) 1955 1956 1957

Brant 14 5 3 Elderslie 7 7 2 Albemarle 173 47 11 Derby 57 7 4 Sullivan 23 5 1 Kincardine 12 7 1 Woolwich 33 9 0 Burford 14 3 0 Bruce 21 5 0 Amabel - 8 1 Artemesia - 3 2 Fullarton - 1 1 71

Walnut Caterpillar, Datana integerrima G. and R.

Damage to shade and shelterbelt trees by the walnut caterpillar was more severe than in 1956.

Heavy defoliation occurred in Wentworth, Halton, Brant, and Waterloo counties, particularly on ornamentals along the Queen Elizabeth highway from Oakville to Grimsby and along Highway 24-A in the Galt - Paris area (Table 7),

Light to medium infestations were observed in the remainder of the district.

Table 7.

Summary of Walnut Caterpillar Defoliation Estimates on Ten Trees at Six Points in the Lake Huron District, 1957

Sample tree description Locations Ave, D.B.H. Ave. height Ave, per cent (township) in inches in feet defoliation

Waterloo 10 35 50

South Dumfries 8 25 40 .Nelson 6 30 30

Trafalgar 8 30 15

, Saltfleet 4 20 90

Barton 4 20 80

Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury)

For the second consecutive year a marked increase in population levels of this species occurred throughout the district.

The highest populations occurred along Highway 20 in Barton and Saltfleet townships, Wentworth County, and along Highway 24 in the Guelph area in Wellington County. In many instances defoliation on young elm trees along these highways reached 80 per cent.

Larval webs were most numerous along county roads in Oxford, Brant, and Halton Counties, 72

Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Roh.

Populations of the black-headed jack-pine sawfly showed little change in 1957 compared with 1956.

A new medium infestation occurred in a plantation one-half mile west of Spry Lake in Amabel Township, Bruce County. In this area the upper crowns of numerous open-grown and fringe tree jack- pine were severely defoliated while several small understory trees suffered approximately 60 per cent defoliation.

A light infestation occurred in a shelterbelt plantation two miles west of Kemble village in Keppel Township, Grey County. Larval feeding in the area was confined mainly to single branches. The light infestation which has been reported since 1950 in the Port Elgin waterworks plantation, Saugeen Township, persisted in 1957 (Table 8).

Little change occurred in the light infestation on 15 jack-pine trees along highway No, 4 one-half mile east of Greenock in Bruce County,

Table 8

Summary of Jack-pine Sawfly Colony Counts and Estimates of Defoliation in the Lake Huron District 1956-1957

Note:- counts were taken on ten trees at each sample point

Aye, no, of colonies Estimated Location Ave. D.B.H. Ave, height per tree per cent (township) in inches in feet 1956 1957 defoliation 1956 1957

Keppel 3 25 - 1.2 - 5 Saugeen 6 35 3.0 0.7 8 2 Amabel 2.5 20 0,3 0,7 1 2 Amabel 3 23 - 5,0 - 15 Greenock 2 18 1,5 1,9 5 5

Sauble beach road. 73

White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck

Light infestations on white-pine plantations and reproduction persisted in the district in 1957. Weevilled shoots were most numerous in the Sudden tract, Waterloo County, and in a private plantation near Hanover in Bruce County (Table 9).

Light populations of the weevil were observed throughout county forests in Grey and Wentworth counties but damage was slight.

Table 9

Summary of Shoot Damage by the White Pine Weevil in Planta- tions at Three Points in the Lake Huron District in 1957

No. of trees Trees not No. or trees Ave.D.b.h. infested Location examined in inches infested In Lin past In 1957 1957 years and only year

Blandford Tp. Chesney Tract 100 3 85 1 13 1

Brant Tp. Private 100 2 76 14 5 5

North Dumfries Sudden Tract 200 3 186 10 1 3

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.)

As in 1956, this sawfly was found at many points in the district, particularly on young, open-grown trees.

A medium infestation occurred on young white-spruce trees in compartment 7 of the Main county forest, in Glenelg Township, where defoliation ranged to 30 per cent. Approximately 20 trees in the 200-acre Loree Tract, in Collingwood Township, Grey County, were moderately defoliated. Low populations occurred on several trees in a windbreak in the Grand River Conservation Authority nursery, near Fergus.

Control measures in the form of DDT sprays were carried Out by the Department of Lands and Forests in the Victory Tract, Wellington County, where light to medium infestations have persisted for the past two years. 7 4

Pitch Nodule Maker, Petrova albicapitana Busk,

This insect was observed more frequently in 1957 than in previous years.

A. light infestation occurred in a stand of 12-year old jack- pine in the Millar Lake Forest in Lindsay Township, An average of three nodules per tree was counted in a sample plot in the area where mgt population level was low in 1956.

Spring Cankerworm, Paleacrita vernata (Peck.),

There was a marked increase in defoliation by this insect in 1957.

Defoliation was most severe at several locations in Halton County, namely: along Highway 25 between Speyside and Hilton; in the Campbellville-Kelso area in Nassagaweya Township, and in the Georgetown-Glen Williams area in Esquesing Township. Defoliation in these areas ranged up to 80 per cent, becoming progressively lighter to the north and west.

Light defoliation was observed in Wentworth County and along Highway 2 in Brant County, Defoliation was somewhat lighter in the Ancaster-Dundas area than in 1956 where varying degrees of infestation have persisted for several years.

Introduced Pine Sawfly, Diprion similis Htg.

Light infestations of this species have persisted in the district for numerous years with the exception of 1955 when larvae were scarce. The following table shows population trends as they occurred in the district since 1951. Although counts showed appreciable numbers of this introduced sawfly, the insect has not become a serious defoliator of white pine in the Lake Huron District.

Table 10

Summary of Larval Collections of the Introduced Pine Sawfly 1951 - 1957

Number of Collections per year 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957

7 14 13 11 0 2 6 P75

Walkingstick, Diapheromera femorata Say.

Infestations of this insect have occurred every second year on the Cape Croker Indian Reservation, Bruce County for more than fourteen years. The infestation recurred in 1957 but was somewhat lighter than in 1955, Defoliation in the area was light, A light infestation also occurred in a mixed red-oak and basswood stand two miles northeast of the village of Colpoys Bay, Albemarle Town- ship, Bruce County.

Yellow-necked Caterpillar, Datana ministra (Drury)

Populations of this insect increased considerably in several locations in the Lake Huron District in 1957. The largest area of infestation occurred along the Queen Elizabeth Highway between Bronte and Oakville where white-elm trees were moderately defoliated. Small pockets of light infestation occurred in Binbrook and Glandford Townships where defoliation ranged to 40 per cent,

A. Larch Twig Borer, Argyresthia laricella Kft.

This twig borer that was found for the first time in the Lake Huron District in 1957 was observed in all larch stands examined.

Fall Cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria Harr.

Two small white-elm trees in Keppel Township near East Linton were lightly infested in 1957. Small numbers of larvae occurred on white-elm and basswood trees in Halton, Wentworth, and Brant counties.

Birch Sawfly, Arge pectoralis (Leach)

A further decline in numbers of the birch sawfly was evident in 1957 along the shores of Bruce Peninsula, however, birch trees along shorelines in the Eagle and Isthmus Bay areas were lightly infested as in 1956,

Orange-striped Oakworm, Anisota senatoria A. and S.

Open-grown white oak trees at several points along county roads in Saltfleet and Binbrook townships, in Wentworth County, were severely defoliated by this insect in 1957.

Birch Leaf-mining Sawfly, Heterarthrus nemoratus (Fall.).

Tnfestations of this leaf miner persisted on birch stands on the Bruce Peninsula. Leaf mining was most severe in the Isthmus and Stokes Bay areas where approximately 80 per cent of the total foliage was mined. The moderate browning of foliage on white-birch reproduction along the shoreline and roadsides in the Kincardine area was also the result of mining by this sawfly. 76

Ugly-nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana (Fitch)

Heavy infestations of this insect were found commonly along roads in 1957, Scattered clumps of choke cherry, hawthorn and wild apple were completely encased in webbing, Webs were very numerous along Highway 6 between Chatsworth and Williamsford in Grey County,

Hickory Tussock Moth, Halisidota caryae Harr,

Larvae of this species were found commonly on a wide variety of tree species in the counties of Halton, Wentworth, Brant, Perth, Oxford and Huron, In most instances defoliation was confined to one or two branches per tree,

White Pine Shoot Borer, Eucosma gloriola Heinr,

Small numbers of the white pine shoot borer were observed in Scotch, white, and red-pine plantations in the Grey, Bruce and Welling- ton county forests, This insect was also the cause of numerous in- quiries from Christmas tree growers in various parts of the district,

This species overwinters in a cocoon which is spun in the ground litter, The adult emerges in late Nay and apparently the eggs are laid on the tip of the buds, After hatching the young larva bores its way to the pith of the new growth and starts to mine downward, Mining continues until July when the larva girdles the shoot at a point about two inches above the old growth, cuts an emergence hole, and drops to the ground. Following girdling and larval emergence the tips of the shoots gradually turn reddish-brown and die, sometimes called ,flagging".

Hand control by pruning infested shoots may be effective if carried out at the proper time. Infested shoots become distinguishable from normal ones in about mid-June by the stunted, pitchy appearance of the needles at the tip of the infested shoot, It is essential to prune and destroy the shoots at this time, that is before the larvae have dropped to the ground,

The Question Mark Butterfly, Polygonia interrogationis (E„),

Light damage to terminal branches occurred nn roadside elm trees along Highway 20 and along township roads in Wentworth County,

Maple Trumpet Skeletonizer, Epinotia aceriella (Clem.),

This species was found commonly in maple woodlots throughout the district, A light infestation occurred in West Wawanosh Town- ship, Huron County and in the Sauble Forest, Amabel Township, Bruce County, The larvae of this insect feed on the lower surface of leaves where a web is spun causing the leaf to fold. In this fold it forms a long, blackish, trumpet-like frass tube from which the larva feeds. Reddish-yellow Spruce Budworm, Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana (Ratz),

This species in association with Zeiraphera fortunana, caused heavy bud damage to ten open-grown white-spruce trees bordering a red-pine plantation in the Main forest, Glenelg Township, Grey County.

A Leaf Miner on Birch, Profenusa alumna (MacG.)

This leaf miner recurred on white birch trees on the Bruce Peninsula, Leaf mining was most severe on open-grown trees along the shoreline in the townships of Lindsay, Eastnor, Amabel and Albemarle where approximately 60 per cent of the leaves of host trees were mined,

A Weevil in Pine Stumps, Pissodes approximatus Hopk.

Damage caused by the adults of this insect was observed commonly in Christmas tree plantations, especially in those growing in light, sandy soils where no care was taken in slash disposal,

In the Shyler plantation where high populations have persisted for the past two years twig damage was less severe than in 1956,

The Elm Leaf Miner, Fenusa ulmi (Sund.).

A light infestation occurred on elm trees along the Nith River in Wilmot Township, Waterloo County. Light leaf damage also occurred on elm shade trees in many locations in Halton and Went- worth counties,

Two Species of Tortricidae Attacking Scotch Pine Trees

Larvae of two tortricid species, Tortrix alleniana Fern. and Tortrix pallorana Rob., were found commonly in plantations in Wellington, Halton and Grey counties, where white clover and cinquefoil were abundant. In most instances feeding was confined to ground vegetation and damage to young trees was very light, 8

Table 11

Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Abbottana clemataria A. and S. wS One larva collected Acronicta americana Harr. wB Few larvae collected (2) Acronicta dactylina Grt. W,eC,tA Collected in small numbers(3) Acronicta haesitata Grt. r0 Few larvae (2) Acronicta interrupta Gn, Ba Collected in small numbers on Bruce Peninsula Acronicta lepusculina Guen, tA,sM Light skeletonizing in Waterloo County Acronicta retardata Wlk. sM One larva collected Anisota rubicunda Fab. rM Populations declined to a very low level in 1957 Anisota virginiensis Dru. w0 Single colony collected Argyresthia laricella Kft, tL Collected in small numbers thuiella Pack, eC Generally light throughout district Argyrotaenia pinatubana Kearf. wB Tube makers light on two trees Baliosus ruber Webr. Ba Few leaves on single tree affected Bucculatrix canadensisella Chamb. gB Moderate skeletonizing in 8-acre woodlot South Norwich Township Celerio gallii intermedia Kby. eCh One larva collected Ceratomia undulosa Wlk. wAs One larva collected in Hay Township Cimbex americana Leach. W,wB Single larva collected (4) Coleophora ulmifoliella McD. wE Light infestation for 1/4-mile along Nith River, Waterloo County Calocalpe prunivorata Ferguson eCh Small numbers on understory in Stephen Township Croesus latitarsus Nort. wB Small numbers of larvae (2) Cryptocephalus notatus Fab. W Adult beetles found in small numbers Danaus plexippus Linn, Milkweed Numerous in southern counties Datana angusii G. and R. Hi Light leaf folding along roads Dicentria lignicolor Wlk, tL Light feeding on one small tree Dichelonyx albicollis Burm, wP Adult beetles numerous on wP Dioryctria abietella D. and S, rP Larvae infested terminal shoots which had been attacked by Rhyacionia buoliana in all red pine plantations examined in district Ennomos sub signarius Hbn. wB One larva collected at Colpoys Bay Epinotia timidella Clem, w0 Light leaf rolling Eriocampa ovata Linn. Al One small tree severely defoliated 1 Number of collections is given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once. 79

Table 11 continued

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Fenusa pusilla Lep. wB Light leaf mining at Dyers Bay Halisidota tessellaris A.and S. wO,Hi Larvae collected in small numbers Hemichroa crocea Four, wB Few colonies collected Limenitis archippus Cram, One larva collected Lithocolletis hamadryadella Clem. w0 Two trees infested Malacosoma disstria Hbn. tL One larva collected Monoctenus juniperinus MacG, eC Light infestations on the Bruce Peninsula Nepytia canosaria Wlk. eH Small numbers collected (3) Nycteola frigidana Wlk. W One larva collected Nymphalis antiopa L. W One colony collected Paratetranychus ununguis Jac, wS Foliage discoloured on few trees Phlegethontius quinquemaculatus Haw. Herb. One larva collected pityogenes hopkinsi Sw, wp Two small seedlings affected Pinius sp. wS Bud feeding on two trees Plagiodera versicolor Laich, Severe skeletonizing along roads in southern counties Podisus maculiventris Say. wS Found feeding on European spruce sawfly larva (3) Pristiphora geniculata (Htg.) Host trees throughout district defoliated to a lesser degree than in 1956, Populations declined Proteides clarus Cram. Hon. One adult collected Rheumaptera hastata Linn, One larva collected Schizura concinna A, and S. Ap Scarce in 1957 ipomoeae Dbldy. b0 One larva collected unicornis A, and S. w0 One colony collected Smerinthus jamaicensis geminatus Say. wB Few larvae Trichiosoma triangulum Kby. Small numbers (2) Zale undularis Dru, Hon. One larva collected, INTRODUCTION

South-central Forest Region

This report deals with the status of the larch sawfly, forest tent caterpillar, and the green-striped mapleworm in the region, and other important insects on a district basis. Forest tent caterpillar infestations declined to a small area near Cobalt in the North Bay District in 1957. Larch sawfly populations remained at relatively the same levels as in 1956. Notable decreases in the abundance of green-striped mapleworm and the black-headed jack-pine sawfly occurred over large areas. Infestations of the pine root collar weevil, first reported in the region in 1956 near Petawawa, increased in size and intensity in 1957. Special surveys carried out in the North Bay and Parry Sound districts added considerably to the known distribution of Swaines jack-pine sawfly. Similar surveys for thrips on jack pine, first reported in Ontario at Lake Temagami in 1956, disclosed small pockets of heavy and moderate infestations in the Lake Nipissing, French River and Georgian Bay area.

A total of 155 collections of tree disease samples, compared with seven in 1956, were forwarded to the Laboratory of Forest Pathology at Maple. This increase may be attributed to the renewed interest in a pathological condition affecting balsam-fir trees which was observed commonly in the region in 1957. Large areas containing needle cast of white pine were also of particular interest.

Forest insect collections made by Forest Biology Rangers in the region numbered 1,424, a slight decrease from 1956. Department of Lands and Forests personnel submitted 59 collections independently and 51 in co-operation with Forest Biology Rangers. As in past years collections submitted by Lands and Forests personnel were of good quality and added considerably to the knowledge of forest insects in the South-central Region.

A. A. Harnden STATUS OF INSECTS AND TREE DISEASES IN THE

SOUTH-CENTRAL FOREST REGION

INSECTS

Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn. Green Striped Mapleworm, Anisota icunda F.

TREE DISEASES

Balsan Fir Dieback, Caused by Dermia balsamea (Pk.) Sear., Thyronectria balsamea (Cke. and Pk.)) Seeler and a Cytospora sp. Pine Needle Cast, Caused by Lophodermium piniastri (Schrader ex •) Chevalier. A Parasitic Fungus of Scale Insects, Septobasidium pinicola Frost Damage of Foliage STATUS OF INSECTS

Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)

The larch sawfly (Figure 9) was an important forest insect in the South-central Region in 1957. Heavy defoliation of larch stands occurred in the North Bay District north of North Bay. Patches of moderate infestation recurred in the southern part of the district, in Boulter Township in Parry Sound District, and in Buchanan Township in the Pembroke District. The heavy infestation reported in Chisholm Township in 1956 declined sharply to light intensity in 1957 (Map 1). Very light defoliation occurred in the remainder of the region where numerous open-grown trees were moderately to heavily defoliated.

High larval mortality in various locations in the region occurred shortly after the hatching of eggs. Although the careful examination of curled shoots showed normal egg hatch, the resulting defoliation was light.

Four points in the region were checked to determine degrees of defoliation and percentages of shoots curled by oviposition. The results are summarized in Table 1.

TABLE 1

Summary of Larch Sawfly Defoliation and Curled-shoot counts made in the South-central Forest Region, 1956 - 1957.

Note: Two mid-crown branches from each of 10 trees constituted a sample.

Location Total No. of Percentage Per cent District (township) available of shoots defoliation shoots curled 1956 1957 mil11021 1956 1957

North Bay Gillies Limit 1267 1447 32 7 78 27

North Bay Widdifield 1544 1086 25 34 82 91

Pembroke Buchanan 2535 7 26

Parry Sound Chisholm 109 2127 9 2 54 6 Cocoons collected from four locations in 1956 were examined in the winter todetermine parasitism and the incidence of diseases (Table 2). Parasites were found only in the cocoons collected from Gillies Limit Township, North Bay District. The species Mesoleius tenthredinus Morley killed eight per cent and Bessa harveyi (Tns.) accounted for two per cent of the cocoons examined. Disease was found in cocoons from all sample locations in the region. A moss collection of cocoons was submitted to Mr. Muldrew of the Winnipeg laboratory in the spring of 1957 from the sample point in Gillies Limit Township, North Bay District for parasite studies. Ninety-three per cent of 421 adults which emerged were sawfly adults and the remaining 6.4 per cent were adults of the parasite Mesoleius tenthredinus Morley. No adults of the parasite species Bessa harveyi (Tns.) emerged from the sample. Rodents feeding on the overwintering larvae in 1956 caused marked population reductions. For example, in the fall of 1956, 200 cocoons were collected in one hour at a point in Gillies Limit Township, North Bay Districts whereas in the spring of 1957, owing largely to rodent predation during the late fall and winter three days were required to collect 600 cocoons.

TABLE 2

Summary of Parasitism and Disease of Larch Sawfly Cocoons at Four Points in the South-central Region, 1955 - 1956.

Location No. of Percentage Percentage of District (township)) Cocoons of cocoons cocoons containix examined parasitized fungus 1955 1956 1955 1 1956 1955 1956

North Bay Gillies Limit 130 100 2.4 101 8 9

North Bay Widdifield - 100 - 0 - 2

Pembroke Buchanan 100 - 0 - 9

Parry Sound Chisholm - 100 - 0 - 4

1. Mesoleius tenthridinus Morley killed eight percent of the larvae in the cocoons and Bessa harveyi (Tns.) accounted for two per cent. 83

Fig# 9 - A colony of larch sawfly larvae feeding on a larch twig* Note greyish dorsal surfaces and shiny black heads* By: Dm G# Anderson*

Fig# 10 - Red maple trees severely defoliated by the green- striped mapleworm® During periods of low and moderate populations fringe and understory red-maple trees are favoured hosts®

By: A# Am Harnden® 811

SOUTH-CENTRAL FOREST REGION

DISTRICTS

I. NORTH BAY 2. PARRY SOUND 3. PEMBROKE

MILES 2

Locations where infestations of the larch sawfly were observed, in 1957. Legend Light infestation Medium infestation 04 Heavy infestation Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn.

The decline in forest tent caterpillar populations in deciduous stands in the South-central Region continued for the fifth consecutive year. The infestation comprised in 1956 of five pockets of heavy infestation surrounded by a moderately-infested area. Approximately 360 square miles in extent in the vicinity of Cobalt was reduced in 1957 to approximately 150 square miles of light infestation within which two small pockets of moderate infestation occurred (Map 2).

Following the spring egg-hatch in 1957 high levels of population were found. However before the appearance of moths an abnormally large proportion of the population had been destroyed. This decline in numbers was due mainly to parasites and disease. The effectiveness of parasites as control agents was shown in studies of three insect samples submitted to the Laboratory at Sault Ste. Marie from Bucke Township, North Bay District. First a braconid parasite Rogas sp. killed 8.2 per cent of the caterpillars in mid-larval instars; then other species of parasites killed 83.7 per cent of t he final larval stage and finally 82.6 per cent of the surviving population were killed by parasites (mainly Sarcophaga aldrichi Park.). As a consequence of these control factors defoliation was lessened, moths were scarce, and successful mating and oviposition was infrequent.

Very low populations are forecast for 1958 based on egg bands surveys made in the townships of Gillies Limit, Coleman, Firstbrook and Leo. Three tembling aspen trees were examined at each location for egg bands, but none were found. 86

SOUTH-CENTRAL FOREST REGION

DISTRICTS

NORTH BAY 2. PARRY SOUND 3. PEMBROKE

MILES I 2p Map 2 Forest Tent Caterpillar Areas within which infestations of the forest tent caterpillar were observed on poplar in 1957. Legend Light infestation Medium infestation . . . . 87

Green-striped Mapleworm, Anisota rubicunda F.

Marked reductions in population levels of this caterpillar occurred throughout the region in 1957.

The widely-distributed infestations previously reported in the Pembroke District disappeared in 1957. Heavy infestations in the area between Martin River and Merrick Township in North Bay District subsided to patches of moderate infestation with some heavy defoliation of understory red maple only in the Tilden Lake area(Figure 10).

Infestations declined from heavy to light intensity in Gillies Limit, Crerar Lyman and French townships. A moderate infestation persisted in Janes Township, whereas moderate infestations subsided to light intensity in the Temagami Lake area and in Shawanaga Township. Small pockets of light infestations were observed commonly in the southern and central part of the Parry Sound District (Map 3). SOUTH-CENTRAL FOREST REGION

DISTRICTS

I. NORTH BAY 2. PARRY SOUND 3. PEMBROKE

MILES 210

Map 3 Green-Striped. Mapleworm. Locations where the green-striped Mapleworm was observed in 1957. Legend Trace 0 Light infestation Q) Medium infestation CO 89

STATUS OF TREE DISEASES

Balsam Fir Dieback

A total of 73 samples from balsam-fir trees showing disease symptoms were submitted from widely-separated points in the region, A marked increase in the number of trees so affected occurred in 1957. The foliage of infected trees showed slight discoloration during early spring and by summer turned to a reddish-brown colour, usually accompanied by a canker at the base of affected portions.

Large numbers of trees were affected in a small area near Opeongo Lake in Pembroke District and in Ratter and Calvin townships in the North Bay District. In the latter township an estimated 75 per cent of small roadside trees showed symptoms of disease. In the Parry Sound District notable disease incidence occurred along Highway 11 from Bracebridge north to Trout Creek. An estimated 10-25 per cent of the trees were infected throughout this area.

Causal organisms usually associated with typical cankering and dieback were identified as: Dermea balsamea (Pk.) Sea y ., Thyronectria balsamea (Cke. and Pk.) Seeler,and a Cytospora sp.

Pine Needle Cast, Lophodermium pinastri (Schrader ex Fr.) Chevalier

Widespread, severe discoloration of white pine foliage caused considerable concern in the North Bay District in 1957.

A similar but less severe condition evident in the district for a number of years was attributed to winter drying. The conspicuous damage in mature stands near Temagami in 1957 prompted a more thorough investigation and two members of the Forest Pathology Laboratory at Maple visited the area. A possible cause of the discoloration was found and identified from fruiting bodies on cast needles under infected trees.

In late summer fruiting bodies of the fungus severely discoloured needles on the trees. The disease condition was observed in all areas examined in the region in varying degrees of intensity in 1957.

Repeated infection may cause premature shedding of the foliage. This may weaken the tree and thus contribute to the white pine mortality in the Temagami area. A Parasitic Fungus of Scale Insects, Septobasidium pinicola

A few fruiting bodies of this organism were found on white pine in Stratton, Sproule and Canisbay townships in the Pembroke District. Colonies occurred on 3-inch D.B.H. white pine trees.

Frost Damage of Foliage

A late spring frost caused severe damage of newly-opened leaves of red and white oak in 1957. In the northern part of the North Bay District some trembling aspen stands were also severely damaged. The crowns of the trees re-foliated but were thinner than normal. Light damage occurred on other tree species in the region.

Collections of other tree diseases made in the South-central Region are summarized in Table 3. 91 TABLE 3

Distribution of Collections of Miscellaneous Disease Organisms in the South-central Forest Region in 1957

Causal organism Host Remarks

Aleurodiscus amorphus bF Lower branches of large trees infected in the Wichsteed Lake area.

Armillaria mellea rP Fourteen dead trees examined in a small plantation in Burton Township were infected. Armillaria mellea bF Commonly found on the roots of balsam- fir trees infected by Micropera abietinum.

Cronartium ribicola wP Found more frequently in the North Bay District in 1957. Light tree mortality occurred along the shoreline of Kashi Lake in Morrison Township.

Chrysomyxa ledi bS Foliage of small trees and the lower crown of large trees were heavily damaged by rust in several swamp areas at scattered points throughout the region.

Fomes pini wP High percentage of white pine cull in woods operations in the North Bay District.

Fomes pinicola bS Fruiting bodies found commonly on dead trees throughout the region.

Nectria sp. wE Heavy branch damage occurred in the North Bay area.

Peridermium sp. bF A moderate infection of needle rust occurred on small shaded reproduction near Dorset.

Polyporus versicolor wB Fruiting bodies observed commonly on dead birch throughout the region.

Ciborina whetzelli Heavy browning of foliage occurred in the Granite Lake area of Best Township.

Sphaeropsis sp. re Slight browning of cedar foliage noted near Minette in Medora Township.

Telephora spp. bS This organism was found commonly on dead trees in a small stand near Marion Lake in Sisk Township. TABLE 3 Contd.

Causal organism Host Remarks

Tubercularia sp. Elm Stem and branch mortality of Chinese-elm ornamentals and hedges found commonly in the North Bay area.

Uncinula Salicis bPo A powdery mildew, heavy on the lower foliage of trees in the Kanichee Lake area.

Valsa sp. No Found commonly on reproduction in the Findlayson Park area Strathcona Township. Status of Insects in the North Bay District

Swaines Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd, Black-headed jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Roh Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Mitch). Red-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl, Balsam-fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis complex Mountain-ash Sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata (Htg,) European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.) Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh,) White-pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck Cedar Sawfly, Monoctenus juniperinus MacG. Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Dru. Pine Needle Miner, Exoteleia pinifoliella Cham, A Leaf Miner on Birch, Profenusa alumna (MacG.) A Silk Tube Maker, Zelleria haimbachi Busck. Balsam Gall Midge, Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn, A Spider Mite, Paratetranychus sp, Thrips on Jack-pine, Gnophothrips piniphilus Cwfd, Grey Pine Needle Moth, Ocnerostoma piniariella Zell. . The Imperial Moth, Eacles imperialisrini Mitchener Tube Makers on White pine, Argyrotaenia pinatubana Kft, Argyrotaenia sp. Red-humped Caterpillar, Schizura concinna and S. Mourning Cloak Butterfly, Nymphalis antiopa Linn, Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella Hbn.

A, A, Harnden 93

STATUS CF INSECTS

Swaines Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei (Midd,),

Populations of this sawfly which caused considerable tree and branch mortality in jack-pine stands in the Temagami-Lady Evelyn lakes area in past years, continued in 1957 at approximately the same level as in 1956.

A heavy infestation on a small island at Rabbit Lake in Eldridge Township (Map 4) that had persisted for the fourth consecutive year was reduced to light intensity in the late larval period by the use of insecticides, Moderate-to-heavy populations recurred on islands in Banks and Makobe lakes in Whitson Township, Light populations were observed generally, with small pockets of moderate infestation in Afton and Cynthia townships. Small patches of light infestation were found at West Bay and on the south shore of Lake Nipissing near Sandy Island,

Little change in population levels is indicated at five locations where larval colony counts were made in 1957.

Table 4

Swaines Sawfly Larval Counts Made in the North Bay District, 1952-1957

No, of trees Avai:.P.B,R, Location examined in of sample Ave, no, of colonies township) 1957 trees in per tree inches 195 . 193319nli9 9, 956 195

Leo 9 8 2..5 5.0 5.4 3.4 3.0 3. 9 Dane lo 6 0.6 1,2 1,8 3,8 4,4 3. 4 Cynthia 10 6 2.8 16.2 8,5 13.6 5.9 13. 4 Gillies Limit 4 8 - - 14,3 8,7 1,0 0, 0 Askin 10 4 - 0.7 0.

Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion . pratti banksianae Roh,

Heavy infestations of this sawfly recurred on two small islands in West Bay, Lake Nipissing in 1957, On the larger island severe defoliation for several years has caused 68 per cent mortality of the host trees in the main stand (Figure 11), The remaining 32 per cent of the trees were severely defoliated, An average of 25 colonies per tree counted on five fringe trees caused approximately 25 per cent defoliation, Elsewhere in the district colonies were rarely observed, (Map 5). 94

NORTH BAY DISTRICT

is 1 444E3 innaci 211=11111 SlSK KEMNYAlaCCIt MC TXIS7LE M7NPEN El!!!112:1CAL b CM:=1:1 RATTEAi /106E[ raraccomm; :Mg

Map 4 Swaine Jack-pine Sawfly Locations where infestations of the Swaine jack- pine sawfly were observed in 1957.

Legend Light infestation CD Medium infestation CP Heavy infestation • 9a

Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex

A marked decline in population levels of this jack-pine defoliator occurred at the Martin River campsite in 1957. The average number of colonies per tree on ten trees examined at this location in 1952, 1954, and 1956 was 20, 4 and 14 respectively, In 1957, six colonies were counted on the same trees causing approximately 30 per cent defoliation,

In the southern part of the district colonies were observed commonly and elsewhere in the district they were found at widely- scattered points (Map 5),

Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch).

Noteworthy changes in population levels of this pest of immature pine trees occurred in 1957, Infestations declined in intensity in the northern half of the district, For example, a moderate infestation on red-pine reproduction at Temagami in 1956 declined to light intensity in 1957. In the southern part of the district population levels increased generally, A colony count made in a mixed plantation in Bondfield Township revealed that 13 per cent of the red-pine and 14 per cent of the jack-pine trees were infested,

A moderate infestation recurred in a small plantation in Dunnet Township for the second consecutive year, Total defoliation for the two years was ap proximately 50 per cent, Elsewhere in the district colonies were observed commonly in plantations and on open-grown red-pine reproduction (Map 5).

Red-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl,

Only scattered colonies were found on red-pine reproduction on an island in Lady Evelyn Lake where a light infestation occurred in 1956. Elsewhere in the district colonies were rarely observed (Map 5).

Balsam-fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis complex

Colonies of this insect were observed commonly in 1957 whereas in 1956 they were rarely found, The highest population in 1957 occurred in Springer, Kirkpatrick, and Ratter townships where small numbers of colonies were found on spruce reproduction. Scattered colonies occurred on spruce and balsam-fir trees throughout the remainder of the district,

Mountain-ash Sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata (Htg.)

Moderate-to-heavy infestations of this sawfly persisted south of Martin River in 1957. Population levels increased generally from light in 1956 to moderate patches between Martin River and Temagami in 1957. A small, moderate infestation of second generation larvae was found on the north side of Trout Lake in Widdifield Township in September, NORTH BAY DISTRICT

IMMEINCIZIL . It iRRRXE auEs PARKER WOW MSOMM RRIGSTOCRE LORI LAIN ti

DUNDEE E CANTON RANTING BE SOUTH LORRAIN 11;M am tin CR E: Alt MINERSMITCASSELS

lai , "ID" ami\T AFTON; I o M "If gdznefounitL m= KENNY 21=ik THISTLE 11111= 1M, °STEM 1111;-,=== RATTER H :MEM CO 1;114

Map 5 Pine Sawflies Locations where three species of pine sawflies were observed in 1957. Legend. Red-headed pine sawfly 0 Black-headed•A jack-pine sawfly Red-headed jack-pine sawfly . • Ai European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.)

Little change in population levels of this insect was observed in the district in 1957 except in Field Township where larvae increased in number compared with 1956. The number of larvae per beating-mat sample in June of each year from 1954 to 1956 averaged 2.6, 1,9, and 2.0, whereas in 1957 seven larvae • per sample were collected. Thirteen larvae per sample were counted from the same trees in September when second-generation larvae were present.

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.)

There was an increase in the number of infestations of this sawfly in 1957.

Heavy infestations occurred on spruce reproduction along roadways and other exposed locations where individual trees were severely defoliated. Low populations were found on mature trees and in dense stands. For example, an average of three larvae per sample was counted on six mat samples taken from mature white-spruce trees in Field Township.

White-pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck

Terminal shoots were damaged by this weevil at all locations examined in the district in 1957 where open-grown white-pine reproduction was found.

In French Township, 43 of 100 white-pine trees examined in 1957 were weevilled compared with 53 in 1956 (Table 5). Eighty-nine per cent of the trees examined were damaged by this insect in recent years.

In Crerar Township 28 per cent of 25 white-pine trees examined were weevilled in 1957, as compared with 58 per cent of 50 trees examined in 1956. Seventy-two per cent of the trees examined in 1957 were damaged in recent years.

Table 5

Summary of Infestation by the White-pine Weevil at Two Points in the North Bay District, 1957 _. No. of Ave.114;•.J5., Per cent NO. No, trees Location trees of trees weevilled trees infested (township) examined in inches 1953454.41 .19561957 not in- in in in fested WAT1967 pa, 1957 and yei past on: years

French 100 6 83 71 76 53 43 11 2 41 46 Crerar 25 4 - - - 58* 28 8 1 6 10

50 trees examined. A small percentage of open-grown reproduction black-spruce trees in the area between Temagami and Latchford were weevilled in 1957.

Cedar Sawfly, Monoctenus juniperinus MacG.

Little change in population levels of this insect was observed in 1957. Light populations occurred in all areas checked. Larval counts made at three points are summarized in Table 6,

Table 6

Summary of Cedar Sawfly Counts in the North Bay District, 1955 to 1957

Note - Each sample was obtained by beating a 6' x 6' sector of the crown over a 6' x mat. Six samples were taken at each location.

Sample tree description Ave. no, of ins ects Location Ave. D.B.H. Ave. height per mat sample townshi p) in inches in feet 1955 1956 1957

Blyth 4 14 15 2

Aston 5 15 11 2

Coleman 5 15 13 5 4

Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Dru.

Larval colonies increased in number in the district for the third consecutive year. Light populations were observed on a wide variety of deciduous hosts throughout the district.

Pine Needle Miner, Exoteleia pinifoliella Chem.

Although populations of this insect were generally at a low level, heavy and moderate infestations persisted on widely-separated open-grown jack-pine trees west of Lake Nipissing in 1957, In Springer Township a moderate infestation recurred on six roadside jack-pine trees.

A Leaf Miner on Birch, Profenusa alumna (MacG.)

There was a marked increase in population levels of this leaf miner in the district in 1957. Although damage was generally light, the foliage of a small percentage of immature sheltered trees and in the lower crowns of larger trees was moderately to heavily mined, A Silk Tube Maker, Zelleria haimbachi Busck.

A marked decline in population levels of this insect occurred in the district in 1957. Only one larva was found in each of two areas in the district whereas in 1956, moderate populations occurred in Sisk, Jocko, and Lorrain townships.

Balsam Gall Midge, Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn.

Needle damage caused by this gall midge recurred at approximately the same levels as in 1956. Heavy damage of balsam-fir foliage occurred in 1957 in Hartle, Kenny, and Voght townships. In French and Torrington townships moderate damage was observed and light damage was widespread throughout the district.

A Spider Mite, Paratetranychus sp.

Severe foliage discoloration (Figure 12) caused by this minute insect was found more frequently than in 1956. Individual open-grown jack-pine trees on poor sites at widely-separated points were infested in varying degrees. Severe discoloration of balsam- fir reproduction occurred along highways in Gillies Limit and in French Township in 1957.

Thrips on Jack-pine, Gnophothrips piniphilus Cwfd.

Infestations of this minute insect were heavier and more numerous in the district than in 1956.

Jack-pine trees previously infested in Canton and Joan townships were severely damaged in 1957. Heavily infested trees were also found at Obabika Lake and Lake Nipissing. Light populations occurred on jack-pine trees on islands and along lakeshores at widely-separated points. In addition "thrips" of unknown species were found on elm, trembling-aspen, and balsam-fir trees in 1957.

Grey pine Needle Moth, Ocnerostoma piniariella Zell.

A small moderate infestation persisted on red-pine reproduction at Lady Evelyn Lake in 1957 and a small light infestation was found on Bear Island.

A study of the insect was carried out in 1957 to establish its life-history and feeding habits. The egg is laid near the tip of the needle in August. When the larva hatches it bores directly into the needle and starts mining. The mid-larval stage overwinters in the needle. In the spring mining is resumed until the end of the feeding stage at which time it leaves the mine and draws four or five needles together with silk to form a tube in which it pupates. Adult emergence is completed by late July. 100

Fig. 11 - Severe defoliation of jack pine trees resulting from several years1 infestation toy the black-headed Jack pine sawfly. By: A# A# Harnden®

Fig# 12 - Jack pine twig Infested toy spider mites® Needles in foreground removed to show webbing at base of needles® By Dm 0® Anderson* The Imperial Moth, Eacles imperialis pini Mitchener

This large species of insect caused light defoliation of jack - pixie trees along the southwest shore of Lake Nipissing in 1957. Defoliation of some trees was approximately ten per cent. An accurate population assessment could not be made as the survey was carriet out when most of the insects had pupated. Larvae had been rarely observed in the district in recent years.

Tube Makers on White Pine, Argyrotaenia pinitubana Kft. and Argyrotaenia sp.

Two species of tube maker were found commonly on white-pine trees in the North Bay District in 1957. The two species may be distinguished by differences in their feeding habits. A pinitubana Eft. ties several needles together with silk within which it spends the larval period feeding on the tips of the needles composing the tube. Argyrotaenia sp., a little-known insect, forms a smaller tube of several needles and is primarily a needle miner, mining one or more needles in the tube. Little or no additional feeding occurs. In McCallum Township 12 of the latter tubes were counted on 34 foliated tips.

Red-humped Caterpillar, Schizura concinna A. and S.

Colonies of this insect were found more frequently on willow and trembling-aspen trees in the district in 1957 than previously. Samples were taken from seven townships in the southern part of the district.

Mourning Cloak Butterfly, Nymphalis antiopa Linn.

This insect:was found in most areas checked in the southern half of the district in 1957, where previously, colonies were rarely observed. The favoured host trees were willow and trembling aspen;

Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella Hbn.

Populations of this casebearer were generally very light in the district in 1957. Larval counts were made on 16, 18-inch branch tips from larch trees in three townships. The average number of larvae per sample in Calvin, Widdifield, and Hedley townships was .4, .3, and 1.2 respectively. In 1956 the casebearer was rarely found in the district. Table 7

Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Acleris variana Fern. wS A few larvae collected from mat samples Acrobasis betulella Hlst. wB Insects were common in 1957 (3) Acronicta dactylina Grt. One larva found Adelges abietis Linn. wS Damage common in district Adelges strobilobius Kalt. bS Common in district. In Joan Tp. 17 galls were counted on one 18-inch branch tip (3) Altica corni Woods Do Beetle larvae common in two areas south of Temagami Ampedus pullus Germ. rP One adult found Anatis mali (Say) rP Light populations (2) Anavitrinella pampinaria Gn. jP Very light populations Anisocalvia quatuordecimaguttata Linn. JP One adult found Anoplonyx luteipes (Cress.) tL Archips argyrospila Wlk. tA Light populations in the district Archips cerasivorana Fitch Ch Small pocket of heavy infestation in French Township Arge pectoralis Leach wB A small pocket of heavy infestation occurred in Leo Township Argyresthia aureoargentella ewC A few emerged pupal cases Brower found (2) Brephos infans Moesh. wB Light population common in the district Caripeta divisata Wlk. wS Light populations common in the district (2) Cerura cinerea Wlk. to One larva found Choristoneura conflictana Wlk. tA Low populations in the district Cimbex americana Leach Low populations in the district (2) Coccinella trifasciata Linn. lAtL One adult found Compsolechia niveopulvella Light populations Chamb. Croesus latitarsus Nort. wB Generally light populations in the district (2) Cryptocephalus notatus F. jP A few adults found (2) Datana ministra Dru. yB, wB Colonies common on birch (4) Dendroctenus valens Lec. rP 16 adults attracted to tur- pentine Dioryctria abietella D. and S. SP,rP Commonly a secondary insect in wP infested shoots of pine Epinotia solandriana Linn. tA Light in district (2)

1 Number of collections is given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once. 1

Table 7 continued

Insect Hosts Remarks 1

Eucordylea atrupictella Dietz wS One larva found Eupithecia filmata Pears. bS One larva found Eupsilia tristigmata Grt. W One larva found Fenusa pusilla (Lep.) wB General light infestations in the district Feralia jocosa Gn. JP One larva found Gonioctena americana Schffr. tA Low populations in the district (2) Gracillaria alnivorella Cham. wB Miners common in the district(4) Al ft tt tt tt Gracillaria invariabilis Braun. pCh Rolled leaves common (6) Griselda radicana Wlshm. wS Common in developing shoots during early spring (4) Hemerocampa leucostigma A,andS rM Light leaf rollers in district Hemichroa crocea (Four,) wB One colony found Heterocampa guttivitta Wlk. rM Low populations observed Homoglaea hircina Morr. tA Low populations in district Hylobius congener D.T. jP One adult beetle found Hylurgopinus rufipes Eich. wE Beetles were common on elm trap logs Lambdina fiscellaria wP Low populations occurred fiscellaria Gn. ewC ft .tt It Lapara bombycoides Wlk. jP Low populations Lithocolletis aceriella Clem. rive Light infestations common on maple (2) Lithocolletis hamadryadella r0 Insects common in the district Clem, (2) Lithocolletis salicifoliella tA Found only in four areas Chamb. Lucidota corrusca Linn. wS Insects rare Malacosoma americanum F. pCh One colony found in MacPherson Tp. Malacosoma pluviale Dyar pCh Two tents observed in Barr Tp. Mindarus abietinus Klock. bF Galls common Mulsantina picta Rand. rP Five adults collected Nadata gibbosa A. and S. wB Single larva in each collection (2) Nematus sp. tA General light infestations with scattered pockets of heavy (10) Nematus ventralis Say tA Colonies rare (2) Notolophus antiqua Linn. w Insects rare (2) Nycteola frigidana Wlk. Tilt Low populations in district (4) Pandemis canadana Kft. wB Low populations occurred Papilio glaucus Linn. bPo One larva collected Petrova albicapitana Busk. Nodules common throughout jack- pine stands (5) 1

Table 7 continued

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Phenacaspis pinifoliae Fitch W wS Needle scale common Pheosia rimosa Pack. One larva collected Phratora americana canadensis bPo One adult collected Brown Phyllocnistis populiella Cham. tA Insects rare Physokermes piceae Schr. wS 200 eggs, 50 nymphs, 2 adults Pikonema dimmockii (Cress.) wS A few larvae observed Pineus floccus Patch bS Very heavy on some trees (5) Pineus similis Gill. wS Heavy on some trees (3) Pleroneura borealis Felt. bF Very low populations in the district Podapion gallicola Riley rP Galls common in one small area in Joan Township Prociphilus tessalatus (Fitch) pCh Leaf rollers common Al tt Protoboarmia porcelaria Gn. wS Loopers common Pineus sp. wP Heavy damage to one tree in the Lake Obabika area Recurvaria piceaella Kft. wS Low populations in the district Recurvaria thujaella Kft. ewC General light infestations in the district (7) Rhabdophaga stobiloides (Walsh) Galls common Rhyacionia sp. rP Common in the district Semiothisa granitata Gn. wS Larvae commonly observed on mat samples (4) Sparganothis sulphureana Clem. JP Light infestations in planta- rP tions in the district (4) Syneta ferruginea Germ. ewC Low beetle populations Tetralopha robustella Zell. jP Light populations Zeiraphera fortunana Kft. wS Larvae rare Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana Ratz. wS One larva found Zenobia pleonectusa Grt. tA Low populations in the district (3) 10 5 NORTH BAY DISTRICT

SCALE 20 10 0 20 40 MILES Map 6 Coverage Map Locations where insect collections were made and field records taken in 1957. Legend Before July 15 After July 15 Both before and after July 15 • Status of Insects in the Pembroke District

Pine Root-collar Weevil, Hylobius radicis Buch

Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch

Balsam-fir Bud-mining Sawfly, Pleuroneura borealis Felt.

Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella Hbn,

Eastern Tent Caterpillar Malacosoma americanum (F ).

Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Roh,

White -pine Weevil, pissodes strobi Peck

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis

Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Harr.

European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae Htg„ )

Mountain-ash Sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata Htg. )

Cedar Sawfly, Monoctenus juniperinus Ma

Ugly-nest caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana Fitch

Pine Tube Moth, Argyrotaenia pinatubana Kft. and

gyrotaenia

Aspen Blotch Miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella C hamb,

A Leaf Folding Sawfly, Nematus

Balsam-fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis

Red-humped Caterpillar, Schizura concinna

Distribution of Collections of Miscellaneous Insects.

J, Weir 1 0 STATUS OF INSECTS

Pine Root-collar Weevil, Hylobius radicis Buch.

In 1956, heavy damage by the root-collar weevil occurred at one location in the Pembroke District. Three additional infestations were found in 1957.

The heavy infestation reported in 1956 in Petawawa Township increased in intensity in 1957 and mortality of Scots-pine trees was considerably higher. No evidence of attack was found on red-pine trees adjacent to the infested Scots-pine

The first newly reported infestation was located in Hagarty Township in a small Scots-pine plantation, All the trees examined in the plantation were either dead or dying and one mature red-pine tree was infested,

The second, occurred on regeneration Scots-pine trees in Westmeath Township, Examination of both mature and regeneration Scots-pine trees revealed that attacks by this insect were restricted to the latter. Red-pine trees in the immediate area were uninfested.

A third infestation on regeneration Scots-pine trees occurred in Lot 25, Concession VII, Petawawa Township (Table 4).

At all locations where the insect was prevalent the trees were growing in light, sandy, loam. The larvae are found in the cambium layer or in the dark pitchy mass surrounding the tree just below the surface of the ground. This pitchy mass is very sticky and is formed by exudation of pitch from the injured portion of the tree (Figures 13 and 14).

Table 4

Summary of Damage to Scots-pine Trees by the Pine Root Collar Weevil at Four Locations in the Pembroke District in 1957

o. o ve. .:. ve. •eig• o.o No, o Location trees ex- in inches in feet trees trees emined infes- dead or ted dying 1

Petawawa Township 943 2 8 374 137 Lot 27, Con.III Westmeath Township I Lot 13,West Front .Ai 300 7 40 60 a5 Hagarty Township Lot 13,Con.IIII 30 4 10 30 30 Petawawa Township Lot 25,Con,VII 40 3 8 6 1

1 Number of trees dead or dying are included in number of trees infested. 10V

Fig^ 15 - Typical damage of Scots pine caused by the pine root collar weevil* Note the pitch mass surrounding the root collar# By: D. G# Anderson*

Fig# 14 - Girdled Scots pine root collar with the pitch mass shown above removed* By: D, Ct Anderson* Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch).

No important changes in infestation intensities of the red- headed pine sawfly were observed in the district in 1957 (hap 4). Heavy defoliation occurred on regeneration and mature red-pine trees on a small island on Manitou Lake in Wilkes Township. Moder- ate defoliation was evident in most other areas of infestation with some open-grown red, Scots and jack-pine trees heavily defoliated (Table 5 Canisbay to Rolph).

Control measures, in the form of spraying and hand picking were conducted in most private and crown-owned plantations in the district. Colony counts taken previous to these control measures are summarized in Table 5 (Westmeath to Wilberforce).

Table 5

Summary of Red-headed Pine Sawfly Colony Counts and Estimates of Defoliation in the Pembroke District, 1955-1957

No. Ave. Ave. No. of Ave.no. Ave.per Location Tree trees D.B.H. height trees colonies cent de- (township) sp. exam- in in- in infest- per inf- fol. in fined ches feet ed ested tree 1957 955 1956 1957

Canisbay rP 6 3 12 1 0.0 1.3 1.0 2 Dickens rP 3 2 8 1 0.0 5.0 3.0 40 N.Algoma rP 6 2 6 6 0.2 2.2 1.5 5 Jones rP 10 1 5 10 - 2.6 1.6 10 Cameron rP 3 2 8 1 - 2.2 1.0 5 Maria rP 5 1 5 5 - 4.0 1.6 10 Rolph rP 3 3 12 1 - - 19.0 75 Westmeath sP 25 2 10 4 - - 1.2 5 Head rP 120 1 5 4 - - 1.5 5 Buchanan rP 60 1 2 5 - - 1.2 3 Wilberforce rP 70 1 4 42 - - 1.5 10 Westmeath rP 1000 1 4 5 - - 2.0 25 Murchison rP 1500 1 5 3 - - 1.7 50 Wilberforce jP 150 1 5 100 - - 1.1 40 Ross rP 35 2 6 20 - - 1.1 25 Wilberforce rP 400 1 3 85 - - 1.2 25 109

PEMBROKE DISTRICT

CAMERON

IWANflWE WILKES PAXTON VOW ,1•B••••• MOT DIME

Mee/Uri .4 1 A4111110 MILAIWN PECM1114 L _Q)

4AWMWE

MILES 40 2 0 10 o 20 1-4 1--1

Map 4 Red-headed Pine Sawfly.

Locations where the red-headed pine sawfly was observed in 1957. Legend Light infestation a) Medium infestation Heavy infestation 1 Balsam-fir Bud-mining Sawfly, Pleroneura borealis Felt.

A decline in population levels of this sawfly occurred in the district in 1957 for the second consecutive year. In Ross and Cameron townships no larvae were found. Near Muskrat Creek in Westmeath Township and in Bromley Township small numbers of buds were mined (Table 6).

Table 6

Summary of Balsam-fir Bud-mining Sawfly Counts in the Pembroke District 1955-1957

Note:- Based on the examination of four 18-inch branch tips on each of four trees per sample area,

No, or Location Ave. Ave. new Per cent of shoots infested (township) D.B.H. height shoots 1955 1956 1957

Cameron 2 11 720 - 1,7 0,0

Bromley 7 40 1011 21,5 27,1 0,003 Westmeath 4 29 618 8.9 18,4 0,02

Ross 3 12 716 18.0 15.2 0,0 Alice 3 10 612 20.6 15.0 0,04

Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella Hbn.

Populations of this insect remained at a low level in the district in 1957 as shown by the larval counts summarized in Table 7.

Table 7

Summary of Larch Casebearer Counts at Seven points in the Pembroke District, 1954-1957

Note:- Based on the examination of four 18-inch branch tips on each of four trees per sample area Location Ave. D,B.H. i Ave.height (township) of sample of sample Ave, no. of larvae per tree trees in trees in sample inches feet 1954 1955 1956 1957

Airy 6 35 0.1 0.251 0.37 1.43 Bromley 3 34 7.0 2.3 1.3 0.93 Ross 4 33 0.3 0.7 0.6 0,68 Westmeath 3 24 0.4 0,5 1,7 1,25 N. Algoma 10 51 - 0,3 1,4 0,50 Cameron 2 21 - - 0,12 0,06 Sproule 8 44 - - 0.0 0.31 Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (F.)

There was a pronounced decline in population levels of the eastern tent caterpillar in 1955 and 1956, and no tents were observed in the district in 1957. This decline is shown in Table 6 in the Annual District Report for 1956.

Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Roh.

A marked decline in population lels of this sawfly occurred generally in the district in 1957. The heavy infestations which occurred in Bronson, Buchanan, and Petawawa townships in 1956 declined to very low intensity (Table 8),

Table 8

Summary of Jack-pine Sawfly Colony Counts at Three Locations in the Pembroke District 1955 -1957

Note:- The same 10 trees were examined each year at each location Ave.D.B.H. Ave. .,..ve, no. of colonies per tree Location in height (township) inches in feet 1955 1956 1957

Petawawa 7 40 6.0 8.7 0.1

Bronson 4 30 13,0 14.0 0,2

Buchanan 9 40 6,0 10,0 0,0

White-pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck.

Generally, medium infestations of this insect occurred in the district in 1957.

The heavy infestation near Whitefish Lake in Algonquin Park declined to moderate intensity. Damage by this insect was observed in white, red and jack-pine trees throughout the district.

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.)

A. slight increase in population levels of this sawfly occurred in the district in 1957. Heavy defoliation of white and black-spruce trees occurred along Highway 60 between Killaloe and Whitney, and a moderate-to-heavy infestation was observed along Highway 17 in Wylie and Buchanan townships.

Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Harr.

A marked increase in population levels of the fall webworm was observed in the district in 1957. Heavy defoliation of black-ash, white-elm, choke-cherry and white-birch trees occurred in Westmeath, Ross, and Wilberforce townships. Light defoliation of alder and black- ash trees was observed along Highway 60 in Algonquin Park, Larval collections were made at 30 widely-separated locations in the district. European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.)

A decline in numbers of larvae per mat sample was recorded at most locations in 1957. Larval counts are shown in Table 9.

Table 9

Summary of European Spruce Sawfly Larval Counts in the Pembroke District, 1954-1957

Note:- Based on two beating mat samples from each of three white-spruce trees per area, beating mat 6 x 8, foliage 6 x 6 over mat was sampled.

Sample tree description Ave. no. insects per mat sample Location Ave. D.B.H. Ave. height (township) in inches in feet 1954 1955 1956 1957 3.0 Alice 8 5o 0.6 4.3 1.5 Bromley 6 30 4.0 0.5 I 2.3 3.3 Cameron 4 25 0,6 1.0 8,0 7.0 Clara 5 30 1,0 12.0 13.0 6.4 Maria 4 25 1.0 2.5 6.1 2,6 Stafford 5 30 4.0 1.1 5.6 0,2 Westmeath 5 35 0,8 0.0 0.3 5.3 Wilberforce 8 50 4,0 0,1 3.3 1.0

Mountain-ash Sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata (Htg.)

No important change in population levels of this sawfly was Observed in 1957. Light-to-medium defoliation occurred on small mountain-ash trees along the Lake St. Peter road in Sabine Township, and on mountain-ash trees in the town of Pembroke. Very light defoliation was observed on small trees in Wylie and McKay townships.

Cedar Sawfly, Monoctenus juniperinus, MacG.

An increase in population levels of this sawfly occurred in 1957. Beating mat samples were taken et seven points in the district (Table 10). Table 10

Summary of Cedar Sawfly Larval Counts Taken on Eastern White-cedar Trees at Seven Points in the Pembroke District in 1957

Note:- Six mat samples were taken from three trees at each location.

Location Ave, D.B.H. Ave. height 1 Ave, no. of larvae per (township) in inches in feet 1 beating mat sample

Westmeath 8 30 1.6 Ross 5 25 1.3 Bromley 4 25 0.5 North Algona 5 25 0.3 Wilberforce 3 20 0.3 Cameron 3 20 0.6 South Algona 8 35 1,2

Ugly-nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana Fitch

A marked increase in population levels of this insect occurred in the eastern part of the district in 1957. Light defoliation of roadside choke-cherry bushes occurred along the Eganville Road where 22 tents were observed in a measured mile. Elsewhere in the district scattered tents were found,

Pine Tube Moth, Argyrotaenia pinatubana Kft. and Argyrotaenia sp.

A marked increase in population levels of these two insects occurred on white-pine trees in the district in 1957. Numerous tubes were observed on small white-pine trees along Highway 17 in Head and Rolph townships, and along Highway 60 in Algonquin Park, Argyrotaenia pinatubana ties the needles together with silk to form a tube, then feeds on the tips of the needles. Argyrotaenia sp. forms a tube with four or five needles, then mines one or more needles, but does not feed on the tips. A special project is to be carried out in 1958 to further differentiate between these two species,

Aspen Blotch Miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb.

A marked decline in population levels of this leaf miner occurred throughout the district in 1957. The medium infestations in Fitzgerald and McKay townships declined to very light intensity. In McKay Town- ship only one mined leaf was found.

A Leaf Folding Sawfly, Nematus sp.

A moderate infestation of this leaf-folding sawfly occurred throughout the district in 1957. This insect was found on both balsam-poplar and trembling-aspen trees. Folded-leaf counts were taken on trembling-aspen trees at 12 locations (Table 11). Table 11

Population Levels of the Leaf-folding Sawfly in the Pembroke District Based on the Number of Folds per 100 Leaves From Five Trembling-aspen Trees in Each Location in 1957

Location Ave. D.B.H. NO. of folds (township) in inches per 100 leaves

Westmeath 1 35 Fraser 3 62 Richards 1 92 Finlayson 2 92 Canisbay 1 82 Airy 3 19 Sabine 3 106 Buchanan 3 112 Rolph 3 94 Cameron 2 119 Clara 1 108 Maria 3 92

Balsam-fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Harr.)

Population levels of this sawfly declined in the district in 1957 for the third consecutive year. No larvae were found at collection points in Hagarty, Bromley, Rolph and Alice townships. Colony counts taken from 1955 to 1956 are shown in the Annual District Re- port for 1956.

Red-humped Caterpillar, Schizura concinna A. and S.

No important change occurred in population levels of this insect in the district in 1957. Moderate defoliation of white-elm and willow trees was observed in Brudenell and Rolph townships. Light defoliation occurred in 6 other widespread locations in the district, Table 12

Distribution of Collections of Miscellaneous Insects in the Pembroke District in 1957

1 Insect Host(s) Remarks

Acleris logiana Linn. wB Trace Acleris variana Fern. wS One larva found on beating mat Acrobasis betulella Hlst. wB (2) Trace Acronicta americana Harr. Al Two larvae found Acronicta dactylina Grt. W (3) Few larvae found Adelges abietis Linn. wS (3) Very light infestation Adelges strobilobius Kalt. bS Few nymphs found Altica ambiens alni Harr. Al (3) Moderate defoliation Anatis mali (Say) bF, sW (3) Few larvae found on mat samples Anomogyna elimata Gn. wS One larva found on beating mat Anoplonyx canadensis Hgtn. tL One larva found Aphrophora parallela Say wP Two nymphs found Archips persicana Fitch wB One larva found Arge pectoralis (Leach) wB (2) Light defoliation Arge sp. Al (2) Light defoliation Argyresthia laricella Kft. tL One larva found arthromacra aenea Say sM A few leaves mined Authereae polyphemus Cram. wB One larva found Autographa ampla Wlk. 1A One larva found Bible xanthopus Wied. tA Two adults found Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn. bF (20) Heavy infestation throughout the district Chalcoides nana Say to One adult found Chilocorus stigma Say Mo (2) Pew adults found Danaus plexippus Linn. Huckle- Two pupae found berry Datana ministra Drum wB Numerous larvae found Dichelonyx linearis Gyll. wB Two adults found Dimorphopteryx sp. b Ch (3) Light infestation at each location Dioryctria abietella D. andS. jP (3) Found commonly in damaged Moots Dioryctria reniculella Grt. wS 1 larva found on beating mat Eacles imperialis pini Kitchener jP 1 larva found Elaphria versicolor Grt, wS Trace Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.) wE Trace Epinotia aceriella Clem. r0 One larva found Epinotia solandriana Linn. wB Trace Fenusa pusilla (Lep.) wB (7) Widespread light infestation Feralia jocosa Gn. jP, (2) Single larva on beating mat

1 Number of collections is given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once, Table 12 Continued

Insect .Htat(s) Remarks 1

Gonioctena americana (Schaeff.) tA One tree lightly defoliated Gypsonoma fasciolana Clem. W One larva found Griselda radicana Wlshm. wS One larva found on beating mat Hal isidota maculata Harr. Al (3) Light infestation Hemichroa crocea (Four.) Al, wB (4) Heavy defoliation on alder Hypagyrtis piniata Peck. wS (2) One larva found on mat Lambdina fiscellaria fiscell- eC One larva found on beating aria Gn. mat Lithocolletis aceriella Clem, rM Light infestation Mindarus abietinus Koch. bF (2) Trace Neodiprion nanulus nanulus jP One colony found Schedl. Nepytia canosaria Wlk. bS One larva found Neurotoma fasciata (Nort.) b Ch Light infestation Nymphalis antiopa Linn. tA (2) One tree heavily defoliated panthea acronyctoides Wlk, wP Trace Papilio glaucus Linn. pCh (2) Few larvae found phenacaspis pinifoliae Fitch ScP Trace Phyllocnistis populiella Cham. tA One mine in a single leaf Physokermes piceae Schr. wS (2) Scale found commonly Pineus pinifoliae Fitch bS Few nymphs found pikonema dimmockii (Cress.) wS One larva found on beating mat Pineus similis Gill. bS Few nymphs found Pissodes approximatus Hopk. rP Few larvae found Profenusa alumna (MacG.) wB (2) Few larvae found Protoboarmia porcelaria in- Found with Coleophora dicataria Wlk. tL laricella Pseudophillipia quaintancii Ck11. wp Trace on needles Psilocorsis fletcherella Gibs. tA Two larvae found Recurvaria thujaella Kft. eC One needle mined Semiothisa granitata Gn. wp One larva found Semiothisa orillata Wlk. eC One larva found Smerinthus jamaicensis Dru. wB Trace Symmerista leucitys Francl. rM Trace Scythropus elegans Couper wP One adult found Trichiosoma triangulum Kby. Haw (2) Trace Upis ceramboides Linn. rM One larva found Xylomyges dolosa Grt. bPo One larva found Zale duplicata Beth. I jP One larva found on beating mat MASS COLLECTIONS SUBMITTED BY FOREST BIOLOGY RANGERS District - Pembroke Year: 1957

Where For Whom Insect Stage Collected collected Purpose

Chilicorus stigma Adult Pembroke Dr.S.G.Smith Genetics

Neodiprion lecontei late larval Wilberforce Atomic Energy Cocoon stud; tt tt ft tt Buchanan tt 11 It tt

Pissodes strobi pupae Stratton Dr.S.G.Smith Genetics

Pristiphora erichsonii pupae Buchanan Forest Insect Parasitism Survey studies PEMBROKE DISTRICT

fAiLANMIEI

PAXTON

BUTT p APCRANLY

FINIAYSON Lao

MILES 10 o to 40 0 3--1 I Map 5 Coverage Map

Locations where insect collections were made and field records taken in 1957. Legend Before July 15 • • .4D After July 15 ao Both before and after July 15 0 Status of Insects in the Parry Sound District

Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch) Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum F. Eastern Hemlock Looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria Gn. Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.) Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella Hbn. European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.) Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Rohwer Red-headed jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex Swains Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd. Mountain Ash Sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata (Htg.) Birch Leaf Miner, Fenusa pusilla (Lep.) A. Leaf Miner on Birch, Profenusa alumna (MacG.) Balsam-fir Bud-mining Sawfly, Pleroneura borealis Felt. Pine Needle Miner, Exotelia pinifoliella Cham, White Pine Shoot Borer, Eucosma gloriola Heinr. A. Shoot Moth on Pine, Rhyacionia sp. White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck Pitch Nodule Maker, Petrova albicapitana Busk. Cedar Sawfly, Monoctenus juniperinus MacG, Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) Spiny Elm Caterpillar, Nymphalis antiopa Linn, Jack-pine Budworm, Choristoneura pinus Free, Large Aspen Tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Wlk.). A Root Collar Weevil, Hypomolyx sp. Thrips on jack-pine, Gnophothrips piniphilus Cwfd. An Unknown Cutworm on Wild Rice Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

G, Grisdale STATUS OF INSECTS

Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch)

A general increase in population levels of this sawfly was observed in the southern part of the district in 1957 (Table 4). Population levels increased in red-pine plantations in Macaulay Township, north of Bracebridge and in Muskoka Township along Highway 11 near the Muskoka Airport (Figure 15), however, control operations sharply reduced larval populations before serious defoliation occurred. Light infestations occurred on Scotch-pine and jack-pine trees in these areas.

Sharp declines in infestation intensity occurred in localized areas in Hagerman and Muskoka townships. Poor egg hatch considerably reduced sawfly populations on Lot 10, Con. IV, Muskoka Town- ship, and in Hagerman Township where heavy infestations occurred in past years. Light infestations and occasional colonies of larvae were observed on pine shelterbelts, windbreaks and shade trees at numerous locations elsewhere in the district (Map 4).

Table 4

Summary of Red-headed pine Sawfly Colony Counts Made at Six Locations in the Parry Sound District, 1956-1957

Note.— One hundred sample trees were examined at each location. Location Tree Ave. height Per cent of Ave, no. of (township) Species of sample tree trees infested colonies per tr in feet 1957 1956 1957 1956 1957

Muskoka (Lot 10, Con.IV) rP 4 91 4 2.8 .04

Muskoka (Airport) rP 4 62 69 1.3 1.6

Macaulay rP 4 36 74 1.3 2.2

Macaulay scP 2 - 16 - .3

Hagerman rP 5 63 - 2.2 -

Ryde jP 3 - 4 - .05 PARRY SOUND DISTRICT

MILES 20 10 0 20 40

Map 4 Red-headed Pine Sawfly Locations where the red-headed pine sawfly was observed in 1957. Legend Trace () Light infestation Heavy infestation I 2 I

Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum F.

In 1957, following two years when eastern tent caterpillar populations remained at a low level in the district, an increase was noted. Light infestations were largely confined to the southern part of the district from Huntsville south to the district boundary. A few tents were observed in the central part of the district as far north as Mowat Township. No tents wer e observed in the north-central and northeastern portions of the district.

Larval parasitism by Rogas sp. was not as high as in past years, however in 1957, most of the tents examined contained some small larvae killed by this parasite.

Permanent sample plots were established on wild cherry at four locationsin the district. Two larval colonies were found in the plot in Stephenson Township and several larval tents were observed near the plot in Franklin Township. These plots will be examined each year to determine population trends.

Eastern Hemlock Looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria Gn.

Three areas where spraying operations were undertaken to control heavy looper infestations in past years were closely examined in 1957, Small numbers of larvae were found on Crown Island in Lake of Bays where one larva per mat sample was recorded. For the second consecutive year after spraying no loopers could be found on eastern-hemlock and white-cedar trees on Bernice Island in Georgian Bay. On Fairy Island in the Lake Joseph area of Medora Township an average of 28 larvae per mat sample was obtained from hemlock trees indicating a population build up. Low populations occurred at other points in the southern part of the district where quantitative sampling was carried out (Table 5).

Table 5

Summary of Eastern Hemlock Looper Larval Counts Taken on Eastern Hemlock Trees at Six Points in the Parry Sound District, 1957,

Note.- Six mat samples were taken from three to six trees at each location. Location Ave. D.B.H. of Ave, height of No. of larvae (township) sample trees in sample tree per mat sample inches in feet Medora 4 20 28.0 Brunel 10 30 1.0 Stephenson 7 35 1,5 Humphrey 6 30 1.0 McClintock 8 30 2.0 Draper 4 15 1,5 Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh,)

This common pest of open-grown white and black spruce trees continued to cause varying degrees of damage throughout the Parry Sound District. As in past years, black-spruce trees were more seriously infested than white spruce. Small areas of medium infestation occurred in Humphrey, Stephenson and Ryde townships. Light infestations were commonly observed along roadsides, in plantations and on ornamentals in towns and villages et many points in the district.

Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella Hbn.

A significant increase in larval populations was evident at all except two sample points in 1957. As shown in Table 6 larval populations declined from 1952 to 1955, before showing an upward trend in 1956 and 1957.

Larval feeding caused a slight browning of foliage generally throughout the southern and central portions of the district, being particularly evident in Ridout and McLean townships. Moderate defoliation occurred in Stephenson Township where 20.6 larvae per 18-inch branch tip was recorded. Very few larvae were observed in the northern part of the district.

Table 6

Summary of Larch Casebearer Larval Counts Wade at Nine Points in the Parry Sound District, 1952-1957

Note.- Counts were taken on four 18-inch branch tips from each of four trees in each area.1

Location• Aye, no, °I larvae per .Lo-inen °rumen tip• (township) 1952 1953 1954 1 1956 1956 1957

Wallbridge 94.0 11,0 9.0 1.9 0.0 1.2

Chapman 21,0 3.0 1,0 0.0 0,1 3.2

Perry 24.0 5.0 0.5 0.0 1.9 3.1

McLean 19,0 1.0 0.9 0.4 2.1 6.1

Gurd 37.0 14.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.2

Mills 41.0 - - 0.0 0.4 0.0

Chisholm - 4.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 2 Ridout - - - 0.3 9.2 5.2 Stephenson - - - - 11,5 20,6 1 In 1952 only four branches from one tree were examined at each location. 2 This value fails to represent an increase in population levels because in this instance many mature larvae had dropped to the ground to pupate before the count was made. European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.)

Larval populations of this introduced sawfly remained at relatively the same level as in 1956. Minor fluctuations in the numbers of larvae per mat sample occurred at eight sample points in 1957 (Table 7). Very light defoliation of old foliage was observed at most sample points.

Table 7

Summary of European Spruce Sawfly Larval Counts Taken on White-Spruce Trees at Fourteen Points in the Parry Sound District, 1954-1957.

Note.- Six mat samples were taken from three to six trees at each location during the second generation.

Location Ave, no, of larvae per mat sample (township) 1954 1955 1956 1957

Ryerson 32.0 7.0 9,6 7,0

Chapman 20.0 3.0 3.0 4.3

Armour 18,0 10.0 12,3 13.3

Gurd 16.0 2.0 3.3 14.5

Livingstone 11.0 1.0 3.0 7.0

McMurrich 11.0 2.0 13.3 8.0

Monteith 10.0 5,0 5.3 6.0

McKonkey 9.0 1.0 3.3 4,0

Croft 8,0 12.0 31.0 17.6

Toly 8,0 3,0 9.0 8,0

McLean 6.0 7.0 14.0 29,0

Machar 6,0 12.0 8,6 1.5

Chisholm - 9.0 9.0 8.0

Perry - - 7.0 27.0 1 Perry - - 34.8 12.0

1 Number of insects per mat sample during first generation. 11

Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Roh.

A decline in larval populations of this sawfly occurred in areas where infestations were observed in 1956. Jack-pine trees near the junction of Highway 69 and the Rosseau Road which had been heavily infested for three consecutive years, supported only moderate populations in 1957. A light infestation on jack-pine reproduction in the Pointe au Baril area subsided.

A new moderate infestation occurred on a jack-pine windbreak in Watt Township. Low larval poPulations recurred on islands and along the shoreline of South Bay in Lake Nipissing, and in plantations, shelter belts and windbreaks at scattered locations in the district. (Map 5).

Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex

Increases in population levels and the distribution of this sawfly were evident in the northwestern portion of the district from Shawanaga Township north to the French River (Map 5), Pockets of light infestation occurred on jack-pine reproduction at intervals along Highway 69 in this area. A moderate infestation was observed in Shawanaga Township where an average of five larval colonies per tree caused an estimated 30 per cent defoliation. Light infestations occurred in jack-pine plantations along Highway 11 near Trout Creek and in Sundridge. Low larval populations were observed along the Pickerel and French rivers west of Highway 69.

Swaines Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd.

Extensions of the known distribution of this sawfly were noted in 1957. New areas of light infestation occurred in small pockets of jack pine along Highway 69 at the Pickerel River bridge, along Key River immediately west of Highway 69 and near Still River in Henvey Township. Low populations recurred along the shoreline of Big Lake in Wallbridge Township. Larval colonies were observed for the first time along the south shore of Lake Nipissing and in the French and Pickerel river areas west of Highway 69 (Map 5).

mountain-ash Sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata Htg.

This common pest of mountain-ash trees continued to cause varying degrees of damage throughout the district. Moderate infestations were observed along roadsides in Boulter and Shawanaga townships, Several small shade trees were severely defoliated on Fairy Island in Lake Joseph, Defoliation of ornamentals and shade trees occurred in Bracebridge, Gravenhurst, Parry Sound, Dorset and Dwight. Elsewhere in the district low populations were observed at many locations, 125

Fig® 15 - Severe defoliation of red pine plantation stock by the red-headed pine sawfly® Trees in this age class are frequently infected. By An A# Harnden®

Fig* 16 - Larvae of Swaine's jack-pine sawfly. Found for the first time in recent years in Parry Sound District in 1956® Larval populations increased in 1957* By: D@ C# Anderson® 1 6

PARRY SOUND DISTRICT

MILES 20 10 0 20 40 Map 5 Pine Sawflies Locations where three species of pine sawflies were observed in 1957. legend Swaine jack-pine sawfly 4) Red-headed jack-pine sawfly . • • AO Black-headed jack-pine sawfly . . . A Leaf Miner on Birch, Profenusa alumna (MacG.)

Infestations of this miner were commonly observed during late summer. White-birch reproduction along roadsides and along the shorelines of lakes and rivers, was the favoured host. Larval mining caused sliEht browning of yellow-birch foliage in McClintock and Laurier townships.

Birch Leaf Miner, Fenusa pusilla (Lep.)

Light infestations of this leaf miner were prevalent in the district in 1957, Moderate browning of white-birch reproduction occurred in Carling and South Himsworth townships and on Crown Island in Brunel Township.

Balsam-fir Bud-mining Sawfly, Pleroneura borealis Felt.

Infestations of this sawfly declined sharply in all areas where light infestations occurred in past years. Only three larvae were collected from seven sampling points located at widely-separated locations in the district (Table 8).

Table 8

Summary of Balsam-fir Bud-mining Sawfly Counts in the Parry Sound District, 1956-1957

Note.- Based on the examination of six 18-inch branch tips from four or more trees at each location.

Location Ave, D.B.H.of Ave. height No, of Per cent of (township) sample tree of sample new shoots shoots in- in inches tree in feet available fested 1957 1957 1956 1957 1956 1957

McLean 1 7 225 228 3.5 1.8

Ferguson 4 20 173 235 7.0 0.0

McKenzie 2 15 209 184 11.0 0.0

Chaffey 3 15 213 205 2.3 0.0

Perry 2 12 349 201 14.3 0.0

Joly 2 10 275 200 5.8 0.0

Franklin 2 9 218 169 11.0 0.0

Laurier 3 15 188 226 13.3 0.0 Pine Needle Miner, Exotelia pinifoliella Cham.

No appreciable change in population levels of the needle miner occurred in 1957. Light infestations, with scattered pockets of medium infestation, were observed along the Pickerel and French rivers, in the South Bay area of Lake Nipissing, and along Highway 69 from Shawanaga Township north to the district boundary. Low populations occurred in jack-pine plantations at numerous points elsewhere in the district and on red-pine trees in Wallbridge Township.

White Pine Shoot Borer, Eucosma gloriola Heinr.

Light infestations persisted in plantations in the Huntsville- Bracebridge area, however, some declines in the number of attacks occurred at sample points (Table 9). Scotch, jack, white and red- pine trees were common hosts. The most serious damage caused by this insect is to the leaders of trees, which results in multi- stemmed tops.

Table 9

Summary of Shoot Damage Caused by the White Pine Shoot Borer in Plantations at Four Locations in the Parry Sound District 1956-1957• 1 Note.- One hundred sample trees were examined at each location.

Ave. height Per cent of Per cent of Location Tree of sample trees trees infested leaders damaged (township) Species in feet 1957 1956 1957 1956 1957

McLean rP 6 25 27 11 11

McLean jP 6 44 17 14 6

Stisted rP 7 34 30 6 12

Macaulay rP 4 37 23 8 8

Macaulay jP 6 44 42 16 2

McMurrich jP 6 52 26 19 7

In 1957, only 50 red pine were examined in Stisted Township and 50 jack pine were examined in Macaulay Township.

A Shoot Moth on Pine, Rhyacionia sp.

The known distribution of this insect in the district was extended by surveys in 1957. New areas of light infestation were noted in Ryerson Township southwest of Burks Falls and in Machar Township west of South River.

Low larval populations were largely found on small red and Scotch- pine trees in plantations, however, small numbers of larvae were found on jack-pine reproduction in the northwestern part of the district. Consecutive years of heavy bud damage seriously retarded terminal growth of small red and Scotch pine trees in a plantation in Burks Falls. In 1957, however, many of the leaders outgrew the heavy grass cover in the plantation.

White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck

The white pine weevil was again one of the most serious insect pests in plantations in the Parry Sound District. Varying degrees of damage were observed on white, Scotch, jack, red and Austrian-pine trees in many areas (Table 10). Considerable spraying of weeviled plantations during the latter part of April, sharply reduced infestations at several points in the district.

Weeviled red-pine leaders were observed more commonly in 1957, particularly in the reforested area in Boulter Township and near Frazerburg in McLean Township, where light infestations occurred.

Table 10

Summary of Shoot Damage by the White Pine Weevil in Plantations at Four Points in the Parry Sound District, 1957.

Note.- One hundred sample trees were examined at each location.

Ave. height No. of No, of trees infested Location Tree of trees trees not In In 1957 and In ] ast (township) Species in feet infested 1957 in past years rs years on:

Hagerman wP 6 74 4 3

McMurrich Austrian pine 5 29 19 23 29

Macaulay ScP 5 90 3 1

McLean rP 3 70 12 8 11

McLean ScP 5 15 7 35

Pitch Nodule Maker, Petrova albicapitana Busk.

There was an increase in the abundance of this nodule maker in plantations throughout the district in 1957. Large numbers of nodules were observed on jack-pine trees in McLean, Macaulay and McMurrich townships. High winds during early July increased the damage in these areas since infested branches broke off or were deformed. In McLean Township, 13 per cent of the leaders containing nodules were deformed and 14 per cent terminal deformity was recorded in Macaulay Township. Moderate infestations occurred on jack-pine trees in Morrison Township and on Scotch-pine trees in McMurrich Township, Low populations were observed on jack, red and Scotch-pine trees at several other locations in the district,

Cedar Sawfly, Monoctenus juniperinus MacG.

Cedar sawfly population levels showed little change at sampling points in 1957 compared with 1956 (Table 11), A small area of light infestation occurred on white-cedar trees in Shawanaga Township,

Table 11

Summary of Cedar Sawfly Larval Counts Taken on White-cedar Trees at Four Points in the Parry Sound District, 1956-1957.

Note.- Six mat samples were taken from three to six trees at each location,

Ave, height of Ave, D,B,H,of Ave, no, of larvae Location sample tree in sample tree in per mat sample (township) feet 1957 inches 1957 1956 1957

Machar 18 4 4.0 10,0

Humphrey 35 7 6,5 7.5

McKonkey 30 6 8,0 6.0

Shawanaga 25 4 - 26.0

Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury)

An increase in population levels of this caterpillar occurred in 1957, Light infestations were largely confined to the southern part of the district, particularly in Muskoka, Morrison, Ryde, Draper, and Oakley townships, Willow, cherry, elm, birch, alder and ash were common host species in these areas,

Spiny Elm Caterpillar, Nymphalis antiopa Linn,

Colonies of spiny elm caterpillar were observed more commonly in 1957 than in 1956, Light infestations occurred at intervals along Highway 69 from Foley Township north to the district boundary, Several trembling-aspen trees were lightly defoliated along Highway 35 between Huntsville and Dorset, Low larval populations were observed on willow, aspen, and elm at other locations in the district, lo

jack-pine Budworm, Choristoneura pinus Free.

Low populations of this budworm were commonly found on jack- pine trees in Mowat Township and along the French River west of Highway 69. This was the first recorded occurrence of this insect in the district for several years.

Large Aspen Tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Wlk.)

Light defoliation of the upper crowns of trembling-aspen trees was observed along Highway 69 in the French River area. Defoliation was less evident southward through Henvey and Wallbridge and only a trace of defoliation occurred in Shawanaga Township. No collections of this insect were made in the district in 1956.

A Root Collar Weevil, Hypomolyx sp.

This insect, whose damage closely resembles that of the pine root collar weevil, was found on Scotch-pine trees at three locations in the district in 1957. Approximately 45 trees were infested and one tree 7 inches in diameter was killed in a Scotch-pine hedge near Ashworth in Stisted Township. Another infestation occurred two miles south of South Creek along Highway 11, Approximately 130 trees on the east side of the highway were infested and six trees in the 4-to-6-inch D.B.H. class were killed. A light infestation and low host tree mortality occurred in Machar Township,

Thrips on jack-pine Gnophothrips piniphilus Cwfd.

This species of thrips was first recorded in Ontario on jack- pine trees in 1956. Surveys carried out in 1957 revealed a wide distribution of the insect in the Parry Sound District. Low population levels were observed on jack-pine reproduction in the French River area, in the South Bay area of Lake Nipissing and along Highway 69 from Shawanaga Township north to the district boundary. A shoreline plantation of Scotch pine was moderately infested in Cowper Township,

An Unknown Cutworm on Wild Rice

The wild-rice marshes in the Naiscoot area of Georgian Bay were seriously damaged by heavy insect infestations in late summer. One unknown species of cutworm was found under stones along the shoreline and in shallow water and between the leaf sheath and the stem of the rice plant both below and above the water line. Attempts are being made to ascertain the identity of the insect but as yet no moths have been reared or collected. Table 12

Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

1 Insect Host Remarks

Abbotana clemataria A, and S wB A few insects commonly observed on mat samples.

Acronicta interrupta Gn. pCh One larva observed.

Adana bipunctata Linn. pCh One adult observed.

Altica ulmi Wood wE Light defoliation by adults in many areas followed by slight browning of foliage by larvae. (5)

Amphidasis cognataria Gn. wB Very low populations present yB in the district, (2)

Amphipyra pyramidoides Gn. I One larva found.

Anatis mali (Say) Large lady beetles common on a variety of host species. (5)

Anisolcalvia duodecimmaculat A few adult beetles Gebl. wP observed.

Anisocalvia quattordecima- A few adult beetles guttata Linn. observed.

Anomogyna elimata Gn. Jp One larva collected.

Archips cerasivorana Fitch Ch Small pockets of heavy infestation in McMurrich and Wallbridge townships - low population observed at several other locations in the district.

Arge pectoralis (Leach) wB Populations declined in the High- way 69 area and only a few colonies were found at other locations. (3)

Arge sp. cP1 One colony: collected at Dorset.

Argyresthia aureoargentella Brower ewC A few pupae found in the northern part of the district. (2)

Argyresthia laricella Kft. tL Surveys completed in 1957 show that this twig borer is present in small numbers throughout the district, (3) 1 Table 12 continued Insect Host Remarks 1

Argyresthia thuiella Pack. ewC Light mining occurred in Shawanaga Tp.

Argyrotaenia pinatubana Kft, wP Light infestations persisted on Bernice Island in Georgian Bay,

Attelabus bipustulatus Fab. b0 Leaf rolling beetle common along shoreline of Lake Joseph,

Autheraea polyphemus Cram. rM Very low populations in the southern part of the district.

Brachyrhinus sp, rP A few small trees killed by larvae feeding on roots in Ryde Township,

Brachyacantha ursina F. bPo Insects in small numbers.

Brachys aerosus Melsh, tA Light to medium browning of foliage over a small area in Joly Tp.

Calocalpe prunivorata n. sp. b Ch General light infestations in the southern part of the district and along Highway 69. (5)

Caripeta divisata Wlk. wS A few larvae collected from beating mat samples. (3)

Catocala relicta Wlk, tA. Insects in small numbers.

Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn. bF General light infestations in the district particularly on the upper crown of shaded reproduction. (4)

Arthrochlamys eubati Brown A few larvae of this beetle casebearer found on blackberry near Dorset,

Chrysomela alnicola alnicola Al Light infestation near Scotia, Brown

Chrysomela scripta F. W Light-medium defoliation of small roadside shrubs in Mowat Tp.

Cimbex americana Leach wB Common on white birch and willow throughout the district.

Coccinella transversoguttata rP A few beetle adults present, Paid. pCh feeding on aphids. (2) Table 12 continued

Insect Host Remarks 1

Coccinella trifasciata Linn. tA Beetles common feedin on aphids rP and needle scale. (2)

Coleophora salmani Hein. wB Low populations of this casebearer in many areas.

Compsolechia niveopulvella tA Insects in small numbers. (2) Chamb.

Cryptocephalus notatus F. rP Insects in small numbers. (2)

Cycloneda munda Say rP Insects in small numbers.

Datana ministra Dru. wB Populations declined in 1957. A yB few colonies observed near Dorset, wE Loring, Arnstein and Windermere. (3)

Drepana bilineata Pack. wB t.t;,4s in small numbers

Dioryctria abietella D. wP This coneworm was commonly found and S. jP in shoots previously mined by rP Pissodes strobi, Sparganothis sulphureana or Rhyacionia sp, (6)

Eacles imperialis pini Mitch. wP Populations remained at a low jP level in 1957, (2)

Ectropis crepuscularia Schiff. eH Insects in small numbers.

Elaphidion villosus (11%) 10 General light infestations in the Muskoka and Lake of Bays area. (3)

Ennomos subsignarius Hbn. rM Insects in small numbers.

Epinotia aceriella Clem. sM Low populations in the southern part of the district.

Epinotia solandriana Linn. tA Low populations in district.

Epinotia timidella Clem. r0 Light infestation on reproduction near Dorset.

Erannis tiliaria Harr. wE Low populations found at six locations.

Eriocampa ovata (Linn.) Al Small area of infestation along the shoreline of Kashe Lake and on roadside shrubs near Coopers Falls. (2)

Eriosoma americanum (Riley) wE Light infestation on one tree in Ryde Township. Table 12 continued Insect Host Remarks 1

Eupithecia luteata Pack. eH A. few larvae recovered by beatings, (2)

Feralia jocosa Gn. eH A few larvae recovered from beatings.

Galerucella cavicollis Lec. pCh Light-medium defoliation of roadside cherry in Macaulay and Perry townships. (2)

Chionodes vernella blurt. 10 Low populations in Ryde Tp.

Griselda radicana Wlshm. wS Bud-mining larvae common in Franklin Township,

Hoplia trifasciata Say tA Beetle adults common during May, feeding on aspen foliage. (2)

Hemichroa crocea (Four.) wB Light defoliation of two trees in Lount Tp.

Hypagyrtis piniata Pack. ewC Insects in small numbers.

Ichthyura incl use Hbn. Insects in small numbers.

Ips pini Say rP Bark beetles killed 14 of the 23 large red pine in a small plantation near Packesley.

Lepyrus alternans Csy, Insects in small numbers.

Lithocolletis aceriella Clem, sM General light infestation in the rM district. Heavy mining occurred in Franklin Tp, where 86 per cent of the sugar maple leaves were mined, (3)

Lithocolletis hamadryadella r0 A few mined leaves observed in (Clem.). the southern part of the district, (2)

Lithocolletis lucidicostella I General low populations in the Clem. district.

Lithocolletis sp, wB Low populations in the district, (7) yB Low populations in the district.

Lophodonta ferruginea Pack. yB Low populations in the district.

Macrodactylus subspinosus F. rP Larvae feeding on roots of small trees in Ryde Tp. caused low mortality, .1_G0 Table 12 continued Insect Host Remarksi

Malacosoma disstria Hbn. tA One larva found in Nipissing Tp.

Messa populi (Marlatt) bPo A light infestation occurred in probably Sundridge along Highway 11.

Mulsantina hudsonica Csy. wS A. beetle collected from beatings.

Mulsantina pitta (Rand.) rP Insects in small numbers.

Nematus sp. (leaf folding to A sharp increase in population sawfly) lk occurred in 1957, Infestations bpo varied from light to heavy at w numerous locations. In Laurier Tp, 51 per cent of the aspen leaves were folded and 95 per cent were damaged at a location in Franklin Tp. (11)

Nematus sp. Moderate infestations in Sher- (sawflies feeding in bourne and Ridout Tps. Pockets colonies) of light infestation common along shorelines of lakes and rivers, f5)

Nematus ventralis Say tA A few larvae observed in Sinclair Tp,

Neodiprion abietis complex wS A. few colonies observed on islands in Lake Nipissing.

Neodiprion compar (Leach) jP Two larvae collected from a plantation near Trout Creek.

Neodiprion nanulus nanulus rP Populations remained low in the Schedl. District.

Nepytia canosaria Wlk. eH Low populations present in district. (7)

Notolophus antiqua Linn, wS One larva found in Perry Tp,

Ocnerostoma piniariella Zell. rP Low populations present near Sun- dridge, Dorset, Huntsville and other locations in the district.(12)

Palthis angulalis Hbn, wS One larva collected in Toly Tp.

Pandemis canadana Kft, to Insects in small numbers.

Pandemis limitata Rob. r0 Low populations of leaf rollers in Nipissing Tp. panthea acronyctoides Wlk, wS One insect collected, Table 12 continued

Insect Host Remarks 1

Papilio glaucus Linn. ecCh Very low populations in the district.

Paratetranychus sp. ewC Light browning of foliage persisted on Bernice Is, in Geor- gian Bay two years after a spraying operation to control a looper infestation.

ununguis Paratetranychus Slight browning of foliage in (Jac.) McMurrich Tp.

Pareophora minuta (MacG.) bAs Light sawfly defoliation common at many points in the district.

Phenacaspis pinifoliella . wP Needle scale common in the South Fitch Bay area of Lake Nipissing,

Phyllophaga sp, rP A few small trees killed by the white grub in Ryde Tp. Small trees badly damaged in Boulter Tp, have grown a new root system and have survived the attack.

Pineus floccus Patch bS Galls common in 1957.

Pikonema dimmockii (Cress.) bS A few larvae observed at scattered locations.

Plagiodera versicolor Laich, W Small clump of trees light- moderately defoliated near Dorset, (3)

Recurvaria picaella Kft. wS Low larval populations present in the central part of the district, (2)

Retinodiplosis sp. jP Light twig mortality occurred in Franklin, Joly, Harrison and Morrison townships, (4)

Rhyacionia buoliana Schiff. No larvae collected in 1957,

Saperda moesta Lec. tA One adult collected.

Schizura concinna A, and S. Light infestations were general wE in the district but were particu- wB larly evident along Highway 69 tA north of Parry Sound and in the Loring-Arnstein area. (3) Semiothisa granitata Gn, eH Larvae common on mat samples. It tt wS tt ft tt tt It (8) Table 12 continued

Insect Host Remarks

Sparganothis sulphureana rP Light infestations common through- Clem. jP out the district on small trees in ScP plantations. In Chisholm Tp. 26 per cent of the available shoots were damaged. (14)

Symmerista canicosta Francl, wB Larvae common on hardwood species r0 during late summer, (2)

Symmerista leucitys Francl. sM Larvae very common in hardwood forests during late summer and early fall,

Syneta ferruginea Germ, tA One adult collected.

Tetralopha asperatella Clem, tA Insects in small numbers.

Tolype velleda Stoll, rP Single larva collected.

Trichiosoma triangulum Kby. Single larva collected. bPo 11

Xylomyges dolosa Grt, tA Insects in small numbers.

Zelleria haimbachi Busk. jP Low population in most natural- growing jack-pine stands.

Zenobia pleonectusa Grt. tA Aspen leaf rollers common throughout the district,

1 Number of collections is given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once. TABLE 13 COLLECTIONS SUBMITTED BY FOREST BIOLOGY RANGERS

District: Parry Sound fear: 1957

Insect Stare Where Collected F. Whom Collected Purpose

Coleophora laricella Larval Ridout Tp. Belleville Parasite Parisitism studies Stephenson Tp. Laboratory

Malacosoma americanum Larval Chaffey Tp. Dr. A. k. Heimpel Pathological studies ft tt tt Ryde Tp. tt ft ft ft tt tt

Nymphalis antiopa Larval Watt Tp. Dr. A. L. Heimpel Pathological studies

Neodiprion virginianus complex Larval South Himsworth Tp. Forest Insect Sallie Small mammal predation ff It tt tt Strong Tp. ft ft studies

Diprion hercyniae (first generation) Larval Perry Tp. Forest Insect Survey Population studies

Diprion hercyniae (second gerneration) Larval Perry Tp. tt tt tt rt

Neodiprion lecontei Larval Macaulay Tp. Forest Insect Survey Small mammal predation studies Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria Larval Medora Tp. Dr. A. M. Heimpel Pathological studies 140

PARRY SOUND DISTRICT

/ER iliALLANTYNE ri JOVii I PAXTON

o. ANICAOLAY Braceb

MILES 20 10 0 20 40

Map 6 Coverage Map Locations where insect collections were made and field records taken in 1957• Legend Before July 15 ID After July 15 CO Both before and after July 15 0 INTRODUCTION Central Forest Region

The most noteworthy insects in 1957 in the Central Region were the large aspen tortrix, larch sawfly and the red-headed pine sawfly. A general outbreak of large aspen tortrix was evident in 1957 in all districts of the region. Although larch sawfly infestations did not decrease in number, they were generally lighter than in 1956. Infest- ations of the red-headed pine sawfly increased in both extent and intensity in the southern parts of Sault Ste. Marie and Sudbury districts.

A severe infestation of the black army cutworm occurred in the Square Lake area of Sault Ste. Marie District in 1957 where a red- pine planting was damaged by this insect. This was the first recorded infestation of its type in Ontario.

A medium infestation of a cedar leaf miner, Argyresthia aureoargentella, was discovered on white cedar on St. Josephs Island and cocoons were collected from all districts of the region. These were first records of this insect in Ontario. Insect collections from all sources in the region in 1957 totalled 2,589, compared with 2,226 in 1956. Collections submitted by Department of Lands and Forests personnel decreased from 114 in 1956 to 80 in 1957. Thirty-seven special collections were made by Forest Biology Rangers for parasite studies and various other research projects being conducted in the province. Approximately 100 hours of flying time was logged by the Forest Biology Rangers in the Region. Travel by boat and canoe totalled approximately 1,700 miles. STATUS OF INSECTS AND TREE DISEASES

IN THE CENTRAL FOREST REGION

INSECTS

Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) Large Aspen Tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana 71k, Green-striped Mapleworm, Anisota rubicunda Fabr A Cedar Leaf Miner, Argyresthia aureoargentella Brower

TREE DISEASES

Thyronectria balsamea Lophodermia pinastri Summa ry of Miscellaneous Tree Diseases STATUS OF INSECTS

Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) Population levels of the larch sawfly declined generally in the northern part of the Central Region in 1957, and at other widely scattered locations. In the northern part of Chapleau and Gogama districts, infestations declined from heavy to medium intensity, whereas in the southern part of these districts heavy infestations continued (Map 1). The intensities of infestations varied from light to heavy throughout the White River District. In Sault Ste. Marie District, a decrease in infestation intensity occurred in Division 30, in the west half of Division 36, and in the southeastern part of Division 66. Heavy infestations continued in the eastern half of Division 36 and in the northwestern part of Division 66. In Sudbury District a few small areas of heavy infestation persisted in the northwestern part of the district and on Manitoulin Island. At numerous locations elsewhere in the district medium-to-heavy defoliation of open-grown trees occurred around the fringe of larch stands, whereas defoliation within stands was generally light. Curled tip counts and defoliation estimates which were continued at 12 points in the Central Region show the general decline evident in the region (Table 1). It will be noted that the percentage of tips curled and the estimated defoliation of larch trees were less than or equal to 1956 values except in two instances. In Hallam. Township in Sudbury District defoliation increased from 7 per cent to 23 per cent. In Hunt Township, White River District, the number of curled tips in 1957 was higher than in 1956, however, subsequent high mortality of larvae throughout the feeding stage resulted in less defoliation than in 1956. TABLE 1 Summary of Curled Shoots and Defoliation Estimates caused by the Larch Sawfly at 12 Points in 1956 and 1957. Note: Based on the examination of two branches from each of ten larch trees at each location.

Location by Districts D.B.H. of trees No. of tips Percent of tips Estimated Infestation in inches examined curled defoliation Trends 1956 1957 --79377.93r in 1957

Chapleau Planet Township 3 841 30.0 27.5 85 88 Static Margaret Township 3 935 30.0 21:5 75 74. Static Township 46 3 559 53.0 26.0 65 58. Lower

Gogama Noble Township 5 519 64.0 56.2 81 81, Static Penhorwood Township 612 62.0 40.5 74 68. Lower

Sault Ste. Marie Galbraith Township 1051 0;2 2.0 1 1. Static Fenwick Township 5 9114 0.3 2.1 6 Static

White River Pearks Township 14 7514 154 10;8 77 50: Lower Township 73 6 1029 14.0 10.9 68 33; Lower Hunt Township 1082 8.0 10.7 51 31. Lower Sudbury Dili Township 3 1491 12.0 8.6 21 12; Lower Hallam Township 3 605 2.0 9.1 7 23. Higher

Based on Curled tip counts and defoliation estimates. CENTRAL FOREST REGION

a) I. WHITE RIVER 0 040(Da) 2. CHAPLEAU 01100 • (1) 0 • 3. GOGAMA 011100 4. SAULT STE. MARIE 5. SUDBURY

mium Map 1 0 20 40 Larch Sawfly Locations where light, medium, and heavy infestations of the larch sawfly were observed in the Central Region in 1957. Legend Light infestation Medium infestation . a Heavy infestation Large Aspen Tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana Wlk. An outbreak of the large aspen tortrix was evident in the Central Region in 1957 when infestations occurred in all districts. This represented a sharp increase over 1956, when only a few patches of infestation occurred in Sault Ste. Marie District. The largest areas of heavy infestation occurred in the southern part of Chapleau and Gogama districts and in the western part of Sudbury District where aspen in areas of approximately 700 and 600 square miles respectively were severely defoliated (Map 2). Along the White River-Chapleau district boundary an area of approximately 200 square miles was heavily defoliated. Elewhere in the region numerous smaller patches of heavy infestation occurred at widely scattered locations.

Large areas of light-to-medium infestation occurred around or adjacent to these heavy infestations, particularly in Sudbury, Chapleau, and Gogama districts. In addition small numbers of leaf rolls constructed by the large aspen tortrix were noted in numerous pockets of aspen throughout the remainder of the region.

Green-striped Mapleworm, Anisota rubicunda Fabr.

Infestations of the green-striped mapleworm were observed on sugar and red maple trees at several locations in Sudbury, Sault Ste. Marie and Gogama Districts in 1957 (Map 3). /

In Sudbury District no appreciable change was observed in the heavy infestations that have persisted for a number of years in pockets of red maple in Waters, Dill and Burwash townships. The heavy infestations reported in 1956 in Cascaden and Broder townships declined to light intensity in 1957, only scattered colonies being found in these areas. A medium infestation was observed on scattered, understory red-maple trees in Township 120. Light infestations occurred on red maple understory at widely-separated points in five townships of Division 67, five townships in Division 70 and in three townships of Division 76. Scattered colonies of larvae were found generally in all three divisions and on Manitoulin Island.

in the Sault Ste .Marie District : light infestations were observed in the west, northwest and central parts of Division 36. Small numbers of colonies were observed in the northeastern part of Division 30, and at two locations in the centr al and southeastern part of Divi- sion 66.

In the Gogama District light infestations persisted in numerous townships In the southern part of Division 72, where red and sugar- maple trees were lightly defoliated along the Westree, Westmak and Sinclair roads. 146

CENTRAL FOREST REGION

I. WHITE RIVER 2. CHAPLEAU 3. GOGAMA 4. SAULT STE. MARIE 5. SUDBURY

Map 2 Large Aspen Tortrlx Areas within which infestations of the large aspen tortrix were observed in the Central Region in 1957. Legend Light to medium infestation Heavy infestation 14

CENTRAL FOREST REGION

I. WHITE RIVER 2. CHAPLEAU 3. GOGAMA 4. SAULT STE. MARIE 5. SUDBURY

GOGAMA 0 1/411 00

Map 3 0 Green-striped Mapleworm Locations where infestations of the green-striped mapleworm were observed in the Central Region in 1957. Legend Light infestation a) Medium infestation Heavy infestation . . A Cedar Leaf Miner, Argyresthia aureoargentella Brower

A medium infestation of this cedar leaf miner occurred on white cedar at old Fort St. Joseph on St. Josephs Island, and in the area surrounding the fort. Subsequent to the discovery of the infestation, surveys were made to determine the distribution of the insect in the Central Region. These resulted in 28 collections from widely- separated locations in the region, each contained very small numbers of the insect (Map 4). A mass collection was made at Fort St. Joseph for taxonomic studies. Of these 22.7 per cent were parasitized, and some extremely interesting parasites were reared. 149

CENTRAL FOREST REGION

1. WHITE RIVER 2. CHAPLEAU 3. GOGAMA 4. SAULT STE. MARIE 5. SUDBURY

Map 4 A Cedar Leaf Miner Locations where the Cedar Leaf miner was observed in the Central Region in 1957• Legend Locations STATUS OF TREE DISEASES Balsam fir Dieback

Several fungi associated with deterioration of balsam fir trees are known to occur in Ontario. In 1957 a survey was carried out to determine the distribution of the organisms.

Thyronectria balsamea was found in the Burwash and Sudbury areas where large numbers of balsam fir trees were affected. Although an occasional dead tree was observed, damage was mainly confined to branches or to the tops of trees. The disease was observed at numerous widely separated points elsewhere in the Region, but only single, or small numbers of trees were affected.

A NEEDLE CAST OF PINES CAUSED BY

LOPHODERMIUM PINASTRI

This foliage disease of conifers was observed at six locations in the Sault Ste. Marie and Sudbury districts of the Central Forest Region in 1957. Although confined to small numbers of white pine trees at each point, it apparently caused heavy needle browning and a great deal of needle drop. TABLE 2

Distribution of Miscellaneous Collections of Fungi from the Central Forest Region in 1957.

Organism Host(s) Remarks

Aleurodiscus amorphus bF Scattered collections made in the Sault Ste. Marie and Sudbury districts. Arceuthobium pusillum bS One collection made in Sault Ste. Marie District. Bothrodiscus pinicola bF One collection made in Chapleau District. Ciborinia whetzelii tA Two collections made in Sault Ste. Marie District. Cronartium ribicola wP One collection made in Chapleau District. Fomes ignarius eM One collection made in Sault Ste. Marie District. Fusicladium radios= tA Three collections made in Sault Ste. Marie District. Micropera abietinum bF Scattered collections made in the Sault Ste. Marie and Sudbury districts. Polyporus tomentosus—circinatus wS One collection made in Sault Ste. Marie District. Rhytisma salicinum Scattered collections made in Sault Ste. Marie and Chapleau districts. Tubercularia vulgaris C Ch One collection made in Sault Ste. Marie District. Status of Insects in the Sudbury District

Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch) Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex Swaines Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd, Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Roh. European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.) yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (R h ) Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella Hbn. Whitepine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck American Poplar Leaf Beetle, Gonioctena americana Schaeff. Ugly-nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana Fitch pitch Nodule Maker, Petrova albicapitana Busck. Birch Leaf Miner, Fenusa pusilla (Lep.) Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum F. Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Dru, Red-pine Needle Midge, Family Cecidomyiidae A Leaf-folding Sawfly, Nematus sp. Pine Engraver, Ips pini Say Cedar Sawfly, Monoctenus juniperinus MacG.

J. R. McPhee STATUS OF INSECTS

Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch)

Infestations of this sawfly occurred in several red-pine plantations in the district in 1957. The heaviest damage was observed in small plantings along Highway 17 in May and Victoria townships where defoliation of infested trees averaged 70 per cent. A medium infestation occurred in Tennyson Township where an average of 49 per cent defoliation was noted. Medium infestations recurred in Hallam Township, where defoliationof infested trees averaged 20 per cent (Table 3).

Generally, low populations persisted in the Burwash Industrial Farm plantations causing severe defoliation of occasional small trees. Scattered larval colonies caused medium and heavy defoliation of young jack-pine trees at several points along Highway 69 and in the French River area. Single colonies occurred at numerous other locations in the district (Map 5).

Considerable host tree mortality occurred in Hallam Township and Burwash Industrial Farm plantations as a result of the severe defoliation caused by the insect in 1956.

TABLE 3

Summary of Red-headed Pine Sawfly Colony Counts and Estimated Defoliation of Red Pine in the Sudbury District 1957

Location Number of Ave. height Number of Ave. no. Ave. 1 trees examined in feet trees of colonies per cent infested per infested defolation tree tion i Tennyson Township 100 2 44 1.6 50 May " I 25 1 14 2.4 70 Hallam n 100 1 2 22 1.1 20 1 3

0 H

Map 5 Pine Sawflies

Locations where three species of pine sawflies were observed in 1957. Legend Swaine jack-pine sawfly Red-headed jack-pine sawfly . . . O Red-headed pine sawfly Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex.

Light infestations occurred on open-grown jack pine trees in Foy and Burwash townships in Division 70 and in Tehkummah Township on Manitoulin Island where a larval colony count showed an average of 4.2 colonies per tree on 10 trees averaging 4-inches D.B.H. Occasional colonies were observed at scattered locations elsewhere in the district (Map 5).

Swaines Jack pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd.

A sharp increase in population levels of this sawfly occurred in 1957. Light infestations were observed in jack pine stands in five townships northwest of Levack in Division 70 and on lakeshore jack pine trees at Selkirk Lake in Division 76. Scattered larval colonies occurred north and east of Wanapitei Lake aid in the French River area. Single colonies of larvae were observed at numerous other locations in Divisions 70 and 76 and at one point on Manitoulin Island (Map 5).

Black-headed Jack pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Rohwer.

A further decline in population levels of this sawfly occurred in 1957. Only scattered colonies were found on Cloche Island where infestations had persisted for a number of years before declining sharply in 1956. A colony count made on 10 trees averaging 6-inches D.B.H. showed an average of 2.6 colonies per tree. Pockets of light defoliation occurred in Nairn Plantation and occasional colonies were observed on open-grown trees in Burwash, Hanmer and Victoria townships.

European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.)

Small numbers of larvae were collected in beating-mat samples from open-grown white-spruce trees at 5 locations in the central aid eastern parts of the district (Table 4). The insect was not found in samples taken from the western part of the district nor on Manitoulin Island. TABLE

Summary of European Spruce Sawfly Larval Counts on White-Spruce Trees in the Sudbury District 1957

Note: Six mat samples were taken at each location.

Ave. D.B.H. Ave. number of Location of host trees larvae per mat Date (inches) sample Sampled

Bigwood Township 12 3.8 August 28 Balfour 10 12.7 August 29 Tennyson " 14 0 September 6 Denison 12 1.7 September 10 Shakespeare " 8 14.5 September 10 Billings 12 0 September 11 Appleby 114 1.2 September 18

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.)

Population levels of this insect increased in 1957. Severe defoliation of small, open-grown white-spruce trees occurred in Hallam and Burwash townships and on Cloche Island. Light defoliation of occasional black and white-spruce trees occurred along the K.V.P. road from Shakespeare Township north to C Township. The insect was found in small numbers at several other widely-separated points.

Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella Hbn.

Population levels of this insect remained at a very low level in 1957. Larval counts made in Secord and Bigwood townships in Division 70, showed an average of less than one insect per branch sample whereas an average of 1.6 larvae per branch was counted in Bidwell Township on Manitoulin Island. Counts made at two locations in Division 67 gave negative results.

White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck.

As in 1956, the white pine weevil caused heavy damage to white and jack pines in the Nairn plantations. Light shoot damage occurred on groups of white pine reproduction in Shedden, 125 and Hendrie townships. Occasional small trees were attacked at numerous locations elsewhere in the district. American Poplar Leaf Beetle, Gonioctena americana Schaeff.

Populations of this leaf beetle increased in 1957. A medium infestation occurred on aspen reproduction in Ulster Township. Small trembling-aspen trees suffered light defoliation at numerous points in all three divisions. The insect was found in small numbers on Manitoulin Island.

Ugly Nest Caterpiller, Archips cerasivorana Fitch.

Population levels of this insect increased in 1957. Heavy infestations occurred on groups of cherry shrubs in 10 townships. Nests were found frequently at many other locations in the district.

Pitch Nodule Maker, Petrova albicapitana Busck.

A medium infestation occurred on jack pine reproduction in MacLennan Township where a count showed an average of eight nodules per tree on four trees averaging three inches D.B.H. Light infestations were observed on small jack pine trees in three townships in the Capreol area, in Hagar Township and on Cloche Island. The insect was found in small numbers at numerous other points in the district.

Birch Leaf Miner, Fenusa pusilla (Lep.)

In 1957, pockets of medium-to-heavy infestation of this leaf miner occurred on small, open-grown white-birch trees along roadsides and on rocky sites in Waters, McKim and Broder townships. Light infestations of this nature were observed at several other locations in the central part of the district, whereas few of the insects were found elsewhere in the district.

Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum F.

Populations of the eastern tent caterpillar remained at a low level in 1957. Small numbers of tents were found on cherry shrubs in 12 townships. Numerous tents were observed on cherry shrubs along roadsides and in old fields in Denison Township.

Fall Webworm, Hyphantiia cunea Dru.

As in 1956, the fall webworm was found commonly throughout the district. Webs were most abundant along the K.V.P. road from Shakespeare Township north to Township A, and in Sheguiandah and Bidwell townships on Manitoulin Island. Collections were made in 20 townships in the district. Red-pine Needle Midge, Family Cecidomyiidae

Populations of this insect declined sharply in 1956 and 1957 following the heavy infestations which occurred in 1955. Only occasional insects were found on red-pine trees at Nairn and Bur- wash plantations. Considerable branch mortality was observed on red-pine trees in the plantation at Nairn where severe damage was caused by the insect in 1955.

A Leaf Folding Sawfly, Nematus sp.

This leaf folding sawfly was found commonly on aspen reproduction and small willow throughout the district in 1957. Light and medium infestations occurred at many points, however, since damage was confined to the edges of leaves, injury to host trees was negligible. Leaf damage at 12 locations is shown in Table 5. Leaf damage was based on the examination of 100. leaves from four trees at each location.

Table 5

Summary of Damaged Leaf Counts Caused by a Leaf Folding Sawfly on Trembling Aspen in Sudbury District 1957.

Location Ave. D.B.H. of host No. of folds per 100 leaves trees in inches

19 Township 2 17 n 2 25 gar " 2 12 cKim " 3 15 erritt " 3 15 Cloche Island 3. 23 fillings Township 3 46 lan 4 52 Dawson if 3 56 capreol 2 7 enison " 2 13 Dill n 3 7 I

Pine Engraver, Ips pini Say

This beetle was not found in the Nairn plantation in 1957 where light tree mortality occurred in 1956. No further tree mortality was noted in 1957.

Cedar Sawfly, Monochamus juniperinus MacG.

Populations of the cedar sawfly increased in 1957. Small numbers of larvae were found at scattered points throughout the district. Counts based on beating-mat sampling in Robinson and Bidwell townships gave an average of 3.7 and 4.0 larvae per mat sample respectively.

Table 6

Summar of Collections of Miscellaneous Insects

Insect Host(s) Remarksl

Acleris variana Fern. W.S.,bF (2) 1 larva at each location Acleris logiana Linn. W. B. 2 larvae Acrobasis betulella Hlst. W.B. (7) Small numbers at each location Acronicta interrupta Gn. pCh 1 larva Actias luna Linn. W.B. 1 larva Adelges lariciatus (Patch) W.S. Light infest- at ion in Baldwin Town- ship. Anacampsis innocuella Zell. lA Light infestation in Fal- conbridge Town- ship. Anisota virginiensis Dru. W.B.,rO (2) 1 colony at each location Anisocalvia duodecimmaculata Geb1. W.S. 1 larva Aphrophora parallella Say ScP Severe damage in small roadside planting in Graham Town- ship. Archips argyrospila WlK. tA,wB,W (4) Small numbers at each location Archips rosaceana Harr. tA,wB,W,C (11) Light on shrubs at 3 locations, small numbers at other locations Autheraea polyphemus Cram. rM,W (2) 1 larva at each location Caripeta divisata WIK. W S 1 larva Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. bF,wS,eH (12) Larval populations very low throughout district, occasional larvae at each point. Choristoneura pinus Freem. jP,rP (7) Larvae found in very small numbers Cimbex americana Leach wB,W (4) Light defoliation of willow shrubs in Rayside Township, few larvae at other points. Coleophora occidentis Zell. Haw Light on roadside shrub

1The number of collections is given inside brakets for those insects collected more than once. Insect Host( s) Remarks

Coleophora salmani Heim. W B Numerous in Hagar Township Compsolechia niveopulvella Chamb. tA (5) Few larvae found Conophtherus resinosae Hopk. rP (4) Cones heavily infested in Allen Township s occasion al infested cones at other locations Croesus latitarsus Nort. W B (2) Small numbers Datana ministra Dru. W B (4) Scattered colonies on small trees Dioryctria abietella D. S. jP,rP,wS (3) Light damage Dioryctria reniculella Grt. W S Small numbers Eacles imperialis pini Mitchener wP Numerous larvae on large trees in Salter Township Enargia decolor Wlk. tA (3) Occasional larvae Epinotia solandriana Linn. tA (3) Small numbers Eucordylea atrupictella Dietz. wS (2) 1 larva at each location Eupithecia filmata Pears. wS 1 larva Eucosma (prob.) sonomana Kft. JP Occasional infested shoots in Township 119 Eucosma gloriola Heim, JP Infested shoots numerous in Hanmer Township Exartema appendiceum Zell. tA (2) Small numbers Exotelia pinifoliella Cham. JP Light needle mining in Dill Town- ship Feralia jocose Gn. JP 1 larva Gnophothrips piniphilus Cwfd. JP Small numbers Gracillaris alnivorella Cham. W B Occasional larvae Griselda radicana Wlshm. W S 1 larva Halisidota maculate Harr. (2) 1 larva at each location Hyperaspis binotata Say rP 1 adult Ichthyura albosigma Fitch tA 1 larva Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria Gn eC 1 larva Macremphytus varianus (Nort.) Do 3 larvae Malacosoma disstria Hbn. wB 1 larva Malacosoma pluviale Dyer Ch (2) Numerous tents in Telfer Township, 1 tent found in Township G Mindarus abietinus Koch. bF 10 insects Nadata gibbosa A. S. Ch 1 larva Neodiprion abbottii (Leach) JP 1 colony Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl. jP (3) Scattered colonies Nepytia canosaria eC 1 larva Neurotoma inconspicua (Nort.) Ch Light defoliation of scattered trees in Shakespeare Township 1 6

~4- 111890t8 Hosts) Remarks

Nycteola frigidana Wik. W (4) Heavy on lakeshore shrubs at Ellis and Scarecrow lakes, light at other points Nymphalis antiopa Linn. W (4) Light-to-heavy defoliation of small willow and aspen at widely separated locations Ocdionychis subvittata Horn. eC 1 larva Ocnerostoma piniariella Zell. rP,wP (4) Heavy infestation on small island in Ona- ping Lake, occurred in very small numbers at other locations Pandemis canadana Kft. tA (2) Small numbers Pikonema dimmockii (Cress.) wS Occasional larvae Pinipestis cambiicola Dyar JPSeveral infested cones on Cloche Island Pineus floccus Patch. wS Terminal of 1 small tree damaged Pineus similis Gill. wS 1 larva Polygonia interrogationis Fabr. E 1 colony Profenusa alumna (MacG.) wB (8) Heavy leaf mining on small trees in Morgan Township, light at other points. Protoboarmia porcelaria Gn. wS (2) 3 larvae Recurvaria piceaella Kft. wS Small numbers Recurvaria thujaella Kft. eC 10) Light at each location Retinodiplosis sp. JP1 damaged shoot Rheumaptera hastata Linn. wB Small numbers Rhyacionia sp. jP,rP (7) Light infestations in Jennings and Robinson townships, small numbers of earthen cocoons found at 2 locations Schizura concinna A. S. tA,Ch,W,Ap 14) Scattered colonies at each location caused severe defoliation of occasional small trees and shrubs at several points Schizura unicornis A. S. Mo Several larvae on 1 tree Sciaphila duplex Wlshm. tA (7) Few larvae at each point Semiothisa granitata Gn. (4) Occasional larvae found Smerinthus jamaicensis geminatus Say wB 3 larvae Sparganothis directana Wlk. Ch light on small shrubs Sparganothis sulfureana Clem. rP,jP (4) Small numbers at each location. Insect Host(s Remarks

Sphinx gordius Cram. tL 1 larva Tetralopha asperatella Clem. tA Very few larvae Tortrix packardiana Fern. wS,bF (3) Very few larvae Trichiosoma triangulum Kby. tA,wB (2) 1 larva at each point Xylomyges dolosa Grt. tA (3) Small numbers Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana Ratz. (8) Light damage on large open-grown trees Zeiraphera fortunana Kft. wS 1 larva Zellaria haimbachi Busck. JP Light in Burwash, Bigwood and Victoria townships, small numbers at other locations. Zenobia pleonectusa Grt. tA (9) Small numbers at each location Table 7 MASS COLLECTIONS SUBMITTED BY FOREST BIOLOGY RANGERS

District: Sudbury Year: 1957

Insect Stage Where Collected For Whom Collected Purpose

Neodiprion virginianus complex larvae Manitoulin Island Mr. D. R. Wallace Anatomical Studies

Anisota rubicunda larvae Township 118 Dr. A. M. Heimpel Pathogenicity studies Nymphalis antiopa larvae Township 119 Dr. A. k. Heimpel Pathogenicity studies Larch sawfly cocoon Dill Township Forest Insect Survey Parasitism studies Larch sawfly cocoon Hallam Township Forest Insect Survey Parasitism studies O ,d■

0 .1..

Map 6 Coverage Map Locations where insect collections were made and field records taken in 1957•

Legend Before July 15 After July 15 3 Both before and after July 15. • Status of Insects in Sault Ste. Marie District

Black Army Cutworm, Actebia fennica (Tausch.) Pine Tortoise Scale Toumeyella numismaticum P. and M. Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch). Swaines Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd. Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex Spruce Bud Moth, Zeiraphera ratzeburgeana Sax Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Dru, Western Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar), Ugly-nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana (Fitch). European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.) Mountain-ash Sawfly, Pristiphora genicUlata (Htg.) Arge sp, on Alder Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.) White-pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella Hbn. Pine Engraver, Ips pini Say Jack-pine Shoot Moth, Eucosma prob. sonomara Kft, A Spider Mite, Oligonychus sp, A Leaf Miner on Birch, Profenusa alumna (MacG.) Poplar and Willow Borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.) Maple Leaf Miner, Lithocolletis aceriella Clam.

Miller 164

STATUS OF INSECTS

Black Army Cutworm, Actebia fennica (Tausch,)

A heavy infestation of this insect occurred in a recent burn north of Mount Lake in Division 66, where virtually all vegetation normally growing after fire was severely defoliated (Figure 17 and 18), Most of the red-pine seedlings in an area planted in 1956 were severely defoliated (Figure 19) and some were killed outright. Only those seedlings that were stripped of old foliage and had the new shoots completely eaten (Tree 1, Figure 20) died as a result of the cutworm attack, Other seedlings that had the new shoots partly eaten survived, but the foliage was stunted and sparse(Tree 2, Figure 20), Many seedlings having one or more undamaged new shoots survived (Trees 3 and 4, Figure 20),

A survey to determine the degree of red-pine seedling mortality in the infested areas was carried out in October, Four strip cruises were run across the planting north of Square Lake, and one strip was run in an adjacent uninfested area as a check,

The average seedling mortality in the four strips was 23 per cent compared with 7 per cent in the check strip (Table 3).

Since the plantation was young it is probable that some of the severely defoliated or dead seedlings may have been missed, Therefore the mortality values above may be considered conservative,

The black army cutworm is known to be a pest of blueberries in areas where they are grown commercially and where controlled burning is used to improve the crop. It is significant that the outbreak occurred in a recent burn in an extensive area which had previously been burned over in 1948, and where succulent growth including blueberries was abundant,

Table 3

Summary of Mortality in a Red-pine Planting Near Square lake that was Infested by the Black Army Cut- • worm in 1957

Trees clean Per cent Strip Living Trees killed from other mortality number trees by cutworm causes of trees Uninfested Control strip 98 0 8 7

Infested Strip 1 11 0 15

Strip 2 56 15 6 27

Strip 3 45 30 1 41

Strip 4 120 17 5 15 165

Fig# 17 - formal ground vegetation in White River area in 195? where fires occurred in 1948 and 1955© By: D# C# Anderson#

Fig@ 18 - Severe defoliation of ground vegetation caused by the black array cutworm in the Square Lake area in May, 1957. Photographed on June 5 37: D* G- Anderson. 166

fig. 19 - Typical defoliation of a red pine seedling by the black army cutworm in the Square Lake area, June, 1957• By: D* C. Anderson*

Pig* 20 - Red pine seedlings showing varying degrees of defoliation after current year's growth was complete* By: D* C# Anderson® 1 C'

Pine Tortoise Scale, Toumeyella numismaticum P,. and M.

No pine tortoise scale were found at the headwaters of the Batchewana and Montreal rivers where infestations had occurred in 1955 and 1956, Mortality of jack-pine trees in the area was 5 per cent by volume. Most of the mortality was of young suppressed trees,

Red-headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch).

Populations of the red-headed pine sawfly increased in the southern part of Sault Ste, Marie District in 1957 compared with 1956.

Light to medium infestations occurred on young red-pine planted along the Chapleau Highway in the vicinity of Peshu Lake, and on red- pine and jack-pine plantings along Highway 17 from Sault Ste, Marie east to the eastern boundary of the district (Map 5), Medium infestations occurred in two small plantations of red-pine in Jocelyn Township, St. Josephs Island, Defoliation ranged from 80 to 100 per cent on most trees within the plantations.

Larval colony counts were made at eleven locations where infestations occurred in 1957. Infestation intensities at these locations were based on the number of colonies per infested tree in relation to tree height (Table 4),

Table 4

Summary of Red-headed Pine Sawfly Larval Counts at Eleven Points in Sault Ste. Marie District, 1957. Ave, no, location Tree Tree No, of NO. of of colo- Infestation (township) Species Heights trees trees ries per Status examined infested infested tree

4 D rP 5 65 63 3.7 Medium 5 D rP 2 100 47 1,2 Medium Bright rP 2 100 18 1,0 Medium Thompson rp 3 100 2 1,0 Medium Lewis rP 2 29 18 1,0 Medium Lewis rP 2 100 18 1,0 Medium Spragge jP 3 100 16 1,0 Medium Long rP 2 100 16 1,0 Medium Gladstone rP 2 42 3 1,0 Medium Thessalon rp 2 100 59 1,0 Medium

Based on infested trees only. SAULT STE. MARIE DISTRICT

XXII Map 5 Pine Sawflies XXI Locations where three species of pine sawflies were observed in 1957.

MEM Legend 11111111111112 Swains jack-pine sawfly . .4, 1E011111 Red-headed jack-pine sawfly 4agamm Red-headed pine sawfly. . . 1111111M10 111111/11111111 :wan= immumgrucua alimmirommumg-trina rnmosamougEnniPoi ;154pazzi6 ugurcuicm 3 ramartiammoomorm Azacs=mmovigiiiiFri P maniconnarg 151 231:1112:1110111111112 150 144 gaincomogo 149 143 r417CITISMIGIC ESTER PRO47011 444"."77,F1 rilom;pvgi

MILES 20 10 0 20 40 169

Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd,

Small numbers of this jack-pine sawfly occurred on jack-pine regeneration in 15 townships surrounding Rocky Island, Kindiogami, and Distant lakes in the northern part of Division 66 (Map 5),

Red-heeded Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex

Small numbers of colonies of this sawfly were observed within the area comprising 15 townships surrounding Rocky Island, Kindiogami, and Distant lakes, where Swaines jack-pine sawfly also occurred, A light infestation was observed in the Distant Lake area,

Spruce Bud Moth, Zeiraphera ratzeburgeana Sax.

Medium-to-heavy infestations of the spruce bud moth occurred on large open-grown white-spruce trees along the banks of the Mississaugi River and Highway 17 between Iron Bridge and Blind River,

Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Dru.

The fall webworm was found commonly in the district in 1957. Medium infestations occurred on deciduous hosts along the Wenebegon River in Township 5 D, and along the Chapleau Highway and Mississaugi River in townships 1 F and 188,

Western Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar).

Small numbers of the western tent caterpillar occurred on pin cherry, in the area surrounding Rocky Island Lake and Kindiogami Lake, and from Aubrey Falls north along the Chapleau Highway to Township 7 D,

Ugly-nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana (Fitch).

Small roadside clumps of choke cherry were heavily infested by the ugly-nest caterpillar along Highway 17 from Thessalon to Sault Ste. Marie. Small, heavy infestations also occurred in Rose, Lefroy, Fenwick and Haviland townships.

European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.)

The infestation of the European spruce sawfly that has occurred mainly on open-grown white spruce trees along the North Channel from Plummer Township east to Thompson Township and northwards for approximately three townships, continued in 1957, Although a general increase in larval populations was indicated from quantitative sampling in 1957, the infestation intensity remained light (Table 5), Table 5

Summary of European Spruce Sawfly Larval Counts on White-spruce Trees in the Sault Ste. Marie District 1953 - 1957.

Note:- Counts based on the number of larvae recovered per mat sample. Samples taken from the west and south sides of three trees at each sample point. Ave. D.B.H. No. of larvae per mat sample Location of trees in Date sampled in 1957 (township) inches 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 Plummer 16 4 10.0 0.0 0.8 7.0 September 12 Rose 16 14 25.0 0.2 1.5 16.3 " 12 LeFroy 12 3 0.2 0.0 1.0 34.0 August 30 Kirkwood, east 10 4 1.5 0.2 18.0 2.5 September 9 Kirkwood, west 16 8 5.5 0.2 0.0 3.0 It 9 Weals 10 2 0.2 0.2 1.5 3.3 " 13 Day 8 7 2.5 0.0 1.0 12.0 " 19 Bright 4 1 6.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 " 13 Kirkwood, north 6 - 8.0 1.7 1.0 5.0 " 13 Haughton 13 - 12.0 0.3 5.0 0.8 " 19 Parkinson 10 - - - 4.0 0.8 " 13 Thompson 5 - - - 2.1 13.0 " 16 Gresett 10 - - - 1.0 0.1 " 17 171

SAULT STE. MARI E DISTRICT

European Spruce Sawfly Locations where infestations of the European spruce sawfly were observed. in 1957. 411111111111E Legend -11111111111111112 Light infestation . . .(D MIEN 41111111111111.100 0:111111111,91111111111361111:11111111110111:11;1111 111 111ommo

ISO

Fa 143

(STEN MOMS

MUNE LEM

MILES 20 10 0 20 40 11 •••••". mountain-ash Sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata (A6.)

Light infestations of this sawfly occurred on mountain-ash trees at widely-separated locations in the southern part of Division 36, Individual open-grown trees were heavily defoliated in Kirkwood and LeFroy townships and in the northern part of Thessalon Township,

Arge sp, on Alder

A medium-to-heavy infestation of this sawfly occurred along the banks of the Batchewana River from Mile 80 on the Algoma Central Rail- way upstream for approximately 15 miles, The larvae were found on alder, white and yellow birch, hazel, and service berry. Otherwise the sawfly was observed only in Kirkwood and Gaudette townships.

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.).

Small patches of heavy infestation of the yellow-headed spruce sawfly occurred on plantings of young spruce along Highway 17, between Iron Bridge and Blind River, and in the vicinity of the village of Garden River, Small numbers of the sawfly occurred elsewhere along the highway between Sault Ste, Marie and the eastern boundary of the district, and on young black-spruce trees in the Peshu Lake plantations in Township 4 D.

White-pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck

Infestations of this insect persisted on white-pine, Scots pine red-pine, and jack-pine trees in the district in 1957.

Medium infestations occurred on Scots pine at the Department of Lands and Forests Headquarters at Lonely Lake, and on white-pine at mileage 5 of Highway 17 north in Tarentorus Township,

Tallies of infested trees were made at two locations in the district, In Tarentorus Township 28 per cent of the white pine had been attacked by the weevil in 1957 and 86 per cent had been attacked in previous years (Table 6).

Table 6

Summary of Shoot Damage by the White pine Weevil on 100 Trees at Each of Two Points in the Sault Ste, Marie District in 1957

Ave, height No, of trees infested Location Tree of trees In In 1957 and In past (township) sp. in feet 1957 in past years years only

Tarentorus wP 6 2 26

2E jP 2 0 Larch casebearer, Coleophora laricella Hbn.

Populations of the larch casebearer remained at a very low level in the district in 1957. Quantitative samples at six locations show no significant change of larval populations since 1956 (Table 7)". Very small numbers were observed on larch trees at a few locations in the southern part of the district, TABLE 7

Summary of Larval Counts of the Larch Casebearer, 1951 - 1957

Note - Based on the examination of four 18-inch branch samples from four trees Et each point

Location Ave. D.B.H. Ave.height Ave. no. of larvae per branch (township) of trees in of trees in inches(1957) feet (1957) 1951 1952 : 1954 1955 1956 1957

Fisher 4 25 - 3 4.4 3.2 1.3

Garden River 5 28 - 54 9 0.3 0.3 0.5 Indian Reserve Plummer Add. 4 23 - 80 20 8.0 0.7 0.13

Kirkwood 6 40 4.5 - 9 0.8 0.0 0.05

Wells 4 30 14.5 46 1 0.0 0.0 0.25

Park 4 30 19.5 28 26 18.0 0.4 0.8 Pine Engraver, as pini Say

Light infestations of the pine engraver continued in Lot 9, Concession V, Kirkwood Township, in 1957. The infestation was confined to logs and slash resulting from thinning operations in the plantations. No evidence of damage to living trees was noted.

Jack-pine Shoot Moth, Eucosma prob. sonamana Kft.

Light infestations of this shoot moth occurred in young jack-pine plantations in LeFroy and Rose townships, and in stands of jack-pine reproduction in Township 3 E. Very small numbers were noted elsewhere,in the district on young jack-pine trees. A quantitative sample from LeFroy Township revealed six per cent of the jack-pine had infested leaders,

A Spider Mite, Oligonychus sp.

Heavy infestations of this spider mite occurred on young balsam trees in LeFroy, Day, Gladstone, Bright, and Bright Additional townships in 1957, Defoliation was confined to the new foliage of trees up to approximately ten feet in height and mainly to those growing in the open, or in fringe areas.

A Leaf Miner on Birch, Profenusa alumna (MacG.)

Heavy infestations of this leaf miner persisted in Township 29, Range XIV, in the Montreal mining Location near Pancake Bay, and near Noel Lake, in Township 22, Range XVI. A medium infestation occurred in Tupper Township where the number of birch leaves mined increased from 6 per cent in 1956, to 34 per cent in 1957 (Table 8),

Although small numbers were found elsewhere in the district, none were observed in Gaudette, Spragge, Plummer, and Plummer Additional townships where counts had been made in previous years, 176

Table 8

Summary of Damage to White Birch Foliage Caused by the Birch Leaf Miner in Samples from Fifteen Points in the Sault Ste, Marie District, 1951-1957.

A Location Per cent of leaves mined infestation (township or 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 in 1957 sample point)

Gaudette 95 64 100 58 20 2 0 Nil Tupper 85 89 88 36 7 6 34 Medium Lewis 1 71 16 1 1 3 2 Light Spragge 50 74 20 14 6 4 0 Nil Cobden 71 18 30 4 8 0 0 Nil Plummer Add. 18 74 15 4 0 2 0 Nil Plummer 5 53 32 5 7 3 0 Nil Parkinson 51 21 35 16 6 6 9 Light 175 35 68 82 20 7 0 6 Light 1 A 4 66 84 35 11 0 1 Light Fisher 61 - 93 89 32 39 3 Light 29, Range XIV - 67 78 92 90 96 84 Heavy Tilley - 13 85 76 19 4 3 Light Montreal Mining Location - 80 88 88 92 80 48 Heavy 4 E - 11 77 80 75 16 12 Light Poplar and Willow Borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.)

A heavy infestation of this weevil occurred on young balsam- poplar trees growing in small clumps near the Ranger Lake Road in Township 3 H. The young trees were girdled at ground level; many were dead and broken off at the point of injury.

Maple Leaf Miner, Lithocolletis aceriella Clem.

Further declines in population levels of the maple leaf miner occurred in Sault Ste. Marie District in 1957 (Table 9). Small numbers were found in Palmer, Wells, and Gould townships.

Table 9

Summary of Damage to Hard Maple Foliage Caused by the Maple Leaf Miner in Sault Ste. Marie District, 1955 - 1957.

Per cent of Per cent of leaf Location Ave. D.B.H. leaves mined area mined (township or of trees in 1955 19 56 1957 1955 19 56 1957 sample point) inches

Gould 3 62 92 5 10 13 25 Wells 2 100 18 6 37 5 10 St. Joseph 2 70 12 0 3 3 0 Mile 104, A.C.R. 2 40 0 0 10 0 0 Mile 104, A.C.R. Coppice 95 0 0 25 0 0 Palmer 2 67 12 3 18 5 1

Table 10

Summary of Collections of Miscellaneous Insects

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Acronica americana Harr. sM (2) 1 larva in each collection Acronica dactylina Grt. tA 1 larva only Acleris variana Fern. wS 1 larva only Adelges abietis Linn. wS Small numbers of galls Adelges strobilohius Kalt. bS (3) Galls176 numerous in Township

Altica ambiens alni Harr. Al Small numbers in Township 5 D Amorbia humerosana Clem. wS 1 larva only Anacampsis innocuella Zell. LA (2) Small numbers Anoplonyx canadensis Hgtn. tL 1 larva only Aphrophora parallela Say wP 10 nymphs on 1 tree Arge pectoralis (Leach) yB, wB (5) Very few colonies 1 Numbers of collections ar e given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once. 3 Table 10 continued

Insects Host(s) Remarks 1

Argyresthia thuiella pack. eC Small numbers of larvae Autherea polyphemus Cram rM, W (2) larva in each collection Campaea perlata Gn. 1 larva only Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. wS Few insects only on mature trees Parkinson Township Cimbex americana Leach yB, wB (3) 1 larva in each collection Coccinella transversoguttata paid. wB 7 adults Compsolechia niveopulvella Chamb. 1A, to (4) Small numbers only Croesus latitarsus Nort. yB, Al (2) Small numbers only Cryptocephalus notatus F. eC 1 adult Cycloneda munda Say Try Small numbers Datana ministra Dru. yB,wB,Se (4) 1 colony at each location Depressaria grotella Busck. Wi Small numbers Dichelonyx linearis Gyn. IA Small numbers Township 1 A Dichelonyx subvittata Lee. lA Small numbers Dioryctria abietella D. and S. sP,rP (15) 1 larva in each collection Epinotia solandriana Linn. th,cCh (4) Small numbers only Epinotia aceriella Clem. sM (2) Small numbers only timidella Clem. r0 1 larva only Eucordylea atrupictella Dietz wS (3) 1 larva in each collection Eucosma gloriola Heinr. rP Small numbers Kirkwood plantation Eupithecia palpata Pack wS 1 larva only Gonioctena americana (Schaeff.) to (6) Numerous in Aberdeen Township Gracillaria invariabilis Braun. pCh (9) Small numbers only Gracillaria alnivorella Cham. wB Small numbers Griselda radicana Wlshm. wS (3) Few larvae only Halisidota maculata Harr. Al Few larvae only Hemichroa crocea (Four.) Al, wB (5) Small numbers only Heterarthrus nemoratus (Fall.) wB (ll) Small numbers, Spragge and Lewis townships Hyalophora cecropia Linn. w 1 larva only Hydriomena divisaria Wik. wS 3 larva only Malacosoma disstria Hbn. Few adults only Megarhyssa macrurus macrurus (Linn.) sMeC 1 adult Monoctenus juniperinus MacG. Small numbers in Whitman and Curtis townships Lithocolletis hamadryadella Clem. r0 (5) Small numbers only Lithocolletis aceriella Clem. sM,rM (7) Small numbers only Nematus ventralis Say (2) Small numbers only (puntania) hospes (Walsh.) IN Small numbers on a few shrubs Neodiprion pratti banksianae Roh. jP A few colonies on scattered trees Nepytia canosaria Wlk, tL 1 larva c Table 10 continued

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Nycteola frigidana Wlk. w (5) Small numbers only Nyctobia limitaria Wlk. tL 1 larva only Paonias excaecata A. and S. wB 1 larva only paratetranychus ununguis (Jac. wS Numerous in all stages Petrova albicapitana Busck. jP (8) Small numbers only Phigalia titea Cram. r0 1 larva only Pineus floccus Patch, bS 1(2) Numerous in Township R Pissodes approximatus Hopk. sP ,Small numbers in Kirkwood Township Phyllocnistis populiella Chamb, lA (2) Small numbers of miners Psilacarsis quercicella Clem. r0 1 3 larvae only Recurvaria thujaella Kft. eC (5) Small numbers Rheumaptera hostata Linn. .2.1aub 5 larvae only Sciaphila duplex Wlshm. tA (2) Small numbers only Schizura concinna A, and S. W,Se, tA (4) Single colonies only Scirtes orbiculatus Fab. eC 1 adult Semiothisa granitata Gn. wS (5) Small numbers only Trichiosoma triangulum Eby. W,yB (2) Small numbers only Xylomyges dolosa Grt. to 1 larva Zanclognatha protumnusalis Wlk. wS 1 larva Zeiraphera fortunana Kft, wS (3) Small numbers only diniana Gn. wS Small numbers only Zenobia pleonectusa Grt. to (3) Single larva in each collection

TABLE 11

MASS COLLECTIONS SUBMITTED BY FOREST BIOLOGY RANGERS

District: Sault Ste. iiarie Year: 1957 For purpose Insect Stage Where Collected whom Collected

Black Army Cutworm L Township 2 A Forest Insect Survey Identification studies

Larch Casebearer L Fisher Township Belleville Parasite Parasite studies Laboratory

Swaines Sawfly L Township 2 A D. Wallace Identification studies

Swaines Sawfly L Township 4 B D. Wallace Tt ft

European Spruce Sawfly L LeFroy Township Forest Insect Survey Parasite studies

Cedar Leaf -Miner P J ocelyn Township Forest Insect Survey Taxonomic studies

Larch Sawfly P Aberdeen Township Dr. A.M. Heimpel Bacteria feeding tests SAULT STE. MARI E DISTRICT

Map 7 Coverage Map 4 xxi Locations where insect collections were made and field records taken in 1957. 1111N1110 Legend arcurcrirsi Before July 15 4) immonni 3E4 After July 15 CO Both before and after July 15 0 0111111111011 ,tAMP Oxonng 41mounoi, Nuggionom cirion.0112111r1F1111111 011r111mmialugniarrun vrArnigrin 11111111ITTIFIr Arrammiranrrrnruno ?7111nrirrilitarntalltZTIrl zrei,R=eimm11111114411111111 Qs:7#nrungantwanswi vo; LTZIrrtinlIT1312012 mr:rirmionnersi

r /4 ion ternriporin MOW a

MILES 20 10 0 20 40 1-- Status of Insects in the chapleau District

Red-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Ro Swains Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei. Midd. • - Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (ROM Birch Sawfly, Arge pectoralis (Leach Pine Tortoise Scale, Toumeyella numismaticum (Pettit and McD,) Jack-pine Shoot Moth, Eucosma probably sonomana Eft, Spotless Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Harr, American Poplar Leaf Beetle, Gonioctena americana Schaeff, Western Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale Dyar, A Birch Leaf Miner, Profenusa alumna MacG, Two Alder Sawflies, Arge sp,, and Hemichroa crocea (Fourcroy) A Leaf Folding Sawfly, Nematus sp, Aspen Blotch Miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb, Ugly-nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana Fitch White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck. Pine Spittle Bug, Aphrophora parallela Say Pitch Nodule Maker, Petrova albicapitana Busck, Cedar Sawfly, Monoctenus juniperinus MacG, Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

Bowser Red-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl

Low larval populations of the red-pine sawfly occurred in the Chapleau District in 1957. Collections were made in five townships (Map 5). The light infestation in Panet Township showed an average of 1,4 colonies per tree compared with .4 colonies in 1956. Only scattered colonies were found at the remaining collection points,

Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex

A notable increase in population levels and in the distribution of the red-headed jack-pine sawfly occurred in the Chapleau District in 1957. Collections were made in 27 townships (Map 5) compared with ten in 1956.

One medium infestation occurred on three 12" D,B,H, open-grown jack-pine trees along the Chapleau River in Panet Township where counts averaged 25,05 colonies per tree, Numerous branch tips suffered severe defoliation,

Light infestations were observed in townships 28, 9D, 12Z, 37, 23 and in Cosens, Margaret, Stover and Fulton townships where defoliation of scattered branch tips occurred, Elsewhere in the district only small numbers of larval colonies were observed, Larval colony counts in six areas are shown in Table 3.

Table 3

Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly Larval Colony Counts at Six Points in the Chapleau District in 1957.

I No, of trees Ave, D,B,H, 1 No, of trees Ave. so, Location examined in inches infested colonies per tree

Township 28 10 i 5 2 0,2 Panet Twp, 3 12 3 25,05 Township 11 C 10 2 3 0,3 Township 9D 10 2 4 so Township 12 E 5 6 3 0,8 Fulton Twp, 10 1 7 0,9

Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Roh,

Larval populations of the black-headed jack-pine sawfly remained at a low level in the Chapleau District in 1957. Collections were made in 15 townships (Map 5), Light infestations were observed in eight townships in the district with defoliation confined to occasional branch tips, Small numbers of colonies were observed at seven widely scattered points elsewhere in the district, Larval colony counts taken in seven areas are shown in Table 4, 183

CHAPLEAU DISTRICT

EPPmilli CI BUSBY Ca= ADDISON MANNING

116=6 ,..., No 24 , t r 1 , ria --r trEms 35 xxtr; i 11121:11 11711=1 _I— IT — — T 1E1,1 rx, I TOAVAA417RMUST (JOEY ccaria XX I -JA 1:12=1121n= Po 23 Z XIX El HONG MONO NW! 111111qttiL. amw SWI ■III MN " EIMER= tallx 111111061111119 AWN BA ABNEY wig 111 11111M11111 csa. MILES TO 10 0 20 40 wowing 1-- 1 1--1 4-1 !maw MM DOW jAcAR ALTON

.!la P L DME

Map 5 Pine Sawflies Location where four species of pine sawflies were observed in 1957. Legend Swaine jack-pine sawfly S Red-pine sawfly Black-headed jack-pine sawfly . • • • Red-headed jack-pine sawfly Table 4

Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly Larval Colony Counts at Seven Points in the Chapleau District

No. trees Ave.D.B.H. No. trees Ave, no. Location examined in inches ! infested colonies per tree

Township 28 5 5 5 1,8 Halsey Twp. 6 2 5 1.5 McNaught Twp. 10 4 3 0,6 Township 11 C 10 2 4 0,4 Gallagher Twp, 10 2 2 0.2 Fingal Twp, 8 1 4 S 1,0 DeGaulle TWp. 10 1 7 0,8

Swaines Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd.

An increase in larval populations of Swaines jack-pine sawfly occurred in Division 29. Light infestations were observed in townships 9, T, D and in Biscotasi and McPhail townships, Although defoliation was confined generally to branch tips in stands of jack-pine, an occasional small, open-grown tree suffered severe defoliation. Else- where in the division small numbers of colonies were found in five townships (Nap 5). Larval colony counts taken in seven areas are shown in Table 5.

Table 5

Swaines Jack-pine Sawfly Larval Colony Counts at Seven Points in the Chapleau District.

No. trees Ave. D.B.H. No, trees ; Ave, no. Location examined in inches infested colonies per tree

1 Township 9 5 1 5 5 6.8 Biscotasi Twp 10 4 1 10 8.2 McPhail Twp 3 6 6.3 Township T 3 3 3 5.0 Township D 5 5 5 7,6 Fingal Twp. 10 2 6 1.1 Carew Twp, 10 3 5 0,6

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis Roh.

Pockets of medium infestation occurred on small, black-spruce trees along the shore of Mozhabong Lake in townships D and H and along Centralis Creek in Township L. Approximately 40 per cent defoliation of open-grown reproduction occurred. Small numbers of larvae were observed on white and black spruce trees in 15 other townships in the district. 1

Birch Sawfly, Arge pectoralis (Leach).

Although larval populations of the birch sawfly declined considerably in the Chapleau District in general, a light infestation persisted at Opeepeesway Lake in Osway Township. A colony count showed 4.5 colonies per tree with approximately five per cent defoliation. Widely-scattered colonies were observed elsewhere in the district.

Pine Tortoise Scale, Toumeyella numismaticum (Pettit and McD,)

A strip cruise 10 chains long by one-quarter chain in width was run in 1957 in a solid stand of jack-pine near Sultan that had been infested by this insect in 1955, to determine the extent of tree mortality. The cruise showed 34 per cent mortality compared with 32 per cent in the same area in 1956. Although an intensive search was made, the scale was not collected in any of the affected areas in 1957.

A Jack-pine Shoot Moth, Eucosma prob. sonomana

Several trees in a stand of jack-pine reproduction in a burn area along the Mageau Lake Road in Mageau Township showed signs of damage by this shoot moth in 1957. Light damage was also observed in a stand of reproduction jack-pine trees east of Little Wenebegon Lake in Township 11 C.

Spotless Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury)

Light infestations of the fall webworm occurred in Osway, Carew, Biscotasi, Margaret, McPhail and 8 D townships, Counts in these areas showed 12, 16, 9, 12, 21 and 11 webs respectively along a measured mile of road or shoreline. Infested trees suffered light to moderate defoliation, Small numbers of tents were found feeding on deciduous trees at several other locations,

American Poplar Leaf Beetle, Gonioctena americana Schaeff.

Heavy infestations occurred in Osway, Gallagher and DeGaulle townships, Trembling aspen reproduction in these areas suffered 60 to 80 per cent defoliation and larger trees approximately 40 per cent defoliation. Elsewhere in the district numerous pockets of light to medium infestation occurred,

Western Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale Dyar

Population levels of the western tent caterpillar declined in the Chapleau District in 1957. Square-chain plots in Panet and Stover townships each showed counts of one tent compared with 16 and seven tents respectively in 1956. Larval collections were made at five widely-separated points in the district. A Birch Leaf Miner, Profenusa alumna MacG.

Larval collections of this miner were made at numerous points in the Chapleau District in 1957. With the exception of occasional pockets of medium infestation, larval populations remained generally at a low level. Pockets of medium infestation occurred in Cosens, Nimitz and Garnet townships and in townships 37, and 23. Small numbers of larvae were found at numerous other points in the district.

Table 6

Summary of Damage to White Birch Foliage Caused by the Birch Leaf Miner in Samples from Sixteen Points in the Chapleau District

Note - samples were based on examination of 100 leaves taken from two branches from each of three trees at each location.

Location Per cent of Degree of in- (township or leaves mined festation in sample point) 1957 1957

Cosens Twp. 41 Medium Township 37 36 Medium Township 23 28 Medium Nimitz Twp. 31 Medium Eisenhower Twp. 6 Light Township 11 D 11 Light Township 8 E 12 Light Halsey Twp. 7 Light Township 12 E 10 Light Township 28 6 Light Township 13 G 9 Light Township 12 H 14 Light Township 13 H 12 Light Biscotasi Twp. 10 Light. Garnet Twp. 26 Medium Gallagher Twp. 9 Light

Two Alder Sawflies, Arge sp., and Hemichroa crocea (Fourcroy)

Larval colonies of Arge. sp. were collected along roadsides and waterways in 37 townships in the district in 1957. Light to medium infestations occurred along the shores of Little Missinaibi Lake in Chaplin Township, along the Chapleau River in Pattinson Township and at Rollo Lake in Rollo Township. Elsewhere in the district larval populations remained at a low level. Larvae of H. crocea were found in association with Arge sp. at numerous points. Considerable defoliation of alder occurred along the shoreline of Banana Lake in 13 H Township. Small numbers of larvae were found on alder and white-birch trees at several other locations. A Leaf Folding Sawfly, Nematus sp.

Moderate to heavy infestations of this leaf folding sawfly occurred in the Chapleau District in 1957. High larval populations were noted in townships 11 H and 46 and in Osway, Rennie and Morse townships. The percentage of leaves affected at 10 locations is shown in Table 7.

Table 7

Population Levels of the Leaf Folding Sawfly in the Chapleau District Based on the Number of Folds per 100 Leaves from 10 Locations in 1957

Location D.B.H. Per cent of (township) in inches leaves folded

Township 11 H 1 53 Osway Twp, 1 37 Stover Twp. 3 24 Rennie Twp. 1 47 Halsey Twp. 1 19 Manning Twp, 1 14 Morse Twp. 2 43 Township 46 1 37 Bader Twp, 1 11 DArcy 2 16

Aspen Blotch Miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb.

Larvae of this insect were found mining trembling-aspen foliage in nine townships in the district. Aspen reproduction was heavily infested at Mileage 9 on the Chapleau highway, Township 28; at Matchinameigus Lake in Township 43, and along the Kormak road in DeGaulle Township.

Ugly-nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana (Fitch)

Heavy infestations of this caterpillar occurred in small open- grown sugar-plum trees at Jerome Mine site in Osway Township and northeast of the town of Nemegos in Halsey Township. Severe defoliation was observed in both infested areas.

White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck)

A light-to-medium infestation of the white pine weevil occurred in a small stand of plantation grown Scots pine trees in Township 28. Light damage to reproduction jack-pine trees was observed in several locations elsewhere in the district (Table 8). 188

Table 8

Summary of Shoot Damage by the White Pine Weevil on 100 Trees at Each of Two Points in the Chapleau District in 1957

Ave. height i No. of trees infested Location Tree of trees in in in ' 1 In past (township) sp. in feet 195fland in i years ;past years only

1 $ i Township 11 C jP t 8 9 - 8 Township 8 D j P 8 2 i - 3

Pine Spittle Bug, Aphrophora parallela Say

A. light infestation of the pine spittle bug was observed in a small pocket of 6-inch jack-pine trees along the shore of Biskotasi Lake in Smuts Township.

Only scattered nymphs were found on small jack-pine trees in townships 11 B and 10 C where a medium infestation occurred in 1956. Elsewhere in the district nymphal populations remained at a very low level.

Pitch Nodule Maker, Petrova albicapitana (Busck).

Generally, population levels of this insect were lower than in 1956. Small pockets of light infestation occurred on jack-pine reproduction in townships 28, 11 C and 8 D and in Earl Township, Collections were made at several other locations in the district,

Cedar Sawfly, Monoctenus juniperinus MacG,

One small pocket of light infestation occurred on a few white-cedar trees along the west shore of Mozhabong Lake in Township D. Elsewhere in the district small numbers of larvae were observed in townships H and 29 and in Alton and Stover townships. 189 Table 9

Summary of Collections of Miscellaneous Insects

Insect Hosts) Remarks

Acrobasis betulella Hlst, wB Few larvae Acronicta dactylina Grt, aL Insects in small numbers (4) Acronicta impressa Wlk. bPo Occasional larva Acronicta interrupta Gn, pCh One larva Adelges strobilobius Kalt, bS Several galls Altica ambiens alni Harr, aL Heavy on few alder (2) Anatis mali (Say) jP One larva Anacampsis innocuella Zell, tA. Few larvae Anoplonyx luteipes (Cress.) tL Insects in small numbers (2) Archips persicana Fitch to Occasional larva Argyresthia pygmaeella Hbn. One tree infested Autheraea polyphemus Cram, wB One larva to rM Single larva Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn, bF Few larvae Cimbex americana Leach aL One larva Compsolechia niveopulvella Chamb, to Insects in small numbers (5) Croesus latitarsus Nort, wB, aL Scattered colonies (6) Datana ministra Dru, wB Occasional colony (3) Dioryctria abietella D. and S. jP Insects in small numbers (2) Enargia decolor Wlk. tA Occasional larva Epinotia solandriana Linn. tA Insects in small numbers (3) Gracillaria alnivorella Cham. wB Light infestations (5) Gracillaria invariabilis Braun, pCh Numerous rollers (4) Halisidota maculata Harr, aL Insects in small numbers (6) Hypagyrtis piniata pack, bF Few larvae Mindarus abietinus Koch, bF One larva Insects in small numbers (5) Nadata Gibbosa A, and S, wB, pCh Neurotoma inconspicua (Nort.) pCh One tent NYmphalis antiopa Linn, aL One colony Nycteola cinereana N. and D. bPo Several larvae (3) Nycteola Frigidana Wlk. w Insects in small numbers (8) Pandemis canadana Kft. tA Few larvae Paonias excaecata A. and S. wB Occasional larva Pareophora minuta (MacG,) bAs Medium infestations (3) on few trees Pineus similis Gill. wS Few larvae Protoboarmia porcelaria Gn. wS, bF Insects in small numbers (2) Rhabdophaga brassicoides (Walsh Insects in small numbers Rheumaptera hastata Linn. Few larvae Sciaphila duplex Wlshm, tA Insects in small numbers Semiothisa granitata Gn. bF Three larvae Syngrapha rectangula Kby. wS Few larvae (2) Trichiocampus irregularis (Dyar) One 1" willow infested Trichiosoma triangulum Kby, One larva Xyela minor Nort. jP Insects in small numbers Xylomyges dolosa Grt. tA Insects in small numbers (3) Zenobia pleonectusa Grt, tA Insects in small numbers (7) 1 Number of collections is shown inside brackets for those insects collected more than once, Table 10

Mass Collections Submitted by Forest Biology Rangers

District: Chapleau Year: 1957

Insect Stage Where Collected For Whom Collected Purpose

Larch Sawfly Cocoon Township 46, Panet Twp. W. A. Reeks Parasitism studies Larch Sawfly Larval Panet Township Dr. Heimpel Pathogenicity studies Larch Sawfly Larval Panet Township Dr. A.M. Heimpel Pathogenicity studies Larch Sawfly Cocoon Panet Township J. A. Reeks Parasitism studies Larch Sawfly Cocoon Township 46 Forest Insect Survey Parasitism studies Larch Sawfly Cocoon Margaret Twp. Forest Insect Survey Parasitism studies Larch Sawfly Cocoon Panet Township Forest Insect Survey Parasitism studies Fall Webworm Larval Township 8 D Dr. A.M. Heimpel Pathogenicity studies Fall Webworm Larval Township 8 D Dr. A.M. Heimpel Pathogenicity studies Black-headedJac k- pine Sawfly Larval Township 29 Dr. A. S. West Serological studies Yellow-necked Caterpillar Larval ()sway Township Dr. Heimpel Pathogenicity studies 191

CHAPLEAU DISTRICT

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Map 6 Coverage Map Locations where insect collections were made and field records taken in 1957. Le (end Before July 15 After July 15 Both befole and after July L5 STATUS OF INSECTS IN THE GOGAMA DISTRICT

Swains Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd. Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex Birch Sawfly, Arge pectoralis (Leach) An Alder Sawfly, Arge sp. Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.) Birch leaf Mining Sawfly, Profenusa alumna (MacG.) Jack-pine Shoot Borer, Eucosma (poss. sonomana Kft.) Western Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviable Dyar Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Dru. Cherry Ugly Nest Tortrix, Archips cerasivorana (Fitch). A Birch Sawfly, Dimorphopteryx sp. A Leaf Folding Sawfly, Nematus sp. Reddish Yellow Spruce Budmoth, Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana Ratz. American Poplar Leaf Beetle, Gonioctena americana Schaeff. White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck. Pitch Nodule Maker, Petrova albicapitana (Busck). Pine Spittle Bug, Aphrophora parallela Say. Balsam Gall Midge, Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn.

Summary of Collections of Miscellaneous Insects.

C. A. Barnes Swaines Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd.

Three areas of medium infestation were observed in 1957: at Beaver Lake park, Chester Township where approximately 30 per cent defoliation occurred; east of Gogama near the Lands and Forests air base which showed no appreciable change in intensity in 1957 compared with 1956; on an island in Minesinakwa Lake, where two successive years of heavy defoliation has caused mortality to reproduction jack-pine. Defoliation at this location was approximately 40 per cent.

The heavy infestation reported near the Beaver Lake Dam, Somme Township, in 1956, declined to light intensity in 1957. As in 1956 the insect was found only in the central and south-central part of Division 72, (Map 5). Colony counts made at 16 points which are summarized in Table 3 show ageneral increase In population levels compared with 1956.

TABLE 3

Summary of Swaines Jack-pine Sawfly Colony Counts on 10 Jack-pine Trees at Each Sample Point in the Gogama District in 1956 and 1957.

Location Ave. D.B.H. of ; No. of trees Ave. no. of colonies (township) Sample trees in infested, per infested tree: inches 1957 1956 1957

Halliday 3 0 1.0 0.0 Sothman 3 1 0 1.0 0.0 Mond 3 3 2.0 3.3 Mattagami 3 6 1.5 2.5 Noble 4 10 4.7 16.8 Stetham 3 4 1.7 2.5 Togo 3 1 1.5 2.0 Invergarry I 6 2 1.4 2.0 Groves 4 2 1.0 1.5 St. Louis 4 4 3.0 5.2 !Chester 3 10 1.6 9.7 !Neville 3 I 2 1.0 2.5 Benneweis 3 i 6 1.4 3.0 Champagne 4 5 1.2 2.2 !Jack 3 4 1.8 6.5 (Somme 3 10 11.2 8.6 Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex

A medium infestation of this insect was observed on an island on the south arm of Minesinakwa Lake, St. Louis Township. Defolia tion at this point approximated 25 per cent. Increases in larval colony counts occurred at numerous sample points in 1957, however no serious outbreaks were observed in the district (Table 4). Scattered colonies on shore-line jack-pine trees were found commonly in Divisions 68 and 72 (Map 5).

TABLE L

Summary of Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly Colony Counts on 10 Jack-pine Trees at Each Sample Point in the Gogama District in 1956 and 1957.

Location I Ave. D.B.H. of No. of trees Ave. no. of (township) sample trees in infested colonies per inches 1957 infested tree 1956 1957

Champagne 2 1.5 2.0 Benneweis 3 4 3.0 3.5 St. Louis 3 10 1.6 2.9 Groves 2 1 1.7 1.0 Jack 3 10 1.8 6.2 Noble 4 10 2.7 3.6 Stetham 5 10 2.5 4:1 Mattagami 3 5 1.3 2.6 Neville 3 14 1.0 4.5 Vrooman 5 0 1.5 0.0 Ivanhoe 2 6 2.0 3.5 Whalen 4 7 1.7 3.3 Wigle 2 10 I 2.5 4.7 Chester 4 5 1.5 2.6 Togo 5 1 1.0 1.0 Churchill 3 10 1.14 3.2 MacMurchy 4 10 1.3 1.7 GOGAMA DISTRICT

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Pine Sawflies

Locations where three species of pine sawflies were observed in 1957. Legend

Swaine jack-pine sawfly . . . • Red-headed jack-pine sawfly . A sawfly on jack-pine, Neodiprion compar CO Birch Sawfly, Arge pectoralis (Leach)

A sharp decline in incidence and population levels of this insect was observed in 1957. The medium infestations reported in pinogami and Ivanhoe townships in 1956 declined to light intensity, very few colonies being found in these areas in 1957. This decline is reflected in the Colony counts made at 18 points in the district (Table 5).

TABLE 5

Summary of Birch Sawfly Colony Counts, on One or More White Birch Trees in the Gogama District in 1956 and 1957.

Location Ave. D.B.H. of No. of trees Ave. no. of colonies (township) sample trees in examined in per infested tree inches 1957 1956 1957

alliday 3 5 1.5 0.0 Sothman 4 5 2.4 0.0 Mattagami 6 j 10 3.0 0.0 Togo 4 f 10 1.5 0.0 Whalen 3 I 5 1.3 0.0 Noble 5 10 1.3 2.0 Groves 4 4 1.8 0.0 Jack 5 3 1.5 0.0 Neville 3 10 1.0 0.0 Benneweis 6 5 1.0 0.0 Ivanhoe 5 10 2.6 1.5 Pinogami 4 10 3.8 3.0 Carty 3 lo 2.0 2.2 Lemoine 4 6 1.0 1.0 Silk 3 5 1.5 0.0 Ossin 3 5 2.0 0.0 Bonar 6 2 1.0 0.0 Foleyet 4 5 10 2.,4 1.5 196

An Alder Sawfly, Arge sp.

A general increase in population levels of this insect was apparent in 1957. Medium infestations were observed west of Elsas on the north shore of Kapuskasing Lake, Kapuskasing Township, and on shore-line alder at Kyushk Lake, Lougheed Township, where defoliation approximated 30 per cent. Elsewhere light defoliation of alder occurred at several points in the district.

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis Roh.

The medium infestation that has persisted for a number of years in white spruce reproduction near the Lands and Forests District office, Gogama, declined to light intensity in 1957. A new area of medium infestation was observed in 1957 on white spruce trees at Elsas, Kapuskasing Township where defoliation approximated 25 per cent. In 1957 no appreciable change occurred in the light infestation that has persisted for a number of years on white and black spruce trees at Ivanhoe Lake Park, Ivanhoe Township. Elsewhere larvae were commonly in numerous townships of both divisions.

Birch Leaf Mining Sawfly, Profenusa alumna (MacG.)

The heavy infestation of this insect observed in 1956 in a white-birch stand on the banks of the Minesinakwa River, Togo Township, declined to light intensity in 1957. Very few mined leaves could be found in this area. The medium infestation at the Ivanhoe Lake park site reported in 1956 also declined to light intensity. Few larvae were found in the remainder of the district.

Jack-pine Shoot Borer, Eucosma (poss. sonomana Kft.)

This insect that causes the leading shoots to break off continued to be a major pest on reproduction jack-pine trees on the Ostrom Flats. A survey to determine the extent and intensity of the infestation was carried out in 10, one-square chain plots established at scattered points in the area of infestation (Table 6). Some doubt as to the identity of the insect causing the damage to these trees still exists. Adults reared from infested shoots were identified as Eucosma gloriola Heinr. but the damage is similar to that caused by E. sonomana. Studies to clarify the difficulty will be continued. TABLE 6

Summary of Jack-pine Shoot Borer Damage on Jack-pine Trees in 10, One-square Chain Sample Points on the Ostrom Flats,

Sample Point No. of trees Per cent trees infested examined

1 91 25.5 2 74 20,2 3 133 14.3 4 126 18.2 S 135 17.0 6 112 15.2 7 172 23.L 8 129 18.6 9 152 17.1 10 147 19.7

TOTALS 1271 18.9 Western Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar)

Little change in population levels of this insect was observed in 1957. Tent counts along one measured mile of road in Noble and Roblin townships in 1957 were 11 and 12 respectively, compared with 12 and 16 respectively in 1956. Plots in Togo and Westbrook townships showed counts of 18 and 3 in 1957, compared with 17 and 6 respectively in 1956. 1 9

Spotless Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury.) The infestation of this insect that has persisted for the past two years on coppice and shrub growth along the Sinclair Highway north of Gogama, showed no appreciable change in 1957. The infestation east of Gogama declined to a low level, due to brushing out and widening of the Togo and Mattagami road. Web counts made at four points in the Gogama District in 1957 are summarized in Table 7.

Table 7

Summary of Web Counts made at Four Points in the Gogama District in 1956 and 1957 Along One Measured Mile of Road

Location (township) No. of Webs ),2$6 ______1957 _,_ Noble 27 24 18 j 3 ITaUagami 10 Foleyet 21 9

Cherry Ugly Nest Tortrix, Archips cerasivorana (Fitch)

An area of medium infestation was observed along the east side of the Stetham Tower Road one-quarter mile south of the tower site. Numerous larval tents were noted on pin-cherry and willow trees for approximately one hundred yards along the road.

A Birch Sawfly, Dimorphopteryx sp.

A light infestation persisted on an island at the lower end of Kachini Lake for the second consecutive year. Special collections of this relatively uncommon species were made in 1957 to procure adults for identification purposes. Results of this project will not be known until the summer of 1958.

A Leaf Folding Sawfly, Nematus sp.

The medium infestations that have persisted for the past two years in Noble, Gouin and Emerald townships, showed no appreciable change in 1957. Open-grown, trembling-aspen reproduction in these areas was more severely attacked than overstory aspens. Larvae were found commonly in the remainder of the district. 200

Reddish-yellow Spruce Budmoth, Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana Ratz.

The medium infestation reported in 1956 at Elsas, Kapuskasing Township, showed no appreciable change in 1957. Moderate defoliation of small open-grown white-spruce trees occurred at this point.

American Poplar Leaf Beetle, Gonioctena americana Schaeff.

The infestation that has persisted for the past two years along the K.V.P. road to Makwa, Benneweis Township, increased in intensity in 1957. Trembling-aspen reproduction was severely defoliated for approximately one-half mile along the road. Light infestations occurred at scattered points elsewhere in the district.

White-pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck.

A light infestation of this insect was observed on reproduction jack-pine trees on the Ostrom Flats, Westbrook Township in 1957. Collections were made at three other scattered points in the central part of Division 72.

Pitch Nodule Maker, Petrova albicapitana Busck.

An increase in population levels of this insect was observed in 1957. Numerous nodules were observed on jack-pine trees at the Mattagami Indian Reservation and at the Lands and Forests station, Ronda. Some branch mortality occurred at both of these locations.

Pine Spittle Bug, Aphrophora parallela Say.

No appreciable change was observed in the heavy infestation that has persisted on jack-pine for several years at the Department of Lands and forests Station, Ronda. Branch mortality was evident in this area. Another area of medium-to-heavy infestation was observed at the Department of Lands and Forests winter base west of Gogama. Elsewhere light infestations were observed commonly in the remainder of the district.

Balsam Gall Midge, Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn.

This gall midge caused heavy damage to the needles of new shoots of balsam-fir on the west side of the Sinclair Highway, Mileage 31, St. Louis Township. In the remainder of the district, damage to balsam-fir needles was confined to solitary trees. 201

Table 8

Summary of collections of Miscellaneous Insects

Insect Host(s) Remarks

Archips rosaceana Harr. W. Two larvae found Archips argyrospila Wik. W. Found in collection with an unknown microlepidoptera Anacampsis innocuella t.A One larva only Adelges cooleyi Gill. b.S Galls common on numerous host trees. Anatis mali (Say) j.P (2) Larvae not common in the district Altica ambiens alni Harr. Al. 10 larvae found Acronicta dactylina Grt. Al. (2) Three larvae in two collections Acronicta interrupta Gn. w.B ) Few larvae found Anoplonyx canadensis Hgtn. t.L p2 ) Two larvae in two collections Bibio xanthopus Wied. t.A Three adults found Croesus latitarsus Nort. w.B (5) Larvae more common in 1957 than in 1956 Compsolechia niveo pulvella Chamb. t.A Found in collection of aspen tortrix Dichelonyx backi Kby. t.A Numerous adults found on t.A reproduction Dichelonyx linearis Gyll. Al. (2) Few larvae found Dichelonyx submittata Lec. W Three adults found Epinotia solandriana Linn. t.A One larva only Gracillaria invariabilis Braun. p.Ch (4) Several larvae found no infestation Gracillaria alnivorella Chamb. w.B (2) Few larvae found Gluphisia septentrionalis Wlk. t.A One larva only Hyperaspis binotata Say j.P Lady bug predator on scale insects Homoglaea hircina Say j.P Two larvae only Halisidota maculata Harr. Al. (9) Few larvae found in

Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria Gn. b.F One larva collected by beating Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb. t .A (5) Very few larvae found at collection points Mindarus abietinus Koch. b.F 30 nymphs found no infestation Mycodiplosis cerasifolia Felt. p.Ch 10 larvae found at one location Nematus sp. W (7) Numerous colonies found at seven points Nycteola cinereana N. and D. b.Po Leaf folders, one larva, three adults Nycteola frigidana Wlk. W (Li) Few larvae found 2 0 2 Table 8 (continued)

Insect Host(s) Remarks

Neodiprion compar (Leach) j.P (4) Larvae collected by beating sample, no infestation Pissodes dubius Rand. One adult only Pissodes strobi Peck j.P w.P (6) Light infestations at four points Pineus floccus Patch b.S Light damage to needles by this gall Pineus similis Gill. b.S w.S (3) Light gall damage to needles at two points Pikonema dimockii (Cress.) b.S One larva only Prociphilus tessellatus (Fitch) Al. (3) Extensive damage to alder by this wolly aphid Rhabdophaga strobiloides (Walsh) W (2) Damage to willow buds light at two points Recurvaria piceaella Kft. w.S One larva only Recurvaria thujaella Kft. e.w.0 (2) Few cedar needle miner larvae found Rhyacionia (prob. busckana) j.P (2) Found in shoots damaged by bark beetles Sciaphila duplex Wlshm. t.A (Ii) Several larvae found in the district Saperda moesta Lec. t.A One adult only Trichiosoma triangulum Kby. w.B One larva only Trichiocampus irregularis (Dyar) W Four larvae, four cocoons Zale duplicate Beth. j.P One larva only

1 Number of collections is given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once. Table 9 MASS COLLECTIONS SUBMITTED BY FOREST BIOLOGY RANGERS

District: Gogama. i Year: 1957

Insect Stage Where Collected For Whom Collected Purpose

Western tent caterpillar larval Noble township IT. A. Heimpel Pathogenecity tests n tt It It Jack tt tI tt It It It Larch sawfly It Noble It Dr. D. MacLeod tt It II R cocoon If It Mr. W. A. Reeks To obtain supply of parasites It It It It It Survey Parasitism studies t it It tt Is tt Phenhorwood twp,...... ,1 Swaines jack-pine sawfly egg Noble township D. R. Wallace Hatch check n It It tt It Somme tt It It It It It It. It It It larval Noble tt It It tt Adult rearing It U tt It It ft n Dr. A. S. West Serological studies Red headed Jack pine It n n Dr. C. S. Holling Adult rearing sawfly 2( 4 GOGAMA DISTRICT

LIMNS=3 168 OSSIN NOVA

Map 6 Coverage Map Locations where insect collections were made and field records taken in 1957. Legend Before July 15 After July 15 Both before and after July 15 Status of Insects in the White River District

Red-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl, Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Rob, Balsam-fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis complex American poplar Leaf Beetle, Gonioctena americana Schaeff, Aspen Blotch Miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb. A Leaf folding Sawfly, Nematus sp, A Sawfly on Alder, .Arge sp, Summary of miscellaneous Insects

L, R. Moore. 205

STATUS OF INSECTS

Red-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl,

A further decline in population levels of this sawfly occurred in the White River District in 1957, Small numbers of colonies were observed on open-grown jack-pine trees at 20 widely separated locations (Map 5), Larval colony counts made at 7 points summarized in Table 3 show this decline,

Table 3

Red-pine Sawfly Larval Colony Counts on Five Jack-pine Trees at Each of Seven Locations in the White River District in 1957.

Ave, no, of colonies Location Ave, D,B,H, of sample per tree (township) trees in inches (19571 1956 1957

Common 3 2,4 0,6

Mint 3 4,6 0,4

Cudney 5 - 1,0

47 Range XXVII 3 - 0,2

27 Range XXVI 4 - 0,4

70 3 2,0 0,2

52 3 1,0 0,6

Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex

An increase in populations of the red-headed jack-pine sawfly occurred in the district, Small numbers of colonies were found on jack-pine trees at numerous locations in 1957 compared with a total of two in 1956, Colony counts made at five points, are shown in Table 4, 20G

WHITE RIVER DISTRICT

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MILES 2 0 0 to 40 Map 5 Pine Sawflies Locations where three species of Neodiprion sawflies were observed in 1957• Legend Black-headed jack-pine sawfly. . . cl Red-headed jack-pine sawfly 11 Red-pine sawfly 11 20

Table 4

Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly Colony Counts on Five Jack-pine Trees at Each Location in the White River District in 1957

Location (township Aye, D,B,H, of Ave. no. of colonies or sample point) trees in inches per tree

Hunt 4 0,4

Pearkes 4 1,0

71 4 0,8

White Lake (East 4 0,8 shore) Ravine Lake 3 0.4

Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Roh.

Although colonies were found generally on open-grown jack- pine trees in three townships (Map 5), larval population levels were lower in 1957 than in 1956. Colony counts made on five trees in Hunt and St. Julian townships gave an average of 0.4 and 0,6 of colonies respectively.

Balsam-fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis complex

Light infestations which occurred in the district in 1954 and 1955 declined sharply in 1956 and 1957, The insect was not found at points where larval colonies had been observed in recent years.

American Poplar Leaf Beetle, Gonioctena americana Schaeff.

Medium infestations of this insect reported in 1956 in Leslie, Hunt and Knowles townships, and near Hemlo in Township 74, declined to light intensity in 1957, A pocket of heavy infestation was observed in Township 27, Range XXVI, where the estimated defoliation of trembling-aspen reproduction was 75 per cent, Lower branches of larger trees in the stand suffered approximately 50 per cent defoliation. 2'

Aspen Blotch Miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb.

Populations of this leaf miner were at a low level in White River District in 1957, except in Odium Township, where a heavy infestation was observed in a small pocket of trembling-aspen reproduction, and where small numbers of the leaf-miner were found on the larger trees in the same area. A light infestation also occurred on aspen reproduction in Knowles Township,

A Leaf Folding Sawfly, Nematus sp,

A decline in population levels of this insect occurred in 1957 compared with 1956. Light-to-medium infestations occurred in Challenger, Glasgow and Flood townships, Light infestations were observed at 26 other locations in the district. Examination of a foliage sample in Township 70 showed that 15 per cent of the leaves were infested,

A Sawfly on Alder, Arge sp.

A heavy infestation of this insect was observed on shoreline alder at Nameigos Lake, in Nameigos Township, where approximately 50 per cent defoliation occurred. Light infestations were observed at eight other locations where defoliation approximated 15 per cent,.

Table 5

Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Acronicta dactylina Grt. wB, Al, W (3) 1 larva at each le. cation Acronicta radcliffei Harv. Mo (2) Few larvae only Adelges lariciatus (Patch) wS 1 collection Anisocalvia quatuordecimaguttata Wi 1 adult Linn. Anoplonyx luteipes (Cress.) tL 1 larva Aphrophora parallela Say jP (7) Insects in small numbers Archips cerasivorana Fitch cCh 1 nest found Archips rosaceana Harr. tA 1 larva Arge sp, (prob. macleayi) wB (2) 2 larvae Argyresthia aureoargentella Brower eC (8) Insects in small numbers

1 Number of collections is given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once. 209

Table 5 continued

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. wS 1 adult, 1 pupa Chrysomela alnicola alnicola Al Few larvae only Brown Cinara lasiocarpe (G. and R.) bF Insects in small numbers Croesus latitarsus Nort. wB (2) 2 colonies found Depressaria groteella Rob. Wi 2 larvae Dimorphopteryx sp, wB (4) Small numbers at each location Epinotia solandriana Linn. tA (2) Few larvae found Eupithecia filmata Peers. wS (2) 2 larvae Evora hemidesma Zell, Al (2) 3 larvae Gluphisia septentionalis Wlk. to 1 larva only Gracillaria alnivorella Cham. Al (7) Insects in small numbers Gracillaria (prob. fraxinella) (3) Few Ely. bAs insects Gracillaria invariabilis Braun, pCh (27) light infestations Halisodota maculata Harr. wB 2 larvae Hedia separatana Kft. wB 1 larva only Hemichroa crocea Four. Al (3) Insects in small numbers Hyphantria cunea Dru. Al 3 webs observed Lobophora nivigerata Wlk, to 1 larva Malacosoma pluviale Dyar. pCh (3) 1 colony at each location Melanagromyza schinera (Gir.) tA 3 larvae Microlepidoptera El 2 larvae Mindarus abietinus Koch. bF Few larvae Monoctenus juniperinus eC 4 larvae on 10 trees Neurotoma inconspicua (Nort,) pCh 2 nests observed Nycteola cinereana ( and D.) bPo (2) 3 larvae Nycteola frigidana Wlk. (17) Insects in small numbers Petrova albicapitana Busch. jP, WP (9) 1 branch per tree affected Phyllocnistis populiella Cham. tA,bPo (2) 2 pupae only Pikonema alaskensis (Roh,) wS, bS (8) On open grown trees only Pikonema dimmockii (Cress,) wS 1 larva Pissodes strobi Peck. bS 1 larva, 1 pupa Profenusa alumna (MacG.) wB (4) Numerous at 1 location Recurvaria thujaella Kft. eC 1 larva Sciaphila duplex Wlshm. tA (2) Few larvae Scolytidae jP (4) Few damaged shoots Semiothisa granitata Gn. tL 1 larva Syngrapha rectangula Kby. jP 1 larva Syngrapha selecta Wlk. bF 1 larva Zale minerea Gn. tA 1 larva only Zenobia pleonectusa Grt, tA 1 larva only Table 6

MASS COLLECTIONS SUBMITTED BY FOREST BIOLOGY RANGERS District White River Year: 1957

Insect Stage Where Collected For Whom Collected Purpose

Larch Sawfly Cocoon Township 71 Forest Insect Survey Parasitism studies Larch Sawfly Coccon Hunt Township Forest Insect Survey Parasitism studies Larch Sawfly Cocoon Pearkes Township Forest Insect Survey Parasitism studies 1 211

WHITE RIVER DISTRICT

MILES 20 10 0 20 40 1 Map 6 Coverage Map Locations where insect collections were made and field records taken in 1957 Legend Before July 15 ID After July 15 al Both before and after July 15 . • INTRODUCTION

Northern Forest Region

The larch sawfly was the major forest pest in the Northern Forest Region in 1957. Infestations of this insect increased to heavy intensity in Divisions 42 and 39 of the Swastika District, from light-to-medium in 1956. In Cochrane District, heavy infestations continued at approximately the same level in Division 45 as in 1956, whereas in divisions 43 and 44 population levels declined considerably. Infestations in the Kapuskasing District declined for the second consecutive year.

Other highlights of the 1957 season concerned numerous important forest insect pests. The forest tent caterpillar virtually disappeared in all areas of past infestation in the Swastika and Cochrane districts. Spruce budworm populations were also extremely low in the Kapuskasing District. Infestations of Swaines jackpine sawfly recurred on two islands in Banks Lake in the Swastika District. Heavy defoliation of aspen trees was caused by the large aspen tortrix in the vicinity of Iroquois Falls in the Cochrane District. There was a considerable increase in the number of white pine weevils in the Region. A medium-to-heavy infestation occurred in a cut-over in Sheraton Township, Cochrane District. General declines in the populations of red-headed jack- pine sawfly, western tent caterpillar, fall webworm and yellow- headed spruce sawfly were noted in the Region. Heavy damage to red pine trees by cecidomyids occurred in a plantation west of Bullfrog Lake, Cochrane District.

Insect collections submitted from the Region by Forest Biology Rangers numbered 966. Twelve mass collections were made for parasitism, disease and other special studies. With respect to tree disease surveys, emphasis was placed on the occurrence and distribution of Thyronectia balsamea, in balsam fir stands; Polyporus tomentosus, in mixed softwoods; and Fomes annosus, a disease attacking red pine seedlings in plantations.

Assistance and co-operation given the Forest Biology Rangers by the Department of Lands and Forests and Woods Operators is gratefully acknowledged.

F. A, Bricault. STATUS OF INSECTS AM) TREE DISEASES

IN THE NORTHERN FOREST REGION

Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg,) Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn. Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem, Balsam Fir Dieback Summary of Miscellaneous Tree Diseases, 9 0 3 STATUS OF INSECTS

Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)

A continued decline in the intensity of larch sawfly infestations occurred in the Kapuskasing District in 1957. Only light infestations were recorded in scattered larch stands in Division 47; in the western part of Division 74 from Oba to the White River District boundary, and in the greater part of Division 75. In the southeastern part of Division 74 and in the southern part of Division 75 a few larch stands sustained medium defoliation. A point of interest is the fact that although a decline occurred generally elsewhere in the district, a significant increase in larval populations was noted at one point in Fauquier Township where the sawfly had virtually disappeared in 1956. Curled tip counts in Table 1 show this increase as well as the more typical decrease in the number of curled tips at other locations in Swastika and Cochrane districts.

In the Cochrane District sawfly populations were reduced to light intensity along the Kapuskasing District border from Island Falls to Moosonee. In the southern part of Division 44 and generally throughout divisions 43 and 45 eastward to Quebec, medium and heavy areas of infestation persisted in 1957 (Map 1).

Population levels increased in the Swastika District for the fifth consecutive year. In 1957, medium-to-heavy infestations were recorded in most larch stands examined in the district. Al- though population densities were heavier in most areas, declines occurred at mass collection points in Milner and Gauthier townships.

Mass collections of sawfly cocoons were again submitted from the Region for parasite, disease and survival studies.

Table 1

Larch Sawfly Curled Tip Counts Made at Seven Points in the Northern Region, 1954 to 1957.

Note - Two branches from each of ten trees were examined at each location District Total no. of No. of Percentage Curled Ave. per (townships) available curled Tips cent de- shoots ti .s lc • 6 1 0 foliation

Kapuskasing Casgrain 357 16 54.1 35.3 6.1 4.4 17 Kohler 265 50 44.5 14.9 32.2 18.8 30 Fauquier 161 49 42.1 47.9 15.8 30.4 60

Cochrane Homuth 132 51 3.7 44.9 59.3 38 . 6 19 Valentine 376 39 4.7 11.1 16.2 11.9 80

Swastika Gauthier 1969 254 - 14.0 33.8 12.8 86 Milner 614 66 2.5 - 16.3 10,7 33 NORTHERN FOREST REGION

DISTRICTS

I. COCHRANE 2. KAPUSKASING 3. SWASTIKA

CD (1) (1)

KAP ASING

Map 1 Larch Sawfly Locations where infestations of the larch sawfly were observed in the Northern Region in 1957. MILES 0 20 40 Legend.

Light infestation . a) Medium infestation a Heavy infestation . • • Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn.

The outbreak of forest tent caterpillars which began in 1948, reached a peak in the Kapuskasing and Cochrane districts in 1953 and in the Swastika District in 1954. Since that time infestation intensities have declined each year. The residual area of light infestation which covered a small section of the Cochrane District and almost the entire area of the Swastika District in 1956, disappeared in 1957. The results of Laboratory rearing of eggs during the winter of 1956, were indicative of this decline as larval emergence was very low.

Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.

A total collapse of spruce budworm infestations occurred in the Northern Region in 1957. Light infestations which persisted until 1956 in the Rogers-Studholme, and in the Boyce-Bicknell areas, were reduced to an endemic level in 1957. Few larvae were found in these areas. Little change in host tree mortality occurred in 1957. STATUS OF TREE DISEASES

Balsam Fir Dieback

A survey was carried out in 1957 to check the incidence and the degree of injury to balsam-fir trees by dieback. Dieback is a progressive deterioration of a stem killing the tissues as it advances. This condition is evidenced by the contrast between the reddish-brown appearance of the foliage of affected branches and the normal colour of the remainder of the tree.

Twenty samples containing symptoms of dieback were submitted from the Northern Region in 1957. Three disease organisms were isolated from the material. Of the twenty samples submitted, 15 were infected by Thyronectria balsamea; four by a Cytospora sp, and one by Micropera abietinum. Dieback of balsam-fir trees was fairly widely distributed in the Region but was confined mainly to single hosts in reproduction. Balsam stands will be checked in 1958 and succeeding years to record any change in the status of this disease organism.

Table 2

Summary of Collections of Miscellaneous Diseases

Causal organism Host(s) Remarks

Aleurodiscus amorphus bF One sample submitted Armillaria mellea bF, wS Found in stands of budworm mortality Bifusella linaris bF Single host infested Bothrodiscus pinicola bF Found in conjunction with Aleurodiscus sp. bF, Al Found only on dead hosts Corticium sp. Chrysomyxa ledicola blue spruce Rust causing stunted growth of ornamentals Chrysomyxa sp. bS Less frequently found due to dry temperatures Cronartium sp. ScP Single sample submitted Fomes applanatus wB One tree infested Fomes pinicola bF, wS Found on dead or overmature hosts Fomes sp. wS Single sample found Fusicladium radiosum bF One sample submitted Fusicladium saliciperdum Vu Commonly found in Keefer Tp. Ganoderma lucidum bF Found on dead host Lachnella resinaria bF Found on same host with Thyronectria sp, Lenzites saepiaria bF, wS Two samples collected Lenzites sp. bF, wS On overmature trees Lophodermium pinastri wP Host trees commonly attacked at three points in Swastika District 217

Table 2 continued

Summary of Collections of Miscellaneous Diseases

Causal organism Host(s) Remarks

Macrophoma sp, bF, Ba Several basswood in New Liskeard heavily infected phlebia sp. wS Collected from a dead host Polyporous abietinus bF, bS Found commonly in balsam- killed stands Polyporous pargamenus to Several hosts infested in a poplar check plot Polyporous sp. bF One sample from balsam Pullularia pullulans bF Organism often associated with needle midge attack Rhytisma salicinum Light attack on willow foliage Rhytisma sp. bPo Several young hosts contained this foliage infection Status of Insects in the Kapuskasing District

White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck. Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh,) A Leaf-folding Sawfly, Nematus sp. Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex Ugly-nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana Pitch. Aspen Blotch Miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb, A Weevil, Hypomolyx sp, American Poplar Leaf Beetle, Gonioctena americana Schaeff, Pitch Nodule Maker, Petrova albicapitana (Bunk.), A. Poplar Blotch Miner, Zeugophora prob. abnormis Lee,

F. A, Bricault 2

STATUS OF INSECTS

White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck.

This pest of spruce and pine trees occurred commonly in reproduction in the Kapuskasing District in 1957, however, population levels in general appeared somewhat lighter than in 1956. A light-to-medium infestation occurred in a white-spruce tract in Hawkins Township, south of Oba, in Division 74 where approximately one-third of the host trees were infested (Table 3), In the remainder of the district only scattered trees were affected,

Table 3

Summary of White Pine Weevil Counts Made at Three Points in the Kapuskasing District - 1957

Trees attacked Location Host No, of trees Current year Current and Previous (township) examined only previous years only

Hawkins wS 35 5 6 0 Fauquier bS 40 2 2 0 Clavet bS 75 1 2 0

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis Roh,

Heavy infestations of the yellow-headed spruce sawfly which persisted from 1954 to 1956 declined in 1957. A few spruce trees were lightly defoliated in McMillan Township where an infestation has occurred since 1955. Few larvae were observed elsewhere in the district,

A Leaf-folding Sawfly, Nematus sp,

This leaf-folding sawfly has become abundant in the district;„ in the past two years, Leaf damage caused by this insect has been observed in almost all areas where balsam-poplar trees occur, The insect was also noted on trembling-aspen and on willow trees, Larval counts were made at three points to assess the percentage of the foliage damaged by the insect (Table 4). Results show that populations remained at approximately the same level as in 1956 at sample points in McMillan and Clavet townships and declined in Fauquier Township, 219

Table 4

Summary of Larval Counts of a Leaf-folding Sawfly Et Three Points in 1956 and 1957

Per cent leaves with Location No, of leaves No, of leaves folds (township) examined infested In 1956 In 1957

McMillan 659 66 15 10 Fauquier 751 45 33 6 Clavet 756 76 7 10

Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex

Population levels of this jack-pine sawfly continued to decline for the third consecutive year, No active infestations were recorded in 1957. Young jack-pine trees were examined in Fauquier, Gill and Hawkins townships but only a small number of colonies were counted and defoliation was negligible.

Aspen Blotch Miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb,

The heavy infestation of miners which occurred on trembling- aspen trees in Goldwin Township in 1956 virtually disappeared in 1957. Small numbers of mined leaves were observed at several points in Frost, Studholme, Clavet, and Shackleton townships,

Ugly-Nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana Fitch,

Medium infestations of this caterpillar were noted in OBrien and Bicknell townships in 1957, Defoliation, however, was confined to fringe or open-grown choke-cherry trees, Light-to-medium infestations occurred fairly commonly in Shackleton and Fauquier townships in Division 75, Single colonies of larvae were found at several other points in the district,

Pitch Nodule Maker, Petrova albicapitana (Busck,).

This insect was widely distributed on jack-pine trees in the district in 1957, Light populations were noted in Fauquier, Nagagami, Wicksteed, and Derry townships, A Weevil, Hypomolyx sp.

A Scotch-pine windbreak which was attacked by a root collar weevil at the Spruce Falls Nursery in 1956 was re-examined in 1957. Alternate trees of a central row were examined at the soil level. Although 18 per cent of the trees were affected by these weevils in 1956, no insects were found in 1957. In the fall of 1956 affected trees were removed and presumably this course of action controlled the infestation at least temporarily.

American Poplar Leaf Beetle, Gonioctena americana Schaeff.

This beetle caused considerable defoliation of young trembling- aspen trees in the district in recent years. In 1956 and in 1957 populations of the beetle declined to a low level and consequently very little defoliation occurred.

A. poplar Blotch Miner, Zeugophora prob. abnormis Lec.

Small numbers of this insect infested balsam-poplar and trembling-aspen trees in the district in 1957, Mined leaves were most numerous in Kohler and Fauquier townships.

Table 5

Summary of Collections of Miscellaneous Insects

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Acleris variana Fern. wS Single larva Acronicta dactylina Grt. tL One parasitized larva Acronicta leporina Linn. bpo Single larva Very low numbers Adelges abietis Linn. wS Adelges lariciatus (Patch) wS Found numerous on single hosts Allononyma diana Hbn. tA Single larva Archips conflictana Wlk. tA Low numbers, Five larvae Archips rosaceana Harr. tA Two larvae collected with other leaf rollers Caliroa sp. wB Four larvae found Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn. bF Found nn reproduction (3) Cimbex americana Leach. One larva collected Compsolechia niveopulvella Chamb. tA Damage negligible (4) Ctenicera splendens Ziegl. One adult found Depressaria betulella Busck. wB On open-grown hosts (4) Dioryctria abietella (D. and S.) wS Single larval collections (3)

Number of collections is given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once. Table 5 continued

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Epinotia solandriana Linn. tA Found commonly on young hosts (10) Erannis tiliaria Harr. tA Out of range. One larva Evora hemidesma Zell. wB, Al Small numbers (6) Gluphisia septentrionalis Wlk. tA Single larva Gracillaria alnivorella Cham. sp . Al Found commonly in low numbers (7) Gracillaria sp. tA One larva Two adults recovered Hyperaspis binotata Say wS Ichthyura albosigma Fitch tA Two larvae found bPo Very low numbers Ichthyura sp. Lithocolletis salicifoliella tA Heavy parasitism in collection Chamb. from Derry tp, (4) Melanagromyza sp. tA Single larva Single larva collected Nadata gibbosa A. and S. wB Neodiprion abietis (Harr.) wS Very low numbers Nycteola cineriana N. and D. bPo Found commonly in small numbers (5) Nycteola frigidana Wlk. W Collected in good numbers at several points (4) Nymphalis milberti Godt. Nettles Sometimes found on elm Pandemis canadana Kft. tA One insect collected Periphyllus populicola (Thos) bpo Colony of nymphs and adults Phenocaspis pinifoliae Fitch rP Colony of eggs Phyllocnistis populiella Chamb. bPo Two pupae in a single mine Pineus pinifoliae Fitch bS Several galls on one host Platycerus sp, tA One adult Profenusa alumna (MacG.) wB Single collection Protoboarmia porcelaria Gn. bF Small numbers found Prociphilus tesselatus (Fitch.) sp. Al Numerous aphids found on alder in the district (10) Saperda moesta Lec. tA Damage by borers noted at several points Sciaphila duplex Wlshm. tA Ave. two larvae per sample (4) Syngrapha alias Ottol. bS Three larvae found Syngrapha rectangula Kby. bF One larva collected Syngrapha selecta Wlk. wS Very low numbers Xylomyges dolosa Grt. to One larva found Zenobia pleonectusa Grt. tA Single larval samples (3) KAPUSKASING DISTRICT

Coverage Map Locations where insect collections were made and field records taken in 1957. Legend. Before July 15. After July 15 . Status of Insects in the Cochrane District

Birch Sawfly, Arge pectoralis (Leach.). Pitch Nodule Maker, Petrova albicapitana Busck. Western Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale Dyar. White-pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck. Red-headed. Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex A Leaf-folding Sawfly, Nematus sp. Midges on Red Pine, Cecidomyidae Large Aspen Tortrix, Choristoneura. conflictana (Wlk.) Ugly-nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana (Fitch.) Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis Roh. A Leaf Miner on Birch, Profenusa alumna (MacG.). Pyralids, Dioryctria abietella (D. and S.) Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) Balsam Gall Midge, Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn. Yellow-necked Caterpillar, Datana ministra (Drury). A Poplar Blotch Miner, Zeugophora prob. abnormis Lec.

F. A, Bricault STATUS OF INSECTS

Birch Sawfly, Arge pectoralis (Leach.). Appreciable declines in population levels of this sawfly ccurred at several points in 1957. Medium-to-heavy infestations in Sheraton and Dundonald townships in 1956 declined to light intensity in 1957. Declines were also recorded in Timmins and Macklem townships. In a burnt-over area in German Township an increase in larval populations was observed on open-grown white- birch trees. Defoliation in this area was approximately 20 per cent. In Deloro Township population levels showed little change for the third consecutive year (Table 3).

Table 3

Summary of Larval Counts and Defoliation Estimates of the Birch Sawfly in Cochrane District, 1955 to 1957 (Based on the average number of colonies per tree in each area)

Location Ave. diameter of Ave. no. of colonies Estimated per (township) samples trees in inches per tree cent de- 1955 1956 1957 foliation

Deloro 14 14 14 7 10 Sheraton 14. - 33 6 10 Matheson 5 1 0 German 6 - 11.6 Colchoun 20 6 - - 1 0 Timmins 3 20 16 7 15 Macklem 5 5 8 2 0 2 1

Pitch Nodule Maker, Petrova albicapitana Busch An increase in populations of this insect was evident in jack- pine stands in the district in 1957. A heavy infestation occurred in reproduction in an old burn in Newmarket Township. Approximately 60 per cent of the trees examined were infested, both leaders and laterals being attacked. A light-to-medium infestation was noted in reproduction in Dempsay Township north of Wade Lake. Two light infestations were recorded in Findlay and Stinson townships in Division 45 (Table 4).

Table 4 Summary of Pitch Nodule Maker Counts on Jack-pine Trees at Four Points in 1957.

Note. - Counts are based on the average number of nodules per tree

- No. of trees Ave. Ave. no. of Degree of Location examined diameter nodules per tree infestation

Newmarket 25 1 21 Heavy Stimson 25 1 2 Light Dempsay 20 2 6 Light-medium Findlay 20 2 3 Light

Western Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale Dyar.

A general decline in numbers of these caterpillars was evident in the district in 1957. The most striking change was recorded in Deloro Township where a medium-to-heavy infestation which occurred on young willow trees in 1956 disappeared in 1957. Populations at five other check points continued at a low level (Table 5). a

Table 5

Western Tent Caterpillar Colony Counts Made in Square Chain Plots in the Cochrane District from 1955 to 1957

Location Host No, of colonies counted (township) 1955 1956 1957

Calvert rCh 23 6 1 Godfrey - - 1 Evelyn eCh - - 3* Little rCh 1 1 1 Timmins 3* Deloro 16 0

Light infestation,

Mummified larvae were noted in several tents in Price and Thorneloe townships in Division 43, Apparently, larval parasitism by Rogas sp., has contributed to the decline of western tent caterpillar populations in these areas,

White-pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck

An increase in the extent and intensity of infestations of this weevil occurred in the district in 1957, Medium populations were prom- inent in jack-pine and black-spruce reproduction in Sheraton Township, Division 43, and in a pure stand of black spruce in Steele Township, in Division 45, Leader damage was also recorded on white spruce, red pine, and Scotch pine in plantations, Weevil damage was commonly noted in black-spruce stands as far north as Moosonee (Map 3). The results of counts made at six points in the district are shown in Table 6,

Table 6

Summary of White Pine Weevil Counts Made at Six Points in the Cochrane District in 1957 Ho, trees infested Location Host No, trees In 1957 In past years In past (township) examined and in 1957 years only

Sheraton bS 100 21 4 0 Sheraton jP 50 7 0 0 Steele bS 25 6 0 0 Deloro bS 50 5 0 0 Cody bS 50 1 0 0 COCHRANE DISTRICT 226

ARRAN! GREER

Map 3 White Pine Weevil Locations where the white- pine weevil was observed in 1957.

Legend

Trace • 0 Light infestation . Medium infestation. Heavy infestation .

mw. mom ;11=2:111=MELS=11:10:1 HEMPURN 61=11:111121221:EivIZIEFFirEMI re==011.1211==lit 4, %I 121=71114:1Erirgrated CiiiimatiMESP64 12=111:21:1= 2:::=511E-0; 0 11b 41!?

um No= MILES DOLMAS EAMON MEATH 0 20 40

CLMVER MLNEIL mweatibullmr IMME 1 2

Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex. Populations of this sawfly remained at approximately the same level as in 1956. A light infestation recurred in a group of 6- to 8- inch diameter jack-pine trees one mile east of Lowbush in Division 45. Defoliation was estimated at 15 per cent. Light infestations persisted in a windbreak in Newmarket Township and in a jack-pine stand 25 miles north of Coral Rapids in Dyer Township. Colony counts made at scattered points in the district show population trends (Table 7).

Table 7

Colony Counts of the Red-headed Jack- pine Sawfly Made at Five Points in 1957

Ave. No. trees No. trees Ave. no. colonies per Location diameter examined infested infested tree 1956 1957

Newmarket l.5 10 6 0.8 2,8 Dyer 3 2 2 - 7 Robb. 3 10 - 1.6 Tisdale 2 10 - 1.5 Purvis 6 5 2 17 18

A Leaf-folding Sawfly, Nematus sp.

This insect was found commonly on balsam-poplar trees in the district in 1957 and less frequently on trembling aspen and willow. Since the insect was most prevalent on balsam-poplar trees, counts were made on this species to estimate population levels. One tree (2 to 3 inches D.B.H.) was selected at random in each stand, the foliage was removed and examined, and the percentage of infested leaves determined (Table 8). A heavy infestation occurred in Murphy Township where balsam-poplar trees made up the bulk of the stand. Discoloration of curled or folded leaves was conspicuous in this area. Infestations varying from light to medium intensity were observed in Whitney Township, Division 43, and in Mortimer Township, Division L5. In the late larval stages predation by birds and ants was commonly noted. Table 8 Summary of Larval Counts of A Leaf-folding Sawfly at Seven Points in Cochrane District

Location No. leaves No. leaves Per cent (township) examined infested leaves infested

Murphy 1212 727 59 Mountjoy 1136 41 4 Whitney 904 262 29 Mortimer 331 895 27 Matheson 418 47 11 Macklem 986 39 4 Edwards 2820 104 4

Midges on Red Pine, Cecidomyidae Considerable damage to red-pine trees by a needle midge occurred in a plantation one half mile west of Bullfrog Lake in German Town- ship. Severe browning of the foliage was observed commonly in the area. Approximately 45 per cent of the trees were attacked, some for the second year. Two other mixed plantations of red and Scotch-pine in the Kettle Lake area were lightly infested. In Sheraton Township southeast of Nighthawk Centre, a light infestation was recorded on 5 year-old red-pine trees. These areas of infestation will be carefully checked in 1958 for possible mortality of host trees.

Large Aspen Tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Wik.). A heavy infestation of this leaf roller occurred in the vicinity of Iroquois Falls in 1957. Curling and heavy browning of aspen foliage was evident from the ground and from the air. The area of infestation comprised the southeast section of Edwards Township, the eastern part of Calvert Township, and extended southeastward to Twin Falls in Teefy Township (Map 2).

Ugly-nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana (Fitch). Medium-to-heavy populations of this insect occurred on roadside cherry trees north of the town of Cochrane in Leitch, Glackmeyer, and Blount townships. A light-to-medium infestation persisted on the road around the north shore of Departure Lake in Haggart Township, where the insect has been reported for the past three years. Small numbers of larvae were collected elsewhere in the district. COCHRANE DISTRICT 2 9

ARDAGN GREER CARON MOOSE

Map 2 Large Aspen Tortrix Areas within which heavy infestations of large aspen tortrix occurred in 1957. Legend

Heavy infestation .

"Fl aili S Mat Ili SEGUIN SINGER MA$GARY f; CO RUMOUR a 3YDERE"mom DEMPSAY imacsammerteximsimq "[POW 0=111:121:12=1:11==.1.9-- ,A.P5 "ge===ravrit=oP# "Iii Etzprzicam 2:m1J azannuomPE curizszrzi mccramoi.

MILES mina " PR :Sam 0 20 40 izzcomms= I I I 23

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis Roh. Infestations of this perennial pest of spruce recurred at scattered points in the district in 1957, population levels being comparable to 1956. In 1957 however, larvae were collected less frequently on black spruce than in previous years. The heavy infestation which occurred on regeneration white- spruce trees in Blount Township in 1956 declined to medium intensity in 1957. Heavy defoliation of fringe and open-grown white-spruce trees along the Northland Railway occurred commonly, particularly in Thorning and Marven townships where several trees were totally defoliated. A white-spruce hedge in Colghoun Township was also heavily defoliated. Medium infestations on both white and black- spruce trees were recorded in Fox and Brower townships in Division 44. The small numbers found at other locations caused little damage.

A Leaf Miner on Birch, Profenusa alumna (MacG.).

A heavy infestation of leaf miners was observed in 1957 in an area extending from the Town of Shumacher in Tisdale Township west to the Mattagami River in Mountjoy Township, thence approximately three miles northward. The foliage of young birch trees within this area was heavily mined, resulting in severe drying of the foliage. Four branches were removed from the mid-crown of each of two trees in the Tisdale area and a count was made of the total number of leaves and the number of leaves infested by the insects. Results showed that 72 per cent of the leaves were mined and contained an average of 1.1 mines per leaf. Small numbers of mined leaves were observed in Evelyn, Shaw, German and Cody townships in Division 113.

A Pyralid, Dioryctria abietella (D. and S.)

These insects were found on pine trees throughout the district in 1957, and particularly on plantation-type trees. Medium-to- heavy infestations occurred in leader and lateral shoots of red-pine and Scotch-pine trees in German and Sheraton townships.: Moderate numbers were observed in a stand of jack-pine reproduction in Sheraton Township, where they were often associated with Pissodes strobi. A more intensive survey will be carried out in 1958 to determine population trends and assess the degree of damage to host trees.

Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury).

Since 1954 when an increase in populations of this species occurred generally in the Cochrane District, population levels have declined each year. A further decline was noted in 1957; only a few colonies of the webworm were observed. 20

Balsam Gall Midge, Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn.

Damage to balsam-fir foliage by needle gall insects in 1956 resulted in considerable needle cast in Sheraton, German, and Musgrave townships in 1957. The upper third of the crowns of infested trees was most severely affected. Light infestations were observed in almost all balsam-fir stands in the district in 1957.

Yellow-necked Caterpillar, Datana ministra (Drury). Small infestations of these caterpillars occurred in Sheraton, Evelyn, and Little townships in 1957. Defoliation of a group of white- birch trees in Evelyn Township, Division L3, averaged 50 per cent. This is the first report of the insect in the district in recent years.

A Poplar Blotch Miner, Zeugophora Prob. abnormis Leo.

This leaf miner was even more abundant in 1957 than it was in 1956. Mined foliage was commonly found in Tisdale, Mountjoy, Murphy, Denton, and Carscallen townships. Preferred hosts were balsam poplar and trembling aspen. Two mass collections were submitted to the Laboratory for special rearing. Table 9

Summary of Collections of miscellaneous Insects

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Acleris variana Fern. wS Single larva Acronicta dactylina Grt. tA, bPo Found at several points (9) Acronicta leporina Linn. bpo One late larva Acronicta sp, Alder Single larva Adelges lariciatus (Patch) wS Large number of nymphs Adelges strobilobius Kalt. bS One collection of nymphs Anoplonyx luteipes (Cress,) tL Single larva, found with larch sawfly Arge sp. Alder Light numbers (2) Argyresthia pygmaeella Hbn. Willow Small numbers of larvae (4) Caliroa sp. wB Several larvae on single host Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn. bF Found commonly in 1957 Cimbex americana Leach Willow Larvae found singly Cinara sp, tAjP One collection of nymphs Compsolechia niveopulvella Fairly numerous in Evelyn Chamb. TP. (5) Croesus latitarsus Nort. wB Single colony found Dichelonyx backi Kby. tA Numerous on regeneration aspen Mountjoy and Hillary tps. (3) Dichelonyx subvittata Lee. tA In association with D. backi Diprion hercyniae (Htg.) wS Normal population (3) Epinotia solandriana Linn. tA Found commonly. Diseased larvae in McCart Tp. (5) Eupithecia sp, tA Single insect Gonioctena americana (Shaeff.) tA Light numbers. Predation by ants noted in Tisdale and Keefer tps. Gracillaria alnivorella Cham. Hazel, Small numbers (3) Alder Hemicroa crocea (Four.) Alder Single insect found Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb. wB Found at one location. Some parasitism noted Nematus hyalinus (Nort.) Willow Single larva Nematus ventralis Say tA One colony in Sheraton Tp. Nycteola cinereana N. and D. bpo One pupa found Nycteola frigidana Willow Single collection Palthis angulalis Hbn. bF Single larva Pandemis canadana Kft. tA, Collections of single larvae (4)

1 Number of collections is given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once. 2 3

Table 9 continued

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Pemphigus sp. Kft. bPo Numerous adults Pheosia rimosa Pack. tA One larva found Pikonema dimmockii (Cress,) wS Found in light numbers in association with P. alaskensis Pineus similis Gill. bS, wS Light numbers Prociphilus tessellatus (Fitch.) Alder Both nymphs and adults collected (5) Rheumaptera hastata Linn. Willow Twenty larvae on single host Saperda moesta Lec. tA Single larva, decline in 1957 Semiothisa granitata Gn. bF Two larvae, one pupa Sciaphila duplex Wlshm. tA. Found in small numbers ( 3) Syngrapha alias Ottol. wS Single larva Vasates quadripes Shim, sM Numerous adults in shade trees COCHRANE DISTRICT 234

ARDACM GREER CARON

Map 4

DUNSMONIBIRMALL Coverage Map

Locations where insect collec-

-AN tions were made and field ■4Mrr records taken in 1957. CARDIN

Legend

OMR C

Both before and after CANON July 15.

Falls

"Ow

OTTAWAY

MILES 0 20 40 MOEN I Status of Insects in the Swastika District

Swaines Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd. Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.) Birch Sawfly, Am pectoralis . (Leach) Green-striped Mapleworm, Anisota rubicunda Fabr. Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex. Western Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale Dyar. European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.) Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella Hbn. Leaf Folding Sawfly, Nematus sp, American Poplar Leaf Beetle, Gonioctena americana Schaeff, Pyralid, Dioryctria abietella (D. and S. Spotless Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea(Drury)

Summary of Miscellaneous Insects.

J. Hook, STATUS OF INSECTS

Swaines Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei (Midd)

The infestation of this sawfly which began in 1946, on islands and lakeshores in Banks Township, Division 63, continued to cause heavy defoliation of host trees in 1957, A second pocket of heavy infestation occurred in a 20-to 30-year old jack-pine stand in Barber Township where defoliation was approximately 70 per cent. Scattered colonies occurred on open-grown jack-pine reproduction in the vicinity of Elk Lake, with little defoliation noted, A larval count and defoliation check made on five jack-pine trees averaging five inches in diameter in Banks Township revealed 18 colonies per infested tree, Defoliation approximated 75 per cent. Repeated defoliation by this sawfly has caused some host mortality in the Banks Lake area,

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh,)

Medium infestations of the yellow-headed spruce sawfly occurred at numerous points in the District in 1957, A pocket of heavy infestation was observed in Pacaud Township where several trees were severely defoliated, In all instances the larvae were observed on open-grown white-spruce trees ranging from one to six feet in height,

Birch Sawfly, Arge pectoralis (Leach)

Light infestations of this sawfly were widely distributed in the district in 1957. The most noteworthy of these occurred in Playfair, Hislop, McCool, Currie, Stock, and Bond townships, Numerous parasitized birch-sawfly eggs were noted on the foliage at several locations, Defoliation of infested trees was 10 per cent in these areas,

Green-striped Mapleworm, Anisota rubicunda Fabr.

Larvae of this insect were observed in small numbers on red-maple trees in the southwestern pert of Division 63, A total of 3 collections were submitted from Van Hise, Tyrrell, and Milner townships,

Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex

Small numbers of this sawfly were observed in Division 42, Collections were submitted from Grenfell, and Playfair townships. An average of three larval colonies per tree was counted at one location in Playfair Township, 2

Western Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar)

This caterpillar declined in numbers in the Swastika District in 1957 (Table 3). Scattered tents were observed on pin-cherry and willow shrubbery along roadsides in several townships.

Table 3

Western Tent Caterpillar Larval Colony Counts Made in Square Chain Plots in the Swastika District in 1957,

Location Host species Total number of tents per plot (township) 1956 1957

Bompas pin cherry 18 0

Lee It 20 0

Beatty Willow 18 3

The European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg,)

Light populations of the European spruce sawfly occurred on open-grown white-spruce trees in Pacaud, Sharpe, and garter townships in Division 42. No larvae of this sawfly occurred in numerous mat samples taken elsewhere in the district,

Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella Hbn.

Population levels of this insect have declined for the third consecutive year. No larvae were observed at sample points in Stock, Milner, Lebel and Evanturel townships, or elsewhere in the district.

Leaf Folding Sawfly, Nematus sp,

Light infestations of this sawfly were observed at numerous points in the Swastika district in 1957, Collections were submitted from deciduous trees from le) townships,

American Poplar Leaf Beetle, Gonioctena americana Schaeff,

This insect was widely distributed on aspen trees in division 42 and 63 in the Swastika District in 1957, Pockets of light infestations were observed at numerous points on trembling aspen in small diameter classes, 2 i

Pyralid, Dioryctria abietella (D. and S.)

A light infestation of this insect occurred in a red-pine plantation in Teck Township, Division 42. Small numbers were also Observed on jack-pine trees in Melba Township. In both instances 1958 buds were affected.

Spotless Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Harr.

The light infestation of the spotless fall webworm, which occurred in the southern portion of the Swastika District in 1956, disappeared. No webs were observed in the district in 1957,

Table 4

Summary of Collections of Miscellaneous Insects

Insects Host(s) Remarks

Acleris variana Fern. nS, wS Four larvae found in southern part of district Acronicta dactylina Grt. One larva found Actias luna Linn. wB One larva found in Lundy Township Adelges strobilobius Kalt. bS Sixty adults and sixty nymphs submitted Anatis mall (Say) jP Two larvae submitted one collection Anisota virginiensis Dru, wB One collection containing ten larvae Anoplonyx luteipes (Cress.) tL One larva found Aphrophora parallela (Say) jP Four nymphs and one adult found Archips cerasivorana Fitch Ch Five collections submitted Arge sp. Al Collections submitted from four townships Argyresthia pigmaeoia Six larvae found Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn. wS, bF Observed throughout the district Ceratomia undulosa Wlk. bAsh One larva found Chalcoides nana (Say) tA One collection of three adults submitted Choristoneura conflictana (Wlk.)tA Four larvae found Chrysochus aruatis F. pCh Three larvae submitted Cimbex americana Leach Al; pCh Found in three townships Cinara sp, jP One collection of twenty- five nymphs Corythuca sp. Al Three adults found Datana ministra Dru. wB Twenty-one larvae found Epinotia solandriana Linn. tA Four larvae found on one tree Eriophyes sp. Two hundred nymphs submitted 23800

Table 4 continued

Ins ectHost(s) Remarks

Feralia jocosa Gn. bF One larva found by beating mat sampling Gracillaria alnivorella Chamb Al, wB Six larvae found Halisidota maculata Harr. One pupa and one larva found Lapara bombycoides Wlk, jP One larva found in Banks Township Lithocolletis salicifoliella tA Three pupae found Chamb. Meroptera pravella Grt. Three larvae submitted Monochamus scutellatus (Say) jP One adult found Monoctenus juniperinus (MacG.) C Three larvae found by beating mat sampling Nadata gibbosa A.„ and S. wB One larva found Neurotoma sp. pCh Three larvae submitted Nycteola frigidana Wik. W Two collections submitted Nymphalis antiopa Linn. Fourteen larvae found Petrova albicapitana Busck. jP Found throughout the district Pheosia rimosa Pack. tA One larva found in Teck Township Phyllocnistis populiella bPo Small numbers observed Cham. Pikonema dimmockii (Cress.) bS, JP Found by beating sampling only Pissodes approximatus Hopk. rP Observed in a red-pine plantation Pissodes strobi Peck wS, jP Found in jack-pine stands in several townships profenusa alumna (MacG.) wB Four collections submitted Recurvaria piceaella Kft. nS Larvae obtained by beating mat sampling Rhabdophaga strobiloides W Low population (Walsh) Rheumaptera hastata Linn. tA Found in Bryce and Warden townships Sciaphila duplex Wlshm. tA Found in small numbers Tethida cordigera (Beauv.) bAs Larvae found on black-ash tree Tetralopha asperatella Clem. Ba collected from a shade tree Trichiocampus irregularis (Dyar) t, viminalis (Fall,) W One collection submitted containing twenty larvae Trichiosoma triangulum Kby. Single larva from McFadden Township Zeiraphera fortunana Kft. wS Single larva found on white spruce Zenobia pleonectusa Grt. bPo Single larva submitted SWASTIKA DISTRICT

SCALE 20 10 0 20 40 MILES Map 2 Coverage Locations where insect collections were made and field records taken in 1957.

Legend Before July 15 ID After July 15 40 Both before and after July 15 • II TABLE 5

MASS COLLECTIONS SUBMITTED BY FOREST BIOLOGY RANGERS

District: Swastika Year 1957 Insect Stage Where Collected For Collected Purpose

Swaines Jack-pine Sawfly Larvae Banks Township D. R. Wallace morphology studies

ft ft tt ft tt ft It tt ft ft tt

Larch sawfly Cocoons Gauthier Township Forest Insect Parasitism and disease Survey check

ft ft ft Powell Township Forest Insect Parasitism and disease Survey check

tt n ft Gauthier Township J. Muldrew Parasitism and disease check INTRODUCTION

kid-Western Forest Region

The most noteworthy change in infestations of the spruce budworm in the region in 1957 was observed in the western part of Port Arthur District where an extension of heavy infestation occurred across the Fort Frances District boundary, In the Pays Plat infestation along the north shore of Lake Superior heavy populations spread to the northeast, High population levels persisted in 1957 on Sibley and Black Bay peninsulas with a northern extension of heavy infestation on the former,

Larch sawfly populations remained at approximately the same level in the region as in 1956. Ten pockets of moderate-to- heavy infestation were observed; three in Port Arthur and seven in the Geraldton District, Elsewhere in the region populations were low.

Numerous pockets of jack pine in the Block 6, Dog River and Roaring River areas which were severely weakened in 1955 and 1956 by pine tortoise scale, continued to deteriorate in 1957, even though the outbreak no longer exists, No infestations of the scale were found in 1957,

A moderate infestation of the large aspen tortrix, Archips conflictana Wik, occurred along the Pigeon River extending from the Cascades to Lenore Lake, Aspen trees of all diameter classes were defoliated,

Insect collections totalled 655 in 1957. Numerous mass collections and other special collections were made at designated times and locations in the region. Surveys of several important tree diseases were carried out.

Department of Lands and Forests personnel and woods operators aided forest biology rangers in their work on numerous occasions during the 1957 field season, Their cooperation and assistance is gratefully acknowledged,

K. C. Hall. STATUS (P INSECTS AND TREE DISEASES

IN THE MID-WESTERN FOREST REGION

INSECTS

Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem,) Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg,)

TREE DISEASES

Balsam fir Dieback caused by Thyronectria balsamea,. Micopera abietinum and Cytospora PP. Needle rusts caused by Chrysomyxa sp, STATUS OF INS" CTS

Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem,)

Heavy spruce budworm infestations were mapped in four areas in the Midwestern Region in 1957. The three located on Sibley Peninsula, Black Bay Peninsula and in the Nipigon-Pays plat area have persisted for several years, whereas the fourth, in the western section of Port Arthur District resulted from an extension of the Fort Frances infestation, (Nap 1). Defoliation tallies and egg mass surveys were carried out at various locations in the older areas of infestation and in the 1957 extensions and in general indicate the increased spruce budworm activity in the region in 1957 (Table 1).

Table 1

Comparison of Defoliation of the Current Year t s Growth of Balsam-fir Trees in 1955, 1956 and 1957 in the Midwestern Region and Infestation Forecasts for 1958.

Per cent defoliation Forecast for 1958 Location 1955 1956 1957 as indicated by egg mass counts

Nipigon-Pays Plat area Nipigon 84 18 29 M. S, Gurney (tp. 89) 72 23 46 111. S. Greenhedge Lake 94 99 97 s, Cavers Lake 98 52 86 m, Owl Lake 80 m. 5, Roslyn Lake 58 m. Catlonite Lake 24 m. Ruffle Lake 20 1,

Sibley Peninsula Lizard Lake 51 s. Marie Louise Lake 98 42 51 me 5, 1 mile north of Park Entrance 81 S.

Saganagons Lake area Saganagons Lake 95 s, Plummes Lake 75 m, Powell Lake 28 m. Northern Light Lake 23 m, Myrt Lake 22 m. Singabits Lake 18 1, Ford Lake 7 1. Greenwood Lake 3 1,

1 . light infestation m medium infestation s.= medium to severe infestation 243

MIDWESTERN FOREST REGION

DISTRICTS

I. PORT ARTHUR

2. GERALDTON

MILES SPRUCE BUDWORM 0 20 40 Areas within which light and heavy spruce budworm infestations were observed in 1957. Legend Light infestation Heavy infestation 1, Sibley Peninsula

High population levels of the spruce budworm have persisted on parts of Sibley Peninsula since 1948, In 1956, heavy infestation occurred from Joe Lake to Marie Louise Lake in the south, However, in 1957, the heaviest concentrations occurred farther north from Joe Lake to just north of the Park entrance, This extension was due in all probability to the availability of more abundant and favourable egg laying sites in less severely damaged stands.

Balsam-fir mortality in the areas of older infestation is very heavy as shown for two plots in Table 2.

2, Black Bay Peninsula

No important change in the boundary of heavy infestation on Black Bay Peninsula was noted in 1957. Pockets of heavy defoliation occurred from Shesheeb Bay in the north to the southern extremity of the peninsula, A band of light infestation, approximately 10 miles wide, occurred north of this area,

3, Nipigon - Pays Plat

A considerable spread of the heavy infestation to the north and northeast of the 1956 infestation boundary occurred in the Pays Plat infestation in 1957 whereas a decline of population levels was noted in the western section of the infestation,

The boundary of heavy infestation extended from west of Cavers, northwest to the Jackpine River, thence east in a line running north of Roslyn Lake, along the south shore of Chorus Lake to the Steel River, The boundary then angled south along the Steel River to Santoy Lake and southwest to terminate on the north shore of Lake Superior in Township 84. Two pockets of light infestation occurred adjacent to the area of heavy intensity. One was located in a triangular area extending from Cavers to Kama on Lake Superior and north along the Jackpine River to the heavy infestation, The second area extended as a band approximately five miles wide from Barbara Lake to Trish Lake, Light populations occurred in a small area around the town of Nipigon.

Defoliation of host trees was most severe in the newer areas of infestation, mortality plots in both the old Nipigon infestation and the more recent outbreak were retallied in 1957 and are summarized in Table 2,

4, Saganagons Lake

A substantial spread of infestation occurred along the southern part of the Fort Frances - Port Arthur district border in 1957,

The new area of heavy infestation, comprising approximately 100 square miles was located in the southwestern part of Port Arthur District, Heavy populations were present in the area from Ross Lake on the Fort Frances border to Plummes Lake, then south along the west side of lime Lake and Northern Light Lake to Trout Bay, thence west to the United States border, One area of light-to- medium infestation, approximately 60 square miles in extent, occurred immediately north of the heavy infestation, and was bounded on the north by Clay and Myrt Lakes, (Map 1) Forecasts, based on egg mass surveys, suggest an increase of population in several areas in 1958 (Table 1), particularly around Powell, Myrt and Northern Light lakes,

Table 2

Summary of Balsam-fir and White Spruce Mortality by Volume in Six Plots, 1954 - 1957

Tree Per cent Mortality by Volume Location Species 1954 1955 1956 1957

Sibley Peninsula Lizard Lake bF 58 83 89 Joe Lake bF 64 85 85

Lake Nipigon (old infestation Legault tp, bF 80 81 81 81 Roslyn Lake bF 49 52 67 75 wS 58 68 68 70

Pays Plat Cavers Lake bF 12 13 Pays plat bF 20 22

5. Pyramid Lake

Medium-to-heavy infestation occurred at Pyramid Lake with little or no change of infestation boundaries observed in 1957.

6. Bell Township

Light populations that occurred in Bell Township in 1956 declined to endemic levels in 1957.

7. Black Sturgeon area

One small pocket of medium-to-heavy infestation persisted along the Black Sturgeon River at Shillabeer Creek,

Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg,)

The marked decline in infestation intensities of this insect, which began in Port Arthur District in 1955, was apparent through most of the Geraldton District in 1957.

The heavy infestation which occurred along Pays Plat Creek in 1956 declined to moderate intensity in 1957, A decline from medium to light populations was observed on larch along Highway 11 from Longlac to the Kapuskasing border and along Highway 17 26

from Township 85 to Marathon. Medium infestations were observed at six widely-scattered points in the Geraldton District and at four locations in Port Arthur District (Map 2), Elsewhere in the region light sawfly. populations were observed in most larch stands,

lath one exception counts of larch sawfly curled tips made for the past number of years at five sample points showed a decline in 1957,

Table 3

Larch Sawfly Curled Tip Counts Made at Five Points in The Mid-Western Region, 1955 to 1957 Note - two branches from each of ten trees were examined Ft each location Total number No. of Percentage of curled District Location of available curled tips (Township) shoots tips 1955 1956 1957

Port Arthur Stedman 1197 160 33.9 7. 0 13.3 Robson 1519 83 8,1 16,3 5.5

Geraldton Nakina 1790 61 4. 8 9.7 3.4 87 1410 113 35,5 17.5 8.0 Ledger 1725 i 116 18,9 45.4 6.7 247

MIDWESTERN FOREST REGION

MILES 0 20 40 Map 2 LARCH SAWFLY Locations where infestations of the larch sawfly were observed in 1957. Legend Light infestation 0 Medium infestation STATUS OF TREE DISEASES

Balsam-fir Dieback

In 1957 special surveys were carried out to determine the distribution end abundance of disease organisms associated with the dieback of balsam fir, Several organisms were recovered namely Thyronectria balsamea, Cytospora sp„ and Micropera abietinum, the former most frequently,

The highest incidence of disease organisms occurred on balsam fir trees at old Camp 7 in Division 37. A hail storm during the summer of 1954 caused considerable damage to branches of balsam fir in this area, The organism, which enters through wounds or sears, was found commonly on most scarred branches, No tree mortality was observed, This disease was also found to be quite common in Narks and Legault Township and at Poshkokagan Lake, Single trees were infected at Polly Lake and in Aubrey and Leduc townships,

Needle Rust, Chrysomyxa spp,

This rust was observed at several locations in the Mid-western Region in 1957. The heaviest concentration of this disease was found on black and white spruce at Jackfish in Division 31, This area has been infected for the past four years, Discolouration was very pronounced and all diameter classes of host trees were affected, Status of Insects in the Port Arthur District

Large Aspen Tortrix, Archips conflictana (Wik) Red-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl. Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Roh. Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.) The Spiny Ash Sawfly, Pareophora minuta (MacG.) Pine Tortoise Scale, Toumeyella numismaticum P. and mcD. Aspen Blotch Miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb, Spruce Bud Moth, Zeira.hera ratzeburgiana Sax. Ugly-nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana Fitch Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drug Western Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar.) Balsam Gall Midge, Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn. Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Hbn.) American Poplar Leaf Beetle, Gonioctena americana (Schaeff,) White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck. Bark Beetles of the genera Conophthorus and Pityophthorus A Phalaenid on Wild Rice Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

C, Hall STATUS OF INSECTS

Large Aspen Tortrix, Archips conflictana (Wik)

Considerable defoliation of aspen trees by this insect occurred along the Pigeon River southwest of Fort William in 1957. The area of medium-to-heavy infestation extended in a band one to two miles wide, along the river from the Cascades easterly to the southeast shore of Lenore Lake, thence south to Pigeon River, Defoliation of the larger host-trees ranged from 30 to 60 per cent, and scattered small trees were stripped, Several areas of heavy defoliation were observed nearby in the United States,

Larval collections were made in several other areas of Division 24 but in all cases defoliation was very light,

Red-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl,

Population levels of this insect showed a marked decline in Port Arthu2 District in 1957,

In 1956, defoliation of open-grown jack-pine trees ranged from 5 to 20 per cent in most areas sampled whereas in 1957 only two areas were observed where appreciable defoliation occurred, At English River and Obonga Lake colony counts averaged 0,25 and 0,5 per tree respectively, Small numbers of larvae were observed at thirteen other locations in the district,

Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex

Population levels of this insect declined generally in the district in 1957.(Table 4), However relatively heavy populations persisted on open-grown jack-pine trees at Wild Goose in MacGregor Township where the average number of colonies per tree shoaled a moderate reduction from 20 in 1956 to 12 in 1957, Most of the infested trees in this area suffered severe defoliation, In Neebing Township infestations declined to very light intensity with defoliation not exceeding 5 per cent,

Populations at Middle Falls and Cloud Bay where chemical control measures were carried out in 1956 virtually disappeared in 1957, Low populations were observed at six other locations in the district, 2. ci PORT ARTHUR DISTRICT

Map 3 RED-PINE SAWFLY

the red-pine sawfly was observed in 1957 Legend Light infestation Medium infestation 251

Table 4

Larval Colony Counts of Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly on Four Trees at Four Locations in the Port Arthur District, 1954-55-56-57.

Location Ave, D,B,H, of Ave, no, of colonies per tree sample trees in inches 1954 1955 1956 1957

Shuniah Park MacGregor Tip, 4 17 23 20+ 12

North end of Black Sturgeon 2 4 4 0 0 Lake Highway 17, east of Kakabeka Falls 4 20 20 7 0

Neebing Township 4 1,4

Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Roh,

This insect was observed in small numbers from three locations in the district in 1957, In all cases red-pine sawflies were also present,

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh,)

Populations of this sawfly continued to cause varying degrees of defoliation in 1957, The heaviest defoliation occurred in Paipoonge and Neebing townships and in the cities of Port Arthur and Fort William where defoliation ranging from 60 to 80 per cent was observed commonly on open-grown white spruce trees, Light defoliation ranging from 5 to 25 per cent occurred on hedgerow trees in Stuart Location, Crooks, Golding, Oliver, and MacGregor townships,

The heavy infestation which occurred at Dorion and Ouimet in 1956 declined to light intensity in 1957. Defoliation in this area did not exceed 15 per cent, Elsewhere in the district populations were low,

The Spiny Ash Sawfly, Pareophora minuta (MacG,)

Light populations of this sawfly continued on mature and immature black-ash trees at Middle Falls in 1957, Defoliation in all cases was light, Pine Tortoise Scale, Toumeyella numismaticum P. and M.

This scale was first reported in infestation proportions in Port Arthur District in 1956, but, judging from the severity of injury to affected stands, it must also have been prevalent in 1955,

In 1956, pockets of heavy infestation were mapped at Black Sturgeon Lake, along the Poshkokagan and Roaring Rivers, in Division 37, and along the Dog Riv er and in Block 6 in Division 34. Jack- pine trees in these areas appeared in a very weakened condition, No living scales were found in the fall of 1956, the infestation having been largely controlled by predation and unfavourable weather,

In 1957, host stands at Black Sturgeon Lake, along the Dog River, and in Block 6 were re-examined and no pine tortoise scales were found, Permanent plots established in the three areas were retallied and showed that most of the host trees severely weakened in 1956 died in 1957 (Table 5), The range of jack-pine mortality by diameter classes in the three plots is shown in Table 6. The numbers of trees dead in the various diameter classes was generally proportionate to the total number of stems in each class in 1957.

Table 5

Summary of Jack-pine Tree Mortality in Plots Established in Areas of the Port Arthur District Affected by the Pine Tortoise Scale

Note - All plots are 0,1 acres in size, total Tiumaer number weak- rotalrot morta- Location no,of Average dead in ened or dy- lity in the trees D,B.FL 1956 ing in 1956 fall of 1952

Jackpine Lake 69 6,, 21 24 53 (76%) (Block 6)

Dog River, 119 4.3 6 73 70 (59%) Camp 226

Black Sturgeon 89 4.8 6 32 36 (40) Lake Table 6

Summary of Jack Pine Mortality by Diameter Class in Three Plots in Port Arthur District Affected by the Pine Tortoise Scale.

of jack-pine trees dead by diameter Location Year classes in inches 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total Jackpine Lake 1956 4 5 3 7 2 21 (Block 6) 1957 .3 7 13 4 4 1 32

Total 7 12 16 11 6 1 53

Dog River, 1956 1 ..1 .2 1 1 6 Camp 226 1957 3 14 33 11 3 64

Total 4 15 35 12 4 70

Black Sturgeon 1956 1 1 1 1 2 6 Lake 1957 2 3 12 5 8 30

Total 3 4 13 6 10 36

Aspen Blotch Miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb.

This insect was observed in small numbers throughout Port Arthur District in 1957. In all areas small-diameter trembling- aspen trees were the preferred hosts.

Spruce Bud Moth, Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana Sax.

Population levels of this insect increased considerably in most areas sampled in Division 24. The heaviest infestations occurred on open-grown white-spruce trees in OConnor and paipoonge townships where larval counts averaged 21 and 12 insects respectively per 18" branch tip. Light populations were found in MacGregor, McIntyre, Neebing, Crooks, and Stuart Location where the average number per 18" branch tip did not exceed seven (Table 6). Endemic populations were noted in nine other townships. 2 g

Table 7

Average number of Spruce Bud Moth per 18" Branch Tip at Ten Locations in the Port Arthur District in 1957,

Counts based on the examination of sixteen branches from four trees in each area,

Location Average number of insects per 18" branch tip

OConnor Township 21 Paipoonge ft 12 McIntyre ft 7 MacGregor 7 Stuart Location 7 Crooks Township 5 Neebing Township 4 MacTavish " 3 Conmee ft 3 Dorion t 1

Ugly-nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana (Fitch)

A marked increase in the occurrence of this insect was noted in 1957. The infestation east of Kakabeka Falls on Highway 17 persisted in 1957 with a considerable increase of population. A new area of heavy infestation occurred at Whitefish Lake in Strange Township, Light populations were observed commonly along roadsides in Fraleigh and Paipoonge townships, The insect was collected in eight other townships in the district,

Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Dru.

Small numbers of colonies were found on cherry, willow, alder, birch and aspen along Highway 61, Endemic populations occurred in Pyramid and Upsala townships and along the Kashabowie River, A total of ten collections was made in the district.

Western Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar).

Larval populations declined to an endemic level in 1957 in Paipoonge Township where heavy and light infestations occurred in 1955 and 1956 respectively. Population levels were low at all other collection points in the district as well, Balsam Gall Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn.

Light to medium populations of this insect occurred in the southwest portion of Port Arthur District in 1957. Medium infestations were observed on balsam-fir trees at Powell and Greenwood lakes, and light infestations occurred at Northern Light, Singabits, Mom, and Saganaga lakes. Elsewhere in the district populations were low.

Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Hbn,)

A considerable increase of populations of this insect was noted on open-grown larch trees at Wild Goose in MacGregor Township. Counts averaged six insects per 18" branch tip in 1957 compared with one in 1956. One mass collection was forwarded to Belleville for parasite study and on rearing only one chalcid was found. This insect was recovered in small numbers from eight other locations in Division 24 of the district.

American Poplar Leaf Beetle, Gonioctena americana (Schaeff.)

Two areas of infestation of this insect occurred in the district in 1957. The heaviest populations were found at scattered locations along the Black Sturgeon Lake road. Defoliation of trembling-aspen trees frequently ranged from 40 to 60 per cent and several trees were completely defoliated. Along the Dog River road light to medium infestations occurred commonly. Defoliation in this area did not exceed 40 per cent. In all instances small diameter trees were the preferred hosts.

White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck

Populations of this insect decreased in 1957 for the second consecutive year in the Scots-pine plantation in OConnor Township. Weevilling of current shoots was 5 per cent compared with 29 per cent in 1956 and 42 per cent in 1955.

Bark Beetles of the Genera Conophthorus and Pityophthorus

Populations of this insect continued to cause light twig mortality in the Port Arthur District in 1957. Light populations persisted on open-grown jack-pine trees along Highway 61 in Neebing Township. Scattered pockets of light infestation occurred along Highway 17 from Nipigon to English River. A Phalaenid on Wild Rice

Population levels of this insect have fluctuated considerably in the past six years in Port Arthur District. The insect was first reported on wild rice at Whitefish Lake in 1952 and showed a marked population increase in 1953 and in 1954, resulting in heavy damage to the wild rice crop. A sharp decline occurred in 1955, and populations remained at a low level in 1956. In 1957, an upward surge of populations again resulted in a much reduced wild rice harvest. The wild rice crop at Whitefish Lake is normally quite large as is indicated by the harvest of 13 tons in 1956.

Attempts to rear larvae to maturity have not been successful to date, therefore the species of insects is unknown.

Table 8

Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Acronicta leporina Linn. tA One larva Anoplonyx luteipes (Cress.) tL One larva Aphrophora parallela Say scP Two nymphs JP Two nymphs Archips persicana Fitch bF One larva Catocala relicta Wlk. tA One larva Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn. bF Average 20 larvae in four samples Celerio gallii intermedia Kby. wB One parasitized larva Chalcoides nana tA Two adults Chalcoides serricornis wB One adult, 100 eggs Compsolechia niveopulvella tA 8 collections averaging 3 Chamb. larvae per sample. Usually associated with Sciaphila duplex, Epinotia solandriana Dioryctria abietella D. and S. TP Average 4 larvae per sample Dioryctria reniculella Grt. wS Small numbers obtained by beating trees Epinotia solandriana Linn. wB One larva tA Average two larvae in 9 collections. Associated with Sciaphila duplex Erannis tiliaria One larva Griselda radicana Wlshm. wS One larva Gracillaria alnivorella Cham. wB Two larvae Hemichroa crocea (Four.) wB Four larvae

1 Number of collections is given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once.

Table 8 continued

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Mindarus abietinus Koch. bF Average 4 nymphs in four collections NYcteola frigidana Wlk. tT Two larvae Ocnerostoma piniariella Zell. rP 3 collections, all larvae parasitized, 4 good pupae Orthosia hibisci tA One larva Pandemis canadana Kft. to One larva, one pupa Parorgyia dorsipennata B. and , tA One larva McD.) Phyllocnista populiella Cham. tA One mine Pikonema dimmockii (Cress.) wS One larva, beating sample Recurvaria piceaella Kft. wS Two larvae Sciaphila duplex Wlshm. tA Average 1.5 larvae and 2 pupae per sample (12) Tortrix packardina Fern. wS One larva bF One larva Trypodendron betulae Sw. wB One adult Zeiraphera fortunana Kft. wS Average 3 insects per sample (5). Found in association with Zeira- phera ratzeburgiana Zenobia pleonectusa Grt. tA Average one larva per collection (54 253 PORT ARTHUR DISTRICT

Locations where insect collections were made and field records taken in 1957. Legend Before July 15 After July 15 0 Both before and after July 15 Table 9 MASS COLLECTIONS SUBMITTED BY FOREST BIOLOGY RANGERS

District: Port Arthur Year: 1957

Insect Stage Where Collected For Whom Collected purpose

Red-pine sawfly egg Paipoonge Township D. R. Wallace Developmental studies It larval Inwood It 11 It ft ft larval Obonga Lake ft ft ►f TV

Larch casebearer larval MacGregor Township A. R. Graham Parasitism studies

Red-headed jack-pine larval MacGregor Township C. S. Holling Study of small mammal sawfly predators

Spruce budworm larval Sibley Peninsula H. Thomson Protozoan Disease tests

Larch sawfly cocoon Robson Township Forest Insect Survey Parasitism studies tt It It Stedman " It It Status of Insects in the Geraldton District

Large Aspen Tortrix, Archips conflictana Wlk. Pitch Nodule Maker, Petrova albicapitana Busck. Ugly-nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana (itch) Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex Red-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Roh. White-pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.) Balsam Gall Ridge, Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn. Aspen Blotch Miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb. Bark Beetles of the genera Conophthorus and Pityophthorus Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

W.M. Horricks. 260

Large Aspen Tortrix, Archips conflictana Wlk,

The heavy infestation west and south of Manitouwadge Lake in Division 31 persisted in 1957 with defoliation ranging from 40 to 60 per cent, In contrast a marked decline of populations occurred around Burrows Lake in Divisions 80, 23, and 17, Light defoliation of pure and mixed stands of trembling aspen trees by this insect was observed in widely-scattered locations in the district in 1957.

Pitch Nodule Maker, Petrova albicapitana Busck,

Population levels of this insect in 1957 were comparable to 1956. An average of 15 nodules per tree was counted in Errington Township whereas at other collection points 5 nodules per host were common, The insect occurred in small numbers in all divisions of the district in 1957.

Ugly-nest Caterpillar, Archips cerasivorana (Fitch)

This insect occurred in three areas of the district in 1957. A medium infestation persisted on cherry trees at Mile 8 south of Stevens in 1957. The area of heavy infestation observed near Blackwater Lake in Leduc Township in 1956 declined to medium intensity in 1957. A new pocket of light infestation occurred at Nezah in Walters Township in Division 28,

Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex

The medium infestation of this insect in Legault Township has declined steadily since 1955 to an endemic level in 1957. Elsewhere in the district little change in populations was observed, Colony counts did not exceed 0,3 colonies per tree in any area sampled,

Red-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl,

Low populations of this sawfly persisted in the Geraldton District for the second consecutive year, Colony counts based on the examination of 10 jack-pine trees per area did not exceed ,2 colonies per tree,

Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Roh,

A marked decline in population levels of this insect occurred in 1957. Examination of jack-pine trees in Division 17 where medium- to-heavy defoliation was reported in 1956 revealed no larvae in 1957.

Counts made in the western section of Division 23 showed an average of 0,3 colonies per host tree,

White-pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck,

Damage to 1-inch white and black-spruce trees by this insect was observed at two locations in the Geraldton District in 1957. In a small area in Legault Township in Division 17, 30 per cent of the trees examined were infested, Low populations existed at Hills- port in Division 23,

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis(Roh,)

A heavy localized infestation of this insect occurred on hedgerow white-spruce trees, at Longlac in Division 23 in 1957. Defoliation of host trees ranged from 60 to 85 per cent, Endemic populations were present along the Seagram Road,

Balsam Gall Midge, Cecidomyia balsamicola Lint,

Light populations of this insect were observed in scattered pockets in all divisions in the district in 1957,

Aspen Blotch Miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb,

Medium populations of this miner occurred on open grown aspen in the small diameter classes along Highway 11 in Division 23. Low numbers were observed commonly in Divisions 31, 28, and 17.

Bark Beetles of the genera Conophthorus and Pityophthorus on jack-pine trees

Population levels of these beetles in 1957 were comparable to 1956, A heavy infestation persisted in a stand of jack-pine regeneration in Legault Township, A medium infestation continued on 30 per cent of the trees in a stand along the Gravel River in Division 31, Jack-pine trees in Division 23 were almost free of the insects in 1957.

Table 4

Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

Insects Host(s) Remarks 1

Acrobasis betulella Hst, wB Average 4 insects per collection Acronicta dactylina Grt, bPo Average 2 larvae per collection wB One larva Acronicta lepusculina Guen, tA One larva Argyrotaenia quadrifasciana Fern. Se One larva Cimbex americana Leach wB One larva tA Average two larvae per collection Compolechia niveopulvella tA Average 2 larvae per collec- Chamb, tion found in association with Sciaphila duplex Ctenicera propola Lee, jP One adult Dioryctria reniculella Grote, wS One larva bS Average 2 larvae per collection Table 4 continued

1 Insects Host(s) Remarks

Epinotia solandriana Linn. tA Average 2 larvae per collection and found in association with Sciaphila duplex

Eucordylea atrupictella Dietz. wB One larva Exotelia pinifoliella (Chamb,) ScP One larva Gluphisia septentionalis Wlk. tA One larva Gracillaria alnivorella Chain. wB One larva aL Two larvae Isomera quadristriata Couper wB One adult Laspeyresia youngana Kft. wS Five larvae collected in cones at 1 location Mindarus abietinus Koch bF Thirty nymphs collected Monochamus scutellatus (Say) jP One adult collected Nycteola frigidana Wlk. W Average 2 insects per collection Nymphalis antiopa Linn. tA Average 15 larvae per collection Pandemis canadana Kft. bPo One larva Phyllocnistis populiella Cham. tA Lverage 2 pupae, 1 larva per sample Prociphilus tessellatus Fitch Al Ten nymphs collected Recurvaria piceaella Kft. tA, One larva Retinodiplosis sp, wS One larva, four pupae, one adult jP Six larvae collected Sciaphila duplex Wlshm. tA Average 2 insects per collection Syneta ferruginea Germ. bF Average 4 adults per sample Tortrix packardiana Fern. bF Two larvae collected Xylomyges dolosa Grt. tA Four larvae collected Zeiraphera fortunana Kft. wS One larva Zenobia pleonectusa Grt. tA Two larvae

1Number of collections is given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once.

263

GERALDTON DISTRICT

Locations where insect collections were and field records taken in 1957. Legend Before July 15th. After July 15th Both before and after July 15th • • • TABLE 5

MASS COLLECTIONS SUBMITTED BY FOREST BIOLOGY RANGERS

District: Geraldton Year: 1957

Insect Stage Where Collected For Whom Collected Purpose

Spruce Budworm Larval Township 87, Division 31 Dr. D.M. MacLeod Pathogenetic studies

Larch Sawfly Cocoon Ledger Township, Forest Insect Parasite study Division 28 Survey

Larch Sawfly Cocoon Nakina Township, Forest Insect Parasite study Division 80 Survey

Larch Sawfly Cocoon Township 87, Forest Insect Parasite study Division 31 Survey 2G5 INTRODUCTION

Western Forest Region

The spruce budworm was the major forest pest in the Western Forest Region in 1957, As in recent years, infestations continued to move in a southeasterly direction across Fort Frances District, Heavy infestations occurred throughout the Kenora District and from Lac Seul to Sturgeon Lake in the southern part of Sioux Lookout District, Host tree mortality has begun to occur in the Lake of the Woods area and an increase in mortality was apparent around Sioux Lookout and Dryden.

Larch sawfly infestations remained heaviest in the western part of Fort Frances District, Low population levels recurred throughout the remainder of the region with the exception of several points in the Kenora District, A heavy forest tent caterpillar infestation persisted in virtually the same area as in 1956.

Survey work was carried out in the region from May to October. During this time, 1,126 insect collections were submitted to the Forest Insect Laboratory, Of these 1,040 were collected by Forest Biology Rangers, the remainder by Department of Lands and Forests personnel and other co-operators. In addition, one special collection was submitted to Queens University, 16 mass collections and 20 special collections to the laboratories in Sault Ste, Marie, Special collections included weekly shipments of spruce budworm larvae to the Laboratory of Insect Pathology and two shipments of the same insect to geneticists at the Forest Insect Laboratory, Tree disease samples in the region totalled 59, and of these, three were diseases on which emphasis had been placed in 1957, Travel in the region totalled 190 hours by air, 1,550 miles by boat and 33,844 miles by truck.

The assistance and co-operation given the Forest Biology Rangers by the Department of Lands and Forests personnel is gratefully acknowledged,

E. Buchan, STATUS OF INSECTS AND TREE DISEASES

IN THE WESTERN FOREST REGION

Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg,) Thyronectria balsamea 2G6

STATUS OF INSECTS

Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem,

Three major changes in the extent and intensity of spruce budworm infestations occurred in the region in 1957 (Map 1), First and most notable of these was the eastward extension of heavy infestation in the eastern part of Fort Frances District, Second, to the north, population levels increased at Moar Lake and in the Sioux Lookout Hudson area in the Sioux Lookout District and third, •in the southeastern corner of the Kenora District.

In the Fort Frances District, the most important extension of heavy infestation occurred in the Qnetico Park area, In 1956, the eastern boundary extended from Lac La Croix in a northeasterly direction towards Pickerel Lake whereas in 1957 heavy infestation of balsam fir and white spruce occurred through most of Quetico Provincial Park,

Elsewhere in the district, infestation boundaries showed little change, The eastern boundary extended from Red Paint Lake on the Kenora - Fort Frances border along the east side of Marmion Lake and east of Atikokan to Pickerel Lake, The western boundary ran from Morson Township in the northwest to the International border on Rainy Lake near Fort Frances,

Throughout Kenora District heavy infestation continued in all divisions, In the southeast corner of the district an increase in area of heavy infestation occurred in McNevin Township and to the south near Old Man Lake,

There was a resurgence of heavy infestation in the Dryden - Lae Seul - Sioux Lookout area, Although in 1956 the infestation had subsided generally, to light-to-medium intensity, in 1957 the area of heavy infestation extended from the Manitoba border in Kenora District in a somewhat easterly direction through Rowdy Lake to Rugby Lake, north to MacKenzie Bay on Lac Seul, thence eastward through Wapesi Bay, Expanse Lake, Sturgeon Lake and southward through the Kenora District to Red Paint Lake on the Kenora - Fort Frances districts boundary,

To the northwest the area of light-to-medium infestation which occurred in 1956 subsided to eleven small separate pockets of infestation in the Sioux Lookout District in 1957, These were located within the following areas:

(1) near Eagle and Roger lakes;

(2) south of Red Lake in the vicinity of long-legged, Pakwash and Wenasaga lakes;

(3) in the northwest corner of the Sioux Lookout District along the Bloodvein River and near hoar and Bigshell lakes;

(4) near Birch Lake to the west of Red Lake, 2G7

WESTERN FOREST REGION

DISTRICTS

SIOUX LOOKOUT

2 KENORA 3 FORT FRANCES

Map 1 Areas within which heavy and light spruce budworm infestations occurred in the Western Region in 1957•

W.4111 Legend_ o..64. ■44, 00 0 00 0 . Heavy infestation Light infestation 9

Defoliation estimates were taken at 27 points in the Western Forest Region (Table 1) four of which are new locations within the Fort Frances extension. The majority of these showed an increase in defoliation of the current years growth compared with 1956.

Table 1

Defoliation of the Current Years Growth of Balsam Fir by the Spruce Budworm in The Western Region from 1952 to 19 57

Location Per cent defoliation 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957

Sioux Lookout District

Balmertown Road 68 82 99 95 3 9 Detector Lake 27 46 80 98 19 23 Perrault Falls 70 56 99 91 14 5 Cliff Lake 97 71 95 91 : 15 15 Drayton tp. 98 91 98 92 15 75 Valora Road 96 99 26 , 76 Echo tp. 84 24 19 Sturgeon Lake 81 55 ! 51

Kenora District

Wabigoon tp, 94 81 94 96 13 76 Bridges tp, 93 95 95 97 36 757 Hartman 4, 77 98 90 93 12 3 Kirkup tp. 88 95 83 81 86 , 92 Godson tp, 42 95 93 i 84 61 i 39 Willingdon tp. 98 93 . 93 99 ; 72 , 85 Osbourne Bay Eagle Lake 91 97 97 91 39 86 White Otter Lake 52 67 6 i 20 Aaron Park 100 13 I 14 Lower Manitou Lake i 64 Fort Frances District

Claxton tp. 93 69 84 Vista Lake 72 , 98 82 Calm Lake 31 61 93 Beaverhouse Lake 12 9 ! 83 Lac La Croix 30 ! 89 ! 97 Cache Bay, Saganaga Lake 99 Joyce Lake 99 Ash Bay, Rainy Lake 95 Mack Lake 85 2G9

Based on egg cluster counts high population levels are forecast for 1958 (Table 2),

Table 2

Spruce Budworm Egg Cluster Counts and Infestation Forecast for The western Region

No, of Av no. Infesta- Location branches of egg tion rat- Fore- examined clusters ing 1957 cast per 100 1958 sci.ft.of foliage.

Sioux Lookout District Balmertown Road 2 0 Light Light Detector Lake 4 54 Light Moderate Perrault Falls 2 74 Light Moderate Cliff Lake 6 61 Light Moderate Echo tp, 3 245 Light Severe Drayton tp. 1 564 Severe Severe Valora Road 1 400 Severe Severe Sturgeon Lake 3 272 Moderate Severe

Kenora District Wabigoon tp, 2 433 Severe Severe Bridges tp, 3 265 tt ft Willingdon tp, 2 479 tt Moderate Godson tp, 1 714 Moderate Severe Kirkup tp, 1 806 Severe Hartman tp, 5 85 Moderate Moderate Osbourne Bay Eagle Lake 1 379 Severe Severe White Otter Lake 1 800 Light Aaron Park 2 302 n ft Lower Manitou Lake 1 715 Severe tt

Fort Frances District Claxton tp, 1 758 Severe Severe Vista Lake 1 413 It Calm Lake 1 984 st 11 Beaverhouse Lake 1 739 tt ft Lac La Croix 1 1054 It It Ash Bay Rainy Lake 1 736 It tt Cache Bay Saganaga Lake 1 2393 ft Mack Lake 1 57 4 IT Joyce Lake 1 580 tt tt

Total tree mortality caused by the spruce budworm increased in areas of old infestation (Table 3 end bap 2), particularly southwest of Sioux Lookout where heavy mortality centering around Gullwing Lake was evident in patches. Groups of dead or dying trees were observed for the first year near Sturgeon Lake east of Sioux Lookout and in the Lake of the Woods area.

Table 3

Summary of Balsam-fir Mortality in Spruce Budworm Plots in The Western Region in 1955, 1956 and 1957

Size of Location Plots Cumulativepercent Mortality (acres) 1955 1956 1957

Sioux Lookout District

Mile 38, Valora Road .5 j 0 0 0 Echo tp. .75 0 0 0 Perrault Falls .20 78.7 78.7 78.7 Detector Lake .20 69.9 78.3 82.4

Kenora District

Mile 9, Valora Road .20 7.5 15.1 26.9 Godson tp. .20 a 7.8 20.4 56.0

Fort Frances District

Lac La Croix .20 0 0 .02

In the Lake of the Woods - Minaki resort area tree mortality will probably increase unless control measures are undertaken in 1958. The appropriate time for the application of chemical spray is when the shoots of infested trees have begun to lengthen and the spruce budworm is about one-half inch in length. If the application is made before the buds are open, the insect will be too well protected, on the other hand fully-grown larvae require much more insecticide to effect a kill. The spray should be applied to the trees so that all the foliage is covered. The following formulations are recommended:

Equipment Formulation Hand sprayer 25 per cent DDT emulsifiable Stirrup pump or concentrate mixed 1 part Hydraulic pump concentrate to 99 parts water. Mist Blower — 25 per cent DDT emulsifiable concentrate mixed 2 parts concentrate to 3 parts water. 271

WESTERN FOREST REGION

0 20 40

Map 2

Areas within which recent mortality of host stands was caused by the spruce budworm in the Western Region up to and including 1957• Heavy mortality ■ Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg,)

There was little change in the intensity of larch sawfly infestations in the western Region in 1957 compared with 1956. Heavy infestations occurred at sixteen points in the western part of the Fort Frances District, which were located in the townships of Potts, Miscampbell, Dilke, Sifton and Dewart. Also in the eastern part of the Fort Frances District, heavy infestations occurred near Finlayson and Nym lakes, Heavy infestations were observed at six widely-separated points in divisions 18 and 19 in the Kenora District, Medium infestation occurred in small larch stands at thirteen locations in the Kenora District, at numerous points in the Fort Frances District and two areas in the Sioux Lookout District, Other infestations in the region were light (Map 3), 2 4. 3

WESTERN FOREST REGION

2 m m 503 0 Im 0 Igir a 0) 0 4) (1) mm 41 %," 0 ••0 o 41", 0 O CD ,m o ® 0

CD 0 m m a (D • 0 00•

MILES 0 20 40

Map 3 Locations where infestations of the larch sawfly were observed in 1957. Legend

Light infestation 0) Medium infestation • • • •

Heavy infestation 11 STATUS OF TREE DISEASES, WESTERN REGION

Considerable time was spent on forest tree disease surveys in 1957 with emphasis on Fomes annosus, Polyporus tomentosus-circinatus complex and balsam-fir deterioration. Of the organisms associated with balsam fir deterioration, Thyronectria balsamea was found in two areas in the Kenora District and in one area in the Fort Frances District. Since 1955 this organism has been found at 15 locations in the region, in every instance single trees being infected. Other miscellaneous disease organisms which were observed commonly in the region were, Fusicladium radiosum, Ciborinia whetzelii, Cronartium spp. on jack pine and Chrysomyxa spp. on the spruce (Table 11).

Table 4 Summary of Collections of Miscellaneous Tree Diseases

MMMOIWOMMOSIAK Organism Host(s) Remarks 1

Apiosporina collinsii tA Two trees lightly affected Armellaria mellea jP Small numbers of trees attacked (2) Chrysomyxa spp. bs, Sw Some areas heavily affected (15) Ciborinia whetzelii tA, lA Single trees and small pockets attacked Cladisporium humile rM One collection submitted Corticium spp. tA Two trees affected (2) Cronartium spp. jP Numerous galls observed (4) Dibortryon morbosum pCh Found throughout region Fomes fomentarius wB One collection submitted Fomes pini bS, rP Scattered collections (3) Fomes pinicola jP One collection Fusicladium radiosum 1A, tA Light scattering (2) Gymnosporangium clavipes Amelanchier One collection Lenzites saepiaria bS, jP Light scattering Lophodermium sp. jP One tree affected Polyporus pargamenus tA Rhytisma punctata rM

1 Number of collections is given inside brackets for those tree diseases collected more than once. Status of Insects in the Sioux Lookout District.

Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn. Pine Tortoise Scale, Toumeyella numismaticum P. MoD. Large Aspen Tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex Roh. Red Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl. Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti bankisianae Roh. Jack Pine Budworm, Choristoneura pinus Freem. Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.) Aspen Blotch Miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb. Birch-leaf Skeletonizer, Buccalatrix canadensisella Chamb. Summary of Miscellaneous Insects.

P. E. Buchan. 275

Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn.

Heavy infestations of the forest tent caterpillar persisted in Division 32, south of Lake St. Joseph in 1957.

In 1955, a light infestation occurred near Pashkokogan and McCrea lakes. The following year, an increase in population levels occurred and poplar stands in an area of approximately 300 square miles were heavily infested. On the basis of egg band counts made in 1956 and egg hatch studies in the laboratory further extensions of infestation were forecast for 1957.

In early June of 1957 egg bands were examined at Carling, St. Raphael, DeLessups, Velos, Fitchie and Savant lakes. One larva was observed at Savant Lake whereas at the other points egg hatch was negative. In the vicinity of McCrea Lake population levels declined, leaving a small pocket of medium defoliation along the east shore. The two large pockets of heavy infestation which occurred in 1956, coalesced in 1957 to comprise an area approximately 10 miles wide and 30 miles long from Dawson to Paskokogan lakes along the south shore of Lake St. Joseph.

One hundred cocoons were examined at each of four points in the infestation to determine the percentage of parasitism and adult emergence, Results are shown in Table 5.

Table 5

Summary of Pupal Parasitism and Adult Emergence of Forest Tent Caterpillar, Based on Examination of 100 Cocoons at Each of Four Points in 1957. Y Per cent pupae killed Per cent adult Location by parasites and emergence other causes

McCrea Lake 53 47 Doran Lake 45 55 Paskokogan Lake 52 48 Lake St. Joseph 63 37

A mass collection of 230 cocoons were collected prior to adult emergence and submitted to the laboratory. Sixty-six per cent of the cocoons were parasitised and of the emerging moths 59 per cent were females.

Egg band counts were made at six points in the Sioux Lookout District in 1957 to forecast probable infestation intensities in 1958. Although there was a considerable drop in the numbers of egg bands in 1957 compared with 1956 a continuation of medium-to- heavy infestation is expected in 1958 (Table 6). Table 6

Summary of Forest Tent Caterpillar Egg Band Counts in the Sioux Lookout District in 195 .

Location No. trees Ave. no. of egg Probable infestation examined bands per tree intensity in 1958. Lindbergh Lake 4 3 Medium Miniss Lake 5 5 Heavy McCrea Lake 4 9 Heavy Aldous Lake 3 9 Heavy Carling Lake 4 0 Nil Lake St. Joseph 4 31 Heavy

Pine Tortouse Scale, Toumeyella numismaticum P. McD,

Aerial surveys in mid-June of 1957 revealed a considerable increase in the area within which, severe damage to jack-pine trees was caused by the pine tortoise scale. Jack pine trees in pockets and sizeable stands within an area of approximately 400 square miles were affected in 1957 (map 5a, Tree mortality was most extensive in Block 6 and to the northeast in the Metionga Lake area especially on the northeast shore of Cibber Lake.

No living tortoise scales were observed during ground surveys of the damaged areas in 1957. The deterioration of jack-pine stands was caused by heavy infestations in 1955 which weakened the trees and resulted in mortality in 1956 and 1957.

Plots were established at Cibber Lake and near Bishop Lake in 1957 and a 14 per cent increase in mortality was recorded in the Blot at Jack Pine Lake in Block 6 (Table 7).

Table 7

Summary of Mortality of Jack Pine in Three 1/10-acre Plots in Sioux Lookout District.

Location Average Mortality Number of trees D.B.H. by stems

Bishop Lake 136 3 37 Cibber Lake 104 5 76 Jack Pine Lake 68 6 53

Large Aspen Tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Wlk.)

Severe defoliation of trembling aspen stands occurred southwest of .savant Lake near Pickerel, Hough, Houghton Fairchild, and Kashaweogama lakes (map 5). The area of infestation comprising approximately 100 square miles, was almost three times that of 1956. ri ray 4 I d

I I

Map 4

Areas within which heavy forest tent caterpillar infestations were observed in 1957. r--1

I I C

Areas within which jack-pine damage and mortality occurred in 1956 and 1957 caused by the pine tortoise scale determined by ground and aerial surveys. 2 I I 0

GC U) 3

Area within which heavy large aspen frn tortrix occurred in 1957.

Legend

Heavy infestation . 2 a

Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex Roh.

A continuation of low population levels was evident in the Sioux Lookout District in 1957. Collections were made at four widely-separated points in the district. Three mature jack-pine trees were moderately defoliated approximately 10 miles south of Pickle Lake.

Red Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl.

Populations of this insect declined to a low level in 1957, especially in Drayton and Vermilion Additional townships where infestations had occurred in 1956. Several colonies were observed near Misfit Lake in Jordon Township.

Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodi prion pratti banksianae Roh.

Small numbers of colonies of this jack-pine defoliator were observed in the district in 1957. Approximately 15 colonies were observed in the Sioux Lookout -Hudson area. Eleven collections were made at widely-separated points in the district.

Jack Pine Budworm, Choristoneura pinus Freem.

Light-to-medium infestation occurred on orchard type jack pine in Vermilion Additional Township near Hudson. The steadily declining infestation in the Irregular Lake area disappeared in 1957.

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.)

A light-to-medium infestation occurred on small white and black-spruce trees in Drayton Township. Elsewhere in the district the insect was observed on lakeshore trees in endemic numbers.

Aspen Blotch Miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb.

As in previous years this insect was found throughout the Sioux Lookout District. Light to heavy infestations were recorded at 25 widely-separated points. Heavy population levels were observed on regeneration aspen particularly in Block 10, along Highways 105 and the Valora Road and around Selwyn, Whitewater and Upper Goose lakes. Parasitism, particularly in the pupal stage, appeared to be a major control factor.

Birch-leaf Skeletonizer, Buccalatrix canadensisella Chamb.

A marked decline in population levels of this insect was evident throughout the Sioux Lookout District in 1957. Whereas severe skeletonizing occurred in large white-birch stands in Division 25 in 1956 only occasional insects were found in 1957. Table 8

Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

Insect Host(s) Remarks-

Acrobasis betulella Hlst. wB Few larvae found (2) Acronicta leporina Linn. tA One larva collected Acronicta dactylina Grt. Al One larva collected (2) Altica ambiens alni Harr. Al Heavy on occasional trees (3) Altica subplicata Al Light population Amauronematus sp W One colony collected Argyresthis laricella Kft. 1T Light populations (1) Argyresthis pygmaella Hbn. • Very few insects (2) Argyrotaenia guadrifasciana W Light populations (2) Fern. W, rCh. Light populations (2) Autheraea polyphemus Cram. 1 Tib One insect collected Calocalpe undulata Linn. Spirea One insect collected Cimbex americana Leach wB Single insect found (3) Cinara laciocarpe (G. P.). bF Light populations Cinara sp JP medium populations (2) Compsolechia niveopulvella ! . tA Found throughout district (9) Croesus latitarsus Nort. wB One colony collected Dioryctria reniculella Grt. Q bS,wS Very light populations Epionotia solandriana Linn. wB, Al Light po pulations (3) Eucosma sp jP Very light damage (3) Evora hemidesma Zell. Al One larva collected Exotella pinifoliella Chamb wB, Al Light infestation Gonioctena americana Scaef. bb One insect found Gracillaria alnivorella Chamb, wB, Al Light populations (3) Halsidota maculata Harr. One larva collected Hemichroa crocea (Four.) Al Light populations (5) Hemerocampa leucostigma A. S Al One insect found Hi ppodamia convergens Guer. Heavy concentration on lakeshore Hyphantria cunea Dru. One tent observed Limenitis arthemis Dru. Ser.4; Five larvae collected Malacosoma pluviale Dyar pCh One colony found Mindarus abietinus Koch. bF Light populations Monochamus sp jP medium- infestation Mulsantina Hudsonica Csy. 134S One larva found Nematus sp W,tA,bPo Numerous colonies (17) Nematocampa limbata Haw. I wB Light populations Neurotoma inconspicua (Nort.`) 1 rCh Single colonies (4) Nycteola frigidana Wlk. : Sex..; .1C Single colonies (8) Ocherostoma piniariella rP Very light scattering Pandemis canadana Kft. tA One larva found Papilio glaucus Linn. tA One larva found Parorgyia plagiata Wlk. bS One adult found Petrova albicapitana Busck. jP Scattered collections Pineus floccus Patch. bS Numerous twigs damaged Pissodes strobi Peck. bS, jP Light infestation (5)

1Number of collections is given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once. 282

Insect Host.(s) Remarks

Prociphilus tesselatus (Fitch Al Light populations Recurvaria sp wS,bF One larva found Rheumaptera hastata Linn. wB larvae collected Schizura concinna A. S. tA One colony found Sciaphila duplex Wlshm tA Light populations (4) Systena frontalis (Fab.) pCh Several adults found Vanessa cardui Linn. thistle Several plants attacked (1) Xylomyges dolosa Grt. tA A few folded leaves (4) Zeiraphera fortunana Kft. bS One larva submitted Zenobia pleonectusa Grt. tA Two insects collected 2003

I I I

Map 7, Coverage Map Locations where insect collections were made and field records taken in 1957.

Legend Before July 15 . • C After July 15 • 0 Both before and after July 15 STATUS OF INSECTS

Kenora District

Fall Cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria Harr. Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Dru. White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck Jack-pine Shoot Borer, Eucosma (probably) sonomana Kft. Red-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl. Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksiannae Roh, Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh) Balsam-fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis Harr. Luna Moth, Actias luna Linn. Aspen Blotch Miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb. • Birch Leaf Skeletonizer, Bucculatrix canadensisella Chamb. Retinodiplosis sp. Nematus sp. Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

D. J. Bowen Fall Cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria Harr

High population levels of the fall cankerworm recurred in the town of Kenora in 1957. The primary host was Manitoba Maple although other shade and ornamental trees such as elm, lilac, and honeysuckle were also attacked, Defoliation occurred in early July causing property owners much concern, but by late August the trees had refoliated• As in previous years, the infestation was concentrated in the south side of the town bordering Lake of the Woods

Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Dru

There was a definite increase in population levels of the fall webworm, especially in the Lake of the Woods area in 1957. Severe defoliation of lakeshore deciduous . trees occurred at several points and some small islands were completely defoliated causing much concern among property owners (Map Li ). Light infestations were noted at locations in Melgund, Southworth, Zealand, and Malachi townships, where counts were made averaging sixteen tents along one mile of roadside. There was a wide variety of hosts, including pin cherry, aspen, willow, and ash trees.

White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck.

Light infestations of this insect occurred at five locations in the district in 1957 ( Table 5). Terminals of jack-pine trees were infested in plantations, and on open-grown trees along roadways, and in cutover areas and burns. Counts were made at five locations to determine infestation intensities.

TABLE 5

Summary of Terminal Damage by the White Pine Weevil at five locations in the Kenora District in 1957.

Location Number of trees Average height Percent of (township) examined of trees in feet trees attacked in 1957.

Zealand 100 5 7 Aubrey 50 6 10 Wabigoon 50 8 114 Buller 50 6 8 Buller 50 8 4 "

F Ea' U)

f tt 0 z 1

0- N Map 4

Locations where infestations of the Fall Webworm were observed in 1957. Legend Light infestation . . . Heavy infestation . . . o

Jack-pine Shoot Borer, Eucosma (probably) sonomana Kft.

Several small areas of light infestation occurred in the Kenora District in 1957. Lateral and terminal shoots of small jack-pine trees between four and eight feet in height were attacked, Counts were made at six locations to determine degrees of infestation. (Table 6).

TABLE 6

Summary of Shoot Damage by Eucosma (probably) sonomana at Six Locations in the Kenora District in 1957.

Location Average Height Number of Number of (township) of trees in trees infested infested feet examined terminals laterals

Zealand 5 100 6 3 Mutrie 8 50 5 2 Aubrey 6 50 3 3 Buller 8 50 9 3 Wabigoon 8 50 11 1 Van Horne 6 50 6 2

Red Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl.

Generally, population levels of this insect showed a decline compared with 1956. Light infestations were observed at Dryberry Lake and at two locations in Bridges and Docker townships. Elsewhere a total of 39 larval colonies were collected at other widely-separated locations.

Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksiannae Roh.

Light infestations of this insect occurred on roadside jack-pine trees in Tweedsmuir, Philips, and Bridges townships and on small lakeshore jack-pine trees at Dryberry Lake, A total of 75 larval colonies were collected at other widely-separated points in the district.

Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex

The difference between "heavy defoliation of numerous small jack-pine trees ,,. reported in 1956, and a total of eight larval colonies collected in 1957, indicates a general decline in population levels of this insect. 2 7

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.)

Population levels of this insect remained much the same in 1957 as in 1956. Light infestations occurred along Highway 17 west of Kenora in Ewart and Forgie townships, and along Highway 70 from Longbow Corners to Nestor Falls. A total of 42 larval colonies were collected at other widely-separated points in the district.

Balsam-fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis Harr.

The light and medium infestations reported in 1956 in the Lake of the Woods and Shoal Lake areas, and the five lightly-defoliated trees observed in the same areas in 1957 indicate a decline to endemic populations of this insect over 1956.

Luna Moth, Actias luna Linn.

There was an apparent increase in population levels of this insect in the district in 1957. Heavy defoliation of individual white-birch trees occurred at Whitney and Cobble Lakes, and in Bridges, Docker, and Tustin townships west of Vermilion Bay where as high as seven larvae per tree were counted.

Aspen Blotch Miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb.

Population levels of this insect showed little change compared with 1956. Medium to heavy infestations occurred on lakeshore aspen trees at White Otter, Notman, Nora, and Entwine lakes. Light infestations were noted on roadside aspen trees in Bradshaw, Zealand, Mutrie, and Skey townships.

Birch Leaf Skeletonizer, Bucculatrix canadensisella Chamb.

A Sharp decline in population levels of this skeletonizer occurred in 1957. A light infestation was observed on several white-birch trees at Raleigh Lake. Small numbers of larvae were collected at other widely-separated points in the district.

Retinodiplosis sp.

High population levels of this insect occurred at several locations in the central part of the district in 1957. Heavy flagging of jack-pine trees was observed along Highway 17 in Bridges, Docker, Langton, Mutrie, and Zealand townships. Light damage was also noted at points along the Red Lake Road.

Nematus sp.

Light infestations of this insect occurred at several locations in the Kenora District in 1957, (Map 5). A total of 63 colonies were observed feeding on willow trees at numerous other points in the central and western parts of the district, 288

O- N Map 5 Nematus sp. Locations where Nematus sp. was observed in the Kenora District in 1957.

Legend

0 Light infestation . • CD 289 40 0

TABLE 7

Summary of Collections of Miscellaneous Insects

Insect Host(s) Remarks

Abbottana clemataria A. and S cCh One larva collected in Aubrey Township Acleris gallicolana Clem. W Four larvae collected at scattered points Acleris variana Fern. wS Light infestation in Langton Township (3) Acronicta dactylina Grt. Al One larva collected in Docker Township (3) Acronicta funeralis G. and R. pCh wB One larva collected at Whitney Lake Acronicta interrupta Gn. Small numbers of larvae collected at widely-separated points (6) Acronicta leporina Linn. wB One larva collected at Cobble Lake Altica ambiens alni Harr. wB One larva collected in Aubrey Township Anatis mali (Say) bF Four larvae collected at Moth Lakes Anomogyna elimata Gn. jP Six larvae found in Skey Township (6) Anophodera chrysocoma Kby. tA One adult found in Smellie Township Anoplonyx Canadensis Oliv. tl Six larvae collected in Corman and Ewart townships (3) Archips argyrospila Wik, W Three larvae collected in Docker Township Archips cerasivorana Fitch. PCh Localized heavy infestation of 50 tents in Boys Township (2) Archips rosaceana Harr. W Light infestation in Langton Township (5) Argyresthia laricella Kft. tl Light infestation in tustin Township (5) Argyresthia pygmaella Hbn. W Two larvae collected in Wabigoon Township Argyrotaenia quadrifasciana Fern. pCh Six larvae collected in Tweedsmuir Township Autheraea polyphemus Cram. wB One larva collected at Cobble Lake Calligrapha ignota Brown wB One larva collected at Whitney Lake Calligrapha multipunctata bigsbyana Kby. wB One larva collected at Cobble Lake Cecidomyia balsamicola lintn. bF Several trees attacked causing extensive damage in Forgie Township (3) Choristoneura pinus Freem. jP Small numbers of larvae found at various points (5)

1 Number of collections is given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once, 290

Insect Host(s) Remarks

Chrysomela alnicola Brown wB Light infestation on Strawberry Island (3) Cimbex americana Leach wB One larva collected at Whitney Lake Cinara strobi (Fitch) wS Light infestation at Blue Lake Compsolechia niveopulvella Chamb. tA Small numbers found in Langton Township Croesus latitarsis Nort. wB Six colonies collected at widely- separated points (3) Depressaria betulella Busck. wB Four larvae collected in Langton Township Dioryctria abietella D. and S. jP Small numbers of larvae collected at scattered points (6) Dioryctria reniculella Grt. wS Light infestation of one tree in Smellie Township (2) Drepana arcuata Wlk. Al One larva collected at Ghost Lake. Eacles imperialis pini Mitchener rP One adult collected in Temple Township Epinotia solandriana Linn. Light infestation in Langton Township (3) Epinotia timidella Clem. 0 Light infestation on Alexandria Island Eriosoma americanum (Riley) Heavy populations on two trees in Van Horne Township Eriosoma lanigerum Hausm. Heavy populations on two trees in Van Horne Township Erynnis icelus Scud. and Burg. W One larva collected in Skey Township Exartema appendiceum Zell. wB One larva found in beating sample. Feralia jocosa Gn jP One larva collected in Jaffray Township Gonioctena americana Scaef tA Light infestation in Wabigoon Township (2) Gracillaria alnivorella. Cham. Al Two larvae found at Edward Lake (9) Gracillaria invariabilis Braun.pCh Light infestation on Canoe Island (11) Gypsonoma fasciolana Clem. tA Eight larvae found on one tree in Docker Township Halisidota maculata Harr. W Light infestation at Obabikon Bay (3) Heterocampa guttivita Wik. wB One larva found at Cobble Lake Hyalophora cecropiaLinn. PCh Seven larvae collected on one tree on Canoe Island (2) Hypagyrtis nubecularia Gn. tA One larva found in beating sample Hypera punctata F. bPo Small numbers of larvae collected in Langton Township Ichthyura albosigma Fitch. tA One larva collected on Birch Island Incisalia niphon clarki Freem. rP One adult collected in Temple Township (5) Lapara bombycoides Wlk. jP Small numbers of larvae collected at widely-separated points Lepyrus alternans Csy. W One adult collected at Inglis Bay Malacosoma disstria Hbn. tA Light infestation at Harrison Lake. Malacosoma pluviale Dyar pCh Light infestation of 18 tents at Bee Lake 29 1

Insects Host(s) Remarks

Mindarus abietinus Koch. bF Light population in Aubrey Township (2) Monochamus scutellatus Say jP Heavy populations at pulp yard in Vermilion Bay Nadata gibbosa A. aid S. wB One larva collected at Whitney Lake Nepytia canosaria Wlk. ewC One larva collected at Pipestone Lake Neurotoma inconspicua (Nort) pCh Light infestation at Blue Lake (3) Nycteola cinereana N. and D. bPo Light infestation at Lawrence Lake (4) Nycteola frigidana Wlk. W Light infestation in Docker Township (16) Nymphalis milberti Godt. Nettles Heavy populations in Langton Township Ocnerostoma piniariella Zell. rP Light infestations in Bridges, Aubrey and Smellie townships (7) Orthosia hibisci Gn. W Three larva found in Bridges Township Pareophora minuta MacG. Light infestation at I.R. 32c, Lake of the Woods Petrova albicapitana Busck. jP Light populations general throughout district (9) Phenacaspis pinifoliella Fitch rP Light populations in Mutrie Township Phyllocnistis populiella Cham, tA One larva collected at Aaron Park. Pissodes dubius Rand. bF Three trees heavily attacked in Docker Township and tops dead Prociphilus tesselatus (Fitch; Al Heavy population on one tree in Docker Township Protoboarmia procelaria Gn. jP One larva collected in Ignace Township Psilicorsis fletcherella Gibs. tA Light infestation in Mutrie Township Psilicorsis guercicella Clem. 0 Light infestation at Big Canyon Lake Portage (6) Rhabdophaga strobiloides (Wash) W One gall found in Aaron Park. Rheumaptera hastata Linn. Al One larva collected in Revell Township Schizolachnus pini radiatae (Day .) jp Light infestation on Quibell Rd. Schizura concinna L. and S. tA Light infestations at Mahree Lake and Quibell Rd. (9) Sciaphila duplex Wlshm. tA Heavy populations at Vermilion Bay Aerodrome Sparganothis acerivorana Mack. rM One larva collected in Docker Township Sparganothis tristriata Kft. jP Five larvae collected at widely- separated points. Syngrapha selecta Wlk. bF One larva collected in Forgie Township Tetracis lorata Grt. wB One larva collected in Tustin Township Tetralopha asperatella Clem. 1T Light infestation in Bradshaw Township (6) Tetralopha robustella Zell. jP Small numbers found. in Pellatt Township Thanasimus dubius F. bF One parasitized larva collected on Canoe Island Toumeyella numismaticum P. and MacD. jP Light infestation at Mary Ellen Lake (3) Trichiosoma triangulum Kby. bPo One larva found in pulp yard at Vermilion Bay Xylomyges dolosa Grt. bPo One larva collected in Jaffray Township Zale minerea norda Sm. Al One larva collected in Skey Township Zaleminerea Gn. wB One larva collected in Docker Township (2) Zanclognatha protennusalis Wik bF One larva found in beating sample in Smellie Township Zellaria haimbachi Busck. jP Light populations at various points in the district (7) Zenobia pleonectusa Grt. tA Light infestation at Notmon Lake.

• TABLE 8

MASS COLLECTIONS SUBMITTED BY FOREST BIOLOGY RANGERS

District: Kenora Year: 1957

Insect Stage Where Collected For Whom Collected Purpose

Spruce Budworm larva Eagle Lake Dr. F. T. Bird Virus disease studies Spruce Budworm larva Eagle Lake Dr. F. T: Bird Virus disease studies Spruce Budworm larva Eagle Lake Dr. F. T. Bird Virus disease studies Spruce Budworm larva Bridges Township Dr. F. T. Bird Virus disease studies Spruce Budworm larva Bridges Township Dr. A. Heimpel Virus disease studies Spruce Budworm larva Docker Township Dr. F. T. Bird virus disease studies Spruce Budworm larva Langton Township Dr. G: Stehr virus disease studies Spruce Budworm s larva Docker Township Dr. F. T. Bird virus disease studies Larch Sawfly cocoon Corman Township Forest Insect Survey Parasite check Larch Sawfly cocoon Ewart Township_ Forest Insect Survey Parasite check Larch Sawfly cocoon Mutrie Township Forest Insect Survey Parasite check Spiders adults Docker Township Forest Insect Survey Parasite check 293

Ec. U)

OC 0 z

Map 6 Coverage Map

Locations where insect collections were made and field records taken in 1957.

Le17end

Before July 15 . After July 15 . . Both before and after July 15 . Status ,)f Inseots in the Fort Frances District

European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.)

Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Rohe

Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Harr.

Green-striped Mapleworm, Anisota rubicunda F.

Aspen Blotch Miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb,

Balsam-fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Harr.)

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.)

Red-headed Jack pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex

Fall Cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harr.)

Red-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl,

Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

M. X. Hildebrand 2 91

STATUS CF INSECTS

European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg,)

No appreciable change in populations of this insect was evident in the district in 1957. Beating-mat samples (Table 5) were taken from open-grown white -spruce trees in June and August at six points in the district, For the second consecutive year larval populations of the second generation were higher than those of the first generation in the spring,

Table 5

European Spruce Sawfly Counts Based on Beating-mat Samples From White Spruce Trees in the Fort Frances District, 1956-57

Note:- Six samples were D,B,H, of host Average number of taken at each location trees in inches larvae per sample

1956 1957 1956 1957

Spring Fall Spring Fall

Kingsford tp, 5 5 0.3 10.5 2.3 4.6 Carpenter tp, 6 4 1,2 3.5 1.8 3.0 Spohn tp, 7 5 0,8 1,0 - 0,8 Burriss tp, 7 3 1,0 6.7 0,6 1,6 Shenston tp, 7 8 - 2,0 0,6 0 Pattullo tp, 14 10 - 4,0 1,1 4.6

Black-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Roh,

Heavy defoliation of small open-grown jack-pine trees was observed on an island north of Shoe Bay, Rainy Lake, where the majority of trees suffered 90 per cent defoliation, Light and medium defoliation of lakeshore trees occurred at Basswood, Crooked Pine, Sturgeon, and Rainy lakes, Small numbers of larvae were collected on open-grown jack-pine trees at two points in Richardson Township,

Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Harr,

An increase in the extent and intensity of fall webworm infestations occurred in the district in 1957. Heavy defoliation of understory, and the lower crowns of overstory aspen and birch trees was observed on islands A-76 and A55, along the eastern and western shore lines of Rainy Lake, Moderate defoliation of roadside alder, burr-oak and willow trees occurred along Highway 120, Morson, and Dewart townships, Light defoliation of dogwood, balsam-poplar, white-elm and choke-cherry trees occurred at 18 widely-separated points in the district, Green-striped Mapleworm, Anisota rubicunda F.

No appreciable change in populations of this insect occurred in the district in 1957. Recurrence of a small heavy infestation on scattered red-maple trees was evident at the ranger station on Lac La Croix. Heavy defoliation also occurred on understory red- maple trees along the tower trail from Flanders to Calm Lake.

Aspen Blotch Miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella Chamb.

A further increase in population levels of this leaf-miner was observed in the district in 1957. Severe leaf-mining of aspen reproduction occurred along Highway 120 from Windigoostigwan Lake west to Atikokan and along the shoreline of Cirrus, Crooked Pine, Beaverhouse, Bad Vermilion, and Sturgeon lakes. Light and medium leaf-mining occurred at 12 widely-separated points.

Heavy parasitism of larvae and pupae was observed in an infestation in Roddick and Carpenter townships and in an area of heavy infestation along Highway 120 near the Eva Lake Lad.

Balsam-fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Harr.)

A general decline in population levels of the balsam-fir sawfly occurred in the district in 1957. Two small areas of infestation were noted in Shenston and Carpenter townships, where white-spruce and balsam-fir trees were lightly defoliated.

Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.)

Continued heavy defoliation of small, open-grown white- spruce trees occurred along Highway 70 from Log Creek north to Nestor Falls. Medium defoliation of lakeshore white-spruce trees occurred at Finlayson and Burdett Lakes, and on a hedgerow in the town of Fort Frances. Light defoliation of open-grown white and black-spruce trees occurred at five locations elsewhere in the district.

Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion virginianus complex

A decline in population levels of this sawfly occurred in the district in 1957, The small pocket of heavy infestation which occurred in Richardson Township in 1956 declined to light intensity in 1957. Moderate defoliation of open-grown jack-pine trees occurred along Highway 70 in Claxton Township, Small numbers of colonies were observed at five other widely-separated points in the district, 296

Fall Cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harr,)

No appreciable change in population levels of the fall cankerworm occurred in the district.. in 1957. The light-to-medium infestation reported in the town of Fort Frances in 1956 recurred in 1957, Defoliation was heaviest on Manitoba-maple, whereas elm, basswood and poplar trees were less severely defoliated.

Red-pine sawfly, Neodiprion nanulua nanulus Schedl.

A further decline in population levels of this sawfly occurred in the district in 1957, The heavy infestation of lakeshore jack-pine trees which were reported at Eye Lake in 1956 declined to light intensity in 1957, Elsewhere in the district, lakeshore jack-pine and red-pine trees were lightly infested.

Table 5

Summary of Miscellaneous Insects

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Acronicta dactylina Grt. Al One larva collected Acronicta interrupta Gn. Pah, One larva found at one area Acronicta lepusculina Gn, lA Light Acronicta oblinita A. and S. bPo One larva found Acronic ta retardata Wlk. rM Light Acronicta sp. Se Found in small numbers (3) wB Adelges lariciatus (Patch) wS Twenty nymphs found in one area Anatis mall (Say) wP Two larvae found anomgyna climata Gn. bF One larva collected Aphiaae bF Found commonly in large numbers (2) Aphrophora parallela Say jP Light populations found bS. throughout the district (5) Archips cerasivorana Fitch Ch Larvae of this insect caused ecCh moderate defoliation to host trees (5) Archips rosaceana Harr. tA Four larvae found at one location Argyresthia laricella Kft. tL Five larvae found (3) Argyrotaenia pinatubana Kft. wP Light damage in one area Argyrotaenia quadrifasciana Fern. W Two larvae collected Bucculatrix canadensisella Chem. wB Light defoliation observed in one area Calligrapha rhoda Knab. Do Insects in small numbers (2) Caripeta divisata Wlk. wS Occasional larvae found (3) 1 Number of collections is given inside brackets for those insects collected more than once. 29,

Table 5 continued

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Choristoneura pinus Freem. jP Increase in population levels (13) Cimbex americana Leach bPo One larva found Compsolechia niveopulvella Chamb. ta Insects in small numbers (2) Croesus latitarsus Nort. wB Light defoliation observed in one area Eucosma sp, jP Light to moderate damage of trees along Lake Despair Road (2) Feralia jocosa Gn. wS Found commonly in the district (7) jP Gnophothrips piniphilus JP Light damage of one host tree Gonioctena americana Scaef. tA Insects in small numbers Gracillaria alnivorella Chamb wB Two larvae collected Gracillaria invariabilis Braun, Ch Insects in small numbers (3) Se Griselda radicana Wlshm. wS One larva found Heterocampa guttivitta Wlk. ro Insects in small numbers Incisalia niphon clarki Freem jP Two larvae collected Laspeyresia youngana Kft. wS Cone insect, Found in small numbers in one area Magdalis austeria substriga wS One adult Fall pch Malacosoma pluviale Dyar One tent found Melanagromyza schineri (Gir.) tA Insects in small numbers Monoctenus juniperinus MacG. wC Small number of larvae recovered from one beating mat sample One larva collected Nematocampa filimentaria Gn. bPo Nematus sp. tA Three colonies collected, an average of 4 larvae per colony (3) Neodiprion swainei Midd. JP One colony found Nycteola cinereana N. and D. bPo ,,ight populations found throughout the district (4) Insects in small numbers (2) Nycteola frigidana Wlk. Nymphalis antiopa Linn. wE Single colony observed papilio glaucus Linn. cCh One larva found Found in small numbers in one Paratetranychus ununquis wS (Jac.) area Pareophora minuta (MacG.) bA Insects in small nunbers (2) Petrova albicapitana Busck. JP Found commonly on open-grown trees (12) One larva found Pheosia rimosa Pack. tA Pikonema dimmockii (Cress,) wS Small numbers of larvae found (3) in beating mat samples Pineus floccus Patch. bS Light populations found throughout (3) the district Pissodes strobi Peck jP Found in small numbers in two areas t

Table 5 continued

Insect Host(s) Remarks 1

Pleroneura borealis Felt. bF Five collections submitted with an average of five larvae per collection Schizura concinna A, and S. lA Light populations found tA throughout the district. Heavy parasitism of larvae at three locations (5) Sciaphila duplex Wlshm. tA Larvae found in very small bF numbers (3) Semiothisa granitata Gn. wS Small numbers of larvae found in beating mat samples (3) Saperda calcarata Say tA One adult found Smerinthus jamaicensis Gn. tA One larva found Trichiosoma triangulum Kby. tA Larvae found in very small jP numbers (5) wB Al Zeiraphera fortunana Kft. Ch One larva found Zenobia pleonectusa Grt. tA One larva at each location (2) TABLE 6

MASS COLLECTIONS SUBMITTED BY FOREST BIOLOGY RANGERS

District: Fort Frances Year: 1957 For Ins ect stage Where Collected Whom Collected Purpose

European Spruce Sawfly Larvae Carpent er Township Forest insect Survey Population studies

Larch Sawfly Pupae Potts Township Forest Insect Survey Parasite check tf ft ft re Dewart Township tt tt ft tt ft tt Sift on Township Pt tt ft ft ft

Red-headed Jack-pine Sawfly Richardson Township Queens University ect serology larvae (Taxonomy) Spruce budworm Larvae -N estor Falls Dr. T. Bird Experiment in Virus Diseases 300

Map 4 Coverage Map Locations where insect collections were made and. F- field records taken in c 1957.

0 Before July 15 . U- After July 15 Both before and after July 15