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Situasi Kebahasaan Di Kabupaten Lumajang: Daerah Pencilan, Transisi, Serta Kontak Bahasa Dan Dialek Sebagai Acuan Dalam Penentuan Muatan Lokal Bahasa Daerah

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Situasi Kebahasaan Di Kabupaten Lumajang: Daerah Pencilan, Transisi, Serta Kontak Bahasa Dan Dialek Sebagai Acuan Dalam Penentuan Muatan Lokal Bahasa Daerah LPPM - UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA SITUASI KEBAHASAAN DI KABUPATEN LUMAJANG: DAERAH PENCILAN, TRANSISI, SERTA KONTAK BAHASA DAN DIALEK SEBAGAI ACUAN DALAM PENENTUAN MUATAN LOKAL BAHASA DAERAH AGUSNIAR DIAN SAVITRI Jurusan Bahasa Indonesia, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Kampus Unesa Lidah Wetan, Surabaya, 60213, Indonesia [email protected] DIANITA INDRAWATI Jurusan Bahasa Indonesia, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Kampus Unesa Lidah Wetan, Surabaya, 60213, Indonesia [email protected] SUHARTONO Jurusan Bahasa Indonesia, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Kampus Unesa Lidah Wetan, Surabaya, 60213, Indonesia [email protected] DiterimaHariTanggal Bulan Tahun DirevisiHariTanggalBulan Tahun Abstrak -Masyarakat di Kabupaten Lumajang terdiri atas tiga etnik, yaitu Jawa, Madura, dan Tengger. Ketiga etnik tersebut cenderung hidup berkelompok dan menggunakan bahasanya dalam komunikasi sehari-hari sehingga terbentuk kantong bahasa dan dialek di Kabupaten tersebut. Berdasarkan situasi tersebut, Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menghasilkan situasi kebahasaan di Kabupaten Lumajang yang berupa daerah pencilan, transisi, dan daerah kontak bahasa dan dialek yang nantinya dapat digunakan sebagai acuan dalam penentuan muatan lokal bahasa daerah di Kabupaten Lumajang. Titik pengamatan penelitian ini ada enam titik. Metode pengumpulan data adalah pupuan lapangan dan metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode dialektometri. Hasilnya, situasi kebahasaan di Kabupaten Lumajang terdiri atas 1) daerah transisi dialek Madura timur dengan dialek Madura barat yang mempertahankan ciri dialek Madura barat dan mempertahankan ciri dialek Madura timur; 2) daerah transisi bahasa Madura ke Jawa yang merupakan daerah bilingual; 3) daerah pencilan bahasa Madura serta daerah pencilan dialek Tengger yang mempertahankan bentuk relik bahasa Madura dan Jawa; dan 4) daerah pakai dialek Jawatimuran. Keempat daerah itu muncul karena adanya kontak bahasa Jawa dan Madura di Kabupaten Lumajang. Situasi kebahasaan tersebut dapat dijadikan acuan untuk menentukan muatan lokal bahasa daerah di Kabupaten Lumajang. Kata Kunci: daerah pencilan; daerah transisi; kontak bahasa dan dialek; muatan lokal bahasa daerah. 1475 1476 Agusniar Dian Savitri, Dianita Indrawati, Suhartono Abstract - The community in Lumajang Regency consists of three ethnic groups, namely Java, Madura, and Tengger. The three ethnic groups tend to live in groups and use their language in daily communication so that they form an enclave of languages and dialects in the Regency. Based on this situation the aim of the research is to study the linguistic situation in Lumajang Regency. The observation point of this research are six points. Data collection method is pupuan lapangan and data analysis method used is dialectometry method. As a result, the linguistic situation in Lumajang Regency consists of 1) East Madura dialect transition area with a western Madurese dialect which maintains the characteristics of the western Madurese dialect and maintains the characteristics of the eastern Madurese dialect; 2) the transition area of Madura to Java which is a bilingual area; 3) the outliers of Madurese and the Tengger dialect area which maintains the form of Madurese and Javanese language relics; and 4) the area which uses Jawatimuran dialect. The four regions emerged due to the contact of the Javanese and Madurese languages in Lumajang District. This linguistic situation can be used as a reference to determine the local content of local languages in Lumajang Regency. Keywords: outlier; transition area; contact of languages and dialects; local content of local language. 1. Pendahuluan Sebagai satu dari tujuh kabupaten di daerah Tapal Kuda, masyarakat di Kabupaten Lumajang terdiri atas tiga etnik, yaitu Jawa, Madura, dan Tengger. Ketiga etnik tersebut cenderung hidup berkelompok dan menggunakan bahasanya dalam komunikasi sehari- hari sehingga terbentuk kantong bahasa dan dialek di Kabupaten tersebut. Kantong bahasa Madura cenderung berada di sebelah barat dan sebagian di daerah selatan, kantong dialek Tengger cenderung berada di daerah utara. Masalahnya, penentuan kantong bahasa dan dialek tersebut ditentukan berdasar pada ada tidaknya etnik Madura, Jawa, dan Tengger di daerah-daerah tertentu di Kabupaten Lumajang. Padahal ada beberapa daerah yang masyarakatnya merupakan masyarakat bilingual Jawa-Madura, dan ada daerah yang masyarakatnya merupakan suku Tengger tetapi tidak sepenuhnya menggunakan dialek Tengger dalam komunikasi sehari-hari. Berdasarkan situasi tersebut, perlu dikaji situasi kebahasaan di Kabupaten Lumajang untuk mengetahui daerah mana saja yang merupakan kantong bahasa Madura dan kantong dialek Tengger. Dengan demikian, dapat diketahui daerah pencilan, transisi, dan daerah kontak bahasa dan dialek di Kabupaten Lumajang yang nantinya dapat digunakan sebagai acuan dalam penentuan muatan lokal bahasa daerah di Kabupaten Lumajang. Kajian situasi kebahasaan tersebut akan memanfaatkan teori gelombang yang dikemukakan J. Schmidt (Wolfram dan Schilling-Estes, 2003). Dalam penelitian ini, teori gelombang digunakan untuk menjelaskan variasi dan sebaran variasi secara geografis. Teori „model gelombang‟ menganalogikan difusi inovasi sebagai efek kerikil di kolam, yang memiliki pusat pengaruh yang mengirimkan riak ke segala arah serupa dengan gerakan gelombang (Chambers dan Trudgill, 2004). Dalam teori gelombang, perubahan berada pada titik pusat tertentu pada waktu tertentu, menyebar dari titik pusat tersebut dalam lapisan yang berurutan, dengan cara yang serupa gelombang di air yang pancarannya dari tempat titik pusat kontak (Wolfram dan Schilling-Estes, 2003; Britain, 2006; Chambers dan Trudgill, 2004). 2. Metode Penelitian Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dialektologis yang dilakukan di Kabupaten Lumajang. Titik pengamatan yang ditentukan dalam penelitian ini ada enam titik, yaitu Situasi Kebahasaan di Kabupaten Lumajang 1477 Pasirian, Tempursari, Senduro, Sukodono, Ranuyoso, dan Yosowilangun. Sumber data terdiri atas 12 informan utama dan 60 informan pendukung. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data adalah daftar tanyaan yang digunakan oleh Badan Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa yang terdiri atas 200 kosakata swadesh dan 889 kosakata budaya. Metode pengumpulan data adalah metode cakap semuka dengan teknik rekam, catat, dan elisitasi. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode dialektometri untuk menentukan status variasi dan distribusinya, serta metode padan untuk menentukan bentuk variasinya. 3. Hasil dan Diskusi 3.1 Situasi Kebahasaan di Kabupaten Lumajang Penentuan situasi kebahasaan di Kabupaten Lumajang dilakukan dengan menganalisis variasi leksikal yang terdapat di tiap titik pengamatan. Pembandingan variasi tiap titik didasarkan pada segitiga dialektometri yang telah dibuat pada peta dasar segitiga dialektometri berikut. Gambar 1 Peta Segitiga Dialektometri Berdasarkan segitiga dialektometri, dilakukan pembandingan variasi tiap glos dan penghitungan dialektometri. Dasar penentuannya mengikuti kriteria Guiter (Ayatrohaedi, 2002). Berdasarkan analisis tersebut, diperoleh hasil seperti pada tabel berikut. Tabel 1 Hasil Penghitungan Dialektometri no TP yang dibandingkan % Status Variasi 1 1-2 82 Beda bahasa 2 1-4 84 Beda bahasa 3 1-5 54 Beda dialek 4 1-6 52 Beda dialek 5 2-3 87 Beda bahasa 6 2-6 85 Beda bahasa 7 3-4 85 Beda bahasa 8 3-6 28 Beda wicara 9 4-5 85 Beda bahasa 10 4-6 87 Beda bahasa 1478 Agusniar Dian Savitri, Dianita Indrawati, Suhartono Berdasarkan tabel 1, ada dua bahasa, yaitu bahasa Madura, dan ada tiga dialek, yaitu dialek Madura timur (Savitri, 2015), dialek Tengger, dan dialek Jawatimuran (Kisyani, 2004). Dengan demikian, berdasarkan penghitungan segitiga dialektometri, terdapat tiga daerah dialek, yaitu daerah dialek Madura timur, daerah dialek Tengger, dan daerah dialek Jawatimuran. Ketiga daerah dialek tersebut digambarkan dalam peta berikut. Gambar 2 Peta Hasil Penghitungan Dialektometri Gambar 3 Peta Situasi Kebahasaan di Kabupaten Lumajang Berdasarkan gambar 2 dan 3, terdapat dua daerah bahasa Madura, yaitu di titik pengamatan 4 dan 2. Daerah bahasa Madura berarti daerah tersebut merupakan daerah homogen bahasa Madura. Masyarakat di dua daerah itu menggunakan bahasa Madura dalam komunikasi sehari-hari. Sebagian penutur hanya dapat berbahasa Madura dan sebagian lain dapat berbahasa Madura dan Indonesia. Pada peta gambar 3, tampak bahwa daerah bahasa Madura di titik pengamatan 2 lebih luas daripada di titik pengamatan 4. Di titik pengamatan 4, yang merupakan daerah bahasa Madura hanya dua desa, yaitu Desa Selokawar-awar dan Desa Selokanyar. Hal itu berbeda dengan daerah bahasa Madura di titik pengamatan 2. Ada lebih dari dua desa dari dua kecamatan yang merupakan daerah bahasa Madura, antara lain desa Sumberingin, desa Ranuyoso, Desa Randuagung. Selain daerah bahasa Madura, terdapat daerah bilingual Jawa-Madura. Itu berarti masyarakat di daerah tersebut menggunakan bahasa Jawa dan Madura dalam komunikasi sehari-hari. Kecenderungannya adalah penutur Madura menggunakan bahasa Jawa dan Madura, sedangkan penutur Jawa hanya menggunakan bahasa Jawa. Bahasa Madura digunakan pada sesama penutur Madura, sedangkan bahasa Jawa digunakan pada penutur Jawa. Dengan demikian, yang cenderung memiliki kemampuan bilingual dalam hal ini adalah penutur Madura. Hal itu terjadi karena daerah tersebut ditinggali oleh penutur Jawa dan Madura. Kedua penutur tersebut hidup berdampingan. Berbeda dengan daerah homogen, penutur di daerah homogen cenderung hidup berkelompok
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