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Mou and Dash, IJP, 2016; Vol. 3(4): 167-174. E- ISSN: 2348-3962, P-ISSN: 2394-5583 Mou and Dash, IJP, 2016; Vol. 3(4): 167-174. E- ISSN: 2348-3962, P-ISSN: 2394-5583 IJP (2016), Vol. 3, Issue 4 (Review Article) Received on 12 March 2016; received in revised form, 03 April 2016; accepted, 06 April 2016; published 30 April 2016 A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON GYNURA PROCUMBENS LEAVES Kanzil Mowla Mou 1 and Pritesh Ranjan Dash * 2 Department of Pharmacy, BRAC University 1, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University 2, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Keywords: ABSTRACT: Gynura procumbens (GP) commonly known as Gynura procumbens, longevity spinach is one of those precious medicinal herbs of Phytoconstituents, Pharmacological Asteraceae that are still included in a un-utilized herb in spite of the properties, Toxicity variety of useful pharmacological properties it possesses. It is mainly Correspondence to Author: popular in South-East Asian countries for its traditional medicinal Pritesh Ranjan Dash properties. It is usually used as a traditional medicine for the treatment Department of Pharmacy, of inflammation, herpes simplex virus, rashes, fever, rheumatism, Jahangirnagar University, kidney diseases, migraines, diabetes mellitus, cancer, and Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. hypertension. This article provides the collective information about the E-mail: [email protected] phytochemical constituents isolated from leaves of this plant used in a modern scenario for the treatment of various ailments like kaempferol- 3-O-rutinoside, astragalin, rutin, kaempferol, sterol glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids, etc. Here, we have reviewed all the reported pharmacological properties such as anti- inflammatory, anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-herpes simplex virus, anti-ulcerogenic, vasorelaxant, toxicity, and some other activities. INTRODUCTION: Gynura procumbens (GP) Some of these traditional claims have been belonging to the family Asteraceae) commonly validated in scientific and pharmacological studies, known as longevity spinach that grows extensively including anti-herpes virus 3, anti-inflammatory 4, 5 in Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia, and anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-hyperglycemic 6- Malaysia, and Thailand. GP grows up to a height of 11, anti-hypertensive activities 12-16. Recently 1-3 m, with a fleshy stem and purple tint. The received particular attention of GP is in the leaves are ovate-elliptic or lanceolate, 3.5 to 8 cm pharmacology of anti-diabetic medicinal plants long and 0.8 to 3.5 cm wide. Flowering heads are probably because of its empirical evidence and panicled, narrow, yellow and 1 to 1.5 cm long 1. It efficiency in the management of diabetes mellitus. is traditionally used for the treatment of eruptive However, these scientific reports of G. procumbens fever, rash, kidney disease, constipation, have been conflicting and inconsistent 17. hypertension, diabetes mellitus, migraines, urinary tract infection, rheumatism, viral diseases of skin 2. The leaves of this plant are often consumed in the diet, and research shows that leaves contents are QUICK RESPONSE CODE 18 DOI: non-toxic . Besides, recently conducted 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.3(4).167-74 researches are evident that GP oils play roles in dentistry, dermatology, gynecology, and pediatrics Article can be accessed online on: as a means of hygienic care. The GP leaves yields www.ijpjournal.com diversified phytoconstituents including different macroelements and microelements, alkaloids, DOI link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJP.3(4).167-74 International Journal of Pharmacognosy 167 Mou and Dash, IJP, 2016; Vol. 3(4): 167-174. E- ISSN: 2348-3962, P-ISSN: 2394-5583 saponins, chlorophyll, carotenoids, essential oils, as the source of many powerful biologically active etc. The following is a comprehensive and up-to- substances 19. date review about the history, distribution, phytochemistry, toxicity and pharmacological Distribution: Gynura procumbens (GP), a fast- properties of GP with an urge of further growing herbaceous plant, is widely found in Borneo, Java, the Philippines, and Peninsular advancements in the medicinal uses of the herb 20 worldwide. Malaysia . It is a native plant from China and known as ‘baibingca’21. It is also found in History: The plant was discovered many centuries Myanmar and some Asian countries such as ago on the African continent. The genus Gynura Indonesia and Thailand 22. This plant grows easily (Asteraceae-Senecioneae) comprises 44 species and from stem cuttings. Seeds are not available. It is is distributed from tropical Africa to South and East best grown in well-draining, fertile soil that is kept Asia and Australasia with one species in tropical moist at all times. This plant prefers Semi-shade Australia. The highest species diversity is found in although it can be slowly adapted to grow in full Southeast Asia, but the genus is least well sun, provided the plant does not dry out at the understood particular in Thailand. It has been used roots. Initial planting under direct sunshine will both for food and as a remedy for illnesses. During result in burnt leaves and stunting in growth. the last 15 years, the plant has attracted the Growth should resume once the plant has attention of the international scientific community acclimatized to its new growing conditions. A B C FIG. 1: (A) PLANT, (V) LEAVES AND (C) JUICE OF GYNURA PROCUMBENS International Journal of Pharmacognosy 168 Mou and Dash, IJP, 2016; Vol. 3(4): 167-174. E- ISSN: 2348-3962, P-ISSN: 2394-5583 Taxonomical Classification: piperi Merr, Gynura pubigera Bold, Gynura sarmentosa (Blume) DC, Gynura scabra Turcz., Binomial Name: Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Senecio baoulensis A. Chev, Senecio mindoroensis Merr. 1923. Elmer 23. Scientific Classification: Vernacular Names: Kingdom: Plantae Thailand: Paetumpung, (unranked): Angiosperms Malaysia: Mollucan spinach, Sambung Nyawa, (unranked): Eudicots Indonesia: Daun Dewa, Sambung Nyawa, (unranked): Asterids Chinese: Akar Sebiak, Kelemai Mearh, Nan fei Order: Asterales Ye, Bai Bing Ca, Family: Asteraceae United States: Longevity spinach Tribe: Senecioneae Phytoconstituents: Considerable work has already Genus: Gynura been done to identify and isolate the chemical constituents from different extracts of GP. Species: G. procumbens Numerous studies have exposed that various extract of GP leaves contains several active chemical Synonyms: Cacalia cylindriflora Wall., Cacalia constituents such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, finlaysoniana Wall, Cacalia procumbens Lour, terpenoids and steroil glycosides 8, 24, 25. Previous Cacalia reclinata Roxb., Cacalia sarmentosa studies had also reported that GP leaves extracts Lesch. Ex. Blume, Crassocephalum baoulense contained rutin, kaempferol and two potential (Hutch. and Dalziel) Milne-Redh, Crassocephalum antioxidant components which are kaempferol-3-O- latifolium S. Moore, Gynura affinis Turcz, rutinoside and astragalin 26. Flavonoids are Gynuraa gusanensis Elmer, Gynura baoulensis polyphenolic compounds with potential beneficial Hutch.and Dalziel, Gynura buntingii S. Moore, effects on human health; they reportedly have anti- Gynura cavaleriei Lev., Gynura clementis Merr, allergic, antiplatelet, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, Gynura finlaysoniana DC., Gynura latifolia antitumor and antioxidants activities. (S.Moore) Elmer, Gynura lobbiana Turcz, Gynura TABLE 1: IMPORTANT PHYTOCONSTITUENTS ISOLATED FROM GP EXTRACTS 8, 24-26 S. no. Common name Structure 1 Flavonoid 2 Saponin International Journal of Pharmacognosy 169 Mou and Dash, IJP, 2016; Vol. 3(4): 167-174. E- ISSN: 2348-3962, P-ISSN: 2394-5583 3 Tannin 4 Terpenoids 5 Kaempferol-3- O-rutinoside 6 Kaempferol 7 Astragalin International Journal of Pharmacognosy 170 Mou and Dash, IJP, 2016; Vol. 3(4): 167-174. E- ISSN: 2348-3962, P-ISSN: 2394-5583 8 Rutin Pharmacological Properties: In-vivo study of the ethanolic extract on female rats Anti-Inflammatory Activity: GP leaves extract is induced by DMBA has been conducted. Ethanolic used to treat local inflammation, rheumatism, and extract of GP performs chemopreventive effect to viral ailments. The crude ethanolic extract of GP suppress breast cancer initiation 31 and performs leaves has found to possess significant anti- suppression of breast cancer development on early inflammatory action. Steroids isolated from the state of female rats induced by DMBA 32. The plant extract have been proven to show anti- ethanol extract of GP leaves act as a blocking agent inflammatory activity 4. in carcinogenesis initiation phase at the doses of 300 and 700 mg/kg b.w in rats which inhibits Moreover, flavonoids which are mainly a further progression towards malignancy 33. polyphenolic compound which has also been reported to have an anti-inflammatory effect. Anti-Diabetic Activity: GP extracts have a potent Another active phytoconstituent kaempferol was anti-diabetic effect. A lot of studies and efforts found to show the anti-inflammatory effect by were conducted to confirm the anti-diabetic effect inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase- 3β (GSK-3β) of GP leaves extract. Ethanolic extract of GP leaves 5. The administration of the original organic extract have been shown to possess anti-hyperglycaemic significantly inhibited the increase in ear thickness and anti-hyperlipidemic activities in diabetic rats 6, in response to croton oil. It was found that 0.75 7 and the n-butanol fraction from the GP leaves also mg/ear showed similar activity to that of 6mg/ear has hypoglycemic effects 8. Another study had hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate sodium
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