Mme. Mayté BANZO, Professeure, Université Bordeaux Montaigne

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Mme. Mayté BANZO, Professeure, Université Bordeaux Montaigne Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour Ecole Doctorale 481, Sciences Sociales et Humanité, Pau Thèse Pour obtenir le grade de docteur en Géographie, spécialité Aménagement Soutenue publiquement le 29 novembre 2016 par Tammam FADEL La construction d’une métropole dominante Le problème de l’étalement urbain dans la région Damascène (Syrie) Sous la direction d’Yves Poinsot et Frédéric Tesson Composition du jury : Mme. Mayté BANZO, professeure, Université Bordeaux Montaigne. Présidente du jury. M. Pierre-Marie DECOUDRAS, professeur émérite, Université de la Réunion. Rapporteur M. Yves POINSOT, professeur, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour. Co-directeur. M. Dominique ROYOUX, professeur, Université de Poitiers. Rapporteur. M. Roman STADNICKI, maitre de conférences, Université François Rabelais - Tours. Examinateur M. Frédéric TESSON, professeur, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour. Co-directeur 1 A la mémoire de mon père 2 Remerciements A l’issu de ce travail, il est difficile d’établir une liste exhaustive pour dire « MERCI » à tous ce qui m’ont encouragé durant les années que j’ai consacrées à cette thèse. Je tiens à remercier mes directeurs ; d’abord Yves Poinsot d’avoir accepté de m’encadrer dans cette thèse. Aussi, j’exprime ma profonde gratitude à Frédéric Tesson qui était présent à chaque étape ; je lui suis reconnaissant pour le temps et les efforts qu’il m’a consacré depuis le master. Je remercie de mon cœur cet homme exceptionnel pour sa patience et son écoute. Mes remerciements vont aussi à l’équipe de mon laboratoire de rattachement Passages – UMR 5319 CNRS-UPPA (ex-SET). Je suis reconnaissant à l'ensemble des membres du jury d’avoir accepté d’évaluer mon travail. Je leur adresse ma profonde gratitude pour le temps qu’ils ont pris pour examiner ce travail, plus particulièrement pour Dominique Royoux et Pierre-Marie Decoudras qui ont assumé la tâche de rapporteur. Un grand merci pour mes amis (en particulier : Khairat Abbas et Talib Dbouk), mes voisins et surtout Dominique Lasalle, pour leur soutien. Aussi, je tiens à remercie mes amis syriens avec lesquels j’ai de bons souvenirs (Majed Jabbour, Essam Mansour, Fadi Khaddour et Houssam Ghazi et sa famille). Je n’oublie pas d’adresser mes respects à ce qui nous ont déjà quittés, surtout Alain et Marie-Jésus Pardina. Plus particulièrement à ma chère femme « Dimah » et à mes enfants (Mohammad, Marianne et Mirna) que j’aime, sans votre présence et votre soutien quotidien, rien n’aurait été possible. Je remercie ma chère patrie « la Syrie » en espérant que la paix revienne au plus vite. Qu’il me soit permis, enfin, de remercier la France pour l'accueil très aimable pendant mes études. 3 Avant-propos Ingénieur civil (géomètre-topographe), diplômé de l’université Tichrine en Syrie, je suis venu en France avec l’intention d’ouvrir de nouveaux horizons dans le domaine de la recherche. Le libéralisme économique en Syrie et la nouvelle atmosphère politico- administrative m’encourageaient à aborder de nouvelles thématiques qui, si elles étaient loin de ma formation initiale, permettaient une ouverture intéressante pour l’avenir. Ainsi, des questions comme l’aménagement du territoire, la ville et son extension permanente ont attiré mon attention compte tenu de la situation des villes syriennes dont les extensions anarchiques menacent les espaces agricoles limitrophes. Après avoir validé mon diplôme de master 2 à l’université de Pau de des Pays de l’Adour en 2010, j’ai entrepris des démarches auprès de mon directeur de mémoire, Frédéric TESSON, afin de me lancer dans une thèse de doctorat s’intéressant à l’extension périphérique (étalement urbain) dans la région damascène avec d’ambitieux objectifs. En consultant plusieurs thèses de doctorat traitant des questions similaires, j’ai pu constater que la réalisation d’un tel projet n’était pas sans difficultés du fait «des conditions mêmes de réalisation de la recherche en sciences sociales dans le contexte syrien» (selon une thèse réalisée dans la période 2004-2012). Ainsi, en dehors du conflit actuel, un certain nombre de contraintes pèsent sur la réalisation d’un tel travail de thèse : • Le manque de statistiques et de données fiables et accessibles. • Le sujet choisi dans cette thèse qui impose d’aborder certaines questions « délicates » dans le pays. Mais les lacunes de ce travail sont également le fait de la situation actuelle en Syrie. La crise syrienne qui affecte, depuis plusieurs années, la vie des syriens, le pays et même la région a gravement perturbé ce travail qui s’intéresse à la région damascène. Après avoir réalisé les recherches bibliographiques durant la première année, nous aurions dû investir le terrain par des entretiens, enquêtes et récolter ainsi les données et statistiques nécessaires. Malheureusement, cette étape s’est heurtée à la crise actuelle qui a débuté en parallèle avec cette thèse, et la situation sur le terrain, la région damascène, s’est aggravée au fil des mois. Chaque mois, durant les deux premières années, nous espérions qu’une solution allait être trouvée et que la paix allait revenir. Mais la situation n’a cessé de s’empirer rendant cette 4 thèse presque virtuelle. Les résultats présentés relèvent presque de l’histoire contemporaine plus que de la géographie et je conçois qu’il est sans doute difficile d’évaluer un tel travail. Aujourd’hui je ne peux qu’espérer que la paix revienne bientôt en Syrie pour pouvoir nourrir ce sujet de nouvelles recherches fondées sur des études de terrains approfondies. 5 Avis aux lecteurs En ce qui concerne les noms des quartiers ou des personnes, on pourrait constater quelques différences entre notre écriture et les citations. Nous soulignons quelques exemples Notre écriture Les citations : Al Mouhajrin Muhajérin Quartier damascène le mont Qassioun du Qassium Milieu physique Dummar Doumar Quartier damascène Kafir-sousah Kefer Soussi Quartier damascène Al-Baath Baas, Al-Ba’th Parti politique syrien Umayyades Omeyyades Dynastie de califes arabes Nous avons adopté l’expression française en parlant de certaines institutions syriennes, comme par exemple : En France (adopté) En Syrie Collectivités territoriales Unités administratives Organisations de l’Etat décentralisée Province Muhafaza (gouvernorat) Subdivision territoriale en Syrie District Mantiqah subdivision territoriale de la province (présidée par un Canton Nahiyah représentant de l’Etat déconcentré) Enfin, toutes les citations, issues de références arabes ou anglaises, ont été traduites par l’auteur. 6 INTRODUCTION GENERALE ...................................................................................................... 12 PREMIERE PARTIE ..................................................................................................................... 21 CHAPITRE (1) : DESSINER LA VILLE ET LA QUESTION DE SON EXTENSION ............................... 22 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 23 1 La ville, objet d’analyse ou une problématique ................................................................ 24 1.1. La ville, la mise en discussion d’un concept complexe ......................................................... 24 1.2 À l’ère des métapoles, quel est l'avenir pour la ville ? .......................................................... 33 2 Remise en question de l’évolution spatiale de la ville ...................................................... 42 2.1 Le périurbain, objet de controverse ...................................................................................... 43 2.2 La rurbanisation, une autre forme de consommation de l’espace. ...................................... 49 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 50 CHAPITRE (2) : DAMAS, VILLE EN ÉVOLUTION PERMANENTE ................................................. 53 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 54 1 Les racines de Damas et sa trajectoire à travers l’histoire ............................................... 55 1.1. Origine de Damas .................................................................................................................. 56 1.2. La ville sous le règne islamique, de la conquête islamique au début de l’Etat Ottoman. .... 57 1.3. De Damas «Ottomane» à la renaissance d’une capitale nationale du 20e siècle ................. 59 2. Approche géographique de Damas et les impacts hydro-climatiques sur la ville ............ 64 2.1. La situation géographique de Damas : un facteur qui favorise l’extension actuelle de la ville. 64 2.2. Les conditions climatiques jouent un rôle déterminant ....................................................... 67 2.3. Le problème de l’eau : de la carence à la rareté ................................................................... 69 3. Anciennement ville de jasmin, Damas devient la ville tentaculaire. ................................ 71 3.1. Une forte extension urbaine ................................................................................................. 72 3.2. L’expansion de l’Habitat informel : le prix à payer pour construire une métropole dominante ......................................................................................................................................... 76 3.3. La Ghouta, une oasis en mutation .......................................................................................
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